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Metibemu DS, Adeyinka OS, Falode J, Crown O, Ogungbe IV. Inhibitors of the Structural and Nonstructural Proteins of Alphaviruses. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2507-2524. [PMID: 38992989 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The Alphavirus genus includes viruses that cause encephalitis due to neuroinvasion and viruses that cause arthritis due to acute and chronic inflammation. There is no approved therapeutic for alphavirus infections, but significant efforts are ongoing, more so in recent years, to develop vaccines and therapeutics for alphavirus infections. This review article highlights some of the major advances made so far to identify small molecules that can selectively target the structural and the nonstructural proteins in alphaviruses with the expectation that persistent investigation of an increasingly expanding chemical space through a variety of structure-based design and high-throughput screening strategies will yield candidate drugs for clinical studies. While most of the works discussed are still in the early discovery to lead optimization stages, promising avenues remain for drug development against this family of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilohun Samuel Metibemu
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Olawale Samuel Adeyinka
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - John Falode
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Olamide Crown
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
| | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Science and Engineering Programs, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, United States
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2
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Ramphal Y, Tegally H, San JE, Reichmuth ML, Hofstra M, Wilkinson E, Baxter C, de Oliveira T, Moir M. Understanding the Transmission Dynamics of the Chikungunya Virus in Africa. Pathogens 2024; 13:605. [PMID: 39057831 PMCID: PMC11279734 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) poses a significant global public health concern, especially in Africa. Since its first isolation in Tanzania in 1953, CHIKV has caused recurrent outbreaks, challenging healthcare systems in low-resource settings. Recent outbreaks in Africa highlight the dynamic nature of CHIKV transmission and the challenges of underreporting and underdiagnosis. Here, we review the literature and analyse publicly available cases, outbreaks, and genomic data, providing insights into the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and transmission dynamics of CHIKV in Africa. Our analyses reveal the circulation of geographically distinct CHIKV genotypes, with certain regions experiencing a disproportionate burden of disease. Phylogenetic analysis of sporadic outbreaks in West Africa suggests repeated emergence of the virus through enzootic spillover, which is markedly different from inferred transmission dynamics in East Africa, where the virus is often introduced from Asian outbreaks, including the recent reintroduction of the Indian Ocean lineage from the Indian subcontinent to East Africa. Furthermore, there is limited evidence of viral movement between these two regions. Understanding the history and transmission dynamics of outbreaks is crucial for effective public health planning. Despite advances in surveillance and research, diagnostic and surveillance challenges persist. This review and secondary analysis highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance, research, and collaboration to mitigate the burden of CHIKV in Africa and improve public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajna Ramphal
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Marije Hofstra
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monika Moir
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
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3
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Gonçalves TDS, do Carmo CN, Marinho DS. Estimated annual costs of Chikungunya fever in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 27:e240026. [PMID: 38896647 PMCID: PMC11182447 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720240026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost of illness of Chikungunya in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2019. METHODS The study is a partial economic evaluation carried out with secondary data with free and unrestricted access. Direct outpatient and indirect costs of the acute, post-acute, and chronic phases of Chikungunya fever were estimated, in addition to hospital costs. The estimate of direct costs was performed using the notified cases and the standard treatment flowchart in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The indirect ones consist of loss of productivity and disability, using the burden of disease indicator (Disability-adjusted life year - DALY). RESULTS The total number of reported cases was 38,830. Total costs were calculated at BRL 279,807,318, with 97% related to indirect costs. CONCLUSION The chronic phase and indirect costs were the most expensive. The inability and permanence of Chikungunya differentiate the disease and increase the costs of its treatment.
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Chuong C, Cereghino C, Rai P, Bates TA, Oberer M, Weger-Lucarelli J. Enhanced attenuation of chikungunya vaccines expressing antiviral cytokines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:59. [PMID: 38472211 PMCID: PMC10933427 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are vector-borne, medically relevant, positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause disease in animals and humans worldwide. Of this group, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most significant human pathogen, responsible for generating millions of infections leading to severe febrile illness and debilitating chronic joint pain. Currently, there are limited treatments to protect against alphavirus disease; thus, there is a tremendous need to generate safe and effective vaccines. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are cost-effective and potent immunization strategies capable of generating long-term protection in a single dose. However, LAVs often produce systemic viral replication, which can lead to unwanted post-vaccination side effects and pose a risk of reversion to a pathogenic phenotype and transmission to mosquitoes. Here, we utilized a chimeric infectious clone of CHIKV engineered with the domain C of the E2 gene of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) to express IFNγ and IL-21-two potent antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines-in order to improve the LAV's attenuation while maintaining immunogenicity. The IFNγ- and IL-21-expressing vaccine candidates were stable during passage and significantly attenuated post-vaccination, as mice experienced reduced footpad swelling with minimal systemic replication and dissemination capacity compared to the parental vaccine. Additionally, these candidates provided complete protection to mice challenged with WT CHIKV. Our dual attenuation strategy represents an innovative way to generate safe and effective alphavirus vaccines that could be applied to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea Cereghino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tyler A Bates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Megan Oberer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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5
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Rani A, Ergün S, Karnati S, Jha HC. Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:22-38. [PMID: 38189894 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can infiltrate the CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms including paracellular, transcellular, and "Trojan horse" mechanisms during leukocyte diapedesis. These viruses belong to several families, including retroviruses; human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), flaviviruses; Japanese encephalitis (JEV); and herpesviruses; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and mouse adenovirus 1 (MAV-1). For entering the brain, viral proteins act upon the tight junctions (TJs) between the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). For instance, HIV-1 proteins, such as glycoprotein 120, Nef, Vpr, and Tat, disrupt the BBB and generate a neurotoxic effect. Recombinant-Tat triggers amendments in the BBB by decreasing expression of the TJ proteins such as claudin-1, claudin-5, and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). Thus, the breaching of BBB has been reported in myriad of neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Neurotropic viruses also exhibit molecular mimicry with several myelin sheath proteins, i.e., antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) aa411-426 cross-react with MBP and EBNA1 aa385-420 was found to be associated with MS risk haplotype HLA-DRB1*150. Notably, myelin protein epitopes (PLP139-151, MOG35-55, and MBP87-99) are being used to generate model systems for MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to understand the disease mechanism and therapeutics. Viruses like Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) are also commonly used to generate EAE. Altogether, this review provide insights into the viruses' association with BBB leakiness and MS along with possible mechanistic details which could potentially use for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.
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Simo FBN, Burt FJ, Makoah NA. Chikungunya Virus Diagnosis: A Review of Current Antigen Detection Methods. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:365. [PMID: 37505661 PMCID: PMC10383795 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV is expanding at an alarming rate, potentially spreading and establishing endemicity in new areas where competent vectors are present. The dramatic spread of CHIKV in recent years highlights the urgent need to take precautionary measures and investigate options for control. It is crucial in developing nations where diagnostic tools are limited, and symptoms are similar to other prevalent diseases such as malaria and dengue. The most reliable method for diagnosing chikungunya virus is viral gene detection by RT-PCR. Alternative methods like detecting human antibody and viral antigen can also be used, especially in areas where resources are limited. In this review, we summarize the limited data on antigen detection immunoassays. We further explain the essential structural elements of the virus to help comprehend the scientific concepts underlying the testing methods, as well as future methods and diagnostic approaches under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Brice Nemg Simo
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
| | - Felicity Jane Burt
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
| | - Nigel Aminake Makoah
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State, South Africa
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Kim AS, Diamond MS. A molecular understanding of alphavirus entry and antibody protection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:396-407. [PMID: 36474012 PMCID: PMC9734810 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-transmitted RNA viruses that cause epidemics of human infection and disease on a global scale. These viruses are classified as either arthritogenic or encephalitic based on their genetic relatedness and the clinical syndromes they cause. Although there are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines against alphaviruses, passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies confers protection in animal models. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the host factors required for alphavirus entry, the mechanisms of action by which protective antibodies inhibit different steps in the alphavirus infection cycle and candidate alphavirus vaccines currently under clinical evaluation that focus on humoral immunity. A comprehensive understanding of alphavirus entry and antibody-mediated protection may inform the development of new classes of countermeasures for these emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Costa LB, Barreto FKDA, Barreto MCA, dos Santos THP, de Andrade MDMO, Farias LABG, de Freitas ARR, Martinez MJ, Cavalcanti LPDG. Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Chikungunya: A Systematic Literature Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:301. [PMID: 37368719 PMCID: PMC10302198 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya (CHIK) is a re-emerging viral infection endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. While the typical clinical presentation is an acute febrile syndrome, long-term articular complications and even death can occur. This review characterizes the global epidemiological and economic burden of chikungunya. The search included studies published from 2007 to 2022 in MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and SciELO for a thorough evaluation of the literature. Rayyan software was used for data analysis, and data were summarized descriptively and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seventy-six publications were included. Chikungunya is widely distributed in the tropics, including Africa, Asia, South America, and Oceania/the Pacific Islands, and co-circulates with other simultaneous arboviruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and YFV. Chikungunya infection can lead to chronic articular manifestations with a significant impact on the quality of life in the long term. In addition, it generates absenteeism and economic and social losses and can cause fatal infections in vulnerable populations, mainly in high-risk patients with co-morbidities and at the extremes of age. Reported costs associated with CHIKV diseases are substantial and vary by region, age group, and public/private delivery of healthcare services. The chikungunya disease burden includes chronicity, severe infections, increased hospitalization risks, and associated mortality. The disease can impact the economy in several spheres, significantly affecting the health system and national economies. Understanding and measuring the full impact of this re-emerging disease is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourrany Borges Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Ceara (UFC), Ceara 60020-181, Brazil; (L.B.C.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceara 60811-905, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias
- Hospital São Jose de Doenças Infecciosas, Ceara 60455-610, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Ceara 60192-345, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Julian Martinez
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciano Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Ceara (UFC), Ceara 60020-181, Brazil; (L.B.C.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Ceara 60192-345, Brazil
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Bartholomeeusen K, Daniel M, LaBeaud DA, Gasque P, Peeling RW, Stephenson KE, Ng LFP, Ariën KK. Chikungunya fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:17. [PMID: 37024497 PMCID: PMC11126297 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is widespread throughout the tropics, where it causes recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. In recent years, outbreaks have afflicted populations in East and Central Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever is characterized by severe arthralgia and myalgia that can persist for years and have considerable detrimental effects on health, quality of life and economic productivity. The effects of climate change as well as increased globalization of commerce and travel have led to growth of the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes. As a result, increasing numbers of people will be at risk of chikungunya fever in the coming years. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments and with vaccines still in development, surveillance and vector control are essential to suppress re-emergence and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Daniel
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Service de Médecine d'Urgences-SAMU-SMUR, CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Desiree A LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale Océan Indien LICE-OI, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Rosanna W Peeling
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Lentscher AJ, McAllister N, Griswold KA, Martin JL, Welsh OL, Sutherland DM, Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Candidate Incorporating Synergistic Mutations Is Attenuated and Protects Against Virulent Virus Challenge. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:457-465. [PMID: 35196388 PMCID: PMC10152497 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus that periodically emerges to cause large epidemics of arthritic disease. Although the robust immunity elicited by live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccine candidates makes them attractive, CHIKV vaccine development has been hampered by a high threshold for acceptable adverse events. METHODS We evaluated the vaccine potential of a recently described LAV, skeletal muscle-restricted virus (SKE), that exhibits diminished replication in skeletal muscle due to insertion of target sequences for skeletal muscle-specific miR-206. We also evaluated whether these target sequences could augment safety of an LAV encoding a known attenuating mutation, E2 G82R. Attenuation of viruses containing these mutations was compared with a double mutant, SKE G82R. RESULTS SKE was attenuated in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice and induced a robust neutralizing antibody response, indicating its vaccine potential. However, only SKE G82R elicited diminished swelling in immunocompetent mice at early time points postinoculation, indicating that these mutations synergistically enhance safety of the vaccine candidate. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that restriction of LAV replication in skeletal muscle enhances tolerability of reactogenic vaccine candidates and may improve the rational design of CHIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Lentscher
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole McAllister
- Department of Biology, Seton Hill University, Greenburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kira A Griswold
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L Martin
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia L Welsh
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danica M Sutherland
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurie A Silva
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Webb E, Michelen M, Rigby I, Dagens A, Dahmash D, Cheng V, Joseph R, Lipworth S, Harriss E, Cai E, Nartowski R, Januraga PP, Gedela K, Sukmaningrum E, Cevik M, Groves H, Hart P, Fletcher T, Blumberg L, Horby PW, Jacob ST, Sigfrid L. An evaluation of global Chikungunya clinical management guidelines: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 54:101672. [PMID: 36193172 PMCID: PMC9526181 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has expanded its geographical reach in recent decades and is an emerging global health threat. CHIKV can cause significant morbidity and lead to chronic, debilitating arthritis/arthralgia in up to 40% of infected individuals. Prevention, early identification, and clinical management are key for improving outcomes. The aim of this review is to evaluate the quality, availability, inclusivity, and scope of evidence-based clinical management guidelines (CMG) for CHIKV globally. Methods We conducted a systematic review. Six databases were searched from Jan 1, 1989, to 14 Oct 2021 and grey literature until Sept 16, 2021, for CHIKV guidelines providing supportive care and treatment recommendations. Quality was assessed using the appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation tool. Findings are presented in a narrative synthesis. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020167361. Findings 28 CMGs were included; 54% (15/28) were produced more than 5 years ago, and most were of low-quality (median score 2 out of 7 (range 1-7)). There were variations in the CMGs' guidance on the management of different at-risk populations, long-term sequelae, and the prevention of disease transmission. While 54% (15/28) of CMGs recommended hospitalisation for severe cases, only 39% (11/28) provided guidance for severe disease management. Further, 46% (13/28) advocated for steroids in the chronic phase, but 18% (5/28) advised against its use. Interpretation There was a lack of high-quality CMGs that provided supportive care and treatment guidance, which may impact patient care and outcomes. It is essential that existing guidelines are updated and adapted to provide detailed evidence-based treatment guidelines for different at-risk populations. This study also highlights a need for more research into the management of the acute and chronic phases of CHIKV infection to inform evidence-based care. Funding The UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Wellcome Trust [215091/Z/18/Z] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1209135].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eika Webb
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, UK
| | - Melina Michelen
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ishmeala Rigby
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Dagens
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dania Dahmash
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Cheng
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Samuel Lipworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eli Harriss
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erhui Cai
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Nartowski
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Evi Sukmaningrum
- Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- HIV AIDS Research Centre-HPSI, AJCU, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muge Cevik
- Department of Global Health and Infection Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Fletcher
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter W. Horby
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shevin T. Jacob
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise Sigfrid
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Arbovirus Seroprevalence Study in Bangphae District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand: Comparison between ELISA and a Multiplex Rapid Diagnostic Test (Chembio DPP® ZCD IgG). Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110378. [DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses, particularly dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), pose a growing threat to global public health. For disease burden estimation and disease control, seroprevalence studies are paramount. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV on healthy individuals aged from 1–55 years old in Bangphae district, Ratchaburi province, Thailand. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were performed on archived samples from a dengue serological survey conducted from 2012–2015. All 2012 samples had been previously tested using an anti-DENV immunoglobulin (Ig)G ELISA, and 400 randomly selected samples stratified by age, sex, and residential area were assessed by an in-house anti-ZIKV IgG ELISA and a commercial anti-CHIKV IgG ELISA to determine virus-specific antibody levels. An RDT (Chembio DPP® ZCD IgM/IgG System) was also used to investigate the presence of antibodies against DENV, ZIKV, or CHIKV. The ELISA results indicate that the seroprevalences of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV were 84.3%, 58.0%, and 22.5%, respectively. The youngest age group had the lowest seroprevalence for all three arboviruses, and the seroprevalences for these viruses were progressively higher with increasing participant age. The DPP® IgG sensitivities, as compared with ELISAs, for DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV were relatively low, only 43.92%, 25.86%, and 37.78%, respectively. The ELISA results indicate that 16% of the study population was seropositive for all three viruses. DENV had the highest seroprevalence. ZIKV and CHIKV were also circulating in Bangphae district, Ratchaburi province, Thailand. The DPP® ZCD rapid test is not sensitive enough for use in seroprevalence studies.
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13
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Brouazin R, Claudel I, Lancelot R, Dupuy G, Gouagna LC, Dupraz M, Baldet T, Bouyer J. Optimization of oviposition trap settings to monitor populations of Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of arboviruses in La Reunion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18450. [PMID: 36323764 PMCID: PMC9630495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several dengue epidemics recently occurred in La Reunion, an island harboring two dengue viruses (DVs) vectors: Aedes albopictus, and Ae. aegypti, the former being the main local DV vector. Aedes aegypti shows a peculiar ecology, compared to other tropical populations of the same species. This study aimed to provide researchers and public-health users with locally validated oviposition traps (ovitraps) to monitor Aedes populations. A field experiment was performed in Saint-Joseph to assess the effect of different settings on the detection probability and apparent density of Aedes mosquitoes. Black plastic ovitraps were identified as the best choice. Vacoa trees (Pandanus utilis) were the only observed breeding sites for Ae. aegypti, shared with Ae. albopictus. They were the experimental units in a Latin square design with three factors: trap position in the trees (ground vs canopy), oviposition surface in the trap (blotting paper vs. vacoa leaf), and addition of organic matter to the trap water. The latter factor was found unimportant. On the ground, Ae. aegypti eggs were only found with vacoa leaves as the oviposition surface. Their detection and apparent density increased when ovitraps were located in the tree canopy. The main factor for Ae. albopictus was the oviposition surface, with a preference for blotting paper. In all trap settings, their detection was close to 100%. Larval survival was lower for a high egg density, combined with blotting paper as the oviposition surface. When monitoring mixed Aedes populations in La Reunion, we recommend using black plastic ovitraps, placed at 1.50-to-2.00-m high in vacoa trees, with vacoa leaves as the oviposition surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Brouazin
- UMR Mivegec (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Iris Claudel
- UMR Mivegec (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- UMR Astre (Animals, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), Cirad, Inrae, Univ. Montpellier, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR Astre, 97491, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Guillaume Dupuy
- ARS Réunion, Service de Lutte Anti-Vectorielle, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Marlène Dupraz
- UMR Astre (Animals, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), Cirad, Inrae, Univ. Montpellier, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR Astre, 97491, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Thierry Baldet
- UMR Astre (Animals, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), Cirad, Inrae, Univ. Montpellier, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR Astre, 97491, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- UMR Astre (Animals, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), Cirad, Inrae, Univ. Montpellier, 34398, Montpellier, France.
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Vienna, Wagramer Strasse 5, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
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de Margarette Oliveira de Andrade M, de Almeida Barreto FK, Coelho TMS, Pinto GP, Queiroz IT, Nogueira CT, Freitas ARR, Ferreira MJM, Alencar CH, de Góes Cavalcanti LP. Chikungunya in Brazil: an epidemic of high cost for private healthcare, 2017. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:925-933. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Selective estrogen receptor modulators limit alphavirus infection by targeting the viral capping enzyme nsP1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0194321. [PMID: 35041501 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01943-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause animal or human diseases that are characterized by febrile illness, debilitating arthralgia, or encephalitis. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), a class of FDA-approved drugs, have been shown to possess antiviral activities against multiple viruses, including Hepatitis C virus, Ebola virus, dengue virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Here, we evaluated three SERM compounds, namely 4-hydroxytamoxifen, tamoxifen, and clomifene, for plausible antiviral properties against two medically important alphaviruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Sindbis virus (SINV). In cell culture settings, these SERMs displayed potent activity against CHIKV and SINV at non-toxic concentrations with EC50 values ranging between 400 nM and 3.9 μM. Further studies indicated that these compounds inhibit a post-entry step of the alphavirus life cycle, while enzymatic assays involving purified recombinant proteins confirmed that these SERMs target the enzymatic activity of non-structural protein 1 (nsP1), the capping enzyme of alphaviruses. Finally, tamoxifen treatment restrained CHIKV growth in the infected mice and diminished musculoskeletal pathologies. Combining biochemical, cell culture-based studies, and in vivo analyses, we strongly argue that SERM compounds, or their derivatives, may provide for attractive therapeutic options against alphaviruses.
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16
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Carpentier KS, Sheridan RM, Lucas CJ, Davenport BJ, Li FS, Lucas ED, McCarthy MK, Reynoso GV, May NA, Tamburini BAJ, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. MARCO + lymphatic endothelial cells sequester arthritogenic alphaviruses to limit viremia and viral dissemination. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108966. [PMID: 34618370 PMCID: PMC8591538 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viremia in the vertebrate host is a major determinant of arboviral reservoir competency, transmission efficiency, and disease severity. However, immune mechanisms that control arboviral viremia are poorly defined. Here, we identify critical roles for the scavenger receptor MARCO in controlling viremia during arthritogenic alphavirus infections in mice. Following subcutaneous inoculation, arthritogenic alphavirus particles drain via the lymph and are rapidly captured by MARCO+ lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the draining lymph node (dLN), limiting viral spread to the bloodstream. Upon reaching the bloodstream, alphavirus particles are cleared from the circulation by MARCO-expressing Kupffer cells in the liver, limiting viremia and further viral dissemination. MARCO-mediated accumulation of alphavirus particles in the draining lymph node and liver is an important host defense mechanism as viremia and viral tissue burdens are elevated in MARCO-/- mice and disease is more severe. In contrast to prior studies implicating a key role for lymph node macrophages in limiting viral dissemination, these findings exemplify a previously unrecognized arbovirus-scavenging role for lymphatic endothelial cells and improve our mechanistic understanding of viremia control during arthritogenic alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis UnitLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologyNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Beth A J Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis UnitLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologyNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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Pentosan polysulfate sodium prevents functional decline in chikungunya infected mice by modulating growth factor signalling and lymphocyte activation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255125. [PMID: 34492036 PMCID: PMC8423248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that causes large outbreaks world-wide leaving millions of people with severe and debilitating arthritis. Interestingly, clinical presentation of CHIKV arthritides have many overlapping features with rheumatoid arthritis including cellular and cytokine pathways that lead to disease development and progression. Currently, there are no specific treatments or vaccines available to treat CHIKV infections therefore advocating the need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat CHIKV rheumatic disease. Herein, we provide an in-depth analysis of an efficacious new treatment for CHIKV arthritis with a semi-synthetic sulphated polysaccharide, Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (PPS). Mice treated with PPS showed significant functional improvement as measured by grip strength and a reduction in hind limb foot swelling. Histological analysis of the affected joint showed local inflammation was reduced as seen by a decreased number of infiltrating immune cells. Additionally, joint cartilage was protected as demonstrated by increased proteoglycan staining. Using a multiplex-immunoassay system, we also showed that at peak disease, PPS treatment led to a systemic reduction of the chemokines CXCL1, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL7 (MCP-3) and CCL12 (MCP-5) which may be associated with the reduction in cellular infiltrates. Further characterisation of the local effect of PPS in its action to reduce joint and muscle inflammation was performed using NanoString™ technology. Results showed that PPS altered the local expression of key functional genes characterised for their involvement in growth factor signalling and lymphocyte activation. Overall, this study shows that PPS is a promising treatment for alphaviral arthritis by reducing inflammation and protecting joint integrity.
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18
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Saleh F, Kitau J, Konradsen F, Mboera LEG, Schiøler KL. Emerging epidemics: is the Zanzibar healthcare system ready to detect and respond to mosquito-borne viral diseases? BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:866. [PMID: 34429111 PMCID: PMC8386054 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective control of emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika requires, amongst other things, a functional healthcare system, ready and capable of timely detection and prompt response to incipient epidemics. We assessed the readiness of Zanzibar health facilities and districts for early detection and management of mosquito-borne viral disease outbreaks. Methods A cross-sectional study involving all 10 District Health Management Teams and 45 randomly selected public and private health facilities in Zanzibar was conducted using a mixed-methods approach including observations, document review, and structured interviews with health facility in-charges and District Health Management Team members. Results The readiness of the Zanzibar healthcare system for timely detection, management, and control of dengue and other mosquito-borne viral disease outbreaks was critically low. The majority of health facilities and districts lacked the necessary requirements including standard guidelines, trained staff, real-time data capture, analysis and reporting systems, as well as laboratory diagnostic capacity. In addition, health education programmes for creating public awareness and Aedes mosquito surveillance and control activities were non-existent. Conclusions The Zanzibar healthcare system has limited readiness for management, and control of mosquito-borne viral diseases. In light of impending epidemics, the critical shortage of skilled human resource, lack of guidelines, lack of effective disease and vector surveillance and control measures as well as lack of laboratory capacity at all levels of health facilities require urgent attention across the Zanzibar archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Saleh
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania. .,Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, The State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Jovin Kitau
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,World Health Organization, Country office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Karin L Schiøler
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Identification of Quinolinones as Antivirals against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0024421. [PMID: 34152810 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00244-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a reemerging alphavirus that can cause encephalitis resulting in severe human morbidity and mortality. Using a high-throughput cell-based screen, we identified a quinolinone compound that protected against VEEV-induced cytopathic effects. Analysis of viral replication in cells identified several quinolinone compounds with potent inhibitory activity against vaccine and virulent strains of VEEV. These quinolinones also displayed inhibitory activity against additional alphaviruses, such as Mayaro virus and Ross River virus, although the potency was greatly reduced. Time-of-addition studies indicated that these compounds inhibit the early-to-mid stage of viral replication. Deep sequencing and reverse genetics studies identified two unique resistance mutations in the nsP2 gene (Y102S/C; stalk domain) that conferred VEEV resistance on this chemical series. Moreover, introduction of a K102Y mutation into the nsP2 gene enhanced the sensitivity of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to this chemical series. Computational modeling of CHIKV and VEEV nsP2 identified a highly probable docking alignment for the quinolinone compounds that require a tyrosine residue at position 102 within the helicase stalk domain. These studies identified a class of compounds with antiviral activity against VEEV and other alphaviruses and provide further evidence that therapeutics targeting nsP2 may be useful against alphavirus infection.
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20
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Choudhary S, Neetu N, Singh VA, Kumar P, Chaudhary M, Tomar S. Chikungunya virus titration, detection and diagnosis using N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) specific lectin based virus capture assay. Virus Res 2021; 302:198493. [PMID: 34175343 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Re-emergence and global expansion of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from Africa to Indian Subcontinent in 2013, has significantly resulted in chronic morbidities in infected individuals. The burden of CHIKV on human population is still uncertain, owing to lack of vaccine and underdiagnosis. Due to the absence of vaccine or antiviral therapeutics, timely diagnosis and detection of CHIKV is vital for minimizing virus transmission. Commercially available diagnostic and titration kits relies on the traditional methods such as real-time PCR (RT-PCR), serodiagnostic assays, and plaque assay, which are expensive, time-consuming and technically challenging. To overcome these limitations and to increase the diagnostic coverage of CHIKV infections, a rapid and economical antigen capture assay has been developed in this study for serological diagnosis of CHIKV, using tamarind chitinase (chi)-like lectin (TCLL). TCLL extracted and purified from tamarind seeds (Tamarindus indica), has been reported recently to bind to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) containing glycan on the envelope protein of virus. Evaluation of antigen capture assay for serological diagnosis of CHIKV signified that the developed assay is able to detect CHIKV in both laboratory and clinical samples efficiently. Furthermore, a standard graph using different concentrations of CHIKV has been established using samples with known virus titer, to assist in quantification of viral load in a given sample. The feasibility of antigen capture assay for broad-spectrum diagnosis of alphaviral infections was evaluated using Sindbis virus (SINV) belonging to the same alphavirus genus, and the results obtained were in agreement with those of CHIKV. In summary, the developed glycan-based virus capture assay can be potentially applied as point-of-care routine diagnostic and titration assay for CHIKV as well for other re-emerging alphaviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Madhulika Chaudhary
- Hi Tech Pathology Laboratory, Dehradun Road, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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21
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Merwaiss F, Filomatori CV, Susuki Y, Bardossy ES, Alvarez DE, Saleh MC. Chikungunya Virus Replication Rate Determines the Capacity of Crossing Tissue Barriers in Mosquitoes. J Virol 2021; 95:e01956-20. [PMID: 33148794 PMCID: PMC7925089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01956-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging and rapidly spreading pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes. The emergence of new epidemic variants of the virus is associated with genetic evolutionary traits, including duplication of repeated RNA elements in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) that seemingly favor transmission by mosquitoes. The transmission potential of a given variant results from a complex interplay between virus populations and anatomical tissue barriers in the mosquito. Here, we used the wild-type CHIKV Caribbean strain and an engineered mutant harboring a deletion in the 3' UTR to dissect the interactions of virus variants with the anatomical barriers that impede transmission during the replication cycle of the virus in Aedes mosquitoes. Compared to the 3'-UTR mutant, we observed that the wild-type virus had a short extrinsic incubation period (EIP) after an infectious blood meal and was expectorated into mosquito saliva much more efficiently. We found that high viral titers in the midgut are not sufficient to escape the midgut escape barrier. Rather, viral replication kinetics play a crucial role in determining midgut escape and the transmission ability of CHIKV. Finally, competition tests in mosquitoes coinfected with wild-type and mutant viruses revealed that both viruses successfully colonized the midgut, but wild-type viruses effectively displaced mutant viruses during systemic infection due to their greater efficiency of escaping from the midgut into secondary tissues. Overall, our results uncover a link between CHIKV replication kinetics and the effect of bottlenecks on population diversity, as slowly replicating variants are less able to overcome the midgut escape barrier.IMPORTANCE It is well established that selective pressures in mosquito vectors impose population bottlenecks for arboviruses. Here, we used a CHIKV Caribbean lineage mutant carrying a deletion in the 3' UTR to study host-virus interactions in vivo in the epidemic mosquito vector Aedes aegypti We found that the mutant virus had a delayed replication rate in mosquitoes, which lengthened the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) and reduced fitness relative to the wild-type virus. As a result, the mutant virus displayed a reduced capacity to cross anatomical barriers during the infection cycle in mosquitoes, thus reducing the virus transmission rate. Our findings show how selective pressures act on CHIKV noncoding regions to select variants with shorter EIPs that are preferentially transmitted by the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Merwaiss
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Claudia V Filomatori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yasutsugu Susuki
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Eugenia S Bardossy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
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Chikungunya Virus Strains from Each Genetic Clade Bind Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Attachment Factors. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01500-20. [PMID: 32999033 PMCID: PMC7925169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01500-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus infections are a global health threat, contributing to outbreaks of disease in many parts of the world. Recent epidemics caused by CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, resulted in more than 8.5 million cases as the virus has spread into new geographic regions, including the Western Hemisphere. CHIKV causes disease in the majority of people infected, leading to severe and debilitating arthritis. Despite the severity of CHIKV disease, there are no licensed therapeutics. Since attachment factors and receptors are determinants of viral tropism and pathogenesis, understanding these virus-host interactions can enhance our knowledge of CHIKV infection. We analyzed over 670 glycans and identified GAGs as the main glycan bound by CHIKV. We defined specific GAG components required for CHIKV binding and assessed strain-specific differences in GAG binding capacity. These studies provide insight about cell surface molecules that CHIKV binds, which could facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting the CHIKV attachment step. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes debilitating musculoskeletal disease. CHIKV displays broad cell, tissue, and species tropism, which may correlate with the attachment factors and entry receptors used by the virus. Cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been identified as CHIKV attachment factors. However, the specific types of GAGs and potentially other glycans to which CHIKV binds and whether there are strain-specific differences in GAG binding are not fully understood. To identify the types of glycans bound by CHIKV, we conducted glycan microarray analyses and discovered that CHIKV preferentially binds GAGs. Microarray results also indicate that sulfate groups on GAGs are essential for CHIKV binding and that CHIKV binds most strongly to longer GAG chains of heparin and heparan sulfate. To determine whether GAG binding capacity varies among CHIKV strains, a representative strain from each genetic clade was tested. While all strains directly bound to heparin and chondroitin sulfate in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and depended on heparan sulfate for efficient cell binding and infection, we observed some variation by strain. Enzymatic removal of cell surface GAGs and genetic ablation that diminishes GAG expression reduced CHIKV binding and infectivity of all strains. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GAGs are the preferred glycan bound by CHIKV, enhance our understanding of the specific GAG moieties required for CHIKV binding, define strain differences in GAG engagement, and provide further evidence for a critical function of GAGs in CHIKV cell attachment and infection. IMPORTANCE Alphavirus infections are a global health threat, contributing to outbreaks of disease in many parts of the world. Recent epidemics caused by CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, resulted in more than 8.5 million cases as the virus has spread into new geographic regions, including the Western Hemisphere. CHIKV causes disease in the majority of people infected, leading to severe and debilitating arthritis. Despite the severity of CHIKV disease, there are no licensed therapeutics. Since attachment factors and receptors are determinants of viral tropism and pathogenesis, understanding these virus-host interactions can enhance our knowledge of CHIKV infection. We analyzed over 670 glycans and identified GAGs as the main glycan bound by CHIKV. We defined specific GAG components required for CHIKV binding and assessed strain-specific differences in GAG binding capacity. These studies provide insight about cell surface molecules that CHIKV binds, which could facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting the CHIKV attachment step.
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Laureti M, Paradkar PN, Fazakerley JK, Rodriguez-Andres J. Superinfection Exclusion in Mosquitoes and Its Potential as an Arbovirus Control Strategy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111259. [PMID: 33167513 PMCID: PMC7694488 DOI: 10.3390/v12111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing emergence of arbovirus disease outbreaks around the world, despite the use of vector control strategies, warrants the development of new strategies to reduce arbovirus transmission. Superinfection exclusion, a phenomenon whereby a primary virus infection prevents the replication of a second closely related virus, has potential to control arbovirus disease emergence and outbreaks. This phenomenon has been observed for many years in plants, insects and mammalian cells. In this review, we discuss the significance of identifying novel vector control strategies, summarize studies exploring arbovirus superinfection exclusion and consider the potential for this phenomenon to be the basis for novel arbovirus control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laureti
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Diseases Preparedness, VIC 3220 Geelong, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Prasad N. Paradkar
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Diseases Preparedness, VIC 3220 Geelong, Australia;
| | - John K. Fazakerley
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.R.-A.)
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24
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Clé M, Eldin P, Briant L, Lannuzel A, Simonin Y, Van de Perre P, Cabié A, Salinas S. Neurocognitive impacts of arbovirus infections. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:233. [PMID: 32778106 PMCID: PMC7418199 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses or arbovirus, are most commonly associated with acute infections, resulting on various symptoms ranging from mild fever to more severe disorders such as hemorrhagic fever. Moreover, some arboviral infections can be associated with important neuroinflammation that can trigger neurological disorders including encephalitis, paralysis, ophthalmological impairments, or developmental defects, which in some cases, can lead to long-term defects of the central nervous system (CNS). This is well illustrated in Zika virus-associated congenital brain malformations but also in West Nile virus-induced synaptic dysfunctions that can last well beyond infection and lead to cognitive deficits. Here, we summarize clinical and mechanistic data reporting on cognitive disturbances triggered by arboviral infections, which may highlight growing public health issues spanning the five continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Clé
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Eldin
- Institute of Research in Infectiology of Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Briant
- Institute of Research in Infectiology of Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Annie Lannuzel
- Neurology Unit, INSERM CIC 1424, Guadeloupe University Hospital, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
- INSERM U1127, CNRS, UMR7225, Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne University Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - André Cabié
- INSERM CIC 1424, Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Unit, Martinique University Hospital, Université des Antilles EA4537, Martinique, France.
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France.
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25
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Thompson R, Martin Del Campo J, Constenla D. A review of the economic evidence of Aedes-borne arboviruses and Aedes-borne arboviral disease prevention and control strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:143-162. [PMID: 32077343 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1733419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Aedes-borne arboviruses contributes substantially to the disease and cost burden.Areas covered: We performed a systematic review of the economic evidence surrounding aedes-borne arboviruses and strategies to prevent and control these diseases to inform disease control policy decisions and research directions. We searched four databases covering an 18-year period (2000-2018) to identify arboviral disease-related cost of illness studies, cost studies of vector control and prevention strategies, cost-effectiveness analyses and cost-benefit analyses. We identified 74 published studies that revealed substantial global total costs in yellow fever virus and dengue virus ranging from 2.1 to 57.3 billion USD. Cost studies of vector control and surveillance programs are limited, but a few studies found that costs of vector control programs ranged from 5.62 to 73.5 million USD. Cost-effectiveness evidence was limited across Aedes-borne diseases, but generally found targeted dengue vaccination programs cost-effective. This review revealed insufficient economic evidence for vaccine introduction and implementation of surveillance and vector control programs.Expert opinion: Evidence of the economic burden of aedes-borne arboviruses and the economic impact of strategies for arboviral disease prevention and control is critical to inform policy decisions and to secure continued financial support for these preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thompson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHBSPH), International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Dagna Constenla
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHBSPH), International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Mancini MV, Herd CS, Ant TH, Murdochy SM, Sinkins SP. Wolbachia strain wAu efficiently blocks arbovirus transmission in Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007926. [PMID: 32155143 PMCID: PMC7083328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, has increased dramatically in recent decades. The release of Aedes aegypti carrying the maternally inherited symbiont Wolbachia as an intervention to control arboviruses is being trialled in several countries. However, these efforts are compromised in many endemic regions due to the co-localization of the secondary vector Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito. Ae. albopictus has an expanding global distribution following incursions into a number of new territories. To date, only the wMel and wPip strains of Wolbachia have been reported to be transferred into and characterized in this vector. A Wolbachia strain naturally infecting Drosophila simulans, wAu, was selected for transfer into a Malaysian Ae. albopictus line to create a novel triple-strain infection. The newly generated line showed self-compatibility, moderate fitness cost and complete resistance to Zika and dengue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christie S. Herd
- MRC- University of Glasgow- Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Ant
- MRC- University of Glasgow- Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shivan M. Murdochy
- MRC- University of Glasgow- Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Sinkins
- MRC- University of Glasgow- Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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27
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Bertolotti A, Thioune M, Abel S, Belrose G, Calmont I, Césaire R, Cervantes M, Fagour L, Javelle É, Lebris C, Najioullah F, Pierre-François S, Rozé B, Vigan M, Laouénan C, Cabié A. Prevalence of chronic chikungunya and associated risks factors in the French West Indies (La Martinique): A prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007327. [PMID: 32163420 PMCID: PMC7100975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that can cause chronic and potentially incapacitating rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders known as chronic chikungunya arthritis (CCA). We conducted a prospective cohort study of CHIKV-infected subjects during the 2013 chikungunya outbreak in Martinique. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of CCA at 12 months and to search for acute phase factors significantly associated with chronicity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 193 patients who tested positive for CHIKV RNA via qRT-PCR underwent clinical investigations in the acute phase (<21 days), and then 3, 6, and 12 months after inclusion. The Asian lineage was identified as the circulating genotype. A total of 167 participants were classified as either with or without CCA, and were analyzed using logistic regression models. The overall prevalence of CCA at 12 months was 52.1% (95%CI: 44.5-59.7). In univariate analysis, age (RD 9.62, 95% CI, 4.87;14.38, p<0.0001), female sex (RD 15.5, 95% CI, 1.03;30.0, p = 0.04), headache (RD 15.42, 95% CI, 0.65;30.18 p = 0.04), vertigo (RD 15.33, 95% CI, 1.47;29.19, p = 0.03), vomiting (RD 12.89, 95% CI, 1.54;24.24, p = 0.03), dyspnea (RD 13.53, 95% CI, 0.73;26.33, p = 0.04), intravenous rehydration (RD -16.12, 95% CI, -31.58; -0.66 p = 0.04) and urea (RD 0.66, 95% CI, 0.12;1.20, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with the development of CCA. For the subpopulation with data on joint involvement in the acute phase, the risk factors significantly associated with CCA were at least one 1 enthesitis (RD 16.7, 95%CI, 2.8; 30.7, p = 0.02) and at least one tenosynovitis (RD 16.8, 95% CI, 1.4-32.2, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This cohort study conducted in Martinique confirms that CCA is a common complication of acute chikungunya disease. Our analysis emphasized the importance of age and female sex for CCA occurrence, and highlighted the aggravating role of dehydration during the acute phase. Early and adequate hydration were found to reduce the risk chronic chikungunya disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01099852).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bertolotti
- INSERM, CIC1410, CHU de la Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
- CHU de la Réunion, service de maladies infectieuses-médecine interne-dermatologie, Saint Pierre, France
| | - Marême Thioune
- CHU de Martinique, service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Sylvie Abel
- CHU de Martinique, service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Fort-de-France, France
- Université des Antilles, EA 4537, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Gilda Belrose
- CHU de Martinique, Centre de ressource biologique de la Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| | | | - Raymond Césaire
- Université des Antilles, EA 4537, Fort-de-France, France
- CHU de Martinique, laboratoire de virologie, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Minerva Cervantes
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- INSERM, CIC-EC 1425, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fagour
- CHU de Martinique, laboratoire de virologie, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Émilie Javelle
- Hôpital d’instruction des Armées Laveran, service de pathologie infectieuse et tropicale, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME); Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Lebris
- CHU de Martinique, service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Fatiha Najioullah
- Université des Antilles, EA 4537, Fort-de-France, France
- CHU de Martinique, laboratoire de virologie, Fort-de-France, France
| | | | - Benoît Rozé
- CHU de Martinique, service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Marie Vigan
- INSERM, CIC-EC 1425, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Département d’Épidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Laouénan
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- INSERM, CIC-EC 1425, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Département d’Épidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - André Cabié
- CHU de Martinique, service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Fort-de-France, France
- Université des Antilles, EA 4537, Fort-de-France, France
- INSERM, CIC1424, CHU de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
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28
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Tran A, Mangeas M, Demarchi M, Roux E, Degenne P, Haramboure M, Le Goff G, Damiens D, Gouagna LC, Herbreteau V, Dehecq JS. Complementarity of empirical and process-based approaches to modelling mosquito population dynamics with Aedes albopictus as an example-Application to the development of an operational mapping tool of vector populations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227407. [PMID: 31951601 PMCID: PMC6968851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of major pathogens worldwide. Modelling their population dynamics and mapping their distribution can contribute effectively to disease surveillance and control systems. Two main approaches are classically used to understand and predict mosquito abundance in space and time, namely empirical (or statistical) and process-based models. In this work, we used both approaches to model the population dynamics in Reunion Island of the 'Tiger mosquito', Aedes albopictus, a vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, using rainfall and temperature data. We aimed to i) evaluate and compare the two types of models, and ii) develop an operational tool that could be used by public health authorities and vector control services. Our results showed that Ae. albopictus dynamics in Reunion Island are driven by both rainfall and temperature with a non-linear relationship. The predictions of the two approaches were consistent with the observed abundances of Ae. albopictus aquatic stages. An operational tool with a user-friendly interface was developed, allowing the creation of maps of Ae. albopictus densities over the whole territory using meteorological data collected from a network of weather stations. It is now routinely used by the services in charge of vector control in Reunion Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Degenne
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Haramboure
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Weaver SC, Chen R, Diallo M. Chikungunya Virus: Role of Vectors in Emergence from Enzootic Cycles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:313-332. [PMID: 31594410 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a re-emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus, has caused millions of cases of severe, often chronic arthralgia during recent outbreaks. In Africa, circulation in sylvatic, enzootic cycles involves several species of arboreal mosquito vectors that transmit among diverse nonhuman primates and possibly other amplifying hosts. Most disease occurs when CHIKV emerges into a human-amplified cycle involving Aedes aegypti and sometimes Aedes albopictus transmission and extensive spread via travelers. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the transition from enzootic to epidemic cycles begins when people are infected via spillover in forests. However, efficient human amplification likely only ensues far from enzootic habitats where peridomestic vector and human densities are adequate. Recent outbreaks have been enhanced by mutations that adapt CHIKV for more efficient infection of Ae. albopictus, allowing for geographic expansion. However, epistatic interactions, sometimes resulting from founder effects following point-source human introductions, have profound effects on transmission efficiency, making CHIKV emergence somewhat unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0610, USA;
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0610, USA;
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, B.P. 220 Dakar, Senegal
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30
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Carpentier KS, Davenport BJ, Haist KC, McCarthy MK, May NA, Robison A, Ruckert C, Ebel GD, Morrison TE. Discrete viral E2 lysine residues and scavenger receptor MARCO are required for clearance of circulating alphaviruses. eLife 2019; 8:e49163. [PMID: 31596239 PMCID: PMC6839921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia is a critical determinant of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and disease severity. We find that multiple alphaviruses, including chikungunya (CHIKV), Ross River (RRV), and o'nyong 'nyong (ONNV) viruses, are cleared from the circulation of mice by liver Kupffer cells, impeding viral dissemination. Clearance from the circulation was independent of natural antibodies or complement factor C3, and instead relied on scavenger receptor SR-A6 (MARCO). Remarkably, lysine to arginine substitutions at distinct residues within the E2 glycoproteins of CHIKV and ONNV (E2 K200R) as well as RRV (E2 K251R) allowed for escape from clearance and enhanced viremia and dissemination. Mutational analysis revealed that viral clearance from the circulation is strictly dependent on the presence of lysine at these positions. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized innate immune pathway that controls alphavirus viremia and dissemination in vertebrate hosts, ultimately influencing disease severity and likely transmission efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Kelsey C Haist
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Alexis Robison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUnited States
| | - Claudia Ruckert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUnited States
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUnited States
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
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31
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Rheumatic manifestations of chikungunya: emerging concepts and interventions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:597-611. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Feldstein LR, Ellis EM, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Hennessey MJ, Staples JE, Halloran ME, Weaver MR. Estimating the cost of illness and burden of disease associated with the 2014-2015 chikungunya outbreak in the U.S. Virgin Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007563. [PMID: 31323020 PMCID: PMC6668848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus that causes fever and severe polyarthralgia, swept through the Americas in 2014 with almost 2 million suspected or confirmed cases reported by April 2016. In this study, we estimate the direct medical costs, cost of lost wages due to absenteeism, and years lived with disability (YLD) associated with the 2014–2015 CHIKV outbreak in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). For this analysis, we used surveillance data from the USVI Department of Health, medical cost data from three public hospitals in USVI, and data from two studies of laboratory-positive cases up to 12 months post illness. On average, employed case-patients missed 9 days of work in the 12 months following their disease onset, which resulted in an estimated cost of $15.5 million. Estimated direct healthcare costs were $2.9 million for the first 2 months and $0.6 million for 3–12 months following the outbreak. The total estimated cost associated with the outbreak ranged from $14.8 to $33.4 million (approximately 1% of gross domestic product), depending on the proportion of the population infected with symptomatic disease, degree of underreporting, and proportion of cases who were employed. The estimated YLDs associated with long-term sequelae from the CHIKV outbreak in the USVI ranged from 599–1,322. These findings highlight the significant economic burden of the recent CHIKV outbreak in the USVI and will aid policy-makers in making informed decisions about prevention and control measures for inevitable, future CHIKV outbreaks. Chikungunya, a virus carried and transmitted by mosquitoes, causes fever, headache, and severe joint pain in humans that often resolves within 7–10 days. However, a proportion of cases, up to 79% in some outbreaks, report persistent joint pain and chronic inflammatory rheumatism, resulting in decreased quality of life for months to years following initial infection. In 2014, chikungunya virus swept through the Americas, resulting in almost 2 million suspected or confirmed cases reported by April 2016. Previous studies have noted the large resource burden from chikungunya outbreaks, including high healthcare costs, lost wages due to absenteeism, and decreased quality of life for months following infection. Our work aimed to estimate the direct medical costs, cost of lost productivity due to absenteeism, and years lived with disability associated with the chikungunya outbreak in the U.S. Virgin Islands. This information may aid policy-makers in making informed decisions about prevention and control measures for inevitable, future chikungunya outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora R. Feldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Esther M. Ellis
- U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Morgan J. Hennessey
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Erin Staples
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - M. Elizabeth Halloran
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Inference and Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marcia R. Weaver
- Departments of Health Metrics Sciences and Global Health, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Kumar M, Topno RK, Dikhit MR, Bhawana, Sahoo GC, Madhukar M, Pandey K, Das P. Molecular docking studies of chloroquine and its derivatives against P23 pro-zbd domain of chikungunya virus: Implication in designing of novel therapeutic strategies. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18298-18308. [PMID: 31310373 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The arthropod-transmitted chikungunya virus has emerged as an epidemic menace that causes debilitating polyarthritis. With this life-threatening impact on humans, the possible treatment requires to cure the viral infectivity. But, devoid of any vaccine against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), there is a need to develop a novel chemotherapeutic strategy to treat this noxious infection. CHIKV carries highly compact P23pro-zbd structure that possesses potential RNA-binding surface domains which extremely influences the use of RNA template during genome replication at the time of infection and pathogenesis. Therefore, computational approaches were used to explore the novel small molecule inhibitors targeting P23pro-zbd domain. The tertiary structure was modeled and optimized using in silico approaches. The results obtained from PROCHECK (93.1% residues in favored regions), ERRAT (87.480 overall model quality) and ProSA (Z-score: -11.72) revealed the reliability of the proposed model. Interestingly, a previously reported inhibitor, chloroquine possesses good binding affinities with the target domain. In-depth analysis revealed that chloroquine derivatives such as didesethyl chloroquine hydroxyacetamide, cletoquine, hydroxychloroquine exhibited a better binding affinity. Notably, MD simulation analysis exhibited that Thr1312, Ala1355, Ala1356, Asn1357, Asp1364, Val1366, Cys1367, Ala1401, Gly1403, Ser1443, Tyr1444, Gly1445, Asn1459, and Thr1463 residues are the key amino acid responsible for stable ligand-protein interaction. The results obtained from this study provide new insights and advances the understanding to develop a new approach to consider effective and novel drug against chikungunya. However, a detailed in vivo study is required to explore its drug likeliness against this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Kumar
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Roshan Kamal Topno
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Bhawana
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Major Madhukar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India
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Kolimenakis A, Bithas K, Latinopoulos D, Richardson C. On lifestyle trends, health and mosquitoes: Formulating welfare levels for control of the Asian tiger mosquito in Greece. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007467. [PMID: 31163025 PMCID: PMC6568418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of urban ecosystems and climate change, both outcomes of massive lifestyle changes, contribute to a series of side effects such as environmental deterioration, spread of diseases, increased greenhouse gas emissions and introduction of invasive species. In the case of the Athens metropolitan area, an invasive mosquito species—the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)–has spread widely in the last decade. This spread is favoured within urban environments and is also affected by changing climatic trends. The Asian tiger mosquito is accompanied by risks of mosquito-borne diseases, greater nuisance levels, and increased expenses incurring for its confrontation. The main aims of this paper are (i) to estimate the various costs associated with the control of this invasive species, as well as its health and nuisance impacts, (ii) to evaluate the level of citizens’ well-being from averting these impacts and (iii) to record citizens’ and experts’ perceptions regarding alternative control measures. Evidence shows that experts tend to place a high value on mosquito control when associated with serious health risks, while citizens are more sensitive and concerned about the environmental impacts of control methods. The synthesis of results produced by the current study could act as a preliminary guide for the estimation of societal welfare from the confrontation of similar problems in the context of a complex ecosystem. This paper is based on several years’ collaboration among researchers from various disciplines, key health policy makers and stakeholders in an attempt to evaluate the economic dimensions related to the presence of the Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and the challenges of tackling mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in Greece and Southern Europe. Similar studies have been conducted and continue to be published in Europe and the USA examining the socioeconomic benefit from the implementation of relevant control and prevention strategies. These studies conclude that there are significant benefits related both to the reduction of nuisance levels and the reduction of the health risks posed by various mosquito species. In our case, the application of an updated economic analysis on the effectiveness of relevant public control and prevention programs provides essential information for public health decision-making, bearing in mind the significant restructuring of the public sector and the fiscal crisis apparent in the European South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kolimenakis
- Institute of Urban Environment & Human Resources, Department of Economic and Regional Development, Panteion University, Kallithea, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: , ,
| | - Kostas Bithas
- Institute of Urban Environment & Human Resources, Department of Economic and Regional Development, Panteion University, Kallithea, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysis Latinopoulos
- School of Spatial Planning and Development, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Clive Richardson
- Institute of Urban Environment & Human Resources, Department of Economic and Regional Development, Panteion University, Kallithea, Athens, Greece
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Nayak TK, Mamidi P, Sahoo SS, Kumar PS, Mahish C, Chatterjee S, Subudhi BB, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. P38 and JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Interact With Chikungunya Virus Non-structural Protein-2 and Regulate TNF Induction During Viral Infection in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:786. [PMID: 31031770 PMCID: PMC6473476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne Alphavirus, is endemic in different parts of the globe. The host macrophages are identified as the major cellular reservoirs of CHIKV during infection and this virus triggers robust TNF production in the host macrophages, which might be a key mediator of virus induced inflammation. However, the molecular mechanism underneath TNF induction is not understood yet. Accordingly, the Raw264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line, were infected with CHIKV to address the above-mentioned question. It was observed that CHIKV induces both p38 and JNK phosphorylation in macrophages in a time-dependent manner and p-p38 inhibitor, SB203580 is effective in reducing infection even at lower concentration as compared to the p-JNK inhibitor, SP600125. However, inhibition of p-p38 and p-JNK decreased CHIKV induced TNF production in the host macrophages. Moreover, CHIKV induced macrophage derived TNF was found to facilitate TCR driven T cell activation. Additionally, it was noticed that the expressions of key transcription factors involved mainly in antiviral responses (p-IRF3) and TNF production (p-c-jun) were induced significantly in the CHIKV infected macrophages as compared to the corresponding mock cells. Further, it was demonstrated that CHIKV mediated TNF production in the macrophages is dependent on p38 and JNK MAPK pathways linking p-c-jun transcription factor. Interestingly, it was found that CHIKV nsP2 interacts with both p-p38 and p-JNK MAPKs in the macrophages. This observation was supported by the in silico protein-protein docking analysis which illustrates the specific amino acids responsible for the nsP2-MAPKs interactions. A strong polar interaction was predicted between Thr-180 (within the phosphorylation lip) of p38 and Gln-273 of nsP2, whereas, no such polar interaction was predicted for the phosphorylation lip of JNK which indicates the differential roles of p-p38 and p-JNK during CHIKV infection in the host macrophages. In summary, for the first time it has been shown that CHIKV triggers robust TNF production in the host macrophages via both p-p38 and p-JNK/p-c-jun pathways and the interaction of viral protein, nsP2 with these MAPKs during infection. Hence, this information might shed light in rationale-based drug designing strategies toward a possible control measure of CHIKV infection in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prabhudutta Mamidi
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhransu Sekhar Sahoo
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - P Sanjai Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chandan Mahish
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
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Rezza G, Weaver SC. Chikungunya as a paradigm for emerging viral diseases: Evaluating disease impact and hurdles to vaccine development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006919. [PMID: 30653504 PMCID: PMC6336248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an emerging infectious disease caused by an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Because mosquito control programs are not highly efficient for outbreak containment, vaccines are essential to reduce the burden of disease. Although no licensed vaccine against CHIKF is yet available, many highly promising candidates are undergoing preclinical studies, and a few of them have been tested in human trials of phase 1 or 2. Here, we review recent findings regarding the need for a CHIKF vaccine and provide an update on vaccines nearing or having entered clinical trials. We also address needs to tackle bottlenecks to vaccine development—including scientific and financial barriers—and to accelerate the development of vaccines; several actions should be taken: (i) design efficacy trials to be conducted during the course of outbreaks; (ii) evaluate the opportunity for adopting the “animal rule”for demonstration of efficacy for regulatory purposes; (iii) strengthen the collective commitment of nations, international organizations, potential donors and industry; (iv) stimulate public and/or private partnerships to invest in vaccine development and licensure; and (v) identify potential markets for an effective and safe CHIKF vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Attenuation and Stability of CHIKV-NoLS, a Live-Attenuated Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 7:vaccines7010002. [PMID: 30583514 PMCID: PMC6465992 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous investigation of the nucleolar localisation sequence (NoLS) of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) capsid protein demonstrated the role of capsid in CHIKV virulence. Mutating the NoLS of capsid in CHIKV led to the development of a unique live-attenuated CHIKV vaccine candidate, termed CHIKV-NoLS. CHIKV-NoLS-immunised mice developed long-term immunity from CHIKV infection after a single dose. To further evaluate CHIKV-NoLS attenuation and suitability as a vaccine, we examined the footpad of inoculated mice for underlying CHIKV-NoLS-induced immunopathology by histological and flow cytometric analysis. In comparison to CHIKV-WT-infected mice, CHIKV-NoLS-inoculated mice exhibited minimal inflammation and tissue damage. To examine the stability of attenuation, the plaque phenotype and replication kinetics of CHIKV-NoLS were determined following extended in vitro passage. The average plaque size of CHIKV-NoLS remained notably smaller than CHIKV-WT after extended passage and attenuated replication was maintained. To examine thermostability, CHIKV-NoLS was stored at 21 °C, 4 °C, −20 °C and −80 °C and infectious CHIKV-NoLS quantified up to 84 days. The infectious titre of CHIKV-NoLS remains stable after 56 days when stored at either −20 °C or −80 °C. Interestingly, unlike CHIKV-WT, the infectious titre of CHIKV-NoLS is not sensitive to freeze thaw cycles. These data further demonstrate preclinical safety and stability of CHIKV-NoLS.
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Bonifay T, Prince C, Neyra C, Demar M, Rousset D, Kallel H, Nacher M, Djossou F, Epelboin L. Atypical and severe manifestations of chikungunya virus infection in French Guiana: A hospital-based study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207406. [PMID: 30521555 PMCID: PMC6283639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND French Guiana (FG) was the first country in South America to declare chikungunya virus infection (CHIKV). The outbreak affected about 16,000 persons between February 2014 and October 2015, with several atypical cases, but only two fatal cases. We aimed to describe the clinical presentation of patients hospitalized for CHIKV infection, to estimate and identify risk factors of unusual and severe forms in adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A monocentric retrospective study was conducted in Cayenne hospital, the main city and the main hospital in FG, from March 1st 2014 to August 31st 2015. All patients admitted for at least one night with a biological diagnosis of CHIKV infection during the 2014/2015 outbreak were included, except pregnant women and children under 15 years. RESULTS During the study period, 285 patients with a diagnosis of CHIKV infection were hospitalized in Cayenne hospital, among whom 96 nonpregnant adults were studied. Five were classified as severe forms (5.2%) and 23 as unusual forms (23.9%). The most frequent atypical and/or severe form was neurological (n = 20), followed by cardio-respiratory failure (acute respiratory failure n = 4, acute heart failure n = 2), digestive and hepatic disorders (acute hepatitis n = 3, acute pancreatitis n = 2), renal disorders (acute renal failure n = 5) and muscular impairment (rhabdomyolysis n = 3). CONCLUSION During the outbreak, hospitalizations were frequent, particularly for common forms, driven by algic clinical presentations and concerns due to the novelty of this infection. Despite atypical neurological and liver forms of CHIKV infection, case-fatality was low in French Guiana. No specific risk factor of atypical and/or severe forms was found in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothee Bonifay
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Department of General Medicine, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
| | - Christelle Prince
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Clarisse Neyra
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire Hospitalier universitaire d'immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dominique Rousset
- National Reference Center for arboviruses, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Félix Djossou
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Espinal M, Aldighieri S, John RS, Becerra-Posada F, Etienne C. El Reglamento Sanitario Internacional, la enfermedad por el virus del Ébola y las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes en América Latina y el Caribe. Am J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302969s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Espinal
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2016, versión en español. Todos los derechos reservados
| | - Sylvain Aldighieri
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2016, versión en español. Todos los derechos reservados
| | - Ronald St. John
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2016, versión en español. Todos los derechos reservados
| | | | - Carissa Etienne
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2016, versión en español. Todos los derechos reservados
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International Health Regulations, Ebola, and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:S466-S469. [PMCID: PMC6291776 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302969r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/10/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization’s determination of the Ebola virus disease outbreak as a public health event of international concern prompted nonaffected countries to implement measures to prevent, detect, and manage the introduction of the virus in their territories. The outbreak provided an opportunity to assess the operational implementation of the International Health Regulations’ core capacities and health systems’ preparedness to handle a potential or confirmed case of Ebola virus disease. A public health framework implemented in Latin America and Caribbean countries encompassing preparatory self-assessments, in-country visits, and follow-up suggests that the region should increase efforts to consolidate and sustain progress on core capacities and health system preparedness to face public health events with national or international repercussions.
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Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Díaz-Jiménez D, Castillo-Rodríguez L, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Paternina-Caicedo Á, Pinzón-Redondo H, Carrasquilla-Sotomayor M, Alvis-Guzmán N, De La Hoz-Restrepo F. Economic Costs of Chikungunya Virus in Colombia. Value Health Reg Issues 2018; 17:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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da Costa CF, da Silva AV, do Nascimento VA, de Souza VC, Monteiro DCDS, Terrazas WCM, dos Passos RA, Nascimento S, Lima JBP, Naveca FG. Evidence of vertical transmission of Zika virus in field-collected eggs of Aedes aegypti in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006594. [PMID: 30011278 PMCID: PMC6075777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arboviruses are viruses transmitted to humans and other animals by the bite of hematophagous arthropods. Infections caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and the deadlier yellow fever virus (YFV) are current public health problems in several countries, mainly those located in tropical and subtropical regions. One of the main prevention strategies continues to be vector control, with the elimination of breeding sites and surveillance of infested areas. The use of ovitraps for Aedes mosquitos monitoring has already demonstrated promising results, and maybe be also useful for arboviral surveillance. Methods This work aimed to detect natural vertical transmission of arboviruses in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Mosquito egg collection was carried out using ovitraps in Itacoatiara, a mid-size city in Amazonas state, Brazil. Collected eggs were allowed to hatch and larvae were tested for CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV RNA by RT-qPCR. Results A total of 2,057 specimens (1,793 Ae. aegypti and 264 Ae. albopictus), in 154 larvae pools were processed. Results showed one positive pool for CHIKV and one positive pool for ZIKV. The active ZIKV infection was further confirmed by the detection of the negative-strand viral RNA and nucleotide sequencing which confirmed the Asian genotype. The Infection Rate per 1,000 mosquitoes tested was assessed by Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) with 0.45 and 0.44 for CHIKV and ZIKV, respectively, and by Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) with 0.45 for both viruses. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first detection of ZIKV in natural vertical transmission in the Ae. aegypti, a fact that may contribute to ZIKV maintenance in nature during epidemics periods. Furthermore, our results highlight that the use of ovitraps and the molecular detection of arbovirus may contribute to health surveillance, directing the efforts to more efficient transmission blockade. The control of the vast majority of arbovirus infections relies on entomological measures to reduce mosquito infestation. Therefore, this study analyzed the use of ovitraps for arboviral surveillance in a mid-size city of the Amazonas state, Brazil. We found one larva pool infected with chikungunya virus, before the first human case confirmed in this municipality. Another pool was infected with Zika virus, demonstrating the first evidence that vertical transmission occurs in naturally infected Aedes aegypti mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Fernandes da Costa
- Health Surveillance Foundation of Amazonas State FVS, Department of Environmental Surveillance, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Arlesson Viana da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Iniciação Científica, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Valdinete Alves do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Costa de Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dana Cristina da Silva Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wagner Cosme Morhy Terrazas
- Health Surveillance Foundation of Amazonas State FVS, Department of Environmental Surveillance, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto dos Passos
- Health Surveillance Foundation of Amazonas State FVS, Department of Environmental Surveillance, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors - Oswaldo Cruz Institute - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suzete Nascimento
- Health Surveillance Foundation of Amazonas State FVS, Department of Environmental Surveillance, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors - Oswaldo Cruz Institute - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JBPL); (FGN)
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JBPL); (FGN)
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Co-protoporphyrin IX and Sn-protoporphyrin IX inactivate Zika, Chikungunya and other arboviruses by targeting the viral envelope. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9805. [PMID: 29955082 PMCID: PMC6023862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global situation of diseases transmitted by arthropod-borne viruses such as Dengue (DENV), Yellow Fever (YFV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses is alarming and treatment of human infection by these arboviruses faces several challenges. The discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral molecules, able to inactivate different groups of viruses, is an interesting approach. The viral envelope is a common structure among arboviruses, being a potential target for antivirals. Porphyrins are amphipathic molecules able to interact with membranes and absorb light, being widely used in photodynamic therapy. Previously, we showed that heme, Co-protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX) and Sn-protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX) directly inactivate DENV and YFV infectious particles. Here we demonstrate that the antiviral activity of these porphyrins can be broadened to CHIKV, ZIKV, Mayaro virus, Sindbis virus and Vesicular Stomatitis virus. Porphyrin treatment causes viral envelope protein loss, affecting viral morphology, adsorption and entry into target cells. Also, light-stimulation enhanced the SnPPIX activity against all tested arboviruses. In summary, CoPPIX and SnPPIX were shown to be efficient broad-spectrum compounds to inactivate medically and veterinary important viruses.
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The containment of potential outbreaks triggered by imported Chikungunya cases in Italy: a cost utility epidemiological assessment of vector control measures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9034. [PMID: 29899520 PMCID: PMC5998040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival of infected travelers from endemic regions can trigger sustained autochthonous transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens in Europe. In 2007 a Chikungunya outbreak was observed in central Italy, mostly affecting two villages characterised by a high density of Aedes albopictus. The outbreak was mitigated through intervention strategies reducing the mosquito abundance. Ten years later, in 2017, sustained Chikungunya transmission was documented in both central and southern Italy. The proposed analysis identifies suitable reactive measures for the containment and mitigation of future epidemics by combining epidemiological modeling with a health economic approach, considering different arrival times of imported infections and possible delays in the notification of cases. Obtained estimates suggest that, if the first notification will occur in the middle of the mosquito breeding season, the combination of larvicides, adulticides and breeding sites removal represents the optimal strategy. In particular, we found that interventions implemented in 2007 were cost-effective, with about 3200 prevented cases, 1450 DALYs averted and €13.5 M saved. Moreover, larvicides are proven to be more cost beneficial in early summer and warmer seasons, while adulticides should be preferred in autumn and colder seasons. Our results provide useful indications supporting urgent decision-making of public health authorities in response to emerging mosquito-borne epidemics.
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Abstract
As successive epidemics have swept the world, the scientific community has quickly learned from them about the emergence and transmission of communicable diseases. Epidemics usually occur when health systems are unprepared. During an unexpected epidemic, health authorities engage in damage control, fear drives action, and the desire to understand the threat is greatest. As humanity recovers, policy-makers seek scientific expertise to improve their "preparedness" to face future events.Global spread of disease is exemplified by the spread of yellow fever from Africa to the Americas, by the spread of dengue fever through transcontinental migration of mosquitos, by the relentless influenza virus pandemics, and, most recently, by the unexpected emergence of Ebola virus, spread by motorbike and long haul carriers. Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Did we learn from the past epidemics? Are we prepared for the worst?The ultimate goal is to develop a resilient global health infrastructure. Besides acquiring treatments, vaccines, and other preventive medicine, bio-surveillance is critical to preventing disease emergence and to counteracting its spread. So far, only the western hemisphere has a large and established monitoring system; however, diseases continue to emerge sporadically, in particular in Southeast Asia and South America, illuminating the imperfections of our surveillance. Epidemics destabilize fragile governments, ravage the most vulnerable populations, and threaten the global community.Pandemic risk calculations employ new technologies like computerized maintenance of geographical and historical datasets, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Next Generation sequencing, and Metagenomics to trace the molecular changes in pathogens during their emergence, and mathematical models to assess risk. Predictions help to pinpoint the hot spots of emergence, the populations at risk, and the pathogens under genetic evolution. Preparedness anticipates the risks, the needs of the population, the capacities of infrastructure, the sources of emergency funding, and finally, the international partnerships needed to manage a disaster before it occurs. At present, the world is in an intermediate phase of trying to reduce health disparities despite exponential population growth, political conflicts, migration, global trade, urbanization, and major environmental changes due to global warming. For the sake of humanity, we must focus on developing the necessary capacities for health surveillance, epidemic preparedness, and pandemic response.
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Hossain MS, Hasan MM, Islam MS, Islam S, Mozaffor M, Khan MAS, Ahmed N, Akhtar W, Chowdhury S, Arafat SMY, Khaleque MA, Khan ZJ, Dipta TF, Asna SMZH, Hossain MA, Aziz KMS, Mosabbir AA, Raheem E. Chikungunya outbreak (2017) in Bangladesh: Clinical profile, economic impact and quality of life during the acute phase of the disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006561. [PMID: 29874242 PMCID: PMC6025877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus causes mosquito-transmitted infection that leads to extensive morbidity affecting substantial quality of life. Disease associated morbidity, quality of life, and financial loss are seldom reported in resources limited countries, such as Bangladesh. We reported the acute clinical profile, quality of life and consequent economic burden of the affected individuals in the recent chikungunya outbreak (May to September 2017) in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study during the peak of chikungunya outbreak (July 24 to August 5, 2017) to document the clinical profiles of confirmed cases (laboratory test positive) and probable cases diagnosed by medical practitioners. Data related to clinical symptoms, treatment cost, loss of productivity due to missing work days, and quality of life during their first two-weeks of symptom onset were collected via face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. World Health Organization endorsed questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. Results A total of 1,326 chikungunya cases were investigated. Multivariate analysis of major clinical variables showed no statistically significant differences between confirmed and probable cases. All the patients reported joint pain and fever. Other more frequently reported symptoms include headache, loss of appetite, rash, myalgia, and itching. Arthralgia was polyarticular in 56.3% of the patients. Notably, more than 70% patients reported joint pain as the first presenting symptom. About 83% of the patients reported low to very low overall quality of life. Nearly 30% of the patients lost more than 10 days of productivity due to severe arthropathy. Conclusions This study represents one of the largest samples studied so far around the world describing the clinical profile of chikungunya infection. Our findings would contribute to establish an effective syndromic surveillance system for early detection and timely public health intervention of future chikungunya outbreaks in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh. A major outbreak of chikungunya virus occurred for the first time in Dhaka, Bangladesh between May and September 2017. In this study, a face-to-face interview with a structured questionnaire was conducted to collect data to investigate the clinical symptoms, quality of life, and economic aspects of 1,326 chikungunya patients during the first two weeks of infection. The severity of the disease was similar to previously reported severe outbreaks elsewhere but joint pain prior to fever emerged as a unique symptom in the Dhaka outbreak. This unique clinical feature was consistent across age and sex of the patients. Some clinical symptoms varied with age. For instance, a higher proportion of skin rash were found among children (under 15) while morning stiffness, severity, and duration of pain were proportionally higher among other age groups. Joint swelling was most commonly noted in elderly patients (60+ years). About 83% of the patients reported low to very low overall quality of life (QoL) during first two weeks of chikungunya infection. Elderly patients reported lower average QoL scores compared to <60 years. Interestingly, housewives reported higher QoL score compared to those of businessmen and service holders. In particular, patients in the highest monthly income category bracket (BDT 50,000 per month; >$606 per month) reported the lowest average overall score. Nearly 95% of the patients have mostly confined to sickbed and approximately 30% of them lost more than 10 days of productivity due to severe arthropathy. Our study would contribute to establishing an effective syndromic surveillance system for early detection and timely public health intervention of future chikungunya outbreaks in resource-limited countries like Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sorowar Hossain
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Environmental Science and Management, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Md. Mahbub Hasan
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Salequl Islam
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Miliva Mozaffor
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Uttara Women Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdullah Saeed Khan
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nova Ahmed
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Waheed Akhtar
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - S. M. Yasir Arafat
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Khaleque
- School of Environmental Science and Management, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zohora Jameela Khan
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tashmim Farhana Dipta
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Akram Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullah Al Mosabbir
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Enayetur Raheem
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
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Chikungunya virus inhibition by peptidomimetic inhibitors targeting virus-specific cysteine protease. Biochimie 2018; 149:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Roques P, Thiberville SD, Dupuis-Maguiraga L, Lum FM, Labadie K, Martinon F, Gras G, Lebon P, Ng LFP, de Lamballerie X, Le Grand R. Paradoxical Effect of Chloroquine Treatment in Enhancing Chikungunya Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050268. [PMID: 29772762 PMCID: PMC5977261 DOI: 10.3390/v10050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) re-emerged and caused numerous outbreaks in the world, and finally, was introduced into the Americas in 2013. The lack of CHIKV-specific therapies has led to the use of non-specific drugs. Chloroquine, which is commonly used to treat febrile illnesses in the tropics, has been shown to inhibit CHIKV replication in vitro. To assess the in vivo effect of chloroquine, two complementary studies were performed: (i) a prophylactic study in a non-human primate model (NHP); and (ii) a curative study "CuraChik", which was performed during the Reunion Island outbreak in 2006 in a human cohort. Clinical, biological, and immunological data were compared between treated and placebo groups. Acute CHIKV infection was exacerbated in NHPs treated with prophylactic administration of chloroquine. These NHPs displayed a higher viremia and slower viral clearance (p < 0.003). Magnitude of viremia was correlated to the type I IFN response (Rho = 0.8, p < 0.001) and severe lymphopenia (Rho = 0.8, p < 0.0001), while treatment led to a delay in both CHIKV-specific cellular and IgM responses (p < 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). In humans, chloroquine treatment did not affect viremia or clinical parameters during the acute stage of the disease (D1 to D14), but affected the levels of C-reactive Protein (CRP), IFNα, IL-6, and MCP1 over time (D1 to D16). Importantly, no positive effect could be detected on prevalence of persistent arthralgia at Day 300. Although inhibitory in vitro, chloroquine as a prophylactic treatment in NHPs enhances CHIKV replication and delays cellular and humoral response. In patients, curative chloroquine treatment during the acute phase decreases the levels of key cytokines, and thus may delay adaptive immune responses, as observed in NHPs, without any suppressive effect on peripheral viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Roques
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), Univ. Paris-Sud⁻INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Simon-Djamel Thiberville
- IRD, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR190, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Laurence Dupuis-Maguiraga
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), Univ. Paris-Sud⁻INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis 138648, Singapore.
| | - Karine Labadie
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), Univ. Paris-Sud⁻INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), Univ. Paris-Sud⁻INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Gabriel Gras
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), Univ. Paris-Sud⁻INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Pierre Lebon
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris Descartes University, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis 138648, Singapore.
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- IRD, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR190, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), Univ. Paris-Sud⁻INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Zaid A, Gérardin P, Taylor A, Mostafavi H, Malvy D, Mahalingam S. Chikungunya Arthritis: Implications of Acute and Chronic Inflammation Mechanisms on Disease Management. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:484-495. [PMID: 29287308 DOI: 10.1002/art.40403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, arboviruses-arthropod-borne viruses-have been the focus of public health institutions worldwide following a spate of devastating outbreaks. Chikungunya virus, an arbovirus that belongs to the alphavirus genus, is a reemerging arthritogenic virus that has caused explosive outbreaks since 2006, notably on Réunion Island, and more recently in the Caribbean, South America, India, and Southeast Asia. The severity of arthritic disease caused by chikungunya virus has prompted public health authorities in affected countries to develop specific guidelines to tackle this pathogen. Chikungunya virus disease manifests first as an acute stage of severe joint inflammation and febrile illness, which later progresses to a chronic stage, during which patients may experience debilitating and persisting articular pain for extended periods. This review aims to provide a broad perspective on current knowledge of chikungunya virus pathogenesis by identifying key clinical and experimental studies that have contributed to our understanding of chikungunya virus to date. In addition, the review explores the practical aspects of treatment and management of both acute and chronic chikungunya virus based on clinical experience during chikungunya virus outbreaks. Finally, recent findings on potential therapeutic solutions-from antiviral agents to immunomodulators-are reviewed to provide both viral immunologists and clinical rheumatologists with a balanced perspective on the nature of a reemerging arboviral disease of significant public health concern, and insight into future therapeutic approaches to better address the treatment and management of chikungunya virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zaid
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick Gérardin
- INSERM CIC1410, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Réunion, France, and CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, Université de la Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, Réunion, France
| | - Adam Taylor
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Denis Malvy
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, University Hospital Center and INSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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