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Mirzajanzadeh F, Karami M, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Babapour R, Jafarzadeh J, Jalilnavaz-Novin M. High mitochondrial gene diversity of Pediculus humanus capitis among children in northern Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024:trae040. [PMID: 38895866 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligate ectoparasite and its infestation remains a major public health issue worldwide. Determining the genetic characteristics of the existing clades is essential to identify the population structure and to develop head lice-control programs. Hence, we aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of head lice among infested individuals in northern Iran. METHODS Adult head lice were collected from 100 infested individuals referring to the health centers throughout five geographical regions in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Partial fragments of the mitochondrial cytb gene were amplified by PCR, then consequently sequenced. RESULTS The results of the phylogenetic tree of collected head lice confirmed the existence of two clades, A and B, in the studied areas. Thirteen haplotypes were detected in the studied populations, of which 11 were novel haplotypes. Clade A was the dominant form and accounted for 75% of samples, while clade B included the rest. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.999 and 0.0411, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Clade A and B of Pediculus humanus capitis exist among the human populations of northern Iran. We observed high genotypic diversity of this head lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Mirzajanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karami
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Rahman Babapour
- Babol Health Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Jalal Jafarzadeh
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ganj Afrooz Ave., Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Mohamad Jalilnavaz-Novin
- Smart University of Medical Sciences, No 3, 1st Alley, Sarafraz St., Shaheed Beheshti St., Tehran 1416634793, Iran
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Marshall H, de la Filia AG, Cavalieri R, Mallon EB, Clark JM, Ross L. Lack of paternal silencing and ecotype-specific expression in head and body lice hybrids. Evol Lett 2024; 8:455-465. [PMID: 38818422 PMCID: PMC11134467 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Paternal genome elimination (PGE) is a non-Mendelian inheritance system, described in numerous arthropod species, in which males develop from fertilized eggs, but their paternally inherited chromosomes are eliminated before or during spermatogenesis. Therefore, PGE males only transmit their maternally inherited set of chromosomes to their offspring. In addition to the elimination of paternal chromosomes, diverse PGE species have also repeatedly evolved the transcriptional silencing of the paternal genome, making males effectively haploid. However, it is unclear if this paternal chromosome silencing is mechanistically linked to the chromosome elimination or has evolved at a later stage, and if so, what drives the haploidization of males under PGE. In order to understand these questions, here we study the human louse, Pediculus humanus, which represents an ideal model system, as it appears to be the only instance of PGE where males eliminate, but not silence their paternal chromosomes, although the latter remains to be shown conclusively. In this study, we analyzed parent-of-origin allele-specific expression patterns in male offspring of crosses between head and body lice ecotypes. We show that hybrid adult males of P. humanus display biparental gene expression, which constitutes the first case of a species with PGE in which genetic activity of paternal chromosomes in the soma is not affected by embryonic silencing or (partial or complete) elimination. We did however also identify a small number of maternally biased genes (potentially imprinted genes), which may be involved in the elimination of paternal chromosomes during spermatogenesis. Finally, we have identified genes that show ecotype-specific expression bias. Given the low genetic diversity between ecotypes, this is suggestive for a role of epigenetic processes in ecotype differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés G de la Filia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Cavalieri
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Lab, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eamonn B Mallon
- The Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John M Clark
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Lab, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ouarti B, Fonkou DMM, Houhamdi L, Mediannikov O, Parola P. Lice and lice-borne diseases in humans in Africa: a narrative review. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106709. [PMID: 36198330 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lice are host-specific insects. Human lice include Pediculus humanus humanus (body lice) which are known to be vectors of serious human bacterial infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, trench fever and plague; Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) that frequently affect children; and Pthirus pubis, commonly known as crab lice. In Africa, human infections transmitted by lice remained poorly known and therefore, underestimated, perhaps due to the lack of diagnostic tools and professional knowledge. In this paper we review current knowledge of the microorganisms identified in human lice in the continent of Africa, in order to alert health professionals to the importance of recognising the risk of lice-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ouarti
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Linda Houhamdi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Fu YT, Yao C, Deng YP, Elsheikha HM, Shao R, Zhu XQ, Liu GH. Human pediculosis, a global public health problem. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:58. [PMID: 35619191 PMCID: PMC9134731 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pediculosis is caused by hematophagous lice, which are transmitted between individuals via direct and/or indirect contact. Despite the public health importance of louse infestation, information concerning the global burden of pediculosis and the epidemiological landscape of louse-borne diseases is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. We also discussed the latest advances in molecular taxonomy and molecular genetics of lice. Methods We searched five electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, VIP Chinese Journal Database, and Wanfang Data) and followed a standard approach for conducting scoping reviews to identify studies on various aspects of human lice. Relevant information reported in the identified studies were collated, categorized, and summarized. Results A total of 282 studies were eligible for the final review. Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that head lice and body lice should be considered conspecific, with different genotypes and ecotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial (mt) cytb gene sequences identified six distinct clades of lice worldwide. In addition to the direct effect on human health, lice can serve as vectors of disease-causing pathogens. The use of insecticides plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. Genome sequencing has advanced our knowledge of the genetic structure and evolutionary biology of human lice. Conclusions Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. More progress can be made if emphasis is placed on the use of emerging omics technologies to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin the physiological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of lice. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Santibáñez S, Caruz A, Márquez-Constán J, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Márquez FJ. Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:179-182. [PMID: 35473988 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santibáñez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Oteo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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Amanzougaghene N, Charlier P, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Putative native South Amerindian origin of head lice clade F: evidence from head lice nits infesting human shrunken heads. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4307. [PMID: 35279677 PMCID: PMC8918326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is a strictly obligate human ectoparasite with a long history of association with humans. Here, 17 ancient head lice nits were recovered from six shrunken human heads (known as tsantsas) of individuals from the Shuar/Jivaro tribe, a native Amazonian population from Ecuador, South America. Cytochrome b DNA analysis revealed the presence of three known mitochondrial clades. Clade A was the most frequent (52.94%), followed by F (35.29%), and B (11.76%). Eleven haplotypes were found in 17 samples, and nine of the haplotypes were novel, indicating an unusually high genetic diversity. In conclusion, we confirmed the presence of clades A, B and F in South Amerindian population. Moreover, the description of clade F, together with its previous reports in another Amerindian population from French Guiana, strongly support the hypothesis of a native South American origin for this clade, and probably derived from clade B which was carried to America by an ancestral Eurasian Beringian population. Further support to our conclusion and new insights might come from the analysis of a larger collection of modern and ancient native American lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Charlier
- Laboratory «Anthropology, Archaeology, Biology» (LAAB), Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, 222 rue de l'Université, 75007, Paris, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.
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Hammoud A, Louni M, Missé D, Cortaredona S, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Phylogenetic relationship between the endosymbiont "Candidatus Riesia pediculicola" and its human louse host. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:73. [PMID: 35248159 PMCID: PMC8898481 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human louse (Pediculus humanus) is a haematophagous ectoparasite that is intimately related to its host. It has been of great public health concern throughout human history. This louse has been classified into six divergent mitochondrial clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). As with all haematophagous lice, P. humanus directly depends on the presence of a bacterial symbiont, known as “Candidatus Riesia pediculicola”, to complement their unbalanced diet. In this study, we evaluated the codivergence of human lice around the world and their endosymbiotic bacteria. Using molecular approaches, we targeted lice mitochondrial genes from the six diverged clades and Candidatus Riesia pediculicola housekeeping genes. Methods The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cytb) of lice was selected for molecular analysis, with the aim to identify louse clade. In parallel, we developed four PCR primer pairs targeting three housekeeping genes of Candidatus Riesia pediculicola: ftsZ, groEL and two regions of the rpoB gene (rpoB-1 and rpoB-2). Results The endosymbiont phylogeny perfectly mirrored the host insect phylogeny using the ftsZ and rpoB-2 genes, in addition to showing a significant co-phylogenetic congruence, suggesting a strict vertical transmission and a host–symbiont co-speciation following the evolutionary course of the human louse. Conclusion Our results unequivocally indicate that louse endosymbionts have experienced a similar co-evolutionary history and that the human louse clade can be determined by their endosymbiotic bacteria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05203-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Hammoud
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Meriem Louni
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France. .,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, M'Hamed Bougara University, 35000, Boumerdès, Algeria.
| | - Dorothée Missé
- IRD, CNRS, MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Cortaredona
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Vectors Infections Tropicales and Mediterranean (VITROME), Aix-Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Vectors Infections Tropicales and Mediterranean (VITROME), Aix-Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France. .,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Amanzougaghene N, Drali R, Shako JC, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. High Genetic Diversity and Rickettsia felis in Pediculus humanus Lice Infesting Mbuti (pygmy people), -Democratic Republic of Congo. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834388. [PMID: 35310843 PMCID: PMC8924665 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking parasite of humans that has two ecotypes, the head louse and the body louse, which share an intimate history of coevolution with their human host. In the present work, we obtained and analysed head and body lice collected from Mbuti pygmies living in the Orientale province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cytochrome b DNA analysis was performed in order to type the six known lice clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). The results revealed the presence of two mitochondrial clades. Clade D was the most frequent (61.7% of 47), followed by clade A (38.3% of 47). Sixteen haplotypes were found in 47 samples, of which thirteen were novel haplotypes, indicating an unusually high genetic diversity that closely mirrors the diversity of their hosts. Moreover, we report for the first time the presence of the DNA of R. felis in three (6.4% of 47) head and body lice belonging to both clades A and D. Additional studies are needed to clarify whether the Pediculus lice can indeed transmit this emerging zoonotic bacterium to their human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Rezak Drali
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Plateforme Génomique - Bioinformatique, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Rue du Petit Staouéli, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Vecteurs – Infections Tropicales et Méditeranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution (MEPHI), Phylogénie et Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Oleg Mediannikov,
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Phadungsaksawasdi K, Sunantaraporn S, Seatamanoch N, Kongdachalert S, Phumee A, Kraivichian K, Sawaswong V, Payungporn S, Brownell N, Siriyasatien P. Molecular analysis of mitochrondrial cytb of Pediculus humanus capitis in Thailand revealed potential historical connection with South Asia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257024. [PMID: 34492093 PMCID: PMC8423300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediculus humanus capitis or head louse is an obligate ectoparasite and its infestation remains a major public health issue worldwide. Molecular analysis divides head lice into six clades and intra-clade genetic differences have been identified. Several hypotheses have been formulated to elucidate the discrepancies of the variety of head lice among different regions of the world. It is currently concluded that head lice distribution might be associated with human migration history. This study aims to investigate genetic data of human head lice in Thailand. We believe that the analysis could help establish the correlation between local and global head lice populations. Method We investigated mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene of the collected 214 head lice to evaluate genetic diversity from 15 provinces among 6 regions of Thailand. The head lice genes were added to the global pool for the phylogenetic tree, Bayesian tree, Skyline plot, and median joining network construction. The biodiversity, neutrality tests, and population genetic differentiation among the 6 Thailand geographic regions were analyzed by DNAsp version 6. Results The phylogenetic tree analysis of 214 collected head lice are of clade A and clade C accounting for roughly 65% and 35% respectively. The Bayesian tree revealed a correlation of clade diversification and ancient human dispersal timeline. In Thailand, clade A is widespread in the country. Clade C is confined to only the Central, Southern, and Northeastern regions. We identified 50 novel haplotypes. Statistical analysis showed congruent results between genetic differentiation and population migration especially with South Asia. Conclusions Pediculosis remains problematic among children in the rural areas in Thailand. Cytb gene analysis of human head lice illustrated clade distribution and intra-clade diversity of different areas. Our study reported novel haplotypes of head lice in Thailand. Moreover, the statistic calculation provided a better understanding of their relationship with human, as an obligate human parasite and might help provide a better insight into the history of human population migration. Determination of the correlation between phylogenetic data and pediculicide resistance gene as well as residing bacteria are of interest for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobpat Phadungsaksawasdi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakone Sunantaraporn
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nirin Seatamanoch
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Switt Kongdachalert
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Kraivichian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisa Brownell
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gizaw Z, Engdaw GT, Nigusie A, Gebrehiwot M, Destaw B. Human Ectoparasites Are Highly Prevalent in the Rural Communities of Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2021; 15:11786302211034463. [PMID: 34366670 PMCID: PMC8299896 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211034463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectoparasites are organisms which inhabit the skin or outgrowths of the skin of another organism (the host). Many ectoparasites are known to be vectors of pathogens, which the parasites typically transmit to hosts. Though, ectoparasites are common in the vulnerable groups and economically disadvantaged communities, there is limited evidence on its magnitude in Ethiopia. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of ectoparasites in the rural communities of northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study design with structured observation was conducted among 1191 randomly selected rural households in northwest Ethiopia in May 2016. Data were collected using structured interviewer administered interview questionnaire and structured observation checklist. Prevalence of human ectoparasites in the rural communities was defined as the presence of one or more lice, fleas, bed bugs, mites, and ticks and the presence of these ectoparasites were observed by trained environmental health experts. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with prevalence of ectoparasites on the basis of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and P values <.05. RESULTS Of a total of 1191 rural households, human or hair lice were observed in one or more of the family members in 186 (15.6%) rural households. Similarly, fleas were observed in more than half, 609 (51.1%) of rural households and bed bugs were observed in 441 (37%) rural households. Furthermore, mites and ticks were reported in 113 (9.5%) and 130 (10.9%) of the households respectively. Accordingly, one or more ectoparasites were observed in 865 of 1191 rural households. The presence of one or more ectoparasites was, therefore, found to be 72.6% (95% CI = 70%-75.1%). The prevalence of ectoparasites was statistically associated with educational status of the female head being not educated (AOR = 1.476, 95% CI = 1.001, 2.177) and absence close supervision by health extension workers (AOR = 2.151, 95% CI = 1.205, 3.843). CONCLUSION The prevalence of one or more ectoparasites was high in the rural communities of northwest Ethiopia. The high prevalence was associated with education status of the female head and close supervision of households by health extension workers. Disseminating health information about intervention strategies of ectoparasites and closely supervising the rural households need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Garedew Tadege Engdaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Nigusie
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Gebrehiwot
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikes Destaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Yingklang M, Banjong D, Haonon O, Intuyod K, Dangtakot R, Thongpon P, Pinlaor P, Laha T, Siriyasatien P, Pinlaor S. Phylogeography and demographic history of Thai Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104825. [PMID: 33775906 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediculus humanus (human louse) is a hematophagous insect that feeds on human blood. It is distributed worldwide. Understanding phylogeography and population-genetic structure of the human louse will illuminate the evolution of this insect and the dynamics of how resistance alleles might spread in the landscape. In this work, we used mitochondrial (cox1 and cytb genes) sequences of the human louse to investigate genetic diversity, population-genetic structure and demographic history of the louse in Thailand. Human lice in Thailand belonged to mitochondrial clades A and C. Most genetic variation was attributed to intra-region 65.71% within provinces for clade A and 68.92% for clade C, while inter-region level was 34.40% among provinces within regions for clade A and 20.09% for clade C. Neutrality and other indices suggested that louse populations from clades A and C in Thailand have experienced a population expansion. But head lice from Khon Kaen Province in clade C demonstrated a significant recent population bottleneck or natural selective pressure with constant population size. Head lice in Thailand showed varying degrees of low to high genetic differentiation at the level of province with many populations being genetically distinct from each other among regions and within the same region. Knowledge of the clades present in Thailand and that gene flow occurs between regions will assist in developing appropriate strategies for management of head lice at the local level in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manachai Yingklang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ditsayathan Banjong
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kitti Intuyod
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rungtiwa Dangtakot
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phonpilas Thongpon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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12
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Molecular Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Haplogroup E Human Lice in Guinea, West Africa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020257. [PMID: 33513865 PMCID: PMC7911403 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus capitis, the head louse, is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that occurs in six divergent mitochondrial clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). Several studies reported the presence of different pathogenic agents in head lice specimens collected worldwide. These findings suggest that head louse could be a dangerous vector and a serious public health problem. Herein, we aimed to study the mitochondrial genetic diversity, the PHUM540560 gene polymorphisms profile of head lice collected in Guinea, as well as to screen for their associated pathogens. In 2018, a total of 155 head lice were collected from 49 individuals at the Medicals Centers of rural (Maférinyah village) and urban (Kindia city) areas, in Guinea. Specimens were subjected to a genetic analysis and pathogens screening using molecular tools. Results showed that all head lice belonged to eight haplotypes in the E haplogroup, with six newly identified for the first time. The study of the PHUM540560 gene polymorphisms of our clade E-head lice revealed that 82.5% exhibited the same polymorphism profile as the previously reported clade A-body lice. Screening for targeted pathogens revealed the presence of Acinetobacter spp., while sequencing highlighted the presence of several species, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Acinetobacter variabilis, Acinetobacter towneri and for the first time Acinetobacter haemolyticus. Our study is the first to report the existence of the Guinean haplogroup E, the PHUM540560 gene polymorphism profile as well as the presence of Acinetobacter species in head lice collected from Guinea.
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Sanders D, Grunden A, Dunn RR. A review of clothing microbiology: the history of clothing and the role of microbes in textiles. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200700. [PMID: 33435848 PMCID: PMC7876606 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have worn clothing for thousands of years, and since its invention, clothing has evolved from its simple utilitarian function for survival to become an integral part of society. While much consideration has been given to the broad environmental impacts of the textile and laundering industries, little is known about the impact wearing clothing has had on the human microbiome, particularly that of the skin, despite our long history with clothing. This review discusses the history of clothing and the evolution of textiles, what is and is not known about microbial persistence on and degradation of various fibres, and what opportunities for the industrial and environmental application of clothing microbiology exist for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaja Sanders
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Amy Grunden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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14
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Santibáñez S, Caruz A, Márquez-Constán J, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Márquez FJ. Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 40:S0213-005X(20)30399-2. [PMID: 33334612 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santibáñez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Oteo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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Abstract
With one exception (epidemic relapsing fever), borreliae are obligately maintained in nature by ticks. Although some Borrelia spp. may be vertically transmitted to subsequent generations of ticks, most require amplification by a vertebrate host because inheritance is not stable. Enzootic cycles of borreliae have been found globally; those receiving the most attention from researchers are those whose vectors have some degree of anthropophily and, thus, cause zoonoses such as Lyme disease or relapsing fever. To some extent, our views on the synecology of the borreliae has been dominated by an applied focus, viz., analyses that seek to understand the elements of human risk for borreliosis. But, the elements of borrelial perpetuation do not necessarily bear upon risk, nor do our concepts of risk provide the best structure for analyzing perpetuation. We identify the major global themes for the perpetuation of borreliae, and summarize local variations on those themes, focusing on key literature to outline the factors that serve as the basis for the distribution and abundance of borreliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R. Telford
- Dept of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Heidi K. Goethert
- Dept of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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16
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Amanzougaghene N, Mediannikov O, Ly TDA, Gautret P, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Izri A. Molecular investigation and genetic diversity of Pediculus and Pthirus lice in France. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:177. [PMID: 32264930 PMCID: PMC7140345 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are parasitized by three types of lice: body, head and pubic lice. As their common names imply, each type colonizes a specific region of the body. The body louse is the only recognized disease vector. However, an increasing awareness of head lice as a vector has emerged recently whereas the status of pubic lice as a vector is not known since it has received little attention. METHODS Here, we assessed the occurrence of bacterial pathogens in 107 body lice, 33 head lice and 63 pubic lice from Marseille and Bobigny (France) using molecular methods. RESULTS Results show that all body lice samples belonged to the cytb Clade A whereas head lice samples belonged to Clades A and B. DNA of Bartonella quintana was detected in 7.5% of body lice samples and, for the first time to our knowledge, in 3.1% of pubic lice samples. Coxiella burnetii, which is not usually associated with transmission by louse, was detected in 3.7% of body lice samples and 3% of head lice samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. burnetii in Pediculus lice infesting humans in France. Acinetobacter DNA was detected in 21.5% of body lice samples, 6% of head lice samples and 9.5% of pubic lice samples. Five species were identified with A. baumannii being the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to report the presence of B. quintana in pubic lice. This is also the first report of the presence of DNA of C. burnetii in body lice and head lice in France. Further efforts on the vectorial role of human lice are needed, most importantly the role of pubic lice as a disease vector should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Tran Duc Anh Ly
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France.,UMR "Émergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV, Aix-Marseille University-IRD, 190-Inserm 1207 EHESP-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
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17
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López-Valencia D, Medina-Ortega ÁP, Hoyos-Samboní DF, Salguero C, Vásquez-Arteaga LR. Pediculosis capitis y transmisión potencial de enfermedades infecciosas reemergentes en Colombia. Revisión de la literatura. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v68n2.76604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La infestación por piojos de la cabeza en humanos (Pediculus humanus capitis) se conoce como pediculosis capitis. Estos parásitos pueden ser vectores de enfermedades infecciosas con potencial reemergente.Objetivos. Revisar la literatura actual sobre las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por piojos de la cabeza y realizar una breve descripción de sus manifestaciones clínicas.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO y Redalyc mediante la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: años de publicación: 1938 a 2019; idioma: inglés y español; términos de búsqueda: “Pediculus”, “lice infestations”, “bacteria”, “emerging communicable diseases”, “Rickettsia”, “Bartonella”, “Borrelia”, “Acinetobacter”, “Yersinia“, and “Colombia”, y sus equivalentes en español.Resultados. De los 110 artículos incluidos, la mayoría correspondió a investigaciones originales (48.2%). A nivel mundial, numerosos estudios han reportado la transmisión de Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii y Yersinia pestis, entre otras bacterias, por los piojos de la cabeza y del cuerpo en humanos.Conclusiones. Aunque las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por piojos de la cabeza son raras, guardan potencial reemergente en poblaciones afectadas por migraciones humanas, crisis sociopolíticas, indigencia e inmunosupresión. En Colombia no se han realizado investigaciones sobre la transmisión de estas enfermedades por Pediculus spp., por lo que se sugiere que en estudios futuros se determine la prevalencia y los aspectos epidemiológicos de las enfermedades transmitidas por piojos de la cabeza en población colombiana.
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:474. [PMID: 32039050 PMCID: PMC6990135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but have distinct ecologies. Phylogenetically, they are classified on six mitochondrial clades (A, B, C, D, E, and F), head louse encompasses the full genetic diversity of clades, while body louse belongs to clades A and D. Recent studies suggested that not only body louse, but also head louse can transmit disease, which warrants greater attention as a serious public health problem. The recent sequencing of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus has the smallest genome of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date, and also revealed numerous interesting characteristics in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The transcriptome analyses showed that body and head lice were almost genetically identical. Indeed, the phenotypic flexibility associated with the emergence of body lice, is probably a result of regulatory changes, perhaps epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental signals. Current lice control strategies have proven unsuccessful. For instance, ivermectin represents a relatively new and very promising pediculicide. However, ivermectin resistance in the field has begun to be reported. Therefore, novel opportunities for pest control strategies are needed. Our objective here is to review the current state of knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, disease-vector and control of this fascinating and very intimate human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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19
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Agany DDM, Potts R, Gonzalez Hernandez JL, Gnimpieba EZ, Pietri JE. Microbiome Differences between Human Head and Body Lice Ecotypes Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing. J Parasitol 2020. [DOI: 10.1645/19-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diing D. M. Agany
- University of South Dakota, Biomedical Engineering Program, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107
| | - Rashaun Potts
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069
| | | | - Etienne Z. Gnimpieba
- University of South Dakota, Biomedical Engineering Program, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107
| | - Jose E. Pietri
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069
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20
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Jarrett P, Scragg R. Evolution, Prehistory and Vitamin D. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020646. [PMID: 31963858 PMCID: PMC7027011 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of human evolutionary biology and prehistory are discussed in relation to vitamin D. The evolution of hairlessness, combined with the need for efficient eccrine sweat production for cooling, provided evolutionary pressure to protect the skin from ultraviolet damage by developing cutaneous pigmentation. There was a subsequent loss of pigmentation as humans journeyed to northern latitudes. Their increasing mastery of technology outstripped evolution's finite pace as further dispersal occurred around the globe. A timeline for the development of clothing to provide warmth, and the consequent shielding from ultraviolet light, which diminished vitamin D synthesis, can be inferred by an examination of mutations in the human louse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jarrett
- Department of Dermatology, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland 2025, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Robert Scragg
- Department of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand;
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Boumbanda Koyo CS, Amanzougaghene N, Davoust B, Tshilolo L, Lekana-Douki JB, Raoult D, Mediannikov O, Fenollar F. Genetic diversity of human head lice and molecular detection of associated bacterial pathogens in Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:290. [PMID: 31174587 PMCID: PMC6555951 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasite, distributed worldwide. Phylogenetically, it occurs in five divergent mitochondrial clades (A-E); each exhibiting a particular geographical distribution. Recent studies suggest that, as in the case of body louse, head louse could be a disease vector. We aimed to study the genetic diversity of head lice collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) and to screen for louse-borne pathogens in these lice. METHODS A total of 181 head lice were collected from 27 individuals at the Monkole Hospital Center located in Kinshasa. All head lice were genotyped and screened for the presence of louse-borne bacteria using molecular methods. We searched for Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, Rickettsia prowazekii, Anaplasma spp., Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii and Acinetobacter spp. RESULTS Among these head lice, 67.4% (122/181) belonged to clade A and 24.3% (44/181) belonged to clade D. Additionally, for the first time in this area, we found clade E in 8.3% (15/181) of tested lice, from two infested individuals. Dual infestation with clades A and D was observed for 44.4% individuals. Thirty-three of the 181 head lice were infected only by different bacterial species of the genus Acinetobacter. Overall, 16 out of 27 individuals were infested (59.3%). Six Acinetobacter species were detected including Acinetobacter baumannii (8.3%), Acinetobacter johnsonii (1.7%), Acinetobacter soli (1.7%), Acinetobacter pittii (1.7%), Acinetobacter guillouiae (1.1%), as well as a new potential species named "Candidatus Acinetobacter pediculi". CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study reports for the first time, the presence of clade E head lice in DR Congo. This study is also the first to report the presence of Acinetobacter species DNAs in human head lice in DR Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Scherelle Boumbanda Koyo
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité d'Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leon Tshilolo
- Monkole Mother and Child Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité d'Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Mitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic analysis of Pediculus humanus reveals a new Amazonian clade “F”. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Despite the common association of human lice with abandoned or neglected people, no procedure to assess pediculosis, aimed to detect signs of neglect, exists. Investigating the two most common forms of head louse infestation, regular and severe, we define lice-markers of neglect and develop a protocol and survey form to record and assess pediculosis. The study of head lice from a deceased victim of neglect helped unravel time-length since death, frequency of exposure to neglect and the cause and circumstances related to the death. Nit-clusters are markers of neglect, indicating length and frequency of neglect episodes. In the case study used here that culminated in the death of the victim, sustained abandonment started circa 2 years before discovery. The lice suggested that death was caused by overconsumption of a powerful calcium channel blocker, an antihypertensive, an excess of which in lice food supply (blood) stops oogenesis. Despite hosting thousands of adult females on the hair, lice reproduction stopped and nits were no longer developed or deposited on the hairs at the root end. This short distance of the shaft with no nits provided a time estimation of overdosing of almost 2 months before death.
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Detection of bacterial pathogens in clade E head lice collected from Niger's refugees in Algeria. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:348. [PMID: 29907122 PMCID: PMC6003154 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Phylogenetically, they occur in five divergent mitochondrial clades (A, D, B, C and E), each having a particular geographical distribution. Recent studies have revealed that head lice, as is the case of body lice, can act as a vector for louse-borne diseases. Here, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of head lice collected from Niger’s refugees (migrant population) arriving in Algeria, northern Africa, and to look for louse-borne pathogens. Comparative head lice samples collected from indigenous population of schoolchildren (non-immigrant) were also analyzed to frame the study. Results In this study, 37 head lice samples were collected from 31 Nigerien refugees, as well as 45 head lice from 27 schoolchildren. The collection was established in three localities of eastern Algiers, north Algeria. Quantitative real-time PCR screening of pathogens bacteria and the genetic characterisation of the head lice satut were performed. Through amplification and sequencing of the cytb gene, results showed that all head lice of Nigerien refugees 37/82 (45.12%) belonged to clade E with the presence of four new haplotypes, while, of the 45 head lice of schoolchildren, 34/82 lice (41.46%) belonged to clade A and 11/82 (13.41%) belonged to clade B. Our study is the first to report the existence of clade E haplogroup in Nigerien head lice. DNA of Coxiella burnetii was detected in 3/37 (8.10%) of the head lice collected from 3 of the 31 (9.67%) migrant population. We also revealed the presence of Acinetobacter DNA in 20/37 (54.05%) of head lice collected from 25/31 (80.64%) of the Nigerien refugees, and in 25/45 (55.55%) head lice collected from 15/27 (55.55%) schoolchildren. All positive Nigerien-head lice for Acinetobacter spp. were identified as A. baumannii, while positive schoolchildren-head lice were identified as A. johnsonii 15/25 (60%), A. variabilis 8/25 (32%) and A. baumannii 2/25 (8%). Conclusions Based on these findings from head lice collected on migrant and non-migrant population, our results show, for the first time, that head lice from Niger belong to haplogroup E, and confirm that the clade E had a west African distribution. We also detected, for the first time, the presence of C. burnetii and A. baumannii in these Nigerien head lice. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine whether the head lice can transmit these pathogenic bacteria from one person to another.
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Louni M, Mana N, Bitam I, Dahmani M, Parola P, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006397. [PMID: 29664950 PMCID: PMC5922582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human lice, Pediculus humanus, are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Body lice, Pediculus h. humanus, occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades (A and D) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution. Currently, the body louse is recognized as the only vector for louse-borne diseases. In this study, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of body lice collected from homeless populations in three localities of northern Algeria, and to investigate louse-borne pathogens in these lice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, 524 body lice specimens were collected from 44 homeless people in three localities: Algiers, Tizi Ouzou and Boumerdès located in northern Algeria. Duplex clade specific real-time PCRs (qPCR) and Cytochrome b (cytb) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis were performed in order to identify the mitochondrial clade. Screening of louse-borne pathogens bacteria was based on targeting specific genes for each pathogen using qPCR supplemented by sequencing. All body lice belong to clade A. Through amplification and sequencing of the cytb gene we confirmed the presence of three haplotypes: A5, A9 and A63, which is novel. The molecular investigation of the 524 body lice samples revealed the presence of four human pathogens: Bartonella quintana (13.35%), Coxiella burnetii (10.52%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (0.76%) and Acinetobacter species (A. baumannii, A. johnsonii, A. berezeniae, A. nosocomialis and A. variabilis, in total 46.94%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to show the genetic diversity and presence of several emerging pathogenic bacteria in homeless' body lice from Algeria. We also report for the first time, the presence of several species of Acinetobacter in human body lice. Our results highlight the fact that body lice may be suspected as being a much broader vector of several pathogenic agents than previously thought. Nevertheless, other studies are needed to encourage epidemiological investigations and surveys of louse-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Louni
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Valorisation et Conservation des Ressources Biologiques (VALCORE), Faculté des Sciences, Université M’Hamed Bougara Boumerdes, Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - Nassima Mana
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions, Génomes, Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediene, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions, Génomes, Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediene, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
- Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Dahmani
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Candy K, Amanzougaghene N, Izri A, Brun S, Durand R, Louni M, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Molecular Survey of Head and Body Lice, Pediculus humanus, in France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:243-251. [PMID: 29652646 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lice, Pediculus humanus, are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Phylogenetically, they belong to several mitochondrial clades exhibiting some geographic differences. Currently, the body louse is the only recognized disease vector, with the head louse being proposed as an additional vector. In this article, we study the genetic diversity of head and body lice collected from Bobigny, a town located close to Paris (France), and look for louse-borne pathogens. By amplifying and sequencing the cytb gene, we confirmed the presence of clades A and B in France. Besides, by amplifying and sequencing both cytb and cox1 gene, we reported, for the first time, the presence of clade E, which has thus far only been found in lice from West Africa. DNA from Bartonella quintana was detected in 16.7% of body lice from homeless individuals, but in none of the head lice collected from 47 families. Acinetobacter DNA was detected in 11.5% of head lice belonging to all three clades and 29.1% of body lice. Six species of Acinetobacter were identified, including two potential new ones. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most prevalent, followed by Candidatus Acinetobacter Bobigny-1, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Acinetobacter junii, and Candidatus Acinetobacter Bobigny-2. Body lice were found to be infected only with A. baumannii. These findings show for the first time, the presence of clade E head lice in France. This study is also the first to report the presence of DNAs of several species of Acinetobacter in human head lice in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerdalidec Candy
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France .,2 UMR "Émergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-EHESP-IHU Méditerranée Infection) , Marseille, France
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- 3 IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France .,2 UMR "Émergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-EHESP-IHU Méditerranée Infection) , Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France
| | - Rémy Durand
- 1 Department of Parasitology-Mycology, AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne , Bobigny, France
| | - Meriem Louni
- 4 IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- 3 IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- 4 IRD, APHM, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- 3 IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University , Marseille, France
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Sangaré AK, Sissoko MS, Doumbo OK, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Detection of bacterial pathogens including potential new species in human head lice from Mali. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184621. [PMID: 28931077 PMCID: PMC5606924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In poor African countries, where no medical and biological facilities are available, the identification of potential emerging pathogens of concern at an early stage is challenging. Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, have a short life, feed only on human blood and do not transmit pathogens to their progeny. They are, therefore, a perfect tool for the xenodiagnosis of current or recent human infection. This study assessed the occurrence of bacterial pathogens from head lice collected in two rural villages from Mali, where a high frequency of head lice infestation had previously been reported, using molecular methods. Results show that all 600 head lice, collected from 117 individuals, belonged to clade E, specific to West Africa. Bartonella quintana, the causative agent of trench fever, was identified in three of the 600 (0.5%) head lice studied. Our study also shows, for the first time, the presence of the DNA of two pathogenic bacteria, namely Coxiella burnetii (5.1%) and Rickettsia aeschlimannii (0.6%), detected in human head lice, as well as the DNA of potential new species from the Anaplasma and Ehrlichia genera of unknown pathogenicity. The finding of several Malian head lice infected with B. quintana, C. burnetii, R. aeschlimannii, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia is alarming and highlights the need for active survey programs to define the public health consequences of the detection of these emerging bacterial pathogens in human head lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Abdoul Karim Sangaré
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou S. Sissoko
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
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Al-Shahrani SA, Alajmi RA, Ayaad TH, Al-Shahrani MA, Shaurub ESH. Genetic diversity of the human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, among primary school girls in Saudi Arabia, with reference to their prevalence. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2637-2643. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Lice are a classic example of cospeciation. Human lice confirm this cospeciation with lice specialized in hominids which differ from those of gorillas and chimpanzees. Head lice and body lice seem to belong to closely related species with different ecotypes and a different geographical distribution which may reflect population movements. Paleo-entomology allows us in some cases to trace the migrations of archaic human populations. The analysis of lice found on mummies in Egypt and South America has clarified a certain number of these migrations, also the study of lice and the diseases they transmit has shed a new light on the epidemics of the past.
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Mana N, Louni M, Parola P, Bitam I. Human head lice and pubic lice reveal the presence of several Acinetobacter species in Algiers, Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:33-39. [PMID: 28750865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are two majorspecies of medically important lice that parasitize humans: Phthirus pubis, found in pubic hair, and Pediculus humanus. Pediculus humanus consists of two eco types that live in specific niches on the human host: body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus), found on the human body and clothing, and head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), found on the scalp. To date, only body lice are known to be vectors of human disease; however, it has recently been reported that the DNA of several bacterial agents has been detected in head lice, raising questions about their role in the transmission of pathogens. This issue caught our attention, in addition to the fact that the pathogenic bacteria associated with P. pubis and P. humanus capitis have never been investigated in Algeria. To investigate this,molecular techniques (real-time PCR) were used to screen for the presence of Acinetobacter spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia prowazekii DNA from P. humanus capitis (64 lice) collected from schoolchildren,and P. pubis (4 lice),collected from one adultman living in Algiers. Positive samples for Acinetobacter spp.were identified by sequencing therpoBgene. Conventional PCR targeting the partial Cytb gene was used to determine the phylogenetic clade of the collected lice. Of the 64 samples collected, Acinetobacter spp. DNA was detected in 17/64 (27%) of head lice, identified as: A. baumannii (14%), A. johnsonii (11%) and A. variabilis (2%). Of the four P. pubissamples, 2(50%) were positive for A. johnsonii. The phylogenetic tree based on the Cytb gene revealed that P. humanus capitis were grouped into clades A and B. In this study, we report andidentify for the first time Acinetobacter spp.in Algerian P. pubis and P. humanus capitis. The detection of the genus Acinetobacter in lice should not be underestimated, especially in P. humanus capitis, which is distributed worldwide. However, additional epidemiological data are required to determine if human lice may act as an environmental reservoir and are actively involved in the propagation of these bacteria to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Mana
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions et Génomes, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El Alia Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Louni
- Laboratoire de Valorisation et Conservation des Ressources Biologiques (VALCORE), Faculté des Sciences, Université M'Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Philippe Parola
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198 (Dakar), Inserm 1095, AP-HM Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Idir Bitam
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions et Génomes, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El Alia Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria; Laboratoire de Valorisation et Conservation des Ressources Biologiques (VALCORE), Faculté des Sciences, Université M'Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria; Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198 (Dakar), Inserm 1095, AP-HM Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Algiers, Algeria.
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Greive KA, Barnes TM. The efficacy of Australian essential oils for the treatment of head lice infestation in children: A randomised controlled trial. Australas J Dermatol 2017; 59:e99-e105. [PMID: 28266704 PMCID: PMC6001441 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The increase in resistance of head lice to neurotoxic pediculicides and public concern over their safety has led to an increase in alternative treatments, many of which are poorly researched or even untested. Methods A multicentre, randomised, assessor‐blind, parallel‐group trial (Trial 1) was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of a head lice treatment containing Australian eucalyptus oil and Leptospermum petersonii (EO/LP solution; applied thrice with 7‐day intervals between applications) with a neurotoxic treatment containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (P/PB mousse; applied twice with a 7‐day interval) in children. A single‐blind, open trial (Trial 2) was conducted to assess the efficacy of EO/LP solution following a single application. In addition, skin irritancy and sensitisation tests using EO/LP solution were performed in adults and children. In vitro tests were performed to further assess the ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy of EO/LP solution. Results EO/LP solution was found to be more than twice as effective in curing head lice infestation as P/PB mousse in per‐protocol participants (Trial 1; 83% vs 36%, P < 0.0001), and was also found to be 100% pediculicidal following a single application (Trial 2). Adverse events were limited to transient itching, burning or stinging. Further skin testing with the EO/LP solution reported no irritation or sensitisation in adults, or irritation in children. In vitro exposure of lice and eggs to the EO/LP solution resulted in 100% mortality. Conclusion The efficacy, safety and relative ease of use of the EO/LP solution make it a viable alternative in treating head lice.
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Amanzougaghene N, Akiana J, Mongo Ndombe G, Davoust B, Nsana NS, Parra HJ, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Head Lice of Pygmies Reveal the Presence of Relapsing Fever Borreliae in the Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005142. [PMID: 27911894 PMCID: PMC5135033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, occur in four divergent mitochondrial clades (A, B, C and D), each having particular geographical distributions. Recent studies suggest that head lice, as is the case of body lice, can act as a vector for louse-borne diseases. Therefore, understanding the genetic diversity of lice worldwide is of critical importance to our understanding of the risk of louse-borne diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we report the results of the first molecular screening of pygmies' head lice in the Republic of Congo for seven pathogens and an analysis of lice mitochondrial clades. We developed two duplex clade-specific real-time PCRs and identified three major mitochondrial clades: A, C, and D indicating high diversity among the head lice studied. We identified the presence of a dangerous human pathogen, Borrelia recurrentis, the causative agent of relapsing fever, in ten clade A head lice, which was not reported in the Republic of Congo, and B. theileri in one head louse. The results also show widespread infection among head lice with several species of Acinetobacter. A. junii was the most prevalent, followed by A. ursingii, A. baumannii, A. johnsonii, A. schindleri, A. lwoffii, A. nosocomialis and A. towneri. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study is the first to show the presence of B. recurrentis in African pygmies' head lice in the Republic of Congo. This study is also the first to report the presence of DNAs of B. theileri and several species of Acinetobacter in human head lice. Further studies are needed to determine whether the head lice can transmit these pathogenic bacteria from person to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Akiana
- Laboratoire national de santé publique, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Géor Mongo Ndombe
- Laboratoire national de santé publique, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Henri-Joseph Parra
- Laboratoire national de santé publique, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
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Sangaré AK, Doumbo OK, Raoult D. Management and Treatment of Human Lice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8962685. [PMID: 27529073 PMCID: PMC4978820 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8962685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the three lice (head, body, and pubic louse) that infest humans, the body louse is the species involved in epidemics of louse-borne typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever, but all the three cause pediculosis. Their infestations occur today in many countries despite great efforts to maintain high standards of public health. In this review, literature searches were performed through PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and EBSCOhost, with key search words of "Pediculus humanus", "lice infestation", "pediculosis", and "treatment"; and controlled clinical trials were viewed with great interest. Removing lice by hand or with a lice comb, heating infested clothing, and shaving the scalp were some of the oldest methods of controlling human lice. Despite the introduction of other resources including cresol, naphthalene, sulfur, mercury, vinegar, petroleum, and insecticides, the numbers of lice infestation cases and resistance have increased. To date, viable alternative treatments to replace insecticides have been developed experimentally in vitro. Today, the development of new treatment strategies such as symbiotic treatment and synergistic treatment (antibiotics + ivermectin) in vitro has proved effective and is promising. Here, we present an overview on managing and treating human lice and highlight new strategies to more effectively fight pediculosis and prevent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Karim Sangaré
- Research Unit on Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH) UMI3189, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH) UMI3189, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Raoult
- Research Unit on Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Host switching of human lice to new world monkeys in South America. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:225-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tovar-Corona JM, Castillo-Morales A, Chen L, Olds BP, Clark JM, Reynolds SE, Pittendrigh BR, Feil EJ, Urrutia AO. Alternative Splice in Alternative Lice. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2749-59. [PMID: 26169943 PMCID: PMC4576711 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomics analyses have revealed human head and body lice to be almost genetically identical; although con-specific, they nevertheless occupy distinct ecological niches and have differing feeding patterns. Most importantly, while head lice are not known to be vector competent, body lice can transmit three serious bacterial diseases; epidemictyphus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. In order to gain insights into the molecular bases for these differences, we analyzed alternative splicing (AS) using next-generation sequencing data for one strain of head lice and one strain of body lice. We identified a total of 3,598 AS events which were head or body lice specific. Exon skipping AS events were overrepresented among both head and body lice, whereas intron retention events were underrepresented in both. However, both the enrichment of exon skipping and the underrepresentation of intron retention are significantly stronger in body lice compared with head lice. Genes containing body louse-specific AS events were found to be significantly enriched for functions associated with development of the nervous system, salivary gland, trachea, and ovarian follicle cells, as well as regulation of transcription. In contrast, no functional categories were overrepresented among genes with head louse-specific AS events. Together, our results constitute the first evidence for transcript pool differences in head and body lice, providing insights into molecular adaptations that enabled human lice to adapt to clothing, and representing a powerful illustration of the pivotal role AS can play in functional adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Tovar-Corona
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom Milner Centre, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Atahualpa Castillo-Morales
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom Milner Centre, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lu Chen
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Brett P Olds
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Stuart E Reynolds
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edward J Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom Milner Centre, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Araxi O Urrutia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom Milner Centre, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Ashfaq M, Prosser S, Nasir S, Masood M, Ratnasingham S, Hebert PDN. High diversity and rapid diversification in the head louse, Pediculus humanus (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera). Sci Rep 2015; 5:14188. [PMID: 26373806 PMCID: PMC4570997 DOI: 10.1038/srep14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study analyzes sequence variation of two mitochondrial genes (COI, cytb) in Pediculus humanus from three countries (Egypt, Pakistan, South Africa) that have received little prior attention, and integrates these results with prior data. Analysis indicates a maximum K2P distance of 10.3% among 960 COI sequences and 13.8% among 479 cytb sequences. Three analytical methods (BIN, PTP, ABGD) reveal five concordant OTUs for COI and cytb. Neighbor-Joining analysis of the COI sequences confirm five clusters; three corresponding to previously recognized mitochondrial clades A, B, C and two new clades, "D" and "E", showing 2.3% and 2.8% divergence from their nearest neighbors (NN). Cytb data corroborate five clusters showing that clades "D" and "E" are both 4.6% divergent from their respective NN clades. Phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of all clusters recovered by NJ analysis. Divergence time estimates suggest that the earliest split of P. humanus clades occurred slightly more than one million years ago (MYa) and the latest about 0.3 MYa. Sequence divergences in COI and cytb among the five clades of P. humanus are 10X those in their human host, a difference that likely reflects both rate acceleration and the acquisition of lice clades from several archaic hominid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashfaq
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Prosser
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Saima Nasir
- Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariyam Masood
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Paul D N Hebert
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Relapsing fever borreliae were notorious and feared infectious agents that earned their place in history through their devastating impact as causes of both epidemic and endemic infection. They are now considered more as an oddity, and their burden of infection is largely overshadowed by other infections such as malaria, which presents in a similar clinical way. Despite this, they remain the most common bacterial infection in some developing countries. Transmitted by soft ticks or lice, these fascinating spirochetes have evolved a myriad of mechanisms to survive within their diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Cutler
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK.
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Abstract
Our understanding of human evolutionary and population history can be advanced by ecological and evolutionary studies of our parasites. Many parasites flourish only in the presence of very specific human behaviors and in specific habitats, are wholly dependent on us, and have evolved with us for thousands or millions of years. Therefore, by asking when and how we first acquired those parasites, under which environmental and cultural conditions we are the most susceptible, and how the parasites have evolved and adapted to us and we in response to them, we can gain considerable insight into our own evolutionary history. As examples, the tapeworm life cycle is dependent on our consumption of meat, the divergence of body and head lice may have been subsequent to the development of clothing, and malaria hyperendemicity may be associated with agriculture. Thus, the evolutionary and population histories of these parasites are likely intertwined with critical aspects of human biology and culture. Here I review the mechanics of these and multiple other parasite proxies for human evolutionary history and discuss how they currently complement our fossil, archeological, molecular, linguistic, historical, and ethnographic records. I also highlight potential future applications of this promising model for the field of evolutionary anthropology.
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Boutellis A, Bitam I, Fekir K, Mana N, Raoult D. Evidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:94-98. [PMID: 25346378 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pediculus humanus L. (Psocodea: Pediculidae) can be characterized into three deeply divergent lineages (clades) based on mitochondrial DNA. Clade A consists of both head lice and clothing lice and is distributed worldwide. Clade B consists of head lice only and is mainly found in North and Central America, and in western Europe and Australia. Clade C, which consists only of head lice, is found in Ethiopia, Nepal and Senegal. Twenty-six head lice collected from pupils at different elementary schools in two localities in Algiers (Algeria) were analysed using molecular methods for genotyping lice (cytochrome b and the multi-spacer typing (MST) method. For the first time, we found clade B head lice in Africa living in sympatry with clade A head lice. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of these populations of head lice showed that clade A and clade B head lice had recombined, suggesting that interbreeding occurs when lice live in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boutellis
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 198 UMR 6236), University of Aix Marseilles, Faculté de Médecine, Marseilles, France
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Drali R, Sangaré AK, Boutellis A, Angelakis E, Veracx A, Socolovschi C, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Bartonella quintana in body lice from scalp hair of homeless persons, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:907-8. [PMID: 24751237 PMCID: PMC4012801 DOI: 10.3201/eid2005.131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Xiong H, Campelo D, Pollack RJ, Raoult D, Shao R, Alem M, Ali J, Bilcha K, Barker SC. Second-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (∼15.4 kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28 Suppl 1:40-50. [PMID: 25171606 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Illumina Hiseq platform was used to sequence the entire mitochondrial coding-regions of 20 body lice, Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, and head lice, P. capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), from eight towns and cities in five countries: Ethiopia, France, China, Australia and the U.S.A. These data (∼310 kb) were used to see how much more informative entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences were than partial mitochondrial coding-region sequences, and thus to guide the design of future studies of the phylogeny, origin, evolution and taxonomy of body lice and head lice. Phylogenies were compared from entire coding-region sequences (∼15.4 kb), entire cox1 (∼1.5 kb), partial cox1 (∼700 bp) and partial cytb (∼600 bp) sequences. On the one hand, phylogenies from entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences (∼15.4 kb) were much more informative than phylogenies from entire cox1 sequences (∼1.5 kb) and partial gene sequences (∼600 to ∼700 bp). For example, 19 branches had > 95% bootstrap support in our maximum likelihood tree from the entire mitochondrial coding-regions (∼15.4 kb) whereas the tree from 700 bp cox1 had only two branches with bootstrap support > 95%. Yet, by contrast, partial cytb (∼600 bp) and partial cox1 (∼486 bp) sequences were sufficient to genotype lice to Clade A, B or C. The sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the P. humanus, P. capitis and P. schaeffi Fahrenholz studied are in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers KC660761-800, KC685631-6330, KC241882-97, EU219988-95, HM241895-8 and JX080388-407.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xiong
- Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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42
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Sangaré AK, Boutellis A, Drali R, Socolovschi C, Barker SC, Diatta G, Rogier C, Olive MM, Doumbo OK, Raoult D. Detection of Bartonella quintana in African body and head lice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:294-301. [PMID: 24935950 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the body louse is the only recognized vector of Bartonella quintana, an organism that causes trench fever. In this work, we investigated the prevalence of this bacterium in human lice in different African countries. We tested 616 head lice and 424 body lice from nine African countries using real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting intergenic spacer region 2 and specific B. quintana genes. Overall, B. quintana DNA was found in 54% and 2% of body and head lice, respectively. Our results also show that there are more body lice positive for B. quintana in poor countries, which was determined by the gross domestic product, than in wealthy areas (228/403 versus 0/21, P < 0.001). A similar finding was obtained for head lice (8/226 versus 2/390, P = 0.007). Our findings suggest that head lice in Africa may be infected by B. quintana when patients live in poor economic conditions and are also exposed to body lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Karim Sangaré
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amina Boutellis
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Rezak Drali
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cristina Socolovschi
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Georges Diatta
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)63, 7278 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, University of Aix, Marseille, France; IRD, Campus Commun Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-IRD of Hann, Dakar, Senegal; Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Madagascar; University of Bamako, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Département d'Epidemiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP)/Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d'Odontostomatologie (FMPOS)-Unité Mixte Internationale (UMI)3189, Bamako, Mali
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Previte D, Olds BP, Yoon K, Sun W, Muir W, Paige KN, Lee SH, Clark J, Koehler JE, Pittendrigh BR. Differential gene expression in laboratory strains of human head and body lice when challenged with Bartonella quintana, a pathogenic bacterium. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:244-254. [PMID: 24404961 PMCID: PMC4454818 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human head and body lice are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites that belong to a single species, Pediculus humanus. Only body lice, however, are vectors of the infectious Gram-negative bacterium Bartonella quintana. Because of their near identical genomes, yet differential vector competence, head and body lice provide a unique model system to study the gain or loss of vector competence. Using our in vitro louse-rearing system, we infected head and body lice with blood containing B. quintana in order to detect both differences in the proliferation of B. quintana and transcriptional differences of immune-related genes in the lice. B. quintana proliferated rapidly in body lice at 6 days post-infection, but plateaued in head lice at 4 days post-infection. RNAseq and quantitative real-time PCR validation analyses determined gene expression differences. Eight immunoresponse genes were observed to be significantly different with many associated with the Toll pathway: Fibrinogen-like protein, Spaetzle, Defensin 1, Serpin, Scavenger receptor A and Apolipoporhrin 2. Our findings support the hypothesis that body lice, unlike head lice, fight infection from B. quintana only at the later stages of its proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Previte
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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44
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Boutellis A, Abi-Rached L, Raoult D. The origin and distribution of human lice in the world. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:209-17. [PMID: 24524985 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two genera of lice parasitize humans: Pthirus and Pediculus. The latter is of significant public health importance and comprises two ecotypes: the body louse and the head louse. These ecotypes are morphologically and genetically notably similar; the body louse is responsible for three infectious diseases: Louse-borne epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that there are three obviously divergent clades of head lice (A, B and C), and only one clade of body lice is shared with head lice (clade A). Each clade has a unique geographic distribution. Lice have been parasitizing humans for millions of years and likely dispersed throughout the World with the human migrations out of Africa, so they can be good markers for studying human evolution. Here, we present an overview of the origin of human lice and their role in vector pathogenic bacteria that caused epidemics, and we review the association between lice clades and human migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boutellis
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités - Unité Mixte de Recherche 7353, Equipe ATIP, Aix-Marseille Université, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Harper KN, Armelagos GJ. Genomics, the origins of agriculture, and our changing microbe-scape: time to revisit some old tales and tell some new ones. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152 Suppl 57:135-52. [PMID: 24249593 PMCID: PMC7159788 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Though agriculture is often viewed as one of humanity's crowning achievements, skeletal evidence indicates that dependence on domesticated plants and animals was accompanied by an increase in infectious disease. Scientists have proposed that many important infections emerged in the period following the advent of agriculture, as a result of newly dense populations and novel proximity to domestic animals that served as reservoirs for novel pathogens. Here, we review genomic evidence regarding pathogen origins, analyzing these data using the epidemiological transition framework. Genetic information has forced us to reconsider how and when many important pathogens emerged; it appears that a number of infections thought to result from contact with domesticated animals arose much earlier than agriculture was adopted. We also consider the broader effect of agriculture upon the microbiome, exploring potential consequences for human health. We end by discussing the changes in the human microbe-scape we are likely to see in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Harper
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032
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Bonilla DL, Durden LA, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA. The biology and taxonomy of head and body lice--implications for louse-borne disease prevention. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003724. [PMID: 24244157 PMCID: PMC3828170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denise L. Bonilla
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lance A. Durden
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marina E. Eremeeva
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Dasch
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Boutellis A, Drali R, Rivera MA, Mumcuoglu KY, Raoult D. Evidence of sympatry of clade a and clade B head lice in a pre-Columbian Chilean mummy from Camarones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76818. [PMID: 24204678 PMCID: PMC3813697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different lineages of head lice are known to parasitize humans. Clade A, which is currently worldwide in distribution, was previously demonstrated to be present in the Americas before the time of Columbus. The two other types of head lice are geographically restricted to America and Australia for clade B and to Africa and Asia for clade C. In this study, we tested two operculated nits from a 4,000-year-old Chilean mummy of Camarones for the presence of the partial Cytb mitochondrial gene (270 bp). Our finding shows that clade B head lice were present in America before the arrival of the European colonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boutellis
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095. Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
| | - Rezak Drali
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095. Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
| | - Mario A. Rivera
- Programa Identidad del Fin del Mundo. Universidad de Magallanes-Mineduc, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095. Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
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Boutellis A, Mediannikov O, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Campelo D, Barker SC, Raoult D. Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:796-8. [PMID: 23648147 PMCID: PMC3647509 DOI: 10.3201/eid1905.121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1800s, the only known vector of Borrelia recurrentis has been the body louse. In 2011, we found B. recurrentis DNA in 23% of head lice from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia. Whether head lice can transmit these bacteria from one person to another remains to be determined.
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Vallejo JR, González JA. The use of the head louse as a remedy for jaundice in Spanish folk medicine: an overview. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2013; 9:52. [PMID: 23876126 PMCID: PMC3770454 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-9-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Spain, head lice are considered a therapeutic resource for the treatment of jaundice. All folk remedies based on the ingestion of these insects meet in the present document, previously dispersed among a large number of references. METHODS An overview of the Spanish literature has been carried out. The most important databases have been consulted. All related works have been examined. RESULTS Although the method of preparation is diverse and the dose varies, the primary recommendation is a transference ritual consisting of taking nine live lice for nine days on an empty stomach without the patient's knowledge. This traditional knowledge survives in Spanish society, and constitutes an example of the interrelation between Spanish and Latin American folk medicines. CONCLUSIONS The survival of this therapy in the worldview of certain rural communities suggests the need to take into account the beliefs, ideas and behaviour patterns of popular culture in relation to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Vallejo
- Departamento de Terapéutica Médico-Quirúrgica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Antonio González
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Etnobiológicos del Duero-Douro (GRIRED), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37071, Salamanca, Spain
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Boutellis A, Veracx A, Abrahão J, Raoult D. Amazonian head lice-specific genotypes are putatively pre-Columbian. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:1180-4. [PMID: 23610158 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and body lice are strict obligate human ectoparasites with three mitochondrial phylotypes (A, B, and C). Using molecular methods for genotyping lice (Cytochrome b and multi-spacer typing), and comparing our results with all the sequences of human lice that were genotyped previously, we assessed the presence of a specific American genotype that most likely predates the Columbian era in head lice collected from Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boutellis
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
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