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Ma S, Zhu F, Wen H, Rao M, Zhang P, Peng W, Cui Y, Yang H, Tan C, Chen J, Pan P. Development of a novel multi-epitope vaccine based on capsid and envelope protein against Chikungunya virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:7024-7036. [PMID: 37526203 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2240059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a type A virus borne by mosquitoes that can cause major clinical manifestations including rash, fever and debilitating arthritis, grown into a reemerging serious public health issue. Currently, there is no licensed therapy or vaccine available for CHIKV, although the most promising form of treatment appears to be immunotherapy. Neutralizing antibodies for CHIKV can provide high protection for all CHIKV strains, as well as other alphaviruses. Development of a protective vaccine may be an effective strategy to prevent the outbreak of CHIKV and provide protection for travelers. In this study, we designed a multi-epitope vaccine with a 543-amino-acid structure based on the E1, E2 and capsid proteins of CHIKV, including 6 CTL epitopes, 6 HTL epitopes, 12 linear B epitopes, along with the adjuvant β-defensin III. All T-cell epitopes were docked with their corresponding MHC alleles to validate their effect on inducing immune responses, and the vaccine's sequence was proven to have acceptable physicochemical properties. Further, the developed vaccine was docked with TLR3 and TLR8, both of which play an important role in recognizing RNA viruses. Basic analyses of the docked complexes and molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the vaccine interacted strongly with TLRs. Immunological simulations indicated that the vaccine could induce both cellular and humoral immunity. Hopefully, this proposed vaccine structure can serve as a viable candidate against CHIKV infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haicheng Wen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjun Rao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenzhong Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhui Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caixia Tan
- Department of Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang M, Wang L, Leng P, Guo J, Zhou H. Drugs targeting structural and nonstructural proteins of the chikungunya virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129949. [PMID: 38311132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single positive-stranded RNA virus of the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus, with a typical lipid bilayer envelope structure, and is the causative agent of human chikungunya fever (CHIKF). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved the first chikungunya vaccine, Ixchiq; however, vaccination rates are low, and CHIKF is prevalent owing to its periodic outbreaks. Thus, developing effective anti-CHIKV drugs in clinical settings is imperative. Viral proteins encoded by the CHIKV genome play vital roles in all stages of infection, and developing therapeutic agents that target these CHIKV proteins is an effective strategy to improve CHIKF treatment efficacy and reduce mortality rates. Therefore, in the present review article, we aimed to investigate the basic structure, function, and replication cycle of CHIKV and comprehensively outline the current status and future advancements in anti-CHIKV drug development, specifically targeting nonstructural (ns) proteins, including nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4 and structural proteins such as capsid (C), E3, E2, 6K, and E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Powers AM, Williamson LE, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Hyde JL, Jonsson CB, Nasar F, Weaver SC. Developing a Prototype Pathogen Plan and Research Priorities for the Alphaviruses. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S414-S426. [PMID: 37849399 PMCID: PMC11007399 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Togaviridae family, genus, Alphavirus, includes several mosquito-borne human pathogens with the potential to spread to near pandemic proportions. Most of these are zoonotic, with spillover infections of humans and domestic animals, but a few such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have the ability to use humans as amplification hosts for transmission in urban settings and explosive outbreaks. Most alphaviruses cause nonspecific acute febrile illness, with pathogenesis sometimes leading to either encephalitis or arthralgic manifestations with severe and chronic morbidity and occasional mortality. The development of countermeasures, especially against CHIKV and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that are major threats, has included vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics that are likely to also be successful for rapid responses with other members of the family. However, further work with these prototypes and other alphavirus pathogens should target better understanding of human tropism and pathogenesis, more comprehensive identification of cellular receptors and entry, and better understanding of structural mechanisms of neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hyde
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch and Viral Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Coirada FC, Fernandes ER, Mello LRD, Schuch V, Soares Campos G, Braconi CT, Boscardin SB, Santoro Rosa D. Heterologous DNA Prime- Subunit Protein Boost with Chikungunya Virus E2 Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular-Mediated Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10517. [PMID: 37445695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become a significant public health concern due to the increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and the associated comorbidities. Despite substantial efforts, there is no specific treatment or licensed vaccine against CHIKV to date. The E2 glycoprotein of CHIKV is a promising vaccine candidate as it is a major target of neutralizing antibodies during infection. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of two DNA vaccines (a non-targeted and a dendritic cell-targeted vaccine) encoding a consensus sequence of E2CHIKV and a recombinant protein (E2*CHIKV). Mice were immunized with different homologous and heterologous DNAprime-E2* protein boost strategies, and the specific humoral and cellular immune responses were accessed. We found that mice immunized with heterologous non-targeted DNA prime- E2*CHIKV protein boost developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies, as well as specific IFN-γ producing cells and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We also identified 14 potential epitopes along the E2CHIKV protein. Furthermore, immunization with recombinant E2*CHIKV combined with the adjuvant AS03 presented the highest humoral response with neutralizing capacity. Finally, we show that the heterologous prime-boost strategy with the non-targeted pVAX-E2 DNA vaccine as the prime followed by E2* protein + AS03 boost is a promising combination to elicit a broad humoral and cellular immune response. Together, our data highlights the importance of E2CHIKV for the development of a CHIKV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Caroline Coirada
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Edgar Ruz Fernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigues de Mello
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Viviane Schuch
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gúbio Soares Campos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40110-909, Brazil
| | - Carla Torres Braconi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia-INCT (III), São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia-INCT (III), São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
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Henderson Sousa F, Ghaisani Komarudin A, Findlay-Greene F, Bowolaksono A, Sasmono RT, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Evolution and immunopathology of chikungunya virus informs therapeutic development. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049804. [PMID: 37014125 PMCID: PMC10110403 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is an emerging global threat identified in more than 60 countries across continents. The risk of CHIKV transmission is rising due to increased global interactions, year-round presence of mosquito vectors, and the ability of CHIKV to produce high host viral loads and undergo mutation. Although CHIKV disease is rarely fatal, it can progress to a chronic stage, during which patients experience severe debilitating arthritis that can last from several weeks to months or years. At present, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs for CHIKV disease, and treatment is primarily symptomatic. This Review provides an overview of CHIKV pathogenesis and explores the available therapeutic options and the most recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies against CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amalina Ghaisani Komarudin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Fern Findlay-Greene
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - R. Tedjo Sasmono
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Peter G. Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
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Chikungunya Virus and Its Envelope Protein E2 Induce Hyperalgesia in Mice: Inhibition by Anti-E2 Monoclonal Antibodies and by Targeting TRPV1. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040556. [PMID: 36831223 PMCID: PMC9954636 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is an arthropod-borne infectious agent that causes Chikungunya fever disease. About 90% of the infected patients experience intense polyarthralgia, affecting mainly the extremities but also the large joints such as the knees. Chronic disease symptoms persist for months, even after clearance of the virus from the blood. Envelope proteins stimulate the immune response against the Chikungunya virus, becoming an important therapeutic target. We inactivated the Chikungunya virus (iCHIKV) and produced recombinant E2 (rE2) protein and three different types of anti-rE2 monoclonal antibodies. Using these tools, we observed that iCHIKV and rE2 protein induced mechanical hyperalgesia (electronic aesthesiometer test) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test) in mice. These behavioral results were accompanied by the activation of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in mice, as observed by calcium influx. Treatment with three different types of anti-rE2 monoclonal antibodies and absence or blockade (AMG-9810 treatment) of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel diminished mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in mice. iCHIKV and rE2 activated TRPV1+ mouse DRG neurons in vitro, demonstrating their ability to activate nociceptor sensory neurons directly. Therefore, our mouse data demonstrate that targeting E2 CHIKV protein with monoclonal antibodies and inhibiting TRPV1 channels are reasonable strategies to control CHIKV pain.
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Geng T, Yang D, Lin T, Cahoon JG, Wang P. UBXN3B Controls Immunopathogenesis of Arthritogenic Alphaviruses by Maintaining Hematopoietic Homeostasis. mBio 2022; 13:e0268722. [PMID: 36377866 PMCID: PMC9765034 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02687-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin regulatory X domain-containing proteins (UBXN) might be involved in diverse cellular processes. However, their in vivo physiological functions remain largely elusive. We recently showed that UBXN3B positively regulated stimulator-of-interferon-genes (STING)-mediated innate immune responses to DNA viruses. Herein, we reported the essential role of UBXN3B in the control of infection and immunopathogenesis of two arthritogenic RNA viruses, Chikungunya (CHIKV) and O'nyong'nyong (ONNV) viruses. Ubxn3b deficient (Ubxn3b-/-) mice presented higher viral loads, more severe foot swelling and immune infiltrates, and slower clearance of viruses and resolution of inflammation than the Ubxn3b+/+ littermates. While the serum cytokine levels were intact, the virus-specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibody levels were lower in the Ubxn3b-/- mice. The Ubxn3b-/- mice had more neutrophils and macrophages, but much fewer B cells in the ipsilateral feet. Of note, this immune dysregulation was also observed in the spleens and blood of uninfected Ubxn3b-/- mice. UBXN3B restricted CHIKV replication in a cell-intrinsic manner but independent of type I IFN signaling. These results demonstrated a dual role of UBXN3B in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and control of RNA virus replication. IMPORTANCE The human genome encodes 13 ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing proteins (UBXN) that might participate in diverse cellular processes. However, their in vivo physiological functions remain largely elusive. Herein, we reported an essential role of UBXN3B in the control of infection and immunopathogenesis of arthritogenic alphaviruses, including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia, long-term neurological disorders, and poses a significant public health problem in the tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. However, there are no approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs. This was partly due to a poor understanding of the protective and detrimental immune responses elicited by CHIKV. We showed that UBXN3B was critical for the control of CHIKV replication in a cell-intrinsic manner in the acute phase and persistent immunopathogenesis in the post-viremic stage. Mechanistically, UBXN3B was essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis during viral infection and in steady-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jason G. Cahoon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Ramjag A, Cutrone S, Lu K, Crasto C, Jin J, Bakkour S, Carrington CVF, Simmons G. A high-throughput screening assay to identify inhibitory antibodies targeting alphavirus release. Virol J 2022; 19:170. [PMID: 36309730 PMCID: PMC9617529 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated neutralizing antibodies to be highly effective against alphavirus infection in animal models, both prophylactically and remedially. In most studies, neutralizing antibodies have been evaluated for their ability to block viral entry in vitro but recent evidence suggests that antibody inhibition through other mechanisms, including viral budding/release, significantly contributes to viral control in vivo for a number of alphaviruses. RESULTS We describe a BSL-2, cell-based, high-throughput screening system that specifically screens for inhibitors of alphavirus egress using chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) novel replication competent nano-luciferase (nLuc) reporter viruses. Screening of both polyclonal sera and memory B-cell clones from CHIKV immune individuals using the optimized assay detected several antibodies that display potent anti-budding activity. CONCLUSIONS We describe an "anti-budding assay" to specifically screen for inhibitors of viral egress using novel CHIKV and MAYV nLuc reporter viruses. This BSL-2 safe, high-throughput system can be utilized to explore neutralizing "anti-budding" antibodies to yield potent candidates for CHIKV and MAYV therapeutics and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Ramjag
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sergej Cutrone
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kai Lu
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Christine Crasto
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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9
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Chikungunya virus assembly and budding visualized in situ using cryogenic electron tomography. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1270-1279. [PMID: 35773421 PMCID: PMC9930444 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a representative alphavirus causing debilitating arthritogenic disease in humans. Alphavirus particles assemble into two icosahedral layers: the glycoprotein spike shell embedded in a lipid envelope and the inner nucleocapsid (NC) core. In contrast to matrix-driven assembly of some enveloped viruses, the assembly/budding process of two-layered icosahedral particles remains poorly understood. Here we used cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) to capture snapshots of the CHIKV assembly in infected human cells. Subvolume classification of the snapshots revealed 12 intermediates representing different stages of assembly at the plasma membrane. Further subtomogram average structures ranging from subnanometre to nanometre resolutions show that immature non-icosahedral NCs function as rough scaffolds to trigger icosahedral assembly of the spike lattice, which in turn progressively transforms the underlying NCs into icosahedral cores during budding. Further, analysis of CHIKV-infected cells treated with budding-inhibiting antibodies revealed wider spaces between spikes than in icosahedral spike lattice, suggesting that spacing spikes apart to prevent their lateral interactions prevents the plasma membrane from bending around the NC, thus blocking virus budding. These findings provide the molecular mechanisms for alphavirus assembly and antibody-mediated budding inhibition that provide valuable insights for the development of broad therapeutics targeting the assembly of icosahedral enveloped viruses.
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Studies on the antiviral activity of chebulinic acid against dengue and chikungunya viruses and in silico investigation of its mechanism of inhibition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10397. [PMID: 35729191 PMCID: PMC9213501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chebulinic acid (CA), originally isolated from the flower extract of the plant Terminalia chebula, has been shown to inhibit infection of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), suggestively by inhibiting the host entry step of viral infection. Like HSV-2, the dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) also use receptor glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to gain host entry, therefore, the activity of CA was tested against these viruses. Co-treatment of 8 µM CA with DENV-2 caused 2 log decrease in the virus titer (4.0 log10FFU/mL) at 120 h post infection, compared to virus control (5.95 log10FFU/mL). In contrast, no inhibitory effect of CA was observed against CHIKV infection under any condition. The mechanism of action of CA was investigated in silico by employing DENV-2 and CHIKV envelope glycoproteins. During docking, CA demonstrated equivalent binding at multiple sites on DENV-2 envelope protein, including GAG binding site, which have previously been reported to play a crucial role in host attachment and fusion, indicating blocking of these sites. However, CA did not show binding to the GAG binding site on envelope protein-2 of CHIKV. The in vitro and in silico findings suggest that CA possesses the ability to inhibit DENV-2 infection at the entry stage of its infection cycle and may be developed as a potential therapeutic agent against it.
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Cooperative Chikungunya Virus Membrane Fusion and Its Substoichiometric Inhibition by CHK-152 Antibody. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020270. [PMID: 35215863 PMCID: PMC8877538 DOI: 10.3390/v14020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) presents a major burden on healthcare systems worldwide, but specific treatment remains unavailable. Attachment and fusion of CHIKV to the host cell membrane is mediated by the E1/E2 protein spikes. We used an in vitro single-particle fusion assay to study the effect of the potent, neutralizing antibody CHK-152 on CHIKV binding and fusion. We find that CHK-152 shields the virions, inhibiting interaction with the target membrane and inhibiting fusion. The analysis of the ratio of bound antibodies to epitopes implied that CHIKV fusion is a highly cooperative process. Further, dissociation of the antibody at lower pH results in a finely balanced kinetic competition between inhibition and fusion, suggesting a window of opportunity for the spike proteins to act and mediate fusion, even in the presence of the antibody.
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12
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Pott F, Postmus D, Brown RJP, Wyler E, Neumann E, Landthaler M, Goffinet C. Single-cell analysis of arthritogenic alphavirus-infected human synovial fibroblasts links low abundance of viral RNA to induction of innate immunity and arthralgia-associated gene expression. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2151-2168. [PMID: 34723780 PMCID: PMC8604527 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by (re-)emerging RNA arboviruses including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus primarily cause acute febrile disease and transient polyarthralgia. However, in a significant subset of infected individuals, debilitating arthralgia persists for weeks over months up to years. The underlying immunopathogenesis of chronification of arthralgia upon primary RNA-viral infection remains unclear. Here, we analysed cell-intrinsic responses to ex vivo arthritogenic alphaviral infection of primary human synovial fibroblasts isolated from knee joints, one the most affected joint types during acute and chronic CHIKV disease. Synovial fibroblasts were susceptible and permissive to alphaviral infection. Base-line and exogenously added type I interferon (IFN) partially and potently restricted infection, respectively. RNA-seq revealed a CHIKV infection-induced transcriptional profile that comprised upregulation of expression of several hundred IFN-stimulated and arthralgia-mediating genes. Single-cell virus-inclusive RNA-seq uncovered a fine-tuned switch from induction to repression of cell-intrinsic immune responses depending on the abundance of viral RNA in an individual cell. Specifically, responses were most pronounced in cells displaying low-to-intermediate amounts of viral RNA and absence of virus-encoded, fluorescent reporter protein expression, arguing for efficient counteraction of innate immunity in cells expressing viral antagonists at sufficient quantities. In summary, cell-intrinsic sensing of viral RNA that potentially persists or replicates at low levels in synovial fibroblasts and other target cell types in vivo may contribute to the chronic arthralgia induced by alphaviral infections. Our findings might advance our understanding of the immunopathophysiology of long-term pathogenesis of RNA-viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pott
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dylan Postmus
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Chikungunya and arthritis: An overview. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 44:102168. [PMID: 34563686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya is caused by CHIKV (chikungunya virus), an emerging and re-emerging arthropod-vectored viral infection that causes a febrile disease with primarily long term sequelae of arthralgia and myalgia and is fatal in a small fraction of infected patients. Sporadic outbreaks have been reported from different parts of the world chiefly Africa, Asia, the Indian and Pacific ocean regions, Europe and lately even in the Americas. Currently, treatment is primarily symptomatic as no vaccine, antibody-mediated immunotherapy or antivirals are available. Chikungunya belongs to a family of arthritogenic alphaviruses which have many pathophysiological similarities. Chikungunya arthritis has similarities and differences with rheumatoid arthritis. Although research into arthritis caused by these alphaviruses have been ongoing for decades and significant progress has been made, the mechanisms underlying viral infection and arthritis are not well understood. In this review, we give a background to chikungunya and the causative virus, outline the history of alphavirus arthritis research and then give an overview of findings on arthritis caused by CHIKV. We also discuss treatment options and the research done so far on various therapeutic intervention strategies.
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14
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Near-germline human monoclonal antibodies neutralize and protect against multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100104118. [PMID: 34507983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are globally distributed, mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause rheumatological disease in humans and include Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), and others. Although serological evidence suggests that some antibody-mediated heterologous immunity may be afforded by alphavirus infection, the extent to which broadly neutralizing antibodies that protect against multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses are elicited during natural infection remains unknown. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of MAYV-reactive alphavirus monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a CHIKV-convalescent donor. We characterized 33 human mAbs that cross-reacted with CHIKV and MAYV and engaged multiple epitopes on the E1 and E2 glycoproteins. We identified five mAbs that target distinct regions of the B domain of E2 and potently neutralize multiple alphaviruses with differential breadth of inhibition. These broadly neutralizing mAbs (bNAbs) contain few somatic mutations and inferred germline-revertants retained neutralizing capacity. Two bNAbs, DC2.M16 and DC2.M357, protected against both CHIKV- and MAYV-induced musculoskeletal disease in mice. These findings enhance our understanding of the cross-reactive and cross-protective antibody response to human alphavirus infections.
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15
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Hasan SS, Dey D, Singh S, Martin M. The Structural Biology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, an Emerging Viral Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080973. [PMID: 34451437 PMCID: PMC8400090 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arboviruses that cause arthritis and encephalitis in humans. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is implicated in severe encephalitis in humans with high mortality. However, limited insights are available into the fundamental biology of EEEV and residue-level details of its interactions with host proteins. In recent years, outbreaks of EEEV have been reported mainly in the United States, raising concerns about public safety. This review article summarizes recent advances in the structural biology of EEEV based mainly on single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) structures. Together with functional analyses of EEEV and related alphaviruses, these structural investigations provide clues to how EEEV interacts with host proteins, which may open avenues for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Matthew Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
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16
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Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of Togaviridae family. Transmission follows a human-mosquito-human cycle starting with a mosquito bite. Subsequently, symptoms develop after 2-6 days of incubation, including high fever and severe arthralgia. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks. However, chronic disease can last up to several years with persistent polyarthralgia. Overlapping symptoms and common vector with dengue and malaria present many challenges for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CHIKF was reported in India in 1963 for the first time. After a period of quiescence lasting up to 32 years, CHIKV re-emerged in India in 2005. Currently, every part of the country has become endemic for the disease with outbreaks resulting in huge economic and productivity losses. Several mutations have been identified in circulating strains of the virus resulting in better adaptations or increased fitness in the vector(s), effective transmission, and disease severity. CHIKV evolution has been a significant driver of epidemics in India, hence, the need to focus on proper surveillance, and implementation of prevention and control measure in the country. Presently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available; however, India has initiated several efforts in this direction including traditional medicines. In this review, we present the current status of CHIKF in India.
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17
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Prophylactic strategies to control chikungunya virus infection. Virus Genes 2021; 57:133-150. [PMID: 33590406 PMCID: PMC7883954 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a (re)emerging arbovirus and the causative agent of chikungunya fever. In recent years, CHIKV was responsible for a series of outbreaks, some of which had serious economic and public health impacts in the affected regions. So far, no CHIKV-specific antiviral therapy or vaccine has been approved. This review gives a brief summary on CHIKV epidemiology, spread, infection and diagnosis. It furthermore deals with the strategies against emerging diseases, drug development and the possibilities of testing antivirals against CHIKV in vitro and in vivo. With our review, we hope to provide the latest information on CHIKV, disease manifestation, as well as on the current state of CHIKV vaccine development and post-exposure therapy.
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18
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Henss L, Yue C, Von Rhein C, Tschismarov R, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Dölle A, Baylis SA, Schnierle BS. Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated With a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1713-1723. [PMID: 31828322 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. METHODS Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. RESULTS The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60-92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies and their binding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. Chikungunya virus and o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was 2- to 6-fold lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination only induced cross-neutralization with ONNV, and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. CONCLUSIONS These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henss
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | - Constanze Yue
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sally A Baylis
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
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19
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Amaral MP, Coirada FC, de Souza Apostolico J, Tomita N, Fernandes ER, Santos Souza HF, Chura-Chambi RM, Morganti L, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS. Prime-boost with Chikungunya virus E2 envelope protein combined with Poly (I:C) induces specific humoral and cellular immune responses. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:23-31. [PMID: 35492391 PMCID: PMC9040086 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans mainly by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. CHIKV illness is characterized by fever and long-lasting arthritic symptoms, and in some cases it is a deadly disease. The CHIKV envelope E2 (E2CHIKV) glycoprotein is crucial for virus attachment to the cell. Furthermore, E2CHIKV is the immunodominant protein and the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To date, there is no available prophylactic vaccine or specific treatment against CHIKV infection. Here, we designed and produced a DNA vaccine and a recombinant protein containing a consensus sequence of E2CHIKV. C57BL/6 mice immunized twice with the E2CHIKV recombinant protein in the presence of the adjuvant Poly (I:C) induced the highest E2CHIKV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, while the immunization with the homologous DNA vaccine pVAX-E2CHIKV was able to induce specific IFN-γ producing cells. The heterologous prime-boost strategy was also able to induce specific cellular and humoral immune responses that were, in general, lower than the responses induced by the homologous E2CHIKV recombinant protein immunization. Furthermore, recombinant E2CHIKV induced the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, we believe this is the first report to analyze E2CHIKV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses after immunization with E2CHIKV recombinant protein and DNA pVAX-E2CHIKV vaccine platforms. There is no current licensed vaccine available against CHIKV. CHIKV Envelope E2 (E2CHIKV) protein is a promising antigen to a vaccine candidate. Evaluation of vaccine platforms, adjuvants and strategies were performed. Homologous E2CHIKV + Poly (I:C) induced the highest humoral and cellular responses. Recombinant E2CHIKV + Poly (I:C) immunized mice presented the highest sera neutralization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pires Amaral
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Caroline Coirada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Apostolico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nádia Tomita
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Ruz Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Higo Fernando Santos Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Biotechnology Center - Institute of Energetic and Nuclear Research (IPEN-CNEN/SP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Biotechnology Center - Institute of Energetic and Nuclear Research (IPEN-CNEN/SP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Rua Botucatu, 862 – 4° andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Williamson LE, Gilliland T, Yadav PK, Binshtein E, Bombardi R, Kose N, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Durie CL, Armstrong E, Carnahan RH, Walker LM, Kim AS, Fox JM, Diamond MS, Ohi MD, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE. Human Antibodies Protect against Aerosolized Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection. Cell 2020; 183:1884-1900.e23. [PMID: 33301709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is one of the most virulent viruses endemic to North America. No licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics are available to combat this infection, which has recently shown an increase in human cases. Here, we characterize human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a survivor of natural EEEV infection with potent (<20 pM) inhibitory activity of EEEV. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of two highly neutralizing mAbs, EEEV-33 and EEEV-143, were solved in complex with chimeric Sindbis/EEEV virions to 7.2 Å and 8.3 Å, respectively. The mAbs recognize two distinct antigenic sites that are critical for inhibiting viral entry into cells. EEEV-33 and EEEV-143 protect against disease following stringent lethal aerosol challenge of mice with highly pathogenic EEEV. These studies provide insight into the molecular basis for the neutralizing human antibody response against EEEV and can facilitate development of vaccines and candidate antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clarissa L Durie
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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21
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Lei V, Petty AJ, Atwater AR, Wolfe SA, MacLeod AS. Skin Viral Infections: Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and Viral Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:593901. [PMID: 33240281 PMCID: PMC7677409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an active immune organ that functions as the first and largest site of defense to the outside environment. Serving as the primary interface between host and pathogen, the skin’s early immune responses to viral invaders often determine the course and severity of infection. We review the current literature pertaining to the mechanisms of cutaneous viral invasion for classical skin-tropic, oncogenic, and vector-borne skin viruses. We discuss the skin’s evolved mechanisms for innate immune viral defense against these invading pathogens, as well as unique strategies utilized by the viruses to escape immune detection. We additionally explore the roles that demographic and environmental factors, such as age, biological sex, and the cutaneous microbiome, play in altering the host immune response to viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amy J Petty
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah A Wolfe
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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22
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CXCL10 Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Arthritogenic Alphaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111252. [PMID: 33147869 PMCID: PMC7692144 DOI: 10.3390/v12111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging arthritogenic alphaviruses, such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and O'nyong nyong virus, cause acute and chronic crippling arthralgia associated with inflammatory immune responses. Approximately 50% of CHIKV-infected patients suffer from rheumatic manifestations that last 6 months to years. However, the physiological functions of individual immune signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of alphaviral arthritis remain poorly understood. Here, we report that a deficiency in CXCL10, which is a chemoattractant for monocytes/macrophages/T cells, led to the same viremia as wild-type animals, but fewer immune infiltrates and lower viral loads in footpads at the peak of arthritic disease (6-8 days post infection). Macrophages constituted the largest immune cell population in footpads following infection, and were significantly reduced in Cxcl10-/- mice. The viral RNA loads in neutrophils and macrophages were reduced in Cxcl10-/- compared to wild-type mice. In summary, our results demonstrate that CXCL10 signaling promotes the pathogenesis of alphaviral disease and suggest that CXCL10 may be a therapeutic target for mitigating alphaviral arthritis.
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23
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Yang L, Geng T, Yang G, Ma J, Wang L, Ketkar H, Yang D, Lin T, Hwang J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Dai J, You F, Cheng G, Vella AT, Flavell RA, Fikrig E, Wang P. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 controls Chikungunya virus infection through autophagy in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:556. [PMID: 33033362 PMCID: PMC7545163 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) mediates the endocytosis of modified low-density lipoproteins and plays an important antiviral role. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MSR1 antiviral actions remains elusive. We report that MSR1 activates autophagy to restrict infection of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia. Msr1 expression was rapidly upregulated after CHIKV infection in mice. Msr1 knockout mice had elevated viral loads and increased susceptibility to CHIKV arthritis along with a normal type I IFN response. Induction of LC3 lipidation by CHIKV, a marker of autophagy, was reduced in Msr1-/- cells. Mechanistically, MSR1 interacted with ATG12 through its cytoplasmic tail and this interaction was enhanced by CHIKV nsP1 protein. MSR1 repressed CHIKV replication through ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 and this was dependent on the FIP200-and-WIPI2-binding domain, but not the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Our results elucidate an antiviral role for MSR1 involving the autophagic function of ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Tingting Geng
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Guang Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Leilei Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Harshada Ketkar
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Tao Lin
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jesse Hwang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Present Address: Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuping You
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Richard. A. Flavell
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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24
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Jain J, Kaur N, Haller SL, Kumar A, Rossi SL, Narayanan V, Kumar D, Gaind R, Weaver SC, Auguste AJ, Sunil S. Chikungunya Outbreaks in India: A Prospective Study Comparing Neutralization and Sequelae during Two Outbreaks in 2010 and 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:857-868. [PMID: 32067624 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a major public health concern and is caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In 2005, the virus was reintroduced into India, resulting in massive outbreaks in several parts of the country. During 2010 and 2016 outbreaks, we recruited 588 patients from a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India, during the acute phase of CHIKF; collected their blood and clinical data; and determined their arthralgic status 12 weeks post-onset of fever. We evaluated IgM/IgG CHIKV-binding antibodies and their neutralizing capacity, sequenced complete genomes of 21 CHIKV strains, and correlated mutations with patient sequelae status. We also performed infections in murine models using representative strains from each outbreak to evaluate differences in pathogenesis. Our screening and analysis revealed that patients of the 2016 outbreak developed earlier IgM and neutralizing antibody responses that were negatively correlated with sequelae, compared with 2010 patients. Mutations that correlated with human disease progression were also correlated with enhanced murine virulence and pathogenesis. Overall, our study suggests that the development of early neutralizing antibodies and sequence variation in clinical isolates are predictors of human sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Jain
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sherry L Haller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Centre for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Centre for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Vimal Narayanan
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Centre for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Centre for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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25
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Prow NA, Liu L, McCarthy MK, Walters K, Kalkeri R, Geiger J, Koide F, Cooper TH, Eldi P, Nakayama E, Diener KR, Howley PM, Hayball JD, Morrison TE, Suhrbier A. The vaccinia virus based Sementis Copenhagen Vector vaccine against Zika and chikungunya is immunogenic in non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:44. [PMID: 32550013 PMCID: PMC7265471 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) is a new vaccinia virus-derived, multiplication-defective, vaccine technology assessed herein in non-human primates. Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were vaccinated with a multi-pathogen recombinant SCV vaccine encoding the structural polyproteins of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). After one vaccination, neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and four strains of CHIKV, representative of distinct viral genotypes, were generated. A second vaccination resulted in significant boosting of neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and CHIKV. Following challenge with ZIKV, SCV-ZIKA/CHIK-vaccinated animals showed significant reductions in viremias compared with animals that had received a control SCV vaccine. Two SCV vaccinations also generated neutralising and IgG ELISA antibody responses to vaccinia virus. These results demonstrate effective induction of immunity in non-human primates by a recombinant SCV vaccine and illustrates the utility of SCV as a multi-disease vaccine platform capable of delivering multiple large immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia.,Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Kevin Walters
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Jillian Geiger
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Fusataka Koide
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia.,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia
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26
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Kumar R, Shrivastava T, Samal S, Ahmed S, Parray HA. Antibody-based therapeutic interventions: possible strategy to counter chikungunya viral infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3209-3228. [PMID: 32076776 PMCID: PMC7223553 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted disease that belongs to the genus Alphaviruses, has been emerged as an epidemic threat over the last two decades, and the recent co-emergence of this virus along with other circulating arboviruses and comorbidities has influenced atypical mortality rate up to 10%. Genetic variation in the virus has resulted in its adaptability towards the new vector Aedes albopictus other than Aedes aegypti, which has widen the horizon of distribution towards non-tropical and non-endemic areas. As of now, no licensed vaccines or therapies are available against CHIKV; the treatment regimens for CHIKV are mostly symptomatic, based on the clinical manifestations. Development of small molecule drugs and neutralizing antibodies are potential alternatives of worth investigating until an efficient or safe vaccine is approved. Neutralizing antibodies play an important role in antiviral immunity, and their presence is a hallmark of viral infection. In this review, we describe prospects for effective vaccines and highlight importance of neutralizing antibody-based therapeutic and prophylactic applications to combat CHIKV infections. We further discuss about the progress made towards CHIKV therapeutic interventions as well as challenges and limitation associated with the vaccine development. Furthermore this review describes the lesson learned from chikungunya natural infection, which could help in better understanding for future development of antibody-based therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
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27
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Abdelnabi R, Jacobs S, Delang L, Neyts J. Antiviral drug discovery against arthritogenic alphaviruses: Tools and molecular targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113777. [PMID: 31874146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are (mainly) arthropod-borne viruses that belong to the family of the Togaviridae. Based on the disease they cause, alphaviruses are divided into an arthritogenic and an encephalitic group. Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the Ross River virus (RRV) and the Mayaro virus (MAYV) have become a serious public health concern in recent years. Epidemics are associated with high morbidity and the infections cause in many patients debilitating joint pain that can persist for months to years. The recent (2013-2014) introduction of CHIKV in the Americas resulted in millions of infected persons. Massive outbreaks of CHIKV and other arthritogenic alphaviruses are likely to occur in the future. Despite the worldwide (re-)emergence of these viruses, there are no antivirals or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of infections with alphaviruses. It is therefore of utmost importance to develop antiviral strategies against these viruses. We here review the possible molecular targets in the replication cycle of these viruses for the development of antivirals. In addition, we provide an overview of the currently available in vitro systems and mouse infection models that can be used to assess the potential antiviral effect against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Prow NA, Hirata TDC, Tang B, Larcher T, Mukhopadhyay P, Alves TL, Le TT, Gardner J, Poo YS, Nakayama E, Lutzky VP, Nakaya HI, Suhrbier A. Exacerbation of Chikungunya Virus Rheumatic Immunopathology by a High Fiber Diet and Butyrate. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2736. [PMID: 31849947 PMCID: PMC6888101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito transmitted alphavirus associated with a robust systemic infection and an acute inflammatory rheumatic disease. A high fiber diet has been widely promoted for its ability to ameliorate inflammatory diseases. Fiber is fermented in the gut into short chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which enter the circulation providing systemic anti-inflammatory activities. Herein we show that mice fed a high fiber diet show a clear exacerbation of CHIKV arthropathy, with increased edema and neutrophil infiltrates. RNA-Seq analyses illustrated that a high fiber diet, in this setting, promoted a range of pro-neutrophil responses including Th17/IL-17. Gene Set Enrichment Analyses demonstrated significant similarities with mouse models of inflammatory psoriasis and significant depression of macrophage resolution phase signatures in the CHIKV arthritic lesions from mice fed a high fiber diet. Supplementation of the drinking water with butyrate also increased edema after CHIKV infection. However, the mechanisms involved were different, with modulation of AP-1 and NF-κB responses identified, potentially implicating deoptimization of endothelial barrier repair. Thus, neither fiber nor short chain fatty acids provided benefits in this acute infectious disease setting, which is characterized by widespread viral cytopathic effects and a need for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thiago D C Hirata
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bing Tang
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thibaut Larcher
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 703, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Pamela Mukhopadhyay
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tiago Lubiana Alves
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thuy T Le
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joy Gardner
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yee Suan Poo
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Viviana P Lutzky
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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29
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Schnierle BS. Cellular Attachment and Entry Factors for Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111078. [PMID: 31752346 PMCID: PMC6893641 DOI: 10.3390/v11111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is clinically the most relevant member of the Alphavirus genus. Like alphaviruses in general, CHIKV has the capacity to infect a large variety of cells, tissues, and species. This broad host tropism of CHIKV indicates that the virus uses a ubiquitously expressed receptor to infect cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge available on cellular CHIKV receptors and the attachment factors used by CHIKV.
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30
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Quiroz JA, Malonis RJ, Thackray LB, Cohen CA, Pallesen J, Jangra RK, Brown RS, Hofmann D, Holtsberg FW, Shulenin S, Nyakatura EK, Durnell LA, Rayannavar V, Daily JP, Ward AB, Aman MJ, Dye JM, Chandran K, Diamond MS, Kielian M, Lai JR. Human monoclonal antibodies against chikungunya virus target multiple distinct epitopes in the E1 and E2 glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008061. [PMID: 31697791 PMCID: PMC6837291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes persistent arthritis in a subset of human patients. We report the isolation and functional characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from two patients infected with CHIKV in the Dominican Republic. Single B cell sorting yielded a panel of 46 human mAbs of diverse germline lineages that targeted epitopes within the E1 or E2 glycoproteins. MAbs that recognized either E1 or E2 proteins exhibited neutralizing activity. Viral escape mutations localized the binding epitopes for two E1 mAbs to sites within domain I or the linker between domains I and III; and for two E2 mAbs between the β-connector region and the B-domain. Two of the E2-specific mAbs conferred protection in vivo in a stringent lethal challenge mouse model of CHIKV infection, whereas the E1 mAbs did not. These results provide insight into human antibody response to CHIKV and identify candidate mAbs for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Quiroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Cohen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hofmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Sergey Shulenin
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth K. Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorellin A. Durnell
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vinayak Rayannavar
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John M. Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Nguyen HC, Park H, Shin HJ, Nguyen NM, Nguyen ATV, Trinh TTT, Duong THY, Tuong HT, Hoang VT, Seo GE, Sohn HJ, Yeo SJ. Fluorescent Immunosorbent Assay for Chikungunya Virus Detection. Intervirology 2019; 62:145-155. [PMID: 31533104 DOI: 10.1159/000502823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When infected with the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 3% to 28% of CHIKV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, necessitating the development of improved high-throughput screening methods to overcome the limitations of molecular diagnostics or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). OBJECTIVE In this study, two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting envelope 1 (E1) of CHIKV were developed and applied in a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) using coumarin-derived dendrimer as the fluorophore. METHODS The performance of the FLISA was compared with that of ELISA. RESULTS Using the two novel mAbs (2B5 and 2C8), FLISA could detect 1 × 105 PFU/mL of CHIKV, exhibiting a 2-fold lower limit of detection (LOD) compared to ELISA. The LOD of FICT corresponded to a comparative threshold value of 23.95 and 4 × 106 of RNA copy number/µL. In the presence of human sera and blood, virus detection by FLISA was 3-fold better than ELISA, with an LOD of 2 × 105 PFU/mL. Sera and blood interfered with the ELISA, resulting in 6 × 105 PFU/mL as the LOD. CONCLUSIONS FLISA using two novel mAbs and coumarin-derived dendrimer is a superior diagnostic assay for detecting CHIKV in human sera and blood, compared to conventional ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Chien Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hai Yen Duong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Tuong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea,
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Jin J, Simmons G. Antiviral Functions of Monoclonal Antibodies against Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040305. [PMID: 30925717 PMCID: PMC6520934 DOI: 10.3390/v11040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Antibodies play pivotal roles in the immune response to infection. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are becoming important for protection from pathogen infection for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available, such as CHIKV infection. The new generation of ultra-potent and/or broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provides new opportunities for intervention. In the past decade, several potent human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs were isolated and demonstrated to be protective in vivo. Mechanistic studies of these mAbs suggest that mAbs exert multiple modes of action cooperatively. Better understanding of these antiviral mechanisms for mAbs will help to optimize mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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33
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Bhat SM, Mudgal PP, N S, Arunkumar G. Spectrum of candidate molecules against Chikungunya virus - an insight into the antiviral screening platforms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:243-264. [PMID: 30889372 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1595591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya disease has undergone a phenomenal transition in its status from being recognized as a sporadic infection to acquiring a global prominence over the last couple of decades. The causative agent behind the explosive epidemics worldwide is the re-emerging pathogen, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Areas covered: The current review discusses all the possible avenues of antiviral research towards combating CHIKV infection. Aspects of antiviral drug discovery such as antiviral targets, candidate molecules screened, and the various criteria to be a potential inhibitor are all discussed at length. Existing antiviral drug screening tools for CHIKV and their applications are thoroughly described. Clinical trial status of agents with therapeutic potential has been updated with special mention of candidate molecules under patent approval. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Google Patent, and Clinical Trial Registry platforms were referred. Expert opinion: The massive outbreaks of Chikungunya viral disease in the recent past and the serious health concerns imposed thereby, have driven the search for effective therapeutics. The greatest challenge being the non-availability of robust, reproducible, cost-effective and biologically accurate assay models. Nevertheless, there is a need to identify good models mimicking the appropriate microenvironment of an infectious setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Madhu Bhat
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Sudheesh N
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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Shah HB, Smith K, Wren JD, Webb CF, Ballard JD, Bourn RL, James JA, Lang ML. Insights From Analysis of Human Antigen-Specific Memory B Cell Repertoires. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3064. [PMID: 30697210 PMCID: PMC6340933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells that are generated during an infection or following vaccination act as sentinels to guard against future infections. Upon repeat antigen exposure memory B cells differentiate into new antibody-secreting plasma cells to provide rapid and sustained protection. Some pathogens evade or suppress the humoral immune system, or induce memory B cells with a diminished ability to differentiate into new plasma cells. This leaves the host vulnerable to chronic or recurrent infections. Single cell approaches coupled with next generation antibody gene sequencing facilitate a detailed analysis of the pathogen-specific memory B cell repertoire. Monoclonal antibodies that are generated from antibody gene sequences allow a functional analysis of the repertoire. This review discusses what has been learned thus far from analysis of diverse pathogen-specific memory B cell compartments and describes major differences in their repertoires. Such information may illuminate ways to advance the goal of improving vaccine and therapeutic antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi B Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Carol F Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jimmy D Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rebecka L Bourn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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35
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Tuekprakhon A, Puiprom O, Sasaki T, Michiels J, Bartholomeeusen K, Nakayama EE, Meno MK, Phadungsombat J, Huits R, Ariën KK, Luplertlop N, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Broad-spectrum monoclonal antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins: Promising candidates for antibody-based rapid diagnostic test development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208851. [PMID: 30557365 PMCID: PMC6296674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the aggressive global spread of the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an accurate and accessible diagnostic tool is of high importance. CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, comprises three genotypes: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. A previous rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1 protein showed promising performance for detection of the ECSA genotype. Unfortunately, this kit exhibited lower capacity for detection of the Asian genotype, currently in circulation in the Americas, reflecting the low avidity of one of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in this IC kit for the E1 protein of the Asian-genotype because of a variant amino acid sequence. To address this shortcoming, we set out to generate a new panel of broad-spectrum mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs using hybridoma technology. We report here the successful generation of mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs targeting CHIKV E1 and capsid proteins. These mAbs possessed broad reactivity to all three CHIKV genotypes, while most of the mAbs lacked cross-reactivity towards Sindbis, dengue, and Zika viruses. Two of the mAbs also lacked cross-reactivity towards other alphaviruses, including O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, Mayaro, Western Equine Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses. In addition, another two mAbs cross-reacted weakly only with most closely related O'nyong-nyong virus. Effective diagnosis is one of the keys to disease control but to date, no antibody-based rapid IC platform for CHIKV is commercially available. Thus, the application of the mAbs characterized here in the rapid diagnostic IC kit for CHIKV detection is expected to be of great value for clinical diagnosis and surveillance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orapim Puiprom
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael K. Meno
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
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Goyal M, Chauhan A, Goyal V, Jaiswal N, Singh S, Singh M. Recent development in the strategies projected for chikungunya vaccine in humans. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:4195-4206. [PMID: 30573950 PMCID: PMC6292406 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s181574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented epidemic spread of chikungunya worldwide illustrates the critical need for potent vaccines and therapeutic interventions. The morbidity and mortality associated with this arboviral infection has become a major public health problem in many countries across different continents. Increasing public–private partnerships have opened new avenues in research and development of vaccines. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances in patented approaches for chikungunya vaccine development and the forthcoming challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
| | | | - Nishant Jaiswal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, .,Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
| | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, .,Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
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37
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Milligan GN, Schnierle BS, McAuley AJ, Beasley DWC. Defining a correlate of protection for chikungunya virus vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 37:7427-7436. [PMID: 30448337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus infection causes a debilitating febrile illness that in many affected individuals is associated with long-term sequelae that can persist for months or years. Over the past decade a large number of candidate vaccines have been developed, several of which have now entered clinical trials. The rapid and sporadic nature of chikungunya outbreaks poses challenges for planning of large clinical efficacy trials suggesting that licensure of chikungunya vaccines may utilize non-traditional approval pathways based on identification of immunological endpoint(s) predictive of clinical benefit. This report reviews the current status of nonclinical and clinical testing and potential challenges for defining a suitable surrogate or correlate of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg N Milligan
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccine Research, Evaluation and Training on Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara S Schnierle
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Vaccines, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Section AIDS, New and Emerging Pathogens, Virology Division, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alexander J McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David W C Beasley
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccine Research, Evaluation and Training on Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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38
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Micafungin is a novel anti-viral agent of chikungunya virus through multiple mechanisms. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Tanabe ISB, Tanabe ELL, Santos EC, Martins WV, Araújo IMTC, Cavalcante MCA, Lima ARV, Câmara NOS, Anderson L, Yunusov D, Bassi ÊJ. Cellular and Molecular Immune Response to Chikungunya Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:345. [PMID: 30364124 PMCID: PMC6191487 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emergent arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that causes a disease characterized primarily by fever, rash and severe persistent polyarthralgia. In the last decade, CHIKV has become a serious public health problem causing several outbreaks around the world. Despite the fact that CHIKV has been around since 1952, our knowledge about immunopathology, innate and adaptive immune response involved in this infectious disease is incomplete. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the current knowledge about immune response to CHIKV and about soluble immunological markers associated with the morbidity, prognosis and chronicity of this arbovirus disease. In addition, we discuss the progress in the research of new vaccines for preventing CHIKV infection and the use of monoclonal antibodies as a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ithallo S B Tanabe
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Eloiza L L Tanabe
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Elane C Santos
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Wanessa V Martins
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Isadora M T C Araújo
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Maria C A Cavalcante
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ana R V Lima
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia dos Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Anderson
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Dinar Yunusov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Genome Research Center, Woodbury, NY, United States
| | - Ênio J Bassi
- IMUNOREG-Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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40
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Jin J, Galaz-Montoya JG, Sherman MB, Sun SY, Goldsmith CS, O'Toole ET, Ackerman L, Carlson LA, Weaver SC, Chiu W, Simmons G. Neutralizing Antibodies Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Budding at the Plasma Membrane. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:417-428.e5. [PMID: 30146390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are traditionally thought to inhibit virus infection by preventing virion entry into target cells. In addition, antibodies can engage Fc receptors (FcRs) on immune cells to activate antiviral responses. We describe a mechanism by which NAbs inhibit chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the most common alphavirus infecting humans, by preventing virus budding from infected human cells and activating IgG-specific Fcγ receptors. NAbs bind to CHIKV glycoproteins on the infected cell surface and induce glycoprotein coalescence, preventing budding of nascent virions and leaving structurally heterogeneous nucleocapsids arrested in the cytosol. Furthermore, NAbs induce clustering of CHIKV replication spherules at sites of budding blockage. Functionally, these densely packed glycoprotein-NAb complexes on infected cells activate Fcγ receptors, inducing a strong, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity response from immune effector cells. Our findings describe a triply functional antiviral pathway for NAbs that might be broadly applicable across virus-host systems, suggesting avenues for therapeutic innovation through antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jesús G Galaz-Montoya
- Departments of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and Photon Science, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael B Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Stella Y Sun
- Departments of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and Photon Science, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Boulder Laboratory for 3-D Electron Microscopy of Cells, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Larry Ackerman
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Departments of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and Photon Science, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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41
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Wang Y, Carta G. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of the Interaction of Human Papillomavirus Virus-Like Particles with Yeast Whole Cell RNA Using Biolayer Interferometry. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800303. [PMID: 30076738 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RNA is a potential contaminant encountered in the production of recombinant yeast products such as proteins and virus-like particles (VLPs) and can be a particular concern when RNA associates with the product of interest. In this study a method to monitor and quantify the interaction of RNA with yeast-expressed human papillomavirus (HPV) VLPs using biolayer interferometry (BLI) is developed. Both biosensors with immobilized VLPs as well as biosensors with immobilized RNA are tested. Two types of recombinantly expressed HPV VLPs are used, Type 18 and Type 11. The data show that yeast whole cell RNA associates with Type 18 but not with Type 11 (maximum binding signal of 0.20 ± 0.02 nm on immobilized VLP probes for Type 18 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 nm for Type 11). Additionally, the results show that a higher ionic strength weakens the affinity by both decreasing the association rate and increasing the dissociation rate, resulting in the dissociation constant increasing from 0.48 × 10-9 to 2.1 × 10-9 M, with phosphate ions having a greater effect on the reduction of association compared to chloride ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, 22904, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Giorgio Carta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, 22904, Charlottesville, Virginia
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42
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Zhang R, Kim AS, Fox JM, Nair S, Basore K, Klimstra WB, Rimkunas R, Fong RH, Lin H, Poddar S, Crowe JE, Doranz BJ, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. Nature 2018; 557:570-574. [PMID: 29769725 PMCID: PMC5970976 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses comprise a group of enveloped RNA viruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and cause debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease 1 . The host factors required for alphavirus entry remain poorly characterized 2 . Here we use a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screen to identify the cell adhesion molecule Mxra8 as an entry mediator for multiple emerging arthritogenic alphaviruses, including chikungunya, Ross River, Mayaro and O'nyong nyong viruses. Gene editing of mouse Mxra8 or human MXRA8 resulted in reduced levels of viral infection of cells and, reciprocally, ectopic expression of these genes resulted in increased infection. Mxra8 bound directly to chikungunya virus particles and enhanced virus attachment and internalization into cells. Consistent with these findings, Mxra8-Fc fusion protein or anti-Mxra8 monoclonal antibodies blocked chikungunya virus infection in multiple cell types, including primary human synovial fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and skeletal muscle cells. Mutagenesis experiments suggest that Mxra8 binds to a surface-exposed region across the A and B domains of chikungunya virus E2 protein, which are a speculated site of attachment. Finally, administration of the Mxra8-Fc protein or anti-Mxra8 blocking antibodies to mice reduced chikungunya and O'nyong nyong virus infection as well as associated foot swelling. Pharmacological targeting of Mxra8 could form a strategy for mitigating infection and disease by multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharmila Nair
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine Basore
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hueylie Lin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Subhajit Poddar
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Gopal R, Jackson K, Tzarum N, Kong L, Ettenger A, Guest J, Pfaff JM, Barnes T, Honda A, Giang E, Davidson E, Wilson IA, Doranz BJ, Law M. Probing the antigenicity of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein complex by high-throughput mutagenesis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006735. [PMID: 29253863 PMCID: PMC5749897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 form a non-covalently linked heterodimer on the viral surface that mediates viral entry. E1, E2 and the heterodimer complex E1E2 are candidate vaccine antigens, but are technically challenging to study because of difficulties in producing natively folded proteins by standard protein expression and purification methods. To better comprehend the antigenicity of these proteins, a library of alanine scanning mutants comprising the entirety of E1E2 (555 residues) was created for evaluating the role of each residue in the glycoproteins. The mutant library was probed, by a high-throughput flow cytometry-based assay, for binding with the co-receptor CD81, and a panel of 13 human and mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target continuous and discontinuous epitopes of E1, E2, and the E1E2 complex. Together with the recently determined crystal structure of E2 core domain (E2c), we found that several residues in the E2 back layer region indirectly impact binding of CD81 and mAbs that target the conserved neutralizing face of E2. These findings highlight an unexpected role for the E2 back layer in interacting with the E2 front layer for its biological function. We also identified regions of E1 and E2 that likely located at or near the interface of the E1E2 complex, and determined that the E2 back layer also plays an important role in E1E2 complex formation. The conformation-dependent reactivity of CD81 and the antibody panel to the E1E2 mutant library provides a global view of the influence of each amino acid (aa) on E1E2 expression and folding. This information is valuable for guiding protein engineering efforts to enhance the antigenic properties and stability of E1E2 for vaccine antigen development and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gopal
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kelli Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Ettenger
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Guest
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Pfaff
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Honda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Erick Giang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Edgar Davidson
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Beginning in 2004, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) went from an endemic pathogen limited to Africa and Asia that caused periodic outbreaks to a global pathogen. Given that outbreaks caused by CHIKV have continued and expanded, serious consideration must be given to identifying potential options for vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no licensed products in this realm, and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control, which are only minimally effective. Therefore, it is prudent to urgently examine further possibilities for control. Vaccines have been shown to be highly effective against vector-borne diseases. However, as CHIKV is known to rapidly spread and generate high attack rates, therapeutics would also be highly valuable. Several candidates are currently being developed; this review describes the multiple options under consideration for future development and assesses their relative advantages and disadvantages.
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has come to prominence as a global, re-emerging pathogen over the last two decades, progressing from sporadic, remote outbreaks to worldwide explosive epidemics. From contained, though considerable, outbreaks in the southern Indian Ocean, parts of South America and the Caribbean, CHIKV continues to be a significant pathogen in Southeast Asia and India. CHIKV circulates during epidemics through an urban mosquito-to-human transmission cycle, and with no available treatments or licensed vaccines to specifically target CHIKV disease, limiting transmission relies on vector control, which poses significant challenges, especially in developing countries. This review summarizes the current findings and progress in the development of safe, effective and affordable therapeutics and vaccines for CHIKV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kothila Tharmarajah
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Chan Y, Ng LFP. Age has a role in driving host immunopathological response to alphavirus infection. Immunology 2017; 152:545-555. [PMID: 28744856 PMCID: PMC5680050 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are a group of arthropod-borne pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from milder symptoms like rashes, fever and polyarthralgia, to life-threatening encephalitis. This genus of viruses is prevalent globally, and can infect patients across a wide age range. Interestingly, disease severity of virus-infected patients is wide-ranging. Definitions of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses, as well as the host factors influencing disease severity, remain limited. The innate and adaptive immune systems are important host defences against alphavirus infections. Several reports have highlighted the roles of specific immune subsets in contributing to the immune pathogenesis of these viruses. However, immunosenescence, a gradual deterioration of the immune system brought about by the natural advancement of age, affects the functional roles of these immune subsets. This phenomenon compromises the host's ability to defend against alphavirus infection and pathogenesis. In addition, the lack of maturity in the immune system in newborns and infants also results in more severe disease outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the subtle yet diverse physiological changes in the immune system during aging, and how these changes underlie the differences in disease severity for common alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Present address:
8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis#04‐06 Immunos138648Singapore
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Petersen RL. Strategies Using Bio-Layer Interferometry Biosensor Technology for Vaccine Research and Development. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040049. [PMID: 29088096 PMCID: PMC5746772 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) real-time, label-free technology has greatly contributed to advances in vaccine research and development. BLI Octet platforms offer high-throughput, ease of use, reliability, and high precision analysis when compared with common labeling techniques. Many different strategies have been used to immobilize the pathogen or host molecules on BLI biosensors for real-time kinetics and affinity analysis, quantification, or high-throughput titer. These strategies can be used in multiple applications and shed light onto the structural and functional aspects molecules play during pathogen-host interactions. They also provide crucial information on how to achieve protection. This review summarizes some key BLI strategies used in human vaccine research and development.
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Schwameis M, Buchtele N, Wadowski PP, Schoergenhofer C, Jilma B. Chikungunya vaccines in development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:716-31. [PMID: 26554522 PMCID: PMC4964651 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus has become a global health threat, spreading to the industrial world of Europe and the Americas; no treatment or prophylactic vaccine is available. Since the late 1960s much effort has been put into the development of a vaccine, and several heterogeneous strategies have already been explored. Only two candidates have recently qualified to enter clinical phase II trials, a chikungunya virus-like particle-based vaccine and a recombinant live attenuated measles virus-vectored vaccine. This review focuses on the current status of vaccine development against chikungunya virus in humans and discusses the diversity of immunization strategies, results of recent human trials and promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwameis
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nina Buchtele
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Patricia Pia Wadowski
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- a Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Medicine I , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Synergistic effects of combination treatment using EGCG and suramin against the chikungunya virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:595-602. [PMID: 28760340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya is a severe disease that results from infection with the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus. Thus, we (1) explored a new approach to combining previously researched drugs that have shown the potential to inhibit CHIKV infection; and (2) demonstrated the antiviral effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, we used U2OS cells infected with CHIVK to assess the synergistic antiviral activities of EGCG and suramin. EGCG presented the ability to inhibit the viral RNA, progeny yield, and cytopathic effect (CPE) of CHIKV and also demonstrated the ability to protect against virus entry, replication, and release. Moreover, the results confirmed that EGCG and suramin can have synergistic effects against CHIKV strain S27 infection and two other clinical isolates of CHIKV. Our findings suggest that treatment with a combination of EGCG and suramin could provide a basis for the development of novel stretages against CHIKV infection.
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50
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Fox JM, Diamond MS. Immune-Mediated Protection and Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:4210-4218. [PMID: 27864552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that causes debilitating acute and chronic arthritis. Infection by CHIKV induces a robust immune response that is characterized by production of type I IFNs, recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and development of neutralizing Abs. Despite this response, chronic arthritis can develop in some individuals, which may be due to a failure to eliminate viral RNA and Ag and/or persistent immune responses that cause chronic joint inflammation. In this review, based primarily on advances from recent studies in mice, we discuss the innate and adaptive immune factors that control CHIKV dissemination and clearance or contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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