1
|
Zhang L, Sun S, Gong W, Thompson L, Cruz J, Dukpa K, Gonzales RM, Tu Z, He B, Liu Y, Tu C, Feng Y. Large-scale phylogenetic analysis reveals genetic diversity and geographic distribution of rabies virus in South-East and South Asia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105472. [PMID: 37353186 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
South-East Asia (SEA) and South Asia (SA) are two important geographic regions with the most severe enzootic rabies in the world. In these regions, phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus (RABV) has been conducted only at a country level; the results obtained from different countries are scattered and unequal, with a non-uniform system to name RABV genotypes. Therefore, it is difficult to undertake origin-tracking and compare inter-country RABV evolution and transmission. To avoid the confusion in understanding and to generate a panoramic picture of RABV genetic diversity, distribution, and transmission in SEA and SA, the present study conducted a systematic phylogenetic analysis by combining all sequences representing 2368 RABV strains submitted to GenBank by 14 rabies endemic SEA and SA countries. The results showed that RABVs circulating in two regions were classified into four major clades and many subclades: the Asia clade is circulating only in SEA, the Indian subcontinent, and Arctic-like clades only in SA, while the Cosmopolitan clade has been detected in both regions. The results also showed a wide range of hosts were infected by divergent RABV subclades, with dogs being the major transmission source. However, wildlife rabies was also found to be an important issue with 6 wild carnivore species identified as potential sources of spillover risk for sylvatic rabies to humans, domestic animals, and other wild animals. Current findings indicate that the two regions have separate virus clades circulating thus indicating the absence of cross-transmission between the regions. The study emphasizes the importance of phylogenetic analysis in the regions using uniform genotyping and naming systems for rabies surveillance, to coordinate actions of member countries to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lesa Thompson
- World Organization for Animal Health Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Cruz
- Department of Agriculture Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Kinzang Dukpa
- World Organization for Animal Health Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagale KB, Adhikari R, Acharya D, Kreps GL. Implications from the health belief model concerning zoonoses‐related threat perceptions held by livestock farmers in Nepal. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Devaraj Acharya
- Bhairahawa Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rabies Elimination: Is It Feasible without Considering Wildlife? J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5942693. [PMID: 36211623 PMCID: PMC9537038 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5942693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal viral disease that is zoonotic in nature. In this article, we provide a justification why the agreement of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) on The Global Strategic Plan to End Human Deaths from Dog-mediated Rabies by 2030 should also include a more holistic approach and ecologic views.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mani RS, Harsha PK, Pattabiraman C, Prasad P, Sujatha A, Abraham SS, G S AK, Chandran S. Rabies in the endangered Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus) in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3012-3014. [PMID: 34555258 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Subramaniam Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pulleri Kandi Harsha
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chitra Pattabiraman
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramada Prasad
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Aparna Sujatha
- State Institute for Animal Diseases, Department of Animal Husbandry, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Swapna Susan Abraham
- State Institute for Animal Diseases, Department of Animal Husbandry, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ajith Kumar G S
- State Institute for Animal Diseases, Department of Animal Husbandry, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Syam Chandran
- Department of Forest and Wildlife, Konni, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nahata KD, Bollen N, Gill MS, Layan M, Bourhy H, Dellicour S, Baele G. On the Use of Phylogeographic Inference to Infer the Dispersal History of Rabies Virus: A Review Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081628. [PMID: 34452492 PMCID: PMC8402743 DOI: 10.3390/v13081628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease which is caused by negative strand RNA-viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus. Within this genus, rabies viruses circulate in a diverse set of mammalian reservoir hosts, is present worldwide, and is almost always fatal in non-vaccinated humans. Approximately 59,000 people are still estimated to die from rabies each year, leading to a global initiative to work towards the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, requiring scientific efforts from different research fields. The past decade has seen a much increased use of phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses to study the evolution and spread of rabies virus. We here review published studies in these research areas, making a distinction between the geographic resolution associated with the available sequence data. We pay special attention to environmental factors that these studies found to be relevant to the spread of rabies virus. Importantly, we highlight a knowledge gap in terms of applying these methods when all required data were available but not fully exploited. We conclude with an overview of recent methodological developments that have yet to be applied in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses of rabies virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika D. Nahata
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nena Bollen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Mandev S. Gill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu X, Zhu H, Bo Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Jiang L, Chen G, Zhang X, Wen Y. Molecular evolutionary analysis reveals Arctic-like rabies viruses evolved and dispersed independently in North and South Asia. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e5. [PMID: 33522157 PMCID: PMC7850786 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arctic-like (AL) lineages of rabies viruses (RABVs) remains endemic in some Arctic and Asia countries. However, their evolutionary dynamics are largely unappreciated. Objectives We attempted to estimate the evolutionary history, geographic origin and spread of the Arctic-related RABVs. Methods Full length or partial sequences of the N and G genes were used to infer the evolutionary aspects of AL RABVs by Bayesian evolutionary analysis. Results The most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the current Arctic and AL RABVs emerged in the 1830s and evolved independently after diversification. Population demographic analysis indicated that the viruses experienced gradual growth followed by a sudden decrease in its population size from the mid-1980s to approximately 2000. Genetic flow patterns among the regions reveal a high geographic correlation in AL RABVs transmission. Discrete phylogeography suggests that the geographic origin of the AL RABVs was in east Russia in approximately the 1830s. The ancestral AL RABV then diversified and immigrated to the countries in Northeast Asia, while the viruses in South Asia were dispersed to the neighboring regions from India. The N and G genes of RABVs in both clades sustained high levels of purifying selection, and the positive selection sites were mainly found on the C-terminus of the G gene. Conclusions The current AL RABVs circulating in South and North Asia evolved and dispersed independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Yongheng Bo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yongjun Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gigante CM, Yale G, Condori RE, Costa NC, Long NV, Minh PQ, Chuong VD, Tho ND, Thanh NT, Thin NX, Hanh NTH, Wambura G, Ade F, Mito O, Chuchu V, Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Hampson K, Thumbi SM, Thomae BG, de Paz VH, Meneses S, Munyua P, Moran D, Cadena L, Gibson A, Wallace RM, Pieracci EG, Li Y. Portable Rabies Virus Sequencing in Canine Rabies Endemic Countries Using the Oxford Nanopore MinION. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111255. [PMID: 33158200 PMCID: PMC7694271 DOI: 10.3390/v12111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As countries with endemic canine rabies progress towards elimination by 2030, it will become necessary to employ techniques to help plan, monitor, and confirm canine rabies elimination. Sequencing can provide critical information to inform control and vaccination strategies by identifying genetically distinct virus variants that may have different host reservoir species or geographic distributions. However, many rabies testing laboratories lack the resources or expertise for sequencing, especially in remote or rural areas where human rabies deaths are highest. We developed a low-cost, high throughput rabies virus sequencing method using the Oxford Nanopore MinION portable sequencer. A total of 259 sequences were generated from diverse rabies virus isolates in public health laboratories lacking rabies virus sequencing capacity in Guatemala, India, Kenya, and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis provided valuable insight into rabies virus diversity and distribution in these countries and identified a new rabies virus lineage in Kenya, the first published canine rabies virus sequence from Guatemala, evidence of rabies spread across an international border in Vietnam, and importation of a rabid dog into a state working to become rabies-free in India. Taken together, our evaluation highlights the MinION's potential for low-cost, high volume sequencing of pathogens in locations with limited resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa 403001, India;
| | - Rene Edgar Condori
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Niceta Cunha Costa
- Disease Investigation Unit, Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India;
| | - Nguyen Van Long
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Phan Quang Minh
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Vo Dinh Chuong
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (N.V.L.); (P.Q.M.); (V.D.C.)
| | - Nguyen Dang Tho
- National Center for Veterinary Diseases, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Nguyen Tat Thanh
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Nguyen Xuan Thin
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Phú Thọ Province 35000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.); (N.X.T.); (N.T.H.H.)
| | - Gati Wambura
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Frederick Ade
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Oscar Mito
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Veronicah Chuchu
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.W.); (F.A.); (O.M.); (V.C.); (S.M.T.)
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Byron G. Thomae
- Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Food, Guatemala City 01013, Guatemala;
| | - Victor Hugo de Paz
- National Health Laboratory, MSPAS, Villa Nueva 01064, Guatemala; (V.H.d.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Meneses
- National Health Laboratory, MSPAS, Villa Nueva 01064, Guatemala; (V.H.d.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - David Moran
- University del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala;
| | - Loren Cadena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala;
| | - Andrew Gibson
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Emily G. Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.G.); (R.E.C.); (R.M.W.); (E.G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oude Munnink BB, Farag EABA, GeurtsvanKessel C, Schapendonk C, van der Linden A, Kohl R, Arron G, Ziglam H, Goravey WGM, Coyle PV, Ibrahim I, Mohran KA, Alrajhi MMS, Islam MM, Abdeen R, Al-Zeyara AAMAH, Younis NM, Al-Romaihi HE, Thani MHJA, Molenkamp R, Sikkema RS, Koopmans M. First molecular analysis of rabies virus in Qatar and clinical cases imported into Qatar, a case report. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:323-326. [PMID: 32376305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the origin of the rabies virus (RABV) infection may have significant implications for control measures. Here, we identified the source of a RABV infection of two Nepalese migrants in Qatar by comparing their RABV genomes with RABV genomes isolated from the brains of a RABV infected camel and fox from Qatar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas B Oude Munnink
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Corine GeurtsvanKessel
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schapendonk
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne van der Linden
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Kohl
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgina Arron
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Khaled A Mohran
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipals and Environment, Doha, Qatar; Animal Health Research Institute, Biotechnology Departments ERC, Dokki, Egypt
| | | | - Md Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipals and Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | - Randa Abdeen
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipals and Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nidal Mahmoud Younis
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipals and Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Richard Molenkamp
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reina S Sikkema
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rimal S, Ojha KC, Chaisowwong W, Shah Y, Pant DK, Sirimalaisuwan A. Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231967. [PMID: 32339182 PMCID: PMC7185695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in areas where dogs are the principle source of infection. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu valley. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml). FINDINGS Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels (<0.125 EU/ml) suggesting that the animal had not seroconverted according to the PLATELIA™ RABIES II test. Only one factor, the condition under which the dog was kept, was significantly associated with the antibody titer level. No association was found for any of the other factors included in the study. INTERPRETATION Vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rabies. The locally manufactured brand of vaccine, which is available in Nepal, is potent enough to generate a sufficient amount of protective antibodies, equal to international brands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Rimal
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Warangkhana Chaisowwong
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yogendra Shah
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
| | - Dhan Kumar Pant
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
- Institute of Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Tribhuwan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
- National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anucha Sirimalaisuwan
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dellicour S, Troupin C, Jahanbakhsh F, Salama A, Massoudi S, Moghaddam MK, Baele G, Lemey P, Gholami A, Bourhy H. Using phylogeographic approaches to analyse the dispersal history, velocity and direction of viral lineages - Application to rabies virus spread in Iran. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4335-4350. [PMID: 31535448 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the extensive use of phylogeographic approaches to unveil the dispersal history of virus epidemics. Spatially explicit reconstructions of viral spread represent valuable sources of lineage movement data that can be exploited to investigate the impact of underlying environmental layers on the dispersal of pathogens. Here, we performed phylogeographic inference and applied different post hoc approaches to analyse a new and comprehensive data set of viral genomes to elucidate the dispersal history and dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in Iran, which have remained largely unknown. We first analysed the association between environmental factors and variations in dispersal velocity among lineages. Second, we present, test and apply a new approach to study the link between environmental conditions and the dispersal direction of lineages. The statistical performance (power of detection, false-positive rate) of this new method was assessed using simulations. We performed phylogeographic analyses of RABV genomes, allowing us to describe the large diversity of RABV in Iran and to confirm the cocirculation of several clades in the country. Overall, we estimate a relatively high lineage dispersal velocity, similar to previous estimates for dog rabies virus spread in northern Africa. Finally, we highlight a tendency for RABV lineages to spread in accessible areas associated with high human population density. Our analytical workflow illustrates how phylogeographic approaches can be used to investigate the impact of environmental factors on several aspects of viral dispersal dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Cécile Troupin
- Unit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Salama
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Siamak Massoudi
- Department of Environment, Wildlife Diseases Group, Wildlife Bureau, Tehran, Iran
| | - Madjid K Moghaddam
- Department of Environment, Wildlife Diseases Group, Wildlife Bureau, Tehran, Iran
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alireza Gholami
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Unit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reddy GBM, Singh R, Singh KP, Sharma AK, Vineetha S, Saminathan M, Sajjanar B. Molecular epidemiological analysis of wild animal rabies isolates from India. Vet World 2019; 12:352-357. [PMID: 31089302 PMCID: PMC6487239 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.352-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was conducted to know the genetic variability of rabies viruses (RVs) from wild animals in India. Materials and Methods A total of 20 rabies suspected brain samples of wild animals from different states of India were included in the study. The samples were subjected for direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene sequences was performed. Results Of 20 samples, 11, 10, and 12 cases were found positive by dFAT, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Indian wild RVs isolates belonged to classical genotype 1 of Lyssavirus and were closely related to Arctic/Arctic-like single cluster indicating the possibility of a spillover of rabies among different species. Conclusion The results indicated the circulation of similar RVs in sylvatic and urban cycles in India. However, understanding the role of wild animals as reservoir host needs to be studied in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tao XY, Li ML, Wang Q, Baima C, Hong M, Li W, Wu YB, Li YR, Zhao YM, Rayner S, Zhu WY. The reemergence of human rabies and emergence of an Indian subcontinent lineage in Tibet, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007036. [PMID: 30640911 PMCID: PMC6349412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated surveillance, vaccination and public information efforts have brought the Chinese rabies epizootic under control, but significant numbers of fatalities are still reported annually with some cases occurring in previously rabies free regions. Tibet has remained virtually rabies free for 16 years, but since 2015 one human rabies case has been reported each year. To better understand the origins of these cases, we sequenced three human samples and an additional sample isolated from a dog in 2012. Three genomes were sequenced from brain samples: human case 1 (reported in 2015), human case 3 (2017), and the 2012 dog case. For human case 2 (2016), the rabies N gene was sequenced from a limited saliva sample. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Case 1 (CXZ1501H) and the dog case (CXZ1201D) belong to China IV lineage (equivalent to Arctic-like-2 in global rabies), suggesting an association with a wildlife spillover event. However, Case 2 (CXZ1601H) is placed within the dominant lineage China I, and was most similar with recent strains from neighboring Yunnan province, indicating the current epizootic has finally reached Tibet. Most surprisingly however, was the finding that Case 3 (CXZ1704H) is distinct from other Chinese isolates. This isolate is placed in the Indian Subcontinent clade, similar to recent Nepal strains, indicating that cross-border transmission is a new source for rabies infections. Thus, the complex mixture of the rabies epizootic in Tibet represents a major new challenge for Tibet and national rabies control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ciwang Baima
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Wei Li
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Biao Wu
- Wuhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan-Rong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Min Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi
| | - Simon Rayner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shah Y, Pandey K, Pant DK, Poudel A, Dahal B, Panta KP, Pandey BD. Potential Threat of Rabies Virus from Bat Bite in Nepal. Open Microbiol J 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
14
|
Tao XY, Li ML, Guo ZY, Yan JH, Zhu WY. Inner Mongolia: A Potential Portal for the Spread of Rabies to Western China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:51-58. [PMID: 30020856 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human rabies cases in China has decreased annually. However, some western provinces with no human cases for more than 10 years have begun to report rabies cases, and all of the rabies lineages that circulated in western China were found in Inner Mongolia as well. In this study, we generated a phylogenetic tree with all the Inner Mongolia rabies strains available in GenBank and our laboratory, as well as strains from western China and representative viruses from neighboring countries, based on the N gene sequence. Furthermore, the possible relationships underlying the spread of the virus within Inner Mongolia and neighboring regions were analyzed. Three of six rabies lineages of China (China I-VI) were shown to exist in Inner Mongolia, and a spatial cluster analysis supported that the China I lineage, the dominant cluster of China, likely spread to Ningxia from Inner Mongolia. Wild raccoon dog rabies (China IV/Arctic-like-2) may have spread to Inner Mongolia from Russia and likely continued to spread to Qinghai and Tibet. The red fox lineage (China III/Cosmopolitan), which likely spread from Russia and Mongolia, has been shown to circulate in Inner Mongolia and was a serious threat to Xinjiang, which is adjacent to Inner Mongolia. Thus, Inner Mongolia likely became a location where national and international rabies viruses collected and developed into a potential portal for the spread of rabies to western China. To effectively control the spread of rabies in China, both prevention and control of dog and wild animal rabies in Inner Mongolia should be a top priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tao
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Li Li
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Yang Guo
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Yan
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,4 Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- 1 Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vagheshwari DH, Bhanderi BB, Mathakiya RA, Jhala MK. Sequencing and sequence analysis of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus field isolates from Gujarat state, India. Virusdisease 2018; 28:320-327. [PMID: 29291220 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken with an aim of characterization of rabies virus (genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae under the order Mononegavirales) by sequencing of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus and phylogenetic analysis to know the genotype and lineage of rabies virus present in Gujarat state of India. A total of 32 samples (18 brain samples and 14 saliva samples) were aseptically collected from live and dead animals (viz. dog, buffalo, cow, goat, donkey and hyena) for rabies virus detection. Out of 32 samples, 24 samples were found positive by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reactions and from these 24 positive samples, 20 samples were selected for sequencing having good concentration of gene product. ClustalW alignment of nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of field rabies isolates revealed 95.20-100 and 97.95-100% similarity among themselves, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment of field rabies isolates and reference vaccine strains [Pasteur strain and Challenge Virus Strain (CVS)] indicated single nucleotide mutations at total 91 positions and amino acid mutations at total 17 different positions. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene sequences using our 20 field rabies isolates and 21 other reported isolates in Genbank resulted in 3 phylogenetic clusters. All the field rabies isolates showed same genetic lineage among themselves and with other earlier reported Indian rabies isolates placing them in Arctic like lineage of Genotype 1 Rabies virus. However, they were at genetic distance with reference Pasteur and CVS strains, which grouped in different phylogenetic cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval H Vagheshwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Bharat B Bhanderi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Rafyuddin A Mathakiya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Mayurdhvaj K Jhala
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mehta S, Charan P, Dahake R, Mukherjee S, Chowdhary A. Molecular characterization of nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus from Maharashtra, India. J Postgrad Med 2017; 62:105-8. [PMID: 26821566 PMCID: PMC4944340 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.175006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Rabies poses a serious public health concern in developing countries such as India. Aims: The study focuses on molecular diagnosis of street rabies virus (RABV) from human clinical specimens received from Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: Nucleoprotein gene from eight (of total 20 suspected samples) rabies cases that tested positive for rabies antigen using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were sequenced. Results: Sequence analysis using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic analysis showed similarity to previously reported sequences from India and those of Arctic lineages. Conclusions: The circulating RABV strains in Maharashtra, India show genetic relatedness to RABV strains reported from Indo-Arctic lineages and India-South and Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P Charan
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Troupin C, Dacheux L, Tanguy M, Sabeta C, Blanc H, Bouchier C, Vignuzzi M, Duchene S, Holmes EC, Bourhy H. Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals the Complex Evolutionary History of Rabies Virus in Multiple Carnivore Hosts. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006041. [PMID: 27977811 PMCID: PMC5158080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural evolution of rabies virus (RABV) provides a potent example of multiple host shifts and an important opportunity to determine the mechanisms that underpin viral emergence. Using 321 genome sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of RABV, we compared evolutionary rates and selection pressures in viruses sampled from multiple primary host shifts that occurred on various continents. Two major phylogenetic groups, bat-related RABV and dog-related RABV, experiencing markedly different evolutionary dynamics were identified. While no correlation between time and genetic divergence was found in bat-related RABV, the evolution of dog-related RABV followed a generally clock-like structure, although with a relatively low evolutionary rate. Subsequent molecular clock dating indicated that dog-related RABV likely underwent a rapid global spread following the intensification of intercontinental trade starting in the 15th century. Strikingly, although dog RABV has jumped to various wildlife species from the order Carnivora, we found no clear evidence that these host-jumping events involved adaptive evolution, with RABV instead characterized by strong purifying selection, suggesting that ecological processes also play an important role in shaping patterns of emergence. However, specific amino acid changes were associated with the parallel emergence of RABV in ferret-badgers in Asia, and some host shifts were associated with increases in evolutionary rate, particularly in the ferret-badger and mongoose, implying that changes in host species can have important impacts on evolutionary dynamics. Zoonoses account for most recently emerged infectious diseases of humans, although little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms involved in cross-species virus transmission. Understanding the evolutionary patterns and processes that underpin such cross-species transmission is of importance for predicting the spread of zoonotic infections, and hence to their ultimate control. We present a large-scale and detailed reconstruction of the evolutionary history of rabies virus (RABV) in domestic and wildlife animal species. RABV is of particular interest as it is capable of infecting many mammals but, paradoxically, is only maintained in distinct epidemiological cycles associated with animal species from the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera. We show that bat-related RABV and dog-related RABV have experienced very different evolutionary dynamics, and that host jumps are sometimes characterized by significant increases in evolutionary rate. Among Carnivora, the association between RABV and particular host species most likely arose from a combination of the historical human-mediated spread of the virus and jumps into new primary host species. In addition, we show that changes in host species are associated with multiple evolutionary pathways including the occurrence of host-specific parallel evolution. Overall, our data indicate that the establishment of dog-related RABV in new carnivore hosts may only require subtle adaptive evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Marion Tanguy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Genomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Claude Sabeta
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Sebastián Duchene
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shchelkanov MY, Deviatkin AA, Ananiev VY, Frolov EV, Dombrovskaya IE, Dedkov VG, Ardashev AV, Kolomeets SA, Korotkova IP, Lyubchenko EN, Bandeev VV, Prosyannikova MN, Galkina IV, Ivanushko ES, Emelyanova NP, Baranov NI, Ulyanova SA, Aramilev SV, Fomenko PV, Surovy AL, Poroshin NA, Sokol NN, Maslov DV, Makhinya EE, Shipulin GA. Isolation and complete genome sequencing of rabies virus strain isolated from a brown bear (Ursus arctos) that attacked a human in Primorsky krai (November, 2014). Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:180-186. [PMID: 36494967 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-180-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An attack of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) on human was detected in November, 2014 in the Barabash village (Khasan region of the Primorski krai) located in close proximity to the national park Land of the Leopard. The bear was shot. The deviant behavior of the bear indicated the possibility of rabies. The diagnosis was confirmed by means of laboratory methods. The strain RABV/Ursus arctos/Russia/Primorye/PO 01/2014 (further PO 01) was isolated from the brain of the bear. PO 01 is the first completely sequenced Far Eastern strain of RABV. It can be considered as topotypic. PO 01 considerably differs from the vaccine strain RV 97 (GenBank EF542830) that is the basis of attenuated vaccine applied in the Land of the Leopard. At the same time, the immunodominant sites in PO 01 and RV 97 proteins differ slightly. It can be recommended to continue application of the vaccine. The analysis of the PO 01 genome (GenBank KP997032) revealed its belonging to the Eurasian genetic subgroup of the genotype 1 (street rage). Thus, this genetic subgroup stretches to the East. Expansion of the cross-border protected territories of Russia and China in the Far East demands the correct statistics of circulation of the lyssaviruses to be kept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Y Shchelkanov
- Far Eastern Federal University.,Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky krai.,Institute of Biological and Soil Science
| | - A A Deviatkin
- Central Scientific-Research Institute for Epidemiology
| | - V Y Ananiev
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky krai
| | - E V Frolov
- Inter-regional Veterinary Laboratory in Primorsky krai
| | | | - V G Dedkov
- Central Scientific-Research Institute for Epidemiology
| | - A V Ardashev
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky krai
| | - S A Kolomeets
- Regional offices of Rospotrebnadzor in Primorsky krai
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N I Baranov
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky krai
| | - S A Ulyanova
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky krai
| | | | | | - A L Surovy
- Department on Protection, Control and Regulation of Fauna Use of the Administration of Primorsky krai
| | - N A Poroshin
- Inter-regional Veterinary Laboratory in Primorsky krai
| | - N N Sokol
- Inter-regional Veterinary Laboratory in Primorsky krai
| | - D V Maslov
- Regional offices of Rospotrebnadzor in Primorsky krai
| | | | - G A Shipulin
- Central Scientific-Research Institute for Epidemiology
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zaykova ON, Grebennikova TV, Elakov AL, Kochergin-Nikitsky KS, Aliper TI, Chuchalin SF, Gulyukin AM. Monitoring of rabies in wild animals in the Kirov region after oral immunization. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:186-192. [PMID: 36494968 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-186-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the results of the molecular genetic research on genomes of field isolates of the rabies virus circulating in the territory of the Kirov region in order to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between the wild isolate genomes and to determine the possible reversion of the vaccine strain of the rabies virus used in the oral vaccine to virulent variant. We studied 24 brain samples from wild carnivores shot after oral immunization of the area with Rabivak-O/333. A bait with the vaccine provided by the Veterinary Service of the Kirov was also studied. All samples were found to be positive for the presence of the rabies virus as established by FAT and RT-PCR techniques. Phylogenetic analysis of N genome fragments of the rabies virus showed that the field isolates from the Kirov regions were genetically close to the field isolates from Buryatia 2012. Analysis of G genome fragments showed that the Kirov field isolates were close to the isolates from Lipetsk (2011), as well as to the Ukrainian isolates (2006 and 2010). Molecular genetic analysis of the gene fragments N and G for the field isolates and fragments of the genome of the rabies virus vaccine did not reveal any reversion to the virulent vaccine strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O N Zaykova
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - T V Grebennikova
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - A L Elakov
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - K S Kochergin-Nikitsky
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - T I Aliper
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | | | - A M Gulyukin
- Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vaccine-induced rabies case in a cow (Bos taurus): Molecular characterisation of vaccine strain in brain tissue. Vaccine 2016; 34:5021-5025. [PMID: 27576075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neuropathogenic zoonosis caused by the rabies virus of the Lyssavirus genus, Rhabdoviridae family. The oral vaccination of foxes - the main reservoir of rabies in Europe - using a live attenuated rabies virus vaccine was successfully conducted in many Western European countries. In July 2015, a rabies vaccine strain was isolated from the brain tissues of a clinically suspect cow (Bos taurus) in Romania. The nucleotide analysis of both N and G gene sequences showed 100% identity between the rabid animal, the GenBank reference SAD B19 strain and five rabies vaccine batches used for the national oral vaccination campaign targeting foxes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hanke D, Freuling CM, Fischer S, Hueffer K, Hundertmark K, Nadin-Davis S, Marston D, Fooks AR, Bøtner A, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Rasmussen TB, Müller TF, Höper D. Spatio-temporal Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Arctic Rabies Viruses and Their Reservoir Hosts in Greenland. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004779. [PMID: 27459154 PMCID: PMC4961414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been limited knowledge on spatio-temporal epidemiology of zoonotic arctic fox rabies among countries bordering the Arctic, in particular Greenland. Previous molecular epidemiological studies have suggested the occurrence of one particular arctic rabies virus (RABV) lineage (arctic-3), but have been limited by a low number of available samples preventing in-depth high resolution phylogenetic analysis of RABVs at that time. However, an improved knowledge of the evolution, at a molecular level, of the circulating RABVs and a better understanding of the historical perspective of the disease in Greenland is necessary for better direct control measures on the island. These issues have been addressed by investigating the spatio-temporal genetic diversity of arctic RABVs and their reservoir host, the arctic fox, in Greenland using both full and partial genome sequences. Using a unique set of 79 arctic RABV full genome sequences from Greenland, Canada, USA (Alaska) and Russia obtained between 1977 and 2014, a description of the historic context in relation to the genetic diversity of currently circulating RABV in Greenland and neighboring Canadian Northern territories has been provided. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed delineation into four major arctic RABV lineages (arctic 1–4) with viruses from Greenland exclusively grouping into the circumpolar arctic-3 lineage. High resolution analysis enabled distinction of seven geographically distinct subclades (3.I – 3.VII) with two subclades containing viruses from both Greenland and Canada. By combining analysis of full length RABV genome sequences and host derived sequences encoding mitochondrial proteins obtained simultaneously from brain tissues of 49 arctic foxes, the interaction of viruses and their hosts was explored in detail. Such an approach can serve as a blueprint for analysis of infectious disease dynamics and virus-host interdependencies. The results showed a fine-scale spatial population structure in Greenland arctic foxes based on mitochondrial sequences, but provided no evidence for independent isolated evolutionary development of RABV in different arctic fox lineages. These data are invaluable to support future initiatives for arctic fox rabies control and elimination in Greenland. Next to dog-mediated rabies, wildlife rabies continues to pose a public health problem, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Control of this zoonosis at the animal source has been proven the most efficient route to reduction of human rabies burden. Successful elimination of red fox-mediated rabies in Western Europe and parts of North America has demonstrated the viability of wildlife rabies control strategies. In some regions, the epidemiology of wildlife rabies is well understood; this is not the case for arctic rabies, particularly in Greenland. Previous molecular epidemiological studies demonstrated the occurrence of one particular arctic rabies virus (RABV) lineage (arctic-3) but were limited by low sample numbers and limited sequence length so as to preclude generation of high resolution phylogenetic analysis. Here, a unique set comprised of 79 complete genome sequences of RABVs from Greenland, Canada, USA (Alaska) and Russia collected over the past four decades was analysed. The use of next generation sequencing (NGS) allowed simultaneous determination of host derived sequences encoding mitochondrial proteins from the same brain tissue of 49 arctic foxes. These sequence data combined with geographical and temporal information permit the study of the genetic diversity and evolution of circulating RABVs in Greenland against the background of reservoir host genetics. The results reveal the existence of a single arctic RABV lineage (arctic-3) in Greenland, which has evolved into multiple distinct variants. These analyses provide an improved knowledge of the evolution of the circulating viruses at the molecular level and a better understanding of the historical perspective of the disease in Greenland compared to other parts of the Arctic. This knowledge will support policy on rabies control in mammalian wildlife reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hanke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- FLI, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susanne Fischer
- FLI, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Karsten Hueffer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Kris Hundertmark
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Animal Health Microbiology Research, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas B. Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Thomas F. Müller
- FLI, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Complete Genome Sequence of a Rabies Virus Strain Isolated from a Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in Primorsky Krai, Russia (November 2014). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00642-16. [PMID: 27389270 PMCID: PMC4939787 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00642-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence (GenBank KP997032) of rabies virus strain RABV/Ursus arctos/Russia/Primorye/PO-01/2014, isolated in November 2014 from a brown bear (Ursus arctos) that attacked a person in Primorsky Krai (Russian Federation). This strain was clustered into the Eurasian genetic subgroup of genotype 1 (street rage).
Collapse
|
23
|
Dacheux L, Larrous F, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Faouzi A, Troupin C, Nourlil J, Buchy P, Bourhy H. Dual Combined Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Lyssavirus Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004812. [PMID: 27380028 PMCID: PMC4933377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive diagnosis of lyssavirus infection (including rabies) in animals and humans is based on laboratory confirmation. The reference techniques for post-mortem rabies diagnosis are still based on direct immunofluorescence and virus isolation, but molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, are increasingly being used and now constitute the principal tools for diagnosing rabies in humans and for epidemiological analyses. However, it remains a key challenge to obtain relevant specificity and sensitivity with these techniques while ensuring that the genetic diversity of lyssaviruses does not compromise detection. We developed a dual combined real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (combo RT-qPCR) method for pan-lyssavirus detection. This method is based on two complementary technologies: a probe-based (TaqMan) RT-qPCR for detecting the RABV species (pan-RABV RT-qPCR) and a second reaction using an intercalating dye (SYBR Green) to detect other lyssavirus species (pan-lyssa RT-qPCR). The performance parameters of this combined assay were evaluated with a large panel of primary animal samples covering almost all the genetic variability encountered at the viral species level, and they extended to almost all lyssavirus species characterized to date. This method was also evaluated for the diagnosis of human rabies on 211 biological samples (positive n = 76 and negative n = 135) including saliva, skin and brain biopsies. It detected all 41 human cases of rabies tested and confirmed the sensitivity and the interest of skin biopsy (91.5%) and saliva (54%) samples for intra-vitam diagnosis of human rabies. Finally, this method was successfully implemented in two rabies reference laboratories in enzootic countries (Cambodia and Morocco). This combined RT-qPCR method constitutes a relevant, useful, validated tool for the diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals, and represents a promising tool for lyssavirus surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Abdellah Faouzi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Cécile Troupin
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Jalal Nourlil
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Herve Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Massei G, Fooks AR, Horton DL, Callaby R, Sharma K, Dhakal IP, Dahal U. Free-Roaming Dogs in Nepal: Demographics, Health and Public Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:29-40. [PMID: 27334892 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Nepal, most dogs are free to roam and may transmit diseases to humans and animals. These dogs often suffer from malnutrition and lack basic health care. Minimal information is available about their demographics and about public attitudes concerning dogs and diseases. We carried out a study in Chitwan District (central Nepal), to collect baseline data on free-roaming owned dog demographics, assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of dog owners concerning dogs and rabies, evaluate rabies vaccination coverage and anthelmintic treatment of dogs, measure dogs' response to rabies vaccination and assess dog health through body condition scores and parasites. We conducted household interviews with owners of free-roaming female dogs (n = 60) and administered dogs with rabies vaccination and anthelmintics. Dog owners regularly fed free-roaming dogs but provided minimal health care; 42% of respondents did not claim ownership of the dog for which they provided care. We collected skin, faecal and blood samples for parasite identification and for measuring rabies virus-specific antibodies. Ninety-two per cent of dog owners were aware of the routes of rabies virus transmission, but only 35% described the correct post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following a dog bite. Twenty-seven per cent of the dogs had measurable rabies virus-specific antibody titres and 14% had received anthelmintics in the previous year. Following rabies vaccination, 97% of dogs maintained an adequate antibody titre for ≥6 months. Most dogs appeared healthy, although haemoprotozoans, endoparasites and ectoparasites were identified in 12%, 73% and 40% of the dogs, respectively. Poor skin condition and parasite load were associated. Seventy-four per cent of the females had litters in 1 year (mean litter size = 4.5). Births occurred between September and February; we estimated 60% mortality in puppies. We concluded that vaccination coverage, PEP awareness and anthelmintic treatment should be emphasized in educational programmes focussed on animal welfare, veterinary and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Massei
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, National Wildlife Management Centre, York, UK
| | - A R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Disease Research Group, Weybridge, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D L Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Disease Research Group, Weybridge, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - R Callaby
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, National Wildlife Management Centre, York, UK
| | - K Sharma
- Himalayan Animal Rescue Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - I P Dhakal
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agricultural and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur Chitwan, Nepal
| | - U Dahal
- Directorate of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Services, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Devleesschauwer B, Aryal A, Sharma BK, Ale A, Declercq A, Depraz S, Gaire TN, Gongal G, Karki S, Pandey BD, Pun SB, Duchateau L, Dorny P, Speybroeck N. Epidemiology, Impact and Control of Rabies in Nepal: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004461. [PMID: 26871689 PMCID: PMC4752342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral zoonosis belonging to the group of neglected tropical diseases. Exposure to a rabid animal may result in a fatal acute encephalitis if effective post-exposure prophylaxis is not provided. Rabies occurs worldwide, but its burden is disproportionately high in developing countries, including Nepal. We aimed to summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, impact and control of rabies in Nepal. Methods We performed a systematic review of international and national scientific literature and searched grey literature through the World Health Organization Digital Library and the library of the National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Nepal, and through searching Google and Google Scholar. Further data on animal and human rabies were obtained from the relevant Nepalese government agencies. Finally, we surveyed the archives of a Nepalese daily to obtain qualitative information on rabies in Nepal. Findings So far, only little original research has been conducted on the epidemiology and impact of rabies in Nepal. Per year, rabies is reported to kill about 100 livestock and 10–100 humans, while about 1,000 livestock and 35,000 humans are reported to receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. However, these estimates are very likely to be serious underestimations of the true rabies burden. Significant progress has been made in the production of cell culture-based anti-rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin, but availability and supply remain a matter of concern, especially in remote areas. Different state and non-state actors have initiated rabies control activities over the years, but efforts typically remained focalized, of short duration and not harmonized. Communication and coordination between veterinary and human health authorities is limited at present, further complicating rabies control in Nepal. Important research gaps include the reporting biases for both human and animal rabies, the ecology of stray dog populations and the true contribution of the sylvatic cycle. Interpretation Better data are needed to unravel the true burden of animal and human rabies. More collaboration, both within the country and within the region, is needed to control rabies. To achieve these goals, high level political commitment is essential. We therefore propose to make rabies the model zoonosis for successful control in Nepal. Rabies has been known as a deadly disease in Nepal for decades, but information on epidemiology, impact and control remains scattered. We collected and summarized information from a variety of sources, including scientific literature and government agencies. Only little original research has been conducted on the epidemiology and impact of rabies in Nepal, leaving many questions unanswered. Official reports show that each year 100 livestock and 10–100 humans die of rabies, but these numbers very likely underestimate the true rabies burden. Availability and supply of anti-rabies vaccines have remained suboptimal and rabies control activities have been hampered by a lack of collaboration and comprehensiveness. High level political commitment is essential to overcome these problems and to reduce the burden of rabies. We therefore propose to make rabies the model zoonosis for successful control in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Arjun Aryal
- Central Veterinary Hospital, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Barun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anita Ale
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anne Declercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Depraz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche - Contrôle des Maladies Animales, Exotiques et Émergentes (UMR CMAEE), CIRAD, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Tara Nath Gaire
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Gyanendra Gongal
- Disease Surveillance and Epidemiology, WHO Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra Karki
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Leprosy Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sher Bahadur Pun
- Clinical Research Unit, Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Patel AC, Upmanyu V, Ramasamy S, Gupta PK, Singh R, Singh RP. Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy. Virusdisease 2015; 26:288-96. [PMID: 26645040 PMCID: PMC4663707 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a cost effective quality vaccine is a key issue in rabies control programme in developing countries. With this perspective, in the present study, challenge virus standard (CVS)-11 strain of rabies virus was adapted to grow in BHK-21 cells, characterized, compared with other viruses including global vaccine strains and field isolates from Indian subcontinent and China at molecular level. This cell adapted virus was evaluated for the production of cost effective veterinary vaccine. The maximum virus titre achieved was 10(7) fluorescent focus unit (FFU)/mL at 10th passage level. There was no nucleotide difference in the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes after adaptation in cell line. Phylogenetic analysis showed that adapted virus was grouped with global vaccine strains, closest being with other CVS strains but distinct from the Indian field isolates. Global vaccine strains including cell adapted CVS-11 virus have 83-87 % identity at nucleotide level of G gene with Indian field viruses. Growth kinetics of cell culture adapted virus showed that the optimum virus titer (around 10(7) FFU/mL) could be obtained at around 48 h post infection by co-cultivation method using 0.1 multiplicity of infection inoculums at 37 °C. These findings can be used for up scaling of vaccine production. The protective efficacy of test vaccine produced using 10(6.95) FFU/mL cell culture harvest showed 1.17 IU/mL relative potency by NIH test. Further, adapted virus was found to be suitable for use in rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar C. Patel
- />Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - Vikramaditya Upmanyu
- />Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- />Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - Praveen Kumar Gupta
- />Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- />Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- />Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian rabies virus isolates targeting the complete glycoprotein gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:333-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Baby J, Mani RS, Abraham SS, Thankappan AT, Pillai PM, Anand AM, Madhusudana SN, Ramachandran J, Sreekumar S. Natural Rabies Infection in a Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus): A Report from India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003942. [PMID: 26201090 PMCID: PMC4511517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. It is a viral disease primarily affecting mammals, though all warm blooded animals are susceptible. Experimental rabies virus infection in birds has been reported, but naturally occurring infection of birds has been documented very rarely. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The carcass of a domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), which had been bitten by a stray dog one month back, was brought to the rabies diagnostic laboratory. A necropsy was performed and the brain tissue obtained was subjected to laboratory tests for rabies. The brain tissue was positive for rabies viral antigens by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) confirming a diagnosis of rabies. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleoprotein gene sequencing revealed that the rabies virus strain from the domestic fowl belonged to a distinct and relatively rare Indian subcontinent lineage. SIGNIFICANCE This case of naturally acquired rabies infection in a bird species, Gallus domesticus, being reported for the first time in India, was identified from an area which has a significant stray dog population and is highly endemic for canine rabies. It indicates that spill over of infection even to an unusual host is possible in highly endemic areas. Lack of any clinical signs, and fewer opportunities for diagnostic laboratory testing of suspected rabies in birds, may be the reason for disease in these species being undiagnosed and probably under-reported. Butchering and handling of rabies virus- infected poultry may pose a potential exposure risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Baby
- Chief Disease Investigation Office, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala, India
| | - Reeta Subramaniam Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Swapna Susan Abraham
- Chief Disease Investigation Office, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala, India
| | - Asha T. Thankappan
- Chief Disease Investigation Office, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ashwini Manoor Anand
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shampur Narayan Madhusudana
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sachin Sreekumar
- Veterinary Hospital, Koithoorkonam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ward MP, Hernández-Jover M. A generic rabies risk assessment tool to support surveillance. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:4-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
30
|
Horton DL, McElhinney LM, Freuling CM, Marston DA, Banyard AC, Goharrriz H, Wise E, Breed AC, Saturday G, Kolodziejek J, Zilahi E, Al-Kobaisi MF, Nowotny N, Mueller T, Fooks AR. Complex epidemiology of a zoonotic disease in a culturally diverse region: phylogeography of rabies virus in the Middle East. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003569. [PMID: 25811659 PMCID: PMC4374968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle East is a culturally and politically diverse region at the gateway between Europe, Africa and Asia. Spatial dynamics of the fatal zoonotic disease rabies among countries of the Middle East and surrounding regions is poorly understood. An improved understanding of virus distribution is necessary to direct control methods. Previous studies have suggested regular trans-boundary movement, but have been unable to infer direction. Here we address these issues, by investigating the evolution of 183 rabies virus isolates collected from over 20 countries between 1972 and 2014. We have undertaken a discrete phylogeographic analysis on a subset of 139 samples to infer where and when movements of rabies have occurred. We provide evidence for four genetically distinct clades with separate origins currently circulating in the Middle East and surrounding countries. Introductions of these viruses have been followed by regular and multidirectional trans-boundary movements in some parts of the region, but relative isolation in others. There is evidence for minimal regular incursion of rabies from Central and Eastern Asia. These data support current initiatives for regional collaboration that are essential for rabies elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Denise A Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hooman Goharrriz
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wise
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Breed
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories (NIAID, NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America; Formerly USAPHCR-Europe Laboratory Sciences, Veterinary Pathology, Landstuhl, Germany
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Zilahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhannad F Al-Kobaisi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to describe new features on the epidemiology of encephalitis world-wide. As this neurological presentation is most frequently related to transmitted viruses, surveillance of encephalitis is of major importance to detect their emergence or re-emergence. RECENT FINDINGS Rabies causes one of the most severe types of encephalitis as it is lethal in all cases, and it is endemic in some countries. It was thought that the virus had been eradicated in Western Europe, but it re-emerged in Greece and Italy. Physicians should be aware of this diagnosis in the case of severe encephalitis. Some viruses (Powassan, Nipah, and Hendra) are becoming endemic in some new parts of the world (USA and Australia). Because of their severity, they are healthcare concerns in those countries and for travelers (e.g. in Asia). Finally, a concept is emerging: herpes simplex virus is suspected to be a trigger for autoimmune encephalitis. This is of major importance for the future management of patients (corticosteroids early in the course of the disease?), and the epidemiology of sequelae. SUMMARY Encephalitis is a good marker for the detection of emerging infections. New findings about the relationship between herpes simplex virus encephalitis and autoimmune encephalitis open a new concept for a better management of patients.
Collapse
|
32
|
Reddy RVC, Mohana Subramanian B, Surendra KSNL, Babu RPA, Rana SK, Manjari KS, Srinivasan VA. Rabies virus isolates of India - simultaneous existence of two distinct evolutionary lineages. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:163-72. [PMID: 25077994 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of serious public health implication. The disease is enzootic in India. In the present study, thirty six rabies virus isolates were obtained from terrestrial mammals of India during 2002-2012. Ecto-domain coding region of the glycoprotein gene from all the isolates were sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis was performed in relation to the global rabies and rabies related virus isolates. The Indian isolates grouped into two distinctly separate lineages with majority of the Indian isolates in Arctic like 1 lineage and the remaining isolates in sub-continental lineage. Isolates of the two distinct lineages were identified simultaneously from the same geographical region. Time scaled phylogenetic tree indicated that the sub-continental lineage of the virus is one of the earliest clade of rabies virus that diverged from bat rabies virus. On the contrary, the Arctic-like 1 lineage of India appeared to be a more recent divergence event. The amino acid sequence comparison revealed that all the major antigenic sites were almost conserved among the Indian isolates whereas few amino acid variations could be identified around site IIa, minor site I and IV. The dN/dS study based on G ecto-domain is in support of the earlier reports of strong purifying selection. In conclusion, it is evident that the Indian rabies virus isolates are of two major distinct lineages with distant phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R V Chandrasekhar Reddy
- Research and Development Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, c/o Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
| | - B Mohana Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Chennai 600051, India
| | - K S N L Surendra
- Research and Development Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, c/o Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - R P Aravindh Babu
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Chennai 600051, India; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India
| | - S K Rana
- Research and Development Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, c/o Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - K Sunitha Manjari
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune 411007, India
| | - V A Srinivasan
- Advisor (Animal Health), National Dairy Development Board, 33, Telecom nagar, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India.
| |
Collapse
|