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Azevedo MDCS, Marques H, Binelli LS, Malange MSV, Devides AC, Fachin LRV, Soares CT, Belone ADFF, Rosa PS, Garlet GP, Trombone APF. B lymphocytes deficiency results in altered immune response and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae in a murine leprosy model. Cytokine 2023; 165:156184. [PMID: 36996537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic and infectious disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nervous system, presenting a wide spectrum of clinical forms with different degrees of severity. The distinct host immune response patters developed in the response to the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae, the leprosy etiologic agent, are associated with the spectral clinical forms and outcome of the disease. In this context, B cells are allegedly involved in the disease immunopathogenesis, usually as antibody-producing cells, but also as potential effector or regulatory elements. In order to determine the regulatory B cells role in experimental leprosy, this study evaluated the outcome of M. leprae infection in B cell deficient mice (BKO) and WT C57Bl/6 control, by means of microbiological/bacilloscopic, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis, performed 8 months after M. leprae inoculation. The results demonstrated that infected BKO showed a higher bacilli number when compared with WT animals, demonstrating the importance of these cells in experimental leprosy. The molecular analysis demonstrates that the expression of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β was significantly higher in the BKO footpads when compared to WT group. Conversely, there was no difference in IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 expression levels in BKO and WT groups. IL-17 expression was significantly higher in the lymph nodes of WT group. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that M1 (CD80+) cells counts were significantly lower in the BKO group, while no significant difference was observed to M2 (CD206+) counts, resulting a skewed M1/M2 balance. These results demonstrated that the absence of B lymphocytes contribute to the persistence and multiplication of M. leprae, probably due to the increased expression of the IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines, as well as a decrease in the number of M1 macrophages in the inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heloísa Marques
- Centro Universitário Sagrado Coração, UNISAGRADO - Bauru, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí - Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Binelli
- Centro Universitário Sagrado Coração, UNISAGRADO - Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda C Devides
- Centro Universitário Sagrado Coração, UNISAGRADO - Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo P Garlet
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo University - FOB/USP - Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Tarique M, Naz H, Suhail M, Turan A, Saini C, Muhammad N, Shankar H, Zughaibi TA, Khan TH, Khanna N, Sharma A. Differential expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on various immune cells and its role in human leprosy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138145. [PMID: 37153623 PMCID: PMC10161389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy patients have been found to have defects in T cells activation, which is critical to the clearance of the bacilli. Treg cell suppression is mediated by inhibitory cytokines such as IL10, IL-35 and TGF-β and its frequency is higher in leprosy patients. Activation and overexpression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor is considered to one of the pathways to inhibit T-cell response in human leprosy. In the current study we address the effect of PD-1 on Tregs function and its immuno-suppressive function in leprosy patients. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of PD-1 and its ligands on various immune cells T cells, B cells, Tregs and monocytes. We observed higher expression of PD-1 on Tregs is associated with lower production of IL-10 in leprosy patients. PD-1 ligands on T cells, B cells, Tregs and monocytes found to be higher in the leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in vitro blocking of PD-1 restores the Tregs mediated suppression of Teff and increase secretion of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Moreover, overexpression of PD-1 positively correlates with disease severity as well as Bacteriological Index (BI) among leprosy patients. Collectively, our data suggested that PD-1 overexpression on various immune cells is associated with disease severity in human leprosy. Manipulation and inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway on Tregs alter and restore the Treg cell suppression activity in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Turan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tabish H. Khan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Alpana Sharma,
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Degechisa ST, Dabi YT. Leptin Deficiency May Influence the Divergence of Cell-Mediated Immunity Between Lepromatous and Tuberculoid Leprosy Patients. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6719-6728. [PMID: 36536644 PMCID: PMC9758981 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s389845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by an intracellular bacillus bacterium called Mycobacterium leprae which lives and multiplies in the hosts' macrophages and Schwann cells. Depending on the degree of the host's cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response to the bacilli, the disease manifests itself in five clinical spectra ranging from polar tuberculoid (TT) to polar lepromatous leprosy (LL). A very high level of T helper 1 (Th1) driven bacilli-specific CMI is seen in the TT form, whereas this response is essentially nonexistent in the LL form. As a result, there is very low or absent bacillary load and localized nodular lesions in TT patients. On the contrary, LL patients presented with high bacillary load and generalized lesions due to low CMI response. The mechanism underlying this divergence of CMI response is not clearly elucidated yet. However, mounting evidence links it to an elevated number of Th1 and Th17 suppressing CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (Treg cells) which are abundantly found in LL than in TT patients. The predominance of these cells in LL patients is partly attributed to a deficiency of leptin, the cytokine-like peptide hormone, in these patients. Becausea normal level of leptin promotes the proliferation and preferential differentiation of effector T cells (Th1 and Th17) while inhibiting the growth and functional responsiveness of the Treg cells. In contrast, leptin deficiency or neutralization was reported to exert the opposite effect on Treg cells and effector T cells. Other smaller subsets of lymphocytes such as gamma delta (γδ) T cells and B regulatory cells are also modulated by leptin level in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Leptin may therefore regulate the divergence of CMI between TT and LL patients by regulating the homeostasis of effector T cells and Treg cells, and this review will examine the underlying mechanism for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Teka Degechisa
- Medical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Tsegaye Dabi
- Medical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Negera E, Bobosha K, Aseffa A, Dockrell HM, Lockwood DNJ, Walker SL. Regulatory T cells in erythema nodosum leprosum maintain anti-inflammatory function. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010641. [PMID: 35867720 PMCID: PMC9348709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The numbers of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increased in lepromatous leprosy (LL) but reduced in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), the inflammatory complication of LL. It is unclear whether the suppressive function of Tregs is intact in both these conditions.
Methods
A longitudinal study recruited participants at ALERT Hospital, Ethiopia. Peripheral blood samples were obtained before and after 24 weeks of prednisolone treatment for ENL and multidrug therapy (MDT) for participants with LL. We evaluated the suppressive function of Tregs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of participants with LL and ENL by analysis of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 responses to Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) stimulation before and after depletion of CD25+ cells.
Results
30 LL participants with ENL and 30 LL participants without ENL were recruited. The depletion of CD25+ cells from PBMCs was associated with enhanced TNFα and IFNγ responses to M. leprae stimulation before and after 24 weeks treatment of LL with MDT and of ENL with prednisolone. The addition of autologous CD25+ cells to CD25+ depleted PBMCs abolished these responses. In both non-reactional LL and ENL groups mitogen (PHA)-induced TNFα and IFNγ responses were not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells either before or after treatment. Depleting CD25+ cells did not affect the IL-10 response to M. leprae before and after 24 weeks of MDT in participants with LL. However, depletion of CD25+ cells was associated with an enhanced IL-10 response on stimulation with M. leprae in untreated participants with ENL and reduced IL-10 responses in treated individuals with ENL. The enhanced IL-10 in untreated ENL and the reduced IL-10 response in prednisolone treated individuals with ENL was abolished by addition of autologous CD25+ cells.
Conclusion
The findings support the hypothesis that the impaired cell-mediated immune response in individuals with LL is M. leprae antigen specific and the unresponsiveness can be reversed by depleting CD25+ cells. Our results suggest that the suppressive function of Tregs in ENL is intact despite ENL being associated with reduced numbers of Tregs. The lack of difference in IL-10 response in control PBMCs and CD25+ depleted PBMCs in individuals with LL and the increased IL-10 response following the depletion of CD25+ cells in individuals with untreated ENL suggest that the mechanism of immune regulation by Tregs in leprosy appears independent of IL-10 or that other cells may be responsible for IL-10 production in leprosy. The present findings highlight mechanisms of T cell regulation in LL and ENL and provide insights into the control of peripheral immune tolerance, identifying Tregs as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edessa Negera
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- World Health Organization, TDR, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana N. J. Lockwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
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Gomes de Castro KK, Lopes da Silva PH, Nahar dos Santos L, Leal JMP, de Pinho Pereira MM, Alvim IMP, Esquenazi D. Downmodulation of Regulatory T Cells Producing TGF-β Participates in Pathogenesis of Leprosy Reactions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:865330. [PMID: 35924037 PMCID: PMC9341400 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.865330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are an acute and systemic manifestation, which occurs suddenly, can be severe and lead leprosy patients to disability. Reactional episodes are observed among half of the multibacillary patients, mainly in borderline lepromatous and lepromatous forms. They may begin at any time during multidrug therapy, and even before the treatment. Physical disabilities, which are the source of extreme suffering and pain for patients, occur in progression of the cellular immune response associated with a reaction and are still poorly understood. Thus, this work aimed to phenotypically and functionally characterize CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells ex vivo and in response to Mycobacterium leprae (ML). We studied 52 individuals, including 18 newly diagnosed and untreated multibacillary leprosy patients, 19 reactional multibacillary patients (Type I or Type II episodes) and 15 healthy volunteers, included as controls, all residents of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The functional activity and frequencies of these cells were evaluated through multiparametric flow cytometry. In addition, the production of cytokines in supernatant from peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures was also investigated against ML by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed a decrease in CD4+TGF-β+ Treg and CD8+ TGF-β+ Treg in leprosy multibacillary patients during both types of reactional episodes. Alterations in the cytokine profile was also observed in Type II reactions, along with upregulation of IL-17 and IL-6 in supernatant. Thus, our study suggests that downregulation of Treg cells is related with both classes of reactional episodes, improving our understanding of immune hyporesponsiveness in multibacillary patients and hyperesponsiveness in both reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danuza Esquenazi
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Danuza Esquenazi
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Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Gandini M, de Souza CF, Medeiros RA, Lery LMS, Lara FA, de Macedo CS, Pessolani MCV, Pereira GMB. Modulation of the Response to Mycobacterium leprae and Pathogenesis of Leprosy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918009. [PMID: 35722339 PMCID: PMC9201476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial infection by the obligate intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae evolves to leprosy in a small subset of the infected individuals. Transmission is believed to occur mainly by exposure to bacilli present in aerosols expelled by infected individuals with high bacillary load. Mycobacterium leprae-specific DNA has been detected in the blood of asymptomatic household contacts of leprosy patients years before active disease onset, suggesting that, following infection, the bacterium reaches the lymphatic drainage and the blood of at least some individuals. The lower temperature and availability of protected microenvironments may provide the initial conditions for the survival of the bacillus in the airways and skin. A subset of skin-resident macrophages and the Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, two M. leprae permissive cells, may protect M. leprae from effector cells in the initial phase of the infection. The interaction of M. leprae with these cells induces metabolic changes, including the formation of lipid droplets, that are associated with macrophage M2 phenotype and the production of mediators that facilitate the differentiation of specific T cells for M. leprae-expressed antigens to a memory regulatory phenotype. Here, we discuss the possible initials steps of M. leprae infection that may lead to active disease onset, mainly focusing on events prior to the manifestation of the established clinical forms of leprosy. We hypothesize that the progressive differentiation of T cells to the Tregs phenotype inhibits effector function against the bacillus, allowing an increase in the bacillary load and evolution of the infection to active disease. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms described in other chronic inflammatory diseases are evaluated for potential application to the understanding of leprosy pathogenesis. A potential role for post-exposure prophylaxis of leprosy in reducing M. leprae-induced anti-inflammatory mediators and, in consequence, Treg/T effector ratios is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cabral
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rychelle Affonso Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Miranda Santos Lery
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Moura Batista Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Germano GV, Braga AF, Camargo RMD, Ballalai PB, Bezerra OC, Manta FSDN, Belone ADFF, Soares CT, Das PK, Moraes MO, Latini ACP, Brito de Souza VN. Association of CD209 (DC-SIGN) rs735240 SNV with paucibacillary leprosy in the Brazilian population and its functional effects. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220014. [PMID: 35703715 PMCID: PMC9190517 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is a public health problem in Brazil that affects peripheral nerves, resulting in physical disabilities. During host-pathogen interactions, the immune response determines leprosy outcomes from a localised (paucibacillary) form to a disseminated (multibacillary) form. The recognition of M. leprae involves the DC-SIGN receptor, which is present on the dendritic cells (DCs) and participates in immune activation. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the gene encoding DC-SIGN (CD209) and the clinical form of leprosy, and to investigate its functional effects. METHODS The study population included 406 leprosy patients from an endemic area in Brazil [310 multibacillary (MB); 96 paucibacillary (PB)]. A functional evaluation based on the effects of the single nucleotide variant (SNV) associated with PB leprosy on the specific immune response was also performed. RESULTS The GA genotype and the presence of the A allele of rs735240 (-939G>A) were associated with PB leprosy [OR: 2.09 (1.18-3.69) and 1.84 (1.07-3.14), respectively]. Carriers of the A allele showed reduced expression of CD209 and TGF-β1 in leprosy lesions in comparison with individuals with GG genotype, in addition to a higher response to the Mitsuda test. CONCLUSION These data suggest that rs735240 influences the immune response against M. leprae and clinical presentation of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Valle Germano
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.,Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - André Flores Braga
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.,Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Mendes de Camargo
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.,Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Ohanna Cavalcanti Bezerra
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hanseníase, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Pranab Kumar Das
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Immunology, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hanseníase, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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IL-21 plays an important role in modulating “Th17-Treg” cell axis in leprosy Type 1 reactions. Cytokine 2022; 152:155821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Jiang N, Su Z, Yuan Q, Lv L, Sang X, Chen R, Feng Y, Chen Q. Dihydroartemisinin beneficially regulates splenic immune cell heterogeneity through the SOD3-JNK-AP-1 axis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1636-1654. [PMID: 35226255 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory potential of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has recently been highlighted; however, the potential mechanism remains to be clarified. Single-cell RNA sequencing was explored in combination with cellular and biochemical approaches to elucidate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of DHA. In this study, we found that DHA induced both spleen enlargement and rearrangement of splenic immune cell subsets in mice. It was revealed that DHA promoted the reversible expansion of effective regulatory T cells and interferon-γ+ cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the spleen via induction of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) expression and increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and its downstream activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors. Further, SOD3 knockout mice were resistant to the regulatory effect of DHA. Thus, DHA, through the activation of the SOD3-JNK-AP-1 axis, beneficially regulated immune cell heterogeneity and splenic immune cell homeostasis to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ziwei Su
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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10
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Brito ACD, Oliveira CMMD, Unger DAA, Bittencourt MDJS. Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic update. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:129-144. [PMID: 34996655 PMCID: PMC9073256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is certainly one of the diseases considered to be ancient on planet Earth. The etiological agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This terrible bacterial infection still results in severe socioeconomic consequences to date, and its complete eradication represents a great challenge. It constitutes one of the most important public health problems in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, this infection results in more than 4,000 deaths daily worldwide, with 10.4 million being affected annually and 1.5 million deaths from TB every year. With the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the disease became the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare infection that represents 1% to 1.5% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, whose etiological agents are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and the attenuated form of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG vaccine). Cutaneous tuberculosis can be exogenous; endogenous: caused by contiguity or autoinoculation and by hematogenous spread; induced by the Calmette-Guérin bacillus and manifest as a tuberculid. The diagnosis of the infection is carried out through the direct test, culture, histopathology, tuberculin skin test, polymerase chain reaction, interferon-gamma release assay, and genotyping. Drugs used comprise isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol.
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Zheng Y, Xing HY, Zhu ZG, Zhu HH, Zhang F, Gao X, Gao J, Hu Q, Fang Y. Identification of sensitive indicators in immune response for leprosy affected patients: An observational clinical study of safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26744. [PMID: 34397815 PMCID: PMC8341344 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cured leprosy patients have special physical conditions, which could pose challenges for safety and immunogenicity after immunization. We performed an observational clinical study aimed to identify the safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in cured leprosy patients. A total of 65 participants from a leprosarium were recruited into leprosy cured group or control group, and received a 0.5 ml dose of the inactivated split-virion trivalent influenza vaccine and a follow-up 28 days proactive observation of any adverse events. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test was performed to evaluate serum antibody titer, flow cytometry was conducted to screen of cytokines level. The total rate of reactogenicity was 0.0% [0/41] in leprosy cured group and 37.5% [9/24] in control group. The seroconversion rate for H1N1 was difference between leprosy cured group and control group (41.83% vs 79.17%, P = .0082), but not for H3N2 (34.25% vs 50.00%, P = .4468). At day 0, leprosy cured group have relatively high concentration of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor, interferon-γ, and interleukin-17 compared to control group. The interleukin-2 concentration increased 2 weeks after vaccination compared to pre-vaccination in leprosy cured group, but declined in control group (0.92 pg/ml vs -0.02 pg/ml, P = .0147). Leprosy cured group showed a more rapid down-regulation of interleukin-6 when influenza virus was challenged compared to control group (-144.38 pg/ml vs -11.52 pg/ml, P < .0001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the immunization administration declined interleukin-17 concentration in Tuberculoid type subgroup, but not in Lepromatous type subgroup or control group. Clinically cured leprosy patients are relatively safe for influenza vaccine. Leprosy cured patient have immune deficit in producing antibody. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 were 2 sensitive indicators in immune response for leprosy affected patients. The identification of indicators might be help management of leprosy and used as predictive markers in leprosy early symptom monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Leprosy, Wuhan Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-yi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhu
- Department of Immunization, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhu
- Department of Immunization, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Leprosy, Wuhan Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Leprosy, Wuhan Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Leprosy, Wuhan Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Hu
- Department of Leprosy, Wuhan Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Capparelli R, Iannelli D. Genetics of Host Protection against Helicobacter pylori Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063192. [PMID: 33801073 PMCID: PMC8004045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review discusses the genetics of protection against Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. After a brief overview of the importance of studying infectious disease genes, we provide a detailed account of the properties of Hp, with a view to those relevant for our topic. Hp displays a very high level of genetic diversity, detectable even between single colonies from the same patient. The high genetic diversity of Hp can be evaded by stratifying patients according to the infecting Hp strain. This approach enhances the power and replication of the study. Scanning for single nucleotide polymorphisms is generally not successful since genes rarely work alone. We suggest selecting genes to study from among members of the same family, which are therefore inclined to cooperate. Further, extending the analysis to the metabolism would significantly enhance the power of the study. This combined approach displays the protective role of MyD88, TIRAP, and IL1RL1 against Hp infection. Finally, several studies in humans have demonstrated that the blood T cell levels are under the genetic control of the CD39+ T regulatory cells (TREGS).
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Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML) with diverse clinical manifestations, which are strongly correlated with the host's immune response. Skin lesions may be accompanied by peripheral neural damage, leading to sensory and motor losses, as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. We discuss this dichotomy in the light of current knowledge of cytokines, Th subpopulations and regulatory T cells taking part in each leprosy presentation. Leprosy reactions are associated with an increase in inflammatory activity both in limited and disseminated presentations, leading to a worsening of previous symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Despite the efforts of many research groups around the world, there is still no adequate serological test for diagnosis in endemic areas, hindering the eradication of leprosy in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Bianconcini Trindade
- Departamento de Patologia, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Imunodermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Saini C, Srivastava RK, Tarique M, Kurra S, Khanna N, Ramesh V, Sharma A. Elevated IL-6R on CD4 + T cells promotes IL-6 driven Th17 cell responses in patients with T1R leprosy reactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15143. [PMID: 32934336 PMCID: PMC7493991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells play vital role during pathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Previously, we have reported that IL-23 is involved in Th17 cells differentiation. Subsequently, our group also showed that IL-6 induces Th17 cell differentiation along with TGF-β in leprosy reactions. Here, we next asked the question that whether IL-6 or IL-23 induced Th17 cells are different in nature? In this study, Type 1 Reactions (T1R) showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher percentage of IL-17A producing CD4+IL6R+ T cells as compared to non-reaction (NR) patients. Furthermore, recombinant IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β promoted IL-17A secretion by CD4+IL6R+ T cells. Subsequently, IL-6R and IL-23R blocking experiments showed significantly (p < 0.002) down regulated IL-17A in T1R reaction as compared to NR leprosy patients. The present study for the first time establishes that pathogenic Th17 cells produce IL-17 in an IL-6 dependent manner in leprosy T1R reactions. Thus, present approaches that specifically target Th17 cells and/or the cytokines that promote their development, such as IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23A may provide more focused treatment strategies for the management of Mycobacterium leprae and its reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Tarique M, Naz H, Saini C, Suhail M, Shankar H, Khanna N, Sharma A. Association of IL-10 Gene Polymorphism With IL-10 Secretion by CD4 and T Regulatory Cells in Human Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1974. [PMID: 32849660 PMCID: PMC7424005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Cytokines are known to play vital role as a peacekeeper during inflammatory and other immunocompromised conditions such as leprosy. This study has tried to bridge the gap of information on cytokine gene polymorphisms and its potential role in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine, found to be elevated in leprosy that accounted for the suppression of host’s immune system by regulating the functions of other immune cells. T helper cells and T regulatory (Tregs) cells are the major source of IL-10 in lepromatous leprosy patients. In this study, we have documented the association of IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphism with the disease progression. A total of 132 lepromatous leprosy patients and 120 healthy controls were analyzed for IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms using PCR-SSP assay and flow cytometry was used to analyze IL-10 secretion by CD4 and Tregs in various genotype of leprosy patients. The frequencies of IL-10 (-819) TT and IL-10 (-1082) GG genotypes were significantly higher in leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls. This observation advocates that these genotypes were associated with the susceptibility and development of the disease. In addition, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an increased number of IL-10 producing CD4 and Treg cells in IL-10 (819) TT genotype compared to CT and CC genotypes. These observations were further supported by immunohistochemical studies. Therefore, we can conclude that IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms by affecting its production can determine the predilection and progression of leprosy in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hari Shankar
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR - National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32373110 PMCID: PMC7176874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has affected humans for more than 4,000 years and is a stigmatized disease even now. Since clinical manifestations of leprosy patients present as an immune-related spectrum, leprosy is regarded as an ideal model for studying the interaction between host immune response and infection; in fact, the landscape of leprosy immune responses has been extensively investigated. Meanwhile, leprosy is to some extent a genetic disease because the genetic factors of hosts have long been considered major contributors to this disease. Many immune-related genes have been discovered to be associated with leprosy. However, immunological and genetic findings have rarely been studied and discussed together, and as a result, the effects of gene variants on leprosy immune responses and the molecular mechanisms of leprosy pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized advances in both the immunology and genetics of leprosy and discussed the perspective of the combination of immunological and genetic approaches in studying the molecular mechanism of leprosy pathogenesis. In our opinion, the integrating of immunological and genetic approaches in the future may be promising to elucidate the molecular mechanism of leprosy onset and how leprosy develops into different types of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Queiroz EA, Medeiros NI, Mattos RT, Carvalho APM, Rodrigues-Alves ML, Dutra WO, Félix-Lana FC, Gomes JAS, Correa-Oliveira R. Immunological biomarkers of subclinical infection in household contacts of leprosy patients. Immunobiology 2019; 224:518-525. [PMID: 31109749 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hansen's disease (or leprosy) still persists as a serious public health issue. Its diagnosis is based primarily on the detection of clinical signs that are characteristic of the disease. Studies have pointed to the selection of a set of serological and cellular biomarkers of subclinical infection that result in an efficient diagnosis. The aim of this study was compare index cases and their household contacts to identify differentially expressed biomarkers of immune response in leprosy that could provide reliable evidence of subclinical infection in household contacts. The study population consisted of index cases with multibacillary form (IC, n = 13) and their household contacts (HC, n = 14). Serum cytokines and chemokines were quantified using the cytometric beads array (CBA) system. The humoral response was assessed by ELISA test. Flow cytometry was used to characterize the cellular immune response. Monocyte and CD4 + T lymphocytes frequency was significantly higher in IC. Both CD4+ and CD8 + T lymphocytes had a reduced CD25 expression in HC. The immunoglobulin (Ig)M profile anti- NDO-HSA, LID-1, and NDOLID antigens was significantly higher in IC. This study points to the monocyte and CD4+ lymphocyte frequency, as well as specific IgM profile, as predictors of subclinical infection in the household contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson A Queiroz
- Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafael T Mattos
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula M Carvalho
- Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marina L Rodrigues-Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana A S Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Escamilla-Tilch M, Pérez-Suárez TG, Torres-Carrillo NM, Rodríguez-Guillén R, Arenas-Guzmán R, Torres-Hernández M, Fafutis-Morris M, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-Garía I, García-Lechuga M, Granados J, Ramos-Payan R. Analysis of the rs2476601 polymorphism of PTPN22 in Mexican mestizo patients with leprosy. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:127-132. [PMID: 30675352 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a human chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), remains endemic in certain countries despite the use of multidrug therapy. Recently, several host genes modulating the immune responses to M. leprae infection have been suggested to influence the acquisition and clinical course of leprosy. Lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, serves a negative regulatory role in T cell activation. The non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 (1858C>T) has been associated with autoimmune diseases. Here, the present study investigated if rs2476601 polymorphism was associated with leprosy in a Mexican mestizo population. Genotyping was performed in patients with leprosy (n=189) and control subjects (n=231) from regions with higher incidence of leprosy. Genotypic (P=0.44) and allelic frequencies (P=0.45) of the rs2476601 polymorphism were similar between patients and controls; genotypic frequencies were 91 vs. 94% for CC and 9 vs. 6% for CT, and the TT genotype was absent in both groups. Allelic frequencies were 96 vs. 97% for C, and 4 vs. 3% for T. In the same way, the genotypic (P=0.46) and allelic frequencies (P=0.47) from MB patients and controls were similar. In conclusion, there was a lack of association of the PTPN22 rs2476601 polymorphism with the development of leprosy, which suggests that this SNP was not a genetic risk factor for leprosy in the Mexican mestizo population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Escamilla-Tilch
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 03100
| | - Thalía Gabriela Pérez-Suárez
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 03100
| | - Nora Magdalena Torres-Carrillo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Guillén
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000
| | | | - Marcela Torres-Hernández
- Hospital Regional de Psiquiatría, Héctor H. Tovar Acosta, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 14070
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340
| | - Iris Estrada-Garía
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340
| | - Maricela García-Lechuga
- Departamento de Trasplantes, División de Inmunogenética, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000
| | - Julio Granados
- Departamento de Trasplantes, División de Inmunogenética, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payan
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80010, México
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de Camargo RM, da Silva WL, Medeiros P, Belone ADFF, Latini ACP. Polymorphisms in the TGFB1 and IL2RA genes are associated with clinical forms of leprosy in Brazilian population. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180274. [PMID: 30540075 PMCID: PMC6287188 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, and compromises the skin and peripheral nerves. This disease has been classified as multibacillary (MB) or paucibacillary (PB) depending on the host immune response. Genetic epidemiology studies in leprosy have shown the influence of human genetic components on the disease outcomes. OBJECTIVES We conducted an association study for IL2RA and TGFB1 genes with clinical forms of leprosy based on two case-control samples. These genes encode important molecules for the immunosuppressive activity of Treg cells and present differential expressions according to the clinical forms of leprosy. Furthermore, IL2RA is a positional candidate gene because it is located near the 10p13 chromosome region, presenting a linkage peak for PB leprosy. METHODS A total of 885 leprosy cases were included in the study; 406 cases from Rondonópolis County (start population), a hyperendemic region for leprosy in Brazil, and 479 cases from São Paulo state (replication population), which has lower epidemiological indexes for the disease. We tested 11 polymorphisms in the IL2RA gene and the missense variant rs1800470 in the TGFB1 gene. FINDINGS The AA genotype of rs2386841 in IL2RA was associated with the PB form in the start population. The AA genotype of rs1800470 in TGFB1 was associated with the MB form in the start population, and this association was confirmed for the replication population. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated, for the first time, an association data with the PB form for a gene located on chromosome 10. In addition, we reported the association of TGFB1 gene with the MB form. Our results place these genes as candidates for validation and replication studies in leprosy polarisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mendes de Camargo
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Weber Laurentino da Silva
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Priscila Medeiros
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Carla Pereira Latini
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Saini C, Kumar P, Tarique M, Sharma A, Ramesh V. Regulatory T cells antagonize proinflammatory response of IL-17 during cutaneous tuberculosis. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:377-388. [PMID: 30319283 PMCID: PMC6168067 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s172878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical forms of cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) consist of a spectrum that reflects the host's immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis; it provides an ideal model to study the immunological dysregulation in humans. IL-17 plays an important role in initial immune response and is involved in both immune-mediated protection and pathology during M. tuberculosis infection. TGF-β producing regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are high in leprosy patients and responsible for immune suppression. However, in CTB, the involvement of Tregs and Th17 remains unevaluated. Objective To study the role of proinflammatory Th17 and Treg cells in the human CTB. Methods Blood and skin biopsies of CTB patients and healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. Flow cytometric analysis of IL-17, FOXP3, and TGF-β in blood was done followed by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded skin sections. Expression of IFN-γ, TGF-β, and IL-17 was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results We found significant (P<0.0002) lower expression of proinflammatory IL-17 and IFN-γ (P<0.01) in CTB skins as compared to HC. However, the frequency of TGF-β producing Treg cells was found to be high in CTB patients (P<0.001) as compared to HC. A similar type of profile was observed by flow cytometric analysis. Treg cells produced suppressive cytokine TGF-β which showed a positive correlation with FOXP3 gene expression. Conclusion Our study found an increase in lineage-specific CD4+ Tregs in CTB as compared to the HC individuals. Such cells secrete TGF-β, a suppressive cytokine and may play a role in negatively regulating the T-cell immune responses in CTB. In addition, Tregs with TGF-β may downregulate Th17 cell responses leading to the antigen-specific anergy associated with CTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, all India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, all India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, .,Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kota, India
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, all India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, all India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,
| | - Venkatesh Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India,
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21
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Tarique M, Naz H, Kurra SV, Saini C, Naqvi RA, Rai R, Suhail M, Khanna N, Rao DN, Sharma A. Interleukin-10 Producing Regulatory B Cells Transformed CD4 +CD25 - Into Tregs and Enhanced Regulatory T Cells Function in Human Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1636. [PMID: 30083152 PMCID: PMC6065098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are known to exhibit their regulatory functions through interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine which suppress inflammation. There are only a few studies explaining the phenotype and functioning of these cells in contribution to host immunity in leprosy. Here, we evaluated the role of IL-10 producing Bregs in the pathogenesis of leprosy and assessed their immunoregulatory effects on Tregs and effector T cells. We found an increased frequency of Bregs and increased expression of their immune modulatory molecules (IL-10, FoxP3, and PDL-1) in leprosy patients. The potential immunoregulatory mechanism of Bregs was also investigated using MACS sorted Teff (CD4+CD25−) and Treg (CD4+CD25+) cells were cocultured with Bregs to elucidate the effects of Bregs on effector T and regulatory T cells. Cell coculture results showed that purified Bregs cells from leprosy patients convert CD4+CD25− cells into CD4+CD25+ cells. Cell coculture experiments also demonstrated that leprosy derived IL-10 producing Bregs enhance FoxP3 and PD-1 expression in Tregs and enhanced Tregs activity. Blocking of IL-10 receptor confirmed that IL-10 producing Breg has immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells as effector T cells are not converted into Tregs and enhanced expression of FoxP3 and PD-1 was not observed on Tregs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-10 producing Breg cells play an important mechanism in controlling the immunopathogenesis of leprosy and have an immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells. Our findings may pave way for novel targets of IL-10 producing Bregs for immunotherapy in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh V Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Donthamshetty N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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22
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Saini C, Tarique M, Ramesh V, Khanna N, Sharma A. γδ T cells are associated with inflammation and immunopathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Immunol Lett 2018; 200:55-65. [PMID: 30006101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy reactions appear episodically in leprosy patients, which lead to high inflammation, morbidity and peripheral nerve damage. The role of Th17 cell has been well studied in leprosy reactions but the role of γδ or unconventional T cells which is an other major source of IL-17 in many diseases, not studied in leprosy reactional episodes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study to elucidate the role of γδ T cells in leprosy reactions. METHODOLOGY A total of 40 untreated non-reaction and reactions patients were recruited. PBMCs were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae sonicated antigen (MLSA) for 48 h and immuno-phenotyping was done using flow cytometry. Moreover, γδ T cells were isolated by Magnetic beads technology and mRNA expression of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β and FOXP3 were analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and cytokine was estimated in the culture supernatant by ELISA. RESULTS γδ T cells were significantly increased in both Reversal reaction (RR) and Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction patients. These cells produced significant amount of IL-17 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, CD3+TCRγδ+ T cells expressed transient FOXP3 with a low amount of TGF-β in both reactions as compared to stable patients. Moreover, low TGF-β producing TCR-γδ cells were associated with low phosphorylation of STAT5A. CONCLUSION This study will add to our understanding of the immunological features that mediate and regulate the pathogenesis of leprosy and may helpful to reduce the immuno-pathogenesis of leprosy reaction by targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Dermatology and Venereology SJH, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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23
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Ai G, Yan W, Yu H, Xiao F, Xi D, Ma K, Huang J, Luo X, Wan X, Ning Q. Soluble Fgl2 restricts autoimmune hepatitis progression via suppressing Tc17 and conventional CD8+ T cell function. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3023. [PMID: 29756667 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ai
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Haijing Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Dong Xi
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Qin Ning
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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24
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Costa MB, Hungria EM, Freitas AA, Sousa ALOM, Jampietro J, Soares FA, Stefani MMA. In situ T regulatory cells and Th17 cytokines in paired samples of leprosy type 1 and type 2 reactions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196853. [PMID: 29883464 PMCID: PMC5993234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a complex chronic, infectious dermato-neurological disease that affects the skin and peripheral nerves especially during immuno-inflammatory episodes known as type 1/T1R and type 2/T2R reactions. This study investigated the in situ expression of CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells and TGF-β1, IFN-γ, IL-17 in leprosy T1R and T2R. Tregs were evaluated in 114 skin biopsies from 74 leprosy patients: 56 T1R (28-paired reaction-free/reactional biopsies, 28 unpaired T1R), 18 T2R (12 paired reaction-free/reactional biopsies, 6 unpaired T2R). Double CD25+Foxp3+immunostained Treg cells obtained by automated platform (Ventana BenchMark XT, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) were counted (Nikon Eclipse E400 2mm2). Cytokine expression was evaluated by immunostaining in 96 biopsies (48 paired reaction-free/reactional lesions, 24 T1R, 24 T2R) using rabbit polyclonal anti human TGF-β1, IFN-γ, IL-17 antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology CA, USA). Treg cell counts in leprosy reactional lesions were higher compared to reaction-free (p = 0.002). Treg numbers were higher in T1R compared to paired unreactional T1R lesions (p = 0.001). Similar frequency of Treg was seen in paired reactional versus unreactional T2R lesions. Higher expression of TGF-β, IFN-γ and IL-17 was seen in T2R lesions compared to T1R and reaction-free lesions. The increase in Treg cells during T1R suggests a suppressive role to control the exacerbated cellular immune response during T1R that can cause tissue and nerve damage. Evidences of upregulated Treg cells in TR1, which usually occurs in patients with Th1-Th17 immunity and the indications of the expression of Th17/IL-17 in T2R, which develops in patients with Th2-Treg profile, suggest plasticity of Treg-Th17 cells populations and a potential role for these cell populations in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Barcelos Costa
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Emerith Mayra. Hungria
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aline Araújo. Freitas
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia O. M. Sousa
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliano Jampietro
- Hospital A.C. Camargo, Centro Internacional de Pesquisa, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Soares
- Rede D'Or Hospitals Network, Anatomic Pathology Department, São Paulo, Brazil
- General Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry—University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane M. A. Stefani
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Sadhu S, Mitra DK. Emerging Concepts of Adaptive Immunity in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:604. [PMID: 29686668 PMCID: PMC5900054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic intracellular infection caused by the acid-fast bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. The disease chiefly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. The damage to peripheral nerves results in sensory and motor impairment with characteristic deformities and disability. Presently, the disease remains concentrated in resource-poor countries in tropical and warm temperate regions with the largest number of cases reported from India. Even though innate immunity influences the clinical manifestation of the disease, it is the components of adaptive immune system which seem to tightly correlate with the characteristic spectrum of leprosy. M. leprae-specific T cell anergy with bacillary dissemination is the defining feature of lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients in contrast to tuberculoid leprosy (TT) patients, which is characterized by strong Th1-type cell response with localized lesions. Generation of Th1/Th2-like effector cells, however, cannot wholly explain the polarized state of immunity in leprosy. A comprehensive understanding of the role of various regulatory T cells, such as Treg and natural killer T cells, in deciding the polarized state of T cell immunity is crucial. Interaction of these T cell subsets with effector T cells like Th1 (IFN-γ dominant), Th2 (interluekin-4 dominant), and Th17 (IL-17+) cells through various regulatory cytokines and molecules (programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1) may constitute key events in dictating the state of immune polarization, thus controlling the clinical manifestation. Studying these important components of the adaptive immune system in leprosy patients is essential for better understanding of immune function, correlate(s) the immunity and mechanism(s) of its containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Sadhu
- Department of Transplant Immunology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.,Department of Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.,Department of Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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26
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Salgado CG, Pinto P, Bouth RC, Gobbo AR, Messias ACC, Sandoval TV, Dos Santos AMR, Moreira FC, Vidal AF, Goulart LR, Barreto JG, da Silva MB, Frade MAC, Spencer JS, Santos S, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â. miRNome Expression Analysis Reveals New Players on Leprosy Immune Physiopathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 29593724 PMCID: PMC5854644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy remains as a public health problem and its physiopathology is still not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA non-coding that can interfere with mRNA to regulate gene expression. A few studies using DNA chip microarrays have explored the expression of miRNA in leprosy patients using a predetermined set of genes as targets, providing interesting findings regarding the regulation of immune genes. However, using a predetermined set of genes restricted the possibility of finding new miRNAs that might be involved in different mechanisms of disease. Thus, we examined the miRNome of tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients using both blood and lesional biopsies from classical leprosy patients (LP) who visited the Dr. Marcello Candia Reference Unit in Sanitary Dermatology in the State of Pará and compared them with healthy subjects. Using a set of tools to correlate significantly differentially expressed miRNAs with their gene targets, we identified possible interactions and networks of miRNAs that might be involved in leprosy immunophysiopathology. Using this approach, we showed that the leprosy miRNA profile in blood is distinct from that in lesional skin as well as that four main groups of genes are the targets of leprosy miRNA: (1) recognition and phagocytosis, with activation of immune effector cells, where the immunosuppressant profile of LL and immunoresponsive profile of TT are clearly affected by miRNA expression; (2) apoptosis, with supportive data for an antiapoptotic leprosy profile based on BCL2, MCL1, and CASP8 expression; (3) Schwann cells (SCs), demyelination and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), supporting a role for different developmental or differentiation gene families, such as Sox, Zeb, and Hox; and (4) loss of sensation and neuropathic pain, revealing that RHOA, ROCK1, SIGMAR1, and aquaporin-1 (AQP1) may be involved in the loss of sensation or leprosy pain, indicating possible new therapeutic targets. Additionally, AQP1 may also be involved in skin dryness and loss of elasticity, which are well known signs of leprosy but with unrecognized physiopathology. In sum, miRNA expression reveals new aspects of leprosy immunophysiopathology, especially on the regulation of the immune system, apoptosis, SC demyelination, EMT, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Raquel Carvalho Bouth
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Cunha Messias
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Josafá Gonçalves Barreto
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia Espacial (LabEE), Campus Castanhal, UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Moisés Batista da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Divisão de Dermatologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - John Stewart Spencer
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
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27
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Lima HR, Gasparoto TH, de Souza Malaspina TS, Marques VR, Vicente MJ, Marcos EC, Souza FC, Nogueira MRS, Barreto JA, Garlet GP, da Silva JS, Brito-de-Souza VN, Campanelli AP. Immune Checkpoints in Leprosy: Immunotherapy As a Feasible Approach to Control Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1724. [PMID: 29312289 PMCID: PMC5732247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy remains a health problem in several countries. Current management of patients with leprosy is complex and requires multidrug therapy. Nonetheless, antibiotic treatment is insufficient to prevent nerve disabilities and control Mycobacterium leprae. Successful infectious disease treatment demands an understanding of the host immune response against a pathogen. Immune-based therapy is an effective treatment option for malignancies and infectious diseases. A promising therapeutic approach to improve the clinical outcome of malignancies is the blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a wide range of inhibitory or regulatory pathways that are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the immune response. Programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, and lymphocyte-activation gene-3 are the most important immune checkpoint molecules. Several pathogens, including M. leprae, are supposed to utilize these mechanisms to evade the host immune response. Regulatory T cells and expression of co-inhibitory molecules on lymphocytes induce specific T-cell anergy/exhaustion, leading to disseminated and progressive disease. From this perspective, we outline how the co-inhibitory molecules PD-1, PD-L1, and Th1/Th17 versus Th2/Treg cells are balanced, how antigen-presenting cell maturation acts at different levels to inhibit T cells and modulate the development of leprosy, and how new interventions interfere with leprosy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayana Ramos Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thaís Helena Gasparoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius Rizzo Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marina Jurado Vicente
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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28
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de Sousa JR, Sotto MN, Simões Quaresma JA. Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1635. [PMID: 29234318 PMCID: PMC5712391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease whose evolution involves complex immune mechanisms of the host that influence the clinical presentation of the disease. For many years, the main interpretation of the host defense response was based on characterization of the established immune paradigm between T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 lymphocytes. However, with advances in the knowledge of immunology, new approaches have emerged along with the development of new immunological pathways that have changed the interpretation of the long-established paradigm of the polar forms of the disease, especially with the identification of new subtypes of T lymphocytes such as Th9, Th17, Th22, and Tregs. Thus, this review discusses the role of these new subtypes of T helper lymphocytes and how the development of the immune response of these cells modifies the pattern of the Th1/Th2 response in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirian Nacagami Sotto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sao Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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29
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Regulatory T cells: Friends or foe in human Mycobacterium leprae infection? Immunobiology 2017; 223:397-404. [PMID: 29150026 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to control immune responses by suppressing the antigen-presenting and effector T cells. Some mechanisms adopted by Tregs in combating Mycobacterium infections have been proposed. Nevertheless, in M. leprae infection, also known as leprosy or Hansen's disease, the role of Tregs has not been completely elucidated. Using multicolor flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression of different cell surface and intracellular molecules present in Tregs from peripheral blood samples of leprosy patients. Before initiating treatment, thirteen new cases of leprosy were grouped according to the Ridley-Jopling classification in to the paucibacilary (PB) or multibacilary (MB) group. Fifteen non-infected individuals (NI) were included as control subjects. Tregs were higher in the MB group than in the NI group. Tregs also co-expressed high amounts of PD1 and PDL-1, indicating that these cells could induce apoptosis of effector cells and simultaneously prevent their own apoptosis. Our data showed that compared to the NI group, Tregs from the PB group expressed higher levels of CD95L, which may be associated with other apoptotic pathways that may decrease Tregs in these patients. Correlation analysis reinforced that PD1 and CD95L are efficient apoptosis' pathway that decreased levels of Tregs in the NI and PB groups. We also observed significant differences in cytokine expression of Tregs from the PB and MB groups. Compared to the NI group, Tregs from the MB group showed higher IL-17 expression; however, compared to the PB group, the expression of IL-10 in Tregs from the MB group was lower, suggesting inefficient control of inflammation. Therefore, we concluded that different pathways were involved in Treg-induced suppression of leprosy. Moreover, Treg-mediated regulation of inflammation via IL-10 and IL-17 expression in leprosy patients was inefficient. Thus, we propose that during M. leprae infection, Tregs may impair the immune responses elicited against this bacillus, favor bacterial replication, and aid in persistence of a disseminated multibacillary disease.
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Negera E, Walker SL, Bobosha K, Howe R, Aseffa A, Dockrell HM, Lockwood DN. T-cell regulation in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006001. [PMID: 28991896 PMCID: PMC5648259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae where the clinical spectrum correlates with the patient immune response. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) is an immune-mediated inflammatory complication, which causes significant morbidity in affected leprosy patients. The underlying cause of ENL is not conclusively known. However, immune-complexes and cell-mediated immunity have been suggested in the pathogenesis of ENL. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory T-cells in patients with ENL. Forty-six untreated patients with ENL and 31 non-reactional lepromatous leprosy (LL) patient controls visiting ALERT Hospital, Ethiopia were enrolled to the study. Blood samples were obtained before, during and after prednisolone treatment of ENL cases. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and used for immunophenotyping of regulatory T-cells by flow cytometry. Five markers: CD3, CD4 or CD8, CD25, CD27 and FoxP3 were used to define CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T-cells. Clinical and histopathological data were obtained as supplementary information. All patients had been followed for 28 weeks. Patients with ENL reactions had a lower percentage of CD4+ regulatory T-cells (1.7%) than LL patient controls (3.8%) at diagnosis of ENL before treatment. After treatment, the percentage of CD4+regulatory T-cells was not significantly different between the two groups. The percentage of CD8+ regulatory T-cells was not significantly different in ENL and LL controls before and after treatment. Furthermore, patients with ENL had higher percentage of CD4+ T-ells and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio than LL patient controls before treatment. The expression of CD25 on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was not significantly different in ENL and LL controls suggesting that CD25 expression is not associated with ENL reactions while FoxP3 expression on CD4+ T-cells was significantly lower in patients with ENL than in LL controls. We also found that prednisolone treatment of patients with ENL reactions suppresses CD4+ T-cell but not CD8+ T-cell frequencies. Hence, ENL is associated with lower levels of T regulatory cells and higher CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio. We suggest that this loss of regulation is one of the causes of ENL. Leprosy reactions (Type 1 and 2) are important causes of nerve damage and illness. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) also called type 2 reaction is a severe systemic immune-mediated complication of borderline and lepromatous leprosy. ENL causes high morbidity and thus requires immediate medical attention. We recruited 77 untreated patients with lepromatous leprosy (46 patients with ENL reactions and 31 patients without ENL reactions) in Ethiopia to better define the immune regulation process in patients with ENL reactions. We took blood samples at 3 time points (before, during and after prednisolone treatment) and measured regulatory T-cells at each time point. Patients with ENL reactions had a lower percentage of CD4+ regulatory T-cells than in non-reactional LL patient controls before treatment. Patients with ENL reactions had higher percentage of CD4+ T- cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio than LL patient controls before treatment. These experiments indicate the need to explore ways of restoring regulatory T-cells in patients with ENL reactions to control the undesired outcome of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edessa Negera
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana N. Lockwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
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Azevedo MDCS, Marques H, Binelli LS, Malange MSV, Devides AC, Silva EA, Fachin LRV, Ghidella CC, Soares CT, Garlet GP, Rosa PS, Belone ADFF, Trombone APF. Simultaneous analysis of multiple T helper subsets in leprosy reveals distinct patterns of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs markers expression in clinical forms and reactional events. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:429-439. [PMID: 28875310 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Previous studies have demonstrated that the difference among clinical forms of leprosy can be associated with the immune response of patients, mainly by T helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Then, aiming at clarifying the immune response, the expression of cytokines related to Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs profiles were evaluated by qPCR in 87 skin biopsies from leprosy patients. Additionally, cytokines and anti-PGL-1 antibodies were determined in serum by ELISA. The results showed that the expression of various targets (mRNA) related to Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs were significantly modulated in leprosy when compared with healthy individuals, suggesting the presence of a mixed profile. In addition, the targets related to Th1 predominated in the tuberculoid pole and side and Th2 and Tregs predominated in the lepromatous pole and side; however, Th17 targets showed a mixed profile. Concerning reactional events, Tregs markers were decreased and IL-15 was increased in reversal reaction and IL-17F, CCL20 and IL-8 in erythema nodosum leprosum, when compared with the respective non-reactional leprosy patients. Additionally, ELISA analysis demonstrated that IL-22, IL-6, IL-10 and anti-PGL-1 antibody levels were significantly higher in the serum of patients when compared with healthy individuals, and IL-10 and anti-PGL-1 antibodies were also increased in the lepromatous pole and side. Together, these results indicate that Th1, Th2 and Th17 are involved in the determination of clinical forms of leprosy and suggest that decreased Tregs activity may be involved in the pathogenesis of reactional events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heloisa Marques
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, 17.011-160, Brazil
| | - Larissa Sarri Binelli
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, 17.011-160, Brazil
| | - Mariana Silva Vieira Malange
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, 17.011-160, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carreira Devides
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, 17.011-160, Brazil
| | - Eliane Aparecida Silva
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 225/226, Bauru, São Paulo, 17034-971, Brazil
| | - Luciana Raquel Vincenzi Fachin
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 225/226, Bauru, São Paulo, 17034-971, Brazil
| | - Cassio Cesar Ghidella
- Centro de Referência de Hanseníase e Tuberculose, Rua Pedro Guimarães s/n, Bairro Santa Cruz, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, 78710-760, Brazil
| | - Cleverson Teixeira Soares
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 225/226, Bauru, São Paulo, 17034-971, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sammarco Rosa
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 225/226, Bauru, São Paulo, 17034-971, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Favaro Trombone
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, 17.011-160, Brazil.
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Stephen-Victor E, Bosschem I, Haesebrouck F, Bayry J. The Yin and Yang of regulatory T cells in infectious diseases and avenues to target them. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - Iris Bosschem
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
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Increased IL-35 producing Tregs and CD19+IL-35+ cells are associated with disease progression in leprosy patients. Cytokine 2017; 91:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Saini C, Tarique M, Rai R, Siddiqui A, Khanna N, Sharma A. T helper cells in leprosy: An update. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:61-66. [PMID: 28235552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient disease caused by gram positive, rod shaped bacilli called Mycobacterium leprae. Patients present with varied clinico-pathological disease depending on the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Thus tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients represent two ends of a spectrum where the former shows limited disease, high T cell mediate immune (CMI) response and low antibody (HI) levels in serum. In contrast the latter has low T cell and high humoral immune response i.e antibody levels. The mechanisms underlying these differences have been investigated intensely; however, there is no consensus on the primary immunological basis. Over three decades, Th1 and Th2 paradigm were thought to underling tuberculoid and lepromatous disease respectively. However many patients were shown to have mixed Th1/Th2 pattern of (IFN-γ/IL-4) cytokines. The present review was undertaken with a view to understand the T cells and cytokine dysregulation in leprosy. In recent years the sub classes of T cells that are Regulatory in nature (Treg) have been implicated in immune diseases where they were shown to suppress T cell functions. Additionally Th17 cells secreting IL-17A, IL17F, were implicated in immune inflammation. Taken together these regulatory cells may play a part in influencing immune responses in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Tarique M, Saini C, Naqvi RA, Khanna N, Sharma A, Rao DN. IL-12 and IL-23 modulate plasticity of FoxP3 + regulatory T cells in human Leprosy. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:72-81. [PMID: 28110210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a bacterial disease caused by M. leprae. Its clinical spectrum reflects the host's immune response to the M. leprae and provide an ideal model to investigate the host pathogen interaction and immunological dysregulation. Tregs are high in leprosy patients and responsible for immune suppression of the host by producing IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines. In leprosy, plasticity of Tregs remain unstudied. This is the first study describing the conversion of Tregs into Th1-like and Th17-like cells using in vitro cytokine therapy in leprosy patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae antigen (MLCwA), rIL-12 and rIL-23 for 48h. Expression of FoxP3 in CD4+CD25+ Tregs, intracellular cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-17 in Tregs cells were evaluated by flow cytometry (FACS) after stimulation. rIL-12 treatment increases the levels of pStat4 in Tregs and IFN-γ production. In the presence of rIL-23, pStat3+ and IL-17A+ cells increase. rIL-12 and r-IL-23 treatment downregulated the FoxP3 expression, IL-10 and TGF-β production by Tregs and enhances the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). In conclusion rIL-12 converts Tregs into IFN-γ producing cells through STAT-4 signaling while rIL-23 converts Tregs into IL-17 producing cells through STAT-3 signaling in leprosy patients. This study may helpful to provide a new avenue to overcome the immunosuprression in leprosy patients using in vitro cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India; GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
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Park AJ, Rendini T, Martiniuk F, Levis WR. Leprosy as a model to understand cancer immunosurveillance and T cell anergy. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:47-54. [PMID: 27106673 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ru1215-537rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that presents on a spectrum of both clinical manifestations and T cell response. On one end of this spectrum, tuberculoid leprosy is a well-controlled disease, characterized by a cell-mediated immunity and immunosurveillance. On the opposite end of the spectrum, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by M. leprae proliferation and T cell anergy. Similar to progressive tumor cells, M. leprae escapes immunosurveillance in more severe forms of leprosy. The mechanisms by which M. leprae is able to evade the host immune response involve many, including the alterations of lipid droplets, microRNA, and Schwann cells, and involve the regulation of immune regulators, such as the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4, programmed death 1, and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation-important targets in today's cancer immunotherapies. The means by which tumor cells become able to escape immunosurveillance through negative checkpoint regulators are evidenced by the successes of treatments, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab. Many parallels can be drawn between the immune responses seen in leprosy and cancer. Therefore, the understanding of how M. leprae encourages immune escape during proliferative disease states has potential to add to our understanding of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Park
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tina Rendini
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
| | | | - William R Levis
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
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Abdallah M, Attia EAS, Saad AA, El-Khateeb EA, Lotfi RA, Abdallah M, El-Shennawy D. Serum Th1/Th2 and macrophage lineage cytokines in leprosy; correlation with circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T-regs cells. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:742-7. [PMID: 25109693 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Not only macrophages, T-helper (Th)1 and Th2, but also CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T-regs) are involved in immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. We aimed to evaluate serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-12p70 (macrophage cytokines), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (Th1 cytokine), IL-4 (Th2 cytokine) and circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T-regs, in untreated leprosy patients. Forty three patients and 40 controls were assessed for the mentioned cytokines using ELISA. Patients were assessed for circulating T-regs using flow cytometry. Patients were subgrouped into tuberculoid (TT), pure neural leprosy (PNL), borderline cases, lepromatous (LL), type 1 reactional leprosy (RL1) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Serum IL-12p70, IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly higher in patients versus controls (P < 0.05). Serum IL-4 was highest in LL and lowest in RL1 (P = 0.003). Serum IL-1β levels was significantly higher in multibacillary versus paucibacillary patients (P = 0.006). Significantly higher T-regs levels was detected in TT, RL1 and PNL, while the lowest levels in ENL(P < 0.001), with significant differences versus controls (P < 0.05). FoxP3 expression% was significantly lower in PNL than other patients and controls (P < 0.05). T-regs/T-effs was lowest in ENL(P < 0.05). IFN-γ correlated positively with T-regs but negatively with IL-1β (P = 0.041&0.046 respectively), which correlated positively with T-effs%( P = 0.05). IL-4 correlated positively with T-regs FoxP3 expression% (P = 0.009). We concluded that: Circulating T-regs were increased in TT, RL1 and PNL patients, known of relatively high cell-mediated immunity. This finding was supported by low FoxP3 expression (in PNL) and correlation between T-regs count and IFN-γ level. Overproduction of IL-4 in LL may infer liability to develop ENL, with disease progression and immune hyperactivation, marked by deficient T-regs and increased T-regs FoxP3 expression%. IL-1β probably has a pro-inflammatory role in multibacillary patients as correlated with T-effs%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abdallah
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Saini C, Siddiqui A, Ramesh V, Nath I. Leprosy Reactions Show Increased Th17 Cell Activity and Reduced FOXP3+ Tregs with Concomitant Decrease in TGF-β and Increase in IL-6. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004592. [PMID: 27035913 PMCID: PMC4818038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 50% of leprosy patients suffer from episodes of Type 1/ reversal reactions (RR) and Type 2/ Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) reactions which lead to morbidity and nerve damage. CD4+ subsets of Th17 cells and CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to play a major role in disease associated immunopathology and in stable leprosy as reported by us and others. The aim of our study was to analyze their role in leprosy reactions. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Quantitative reverse transcribed PCR (qPCR), flowcytometry and ELISA were used to respectively investigate gene expression, cell phenotypes and supernatant levels of cytokines in antigen stimulated PBMC cultures in patients with stable disease and those undergoing leprosy reactions. Both types of reactions are associated with significant increase of Th17 cells and associated cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-23 and chemokines CCL20, CCL22 as compared to matching stable forms of leprosy. Concurrently patients in reactions show reduction in FOXP3+ Treg cells as well as reduction in TGF-β and increase in IL-6. Moreover, expression of many T cell markers, cytokines, chemokines and signaling factors were observed to be increased in RR as compared to ENL reaction patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with leprosy reactions show an imbalance in Th17 and Treg populations. The reduction in Treg suppressor activity is associated withhigherTh17cell activity. The combined effect of reduced TGF-β and enhanced IL-6, IL-21 cytokines influence the balance between Th17 or Treg cells in leprosy reactions as reported in the murine models and autoimmune diseases. The increase in Th17 cell associated cytokines may contribute to lesional inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR) Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Indira Nath
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR) Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Vieira AP, Trindade MÂB, Pagliari C, Avancini J, Sakai-Valente NY, Duarte AJDS, Benard G. Development of Type 2, But Not Type 1, Leprosy Reactions is Associated with a Severe Reduction of Circulating and In situ Regulatory T-Cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:721-7. [PMID: 26903606 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is frequently complicated by the appearance of reactions that are difficult to treat and are the main cause of sequelae. We speculated that disturbances in regulatory T-cells (Tregs) could play a role in leprosy reactions. We determined the frequency of circulating Tregs in patients with type 1 reaction (T1R) and type 2 reaction (T2R). The in situ frequency of Tregs and interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF)-β-expressing cells was also determined. T2R patients showed markedly lower number of circulating and in situ Tregs than T1R patients and controls. This decrease was paralleled by increased in situ IL-17 expression but decreased TGF-β expression. Biopsies from T1R and T2R patients before the reaction episodes showed similar number of forkhead box protein P3+ (FoxP3+) and IL-17+ cells. However, in biopsies taken during the reaction, T2R patients showed a decrease in Tregs and increase in IL-17+ cells, whereas T1R patients showed the opposite: Tregs increased but IL-17+ cells decreased. We also found decreased expansion of Tregs upon in vitro stimulation with Mycobacterium leprae and a trend for lower expression of FoxP3 and the immunosuppressive molecule cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) in T2R Tregs. Our results provide some evidence to the hypothesis that, in T2R, downmodulation of Tregs may favor the development of T-helper-17 responses that characterize this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Ângela Bianconcini Trindade
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Avancini
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neusa Yurico Sakai-Valente
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State Health Department, Health Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sadhu S, Khaitan BK, Joshi B, Sengupta U, Nautiyal AK, Mitra DK. Reciprocity between Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells: Relevance to Polarized Immunity in Leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004338. [PMID: 26751584 PMCID: PMC4709061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell defect is a common feature in lepromatous or borderline lepromatous leprosy (LL/BL) patients in contrast to tuberculoid or borderline tuberculoid type (TT/BT) patients. Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by strong Th1-type cell response with localized lesions whereas lepromatous leprosy is hallmarked by its selective Mycobacterium leprae specific T cell anergy leading to disseminated and progressive disease. FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells (Treg) which are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases also dampen proinflammatory T cells that include T helper 17 (Th17) cells. This study is aimed at evaluating the role of Treg cells in influencing other effector T cells and its relationship with the cytokine polarized state in leprosy patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from of BT/TT (n = 15) and BL/LL (n = 15) patients were stimulated with M. leprae antigen (WCL) in presence of golgi transport inhibitor monensin for FACS based intracellular cytokine estimation. The frequency of Treg cells showed >5-fold increase in BL/LL in comparison to BT/TT and healthy contacts. These cells produced suppressive cytokine, IL-10 in BL/LL as opposed to BT/TT (p = 0.0200) indicating their suppressive function. The frequency of Th17 cells (CD4, CD45RO, IL-17) was, however, higher in BT/TT. Significant negative correlation (r = -0.68, P = 0.03) was also found between IL-10 of Treg cells and IL-17+ T cells in BL/LL. Blocking IL-10/TGF-β restored the IL-17+ T cells in BL/LL patients. Simultaneously, presence of Th17 related cytokines (TGF-β, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-23) decreased the number of FoxP3+ Treg cells concomitantly increasing IL-17 producing CD4+ cells in lepromatous leprosy. Higher frequency of Programmed Death-1/PD-1+ Treg cells and its ligand, PDL-1 in antigen presenting cells (APCs) was found in BL/LL patients. Inhibition of this pathway led to rescue of IFN-γ and IL-17 producing T cells. Results indicate that Treg cells are largely responsible for the kind of immunosuppression observed in BL/LL patients. This study also proves that Treg cells are profoundly affected by the cytokine milieu and this property may be utilized for benefit of the host. Polarized T cell response (Th1/Th2 biased) to Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is believed to be a critical element in the pathogenesis of leprosy and its varied clinical manifestations. However, immune response at the pathologic sites of leprosy is an extremely complex process, particularly in the light of recently evidenced heterogeneity of T cell subsets. FoxP3 positive regulatory T cells (Treg) are one of the most potent hierarchic cell types suppressing the effector T cell function with eventual regulation of immune response elicited by the host during intracellular infections. This study shows the recovery of the cell mediated response by CD4+ T cells by inhibiting the suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β and also by blocking of the Programmed Death-1 pathway in cells isolated from lepromatous leprosy patients. Reversal of IL-17 immune response was also achieved by modulating the cytokine milieu of in vitro cell culture and hence provides us cues to counter the M. leprae unresponsiveness in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Sadhu
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Beenu Joshi
- Immunology Division, National Jalma Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, ICMR, Agra, India
| | - Utpal Sengupta
- Stanley Browne Research Laboratory, The Leprosy Mission, Shahdara, New Delhi, India
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Li N, Xie C, Lu NH. Transforming growth factor-β: an important mediator in Helicobacter pylori-associated pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:77. [PMID: 26583078 PMCID: PMC4632021 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helical bacillus that specifically colonizes the gastric mucosa. The interaction of virulence factors, host genetic factors, and environmental factors contributes to the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated conditions, such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Infection with H. pylori has recently been recognized as the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer. As a pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulates various biological processes, including cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Recent studies have shed new light on the involvement of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection. This review focuses on the potential etiological roles of TGF-β in H. pylori-mediated gastric pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, China
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Boer MC, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Regulatory T-Cells at the Interface between Human Host and Pathogens in Infectious Diseases and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26029205 PMCID: PMC4426762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of Tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. Moreover, Tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. Thus, Treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infections and vaccinations. Though Tregs protect the human host against excessive inflammation, they probably also increase the risk of pathogen persistence and chronic disease, and the possibility of disease reactivation later in life. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, are among the most ancient microbes known to mankind, and are master manipulators of the immune system toward tolerance and pathogen persistence. The majority of mycobacterial infections occur in settings co-endemic for viral, parasitic, and (other) bacterial coinfections. In this paper, we discuss recent insights in the activation and activity of Tregs in human infectious diseases, with emphasis on early, late, and non-specific effects in disease, coinfections, and vaccination. We highlight mycobacterial infections as important models of modulation of host responses and vaccine-induced immunity by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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Braga WMT, da Silva BR, de Carvalho AC, Maekawa YH, Bortoluzzo AB, Rizzatti EG, Atanackovic D, Colleoni GWB. FOXP3 and CTLA4 overexpression in multiple myeloma bone marrow as a sign of accumulation of CD4(+) T regulatory cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:1189-97. [PMID: 25099367 PMCID: PMC4209089 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) development involves a series of genetic abnormalities and changes in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, favoring the growth of the tumor and failure of local immune control. T regulatory (Treg) cells play an important role in dampening anti-tumor immune responses while T-helper-17 (Th17) cells seem to be critical for the eradication of malignant cells. The aim of our study was to characterize the expression of Treg- and Th17-related genes in total myeloma BM samples to assess their role as biomarkers, prognostic factors, and possible therapeutic targets in this incurable disease. Methods Expression of markers for Treg (FOXP3, CTLA4) and Th17 cells (RORγt) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in BM aspirates of 46 MM patients, four patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, five solitary plasmacytomas, and five healthy BM donors. Gene expression was evaluated regarding an influence on the patients’ overall survival (OS). Results FOXP3 and CTLA4 presented a sixfold (p = 0.02) and 30-fold higher expression (p = 0.03), respectively, in MM patients than in controls. RORγt expression was similar in MM patients and controls. Median OS of MM patients was 16.8 (range 4.5–29.1) months, and international staging system was the only independent prognostic factor for patients survival. Conclusions Overexpression of FOXP3 and CTLA4 in total BM samples suggests a local accumulation of immunosuppressive Tregs, the MM tumor environment, possibly dampening anti-tumor host immune responses. Therapeutic approaches targeting Treg cells and restoring local anti-tumor immunity may provide new treatment strategies for this incurable malignancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00262-014-1589-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Moises Tobias Braga
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo [UNIFESP], Rua Diogo de Faria, 824, 5º andar, Hemocentro, São Paulo, CEP 04037-003 Brazil
| | - Bruna Raphaeli da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo [UNIFESP], Rua Diogo de Faria, 824, 5º andar, Hemocentro, São Paulo, CEP 04037-003 Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo [UNIFESP], Rua Diogo de Faria, 824, 5º andar, Hemocentro, São Paulo, CEP 04037-003 Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gisele Wally Braga Colleoni
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo [UNIFESP], Rua Diogo de Faria, 824, 5º andar, Hemocentro, São Paulo, CEP 04037-003 Brazil
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Bobosha K, Wilson L, van Meijgaarden KE, Bekele Y, Zewdie M, van der Ploeg- van Schip JJ, Abebe M, Hussein J, Khadge S, Neupane KD, Hagge DA, Jordanova ES, Aseffa A, Ottenhoff THM, Geluk A. T-cell regulation in lepromatous leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2773. [PMID: 24722473 PMCID: PMC3983090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known for their role in maintaining self-tolerance and balancing immune reactions in autoimmune diseases and chronic infections. However, regulatory mechanisms can also lead to prolonged survival of pathogens in chronic infections like leprosy and tuberculosis (TB). Despite high humoral responses against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients have the characteristic inability to generate T helper 1 (Th1) responses against the bacterium. In this study, we investigated the unresponsiveness to M. leprae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of LL patients by analysis of IFN-γ responses to M. leprae before and after depletion of CD25+ cells, by cell subsets analysis of PBMC and by immunohistochemistry of patients' skin lesions. Depletion of CD25+ cells from total PBMC identified two groups of LL patients: 7/18 (38.8%) gained in vitro responsiveness towards M. leprae after depletion of CD25+ cells, which was reversed to M. leprae-specific T-cell unresponsiveness by addition of autologous CD25+ cells. In contrast, 11/18 (61.1%) remained anergic in the absence of CD25+ T-cells. For both groups mitogen-induced IFN-γ was, however, not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells. In M. leprae responding healthy controls, treated lepromatous leprosy (LL) and borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT) patients, depletion of CD25+ cells only slightly increased the IFN-γ response. Furthermore, cell subset analysis showed significantly higher (p = 0.02) numbers of FoxP3+ CD8+CD25+ T-cells in LL compared to BT patients, whereas confocal microscopy of skin biopsies revealed increased numbers of CD68+CD163+ as well as FoxP3+ cells in lesions of LL compared to tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy (TT/BT) lesions. Thus, these data show that CD25+ Treg cells play a role in M. leprae-Th1 unresponsiveness in LL. Leprosy is a curable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) that affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is manifested in different forms ranging from self-healing, tuberculoid leprosy (TT) with low bacillary load and high cellular immunity against M. leprae, to lepromatous leprosy (LL) with high bacillary load and high antibody titers to M. leprae antigens. However, LL patients have poor cell mediated response against M. leprae leading to delayed clearance of the bacilli. A possible explanation for this bacterial persistence could lie in the presence of more regulatory cells at infection sites and in peripheral blood. This study shows the recovery of the cell mediated response by depletion of CD25+ cells in a subset of LL patients, while another patient subset was not affected similarly. Moreover, an increased frequency of FoxP3+ T cells together with anti-inflammatory macrophages was observed in LL patients' skin biopsies. Thus, these data show that CD25+ Treg cells play a role in M. leprae-unresponsiveness in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Bobosha
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis Wilson
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Hussein
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Saraswoti Khadge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kapil D. Neupane
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deanna A. Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ekaterina S. Jordanova
- The Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Free University Amsterdam, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute and ALERT hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- The Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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