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Cheng H, Zhang H, Zhang H, Cai H, Liu M, Yu M, Xiang M, Wen S, Ren J. An improved system to generate recombinant canine distemper virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:162. [PMID: 38678249 PMCID: PMC11055280 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pathogen with the capability of cross-species transmission. It has crossed the species barrier to infect many other species, and its host range is expanding. The reverse genetic platform, a useful tool for scientific research, allows the generation of recombinant viruses from genomic cDNA clones in vitro. METHODS To improve the reverse genetic system of CDV, a plasmid containing three independent expression cassettes was constructed for co-expression of the N, P, and L genes and then transfected with a full-length cDNA clone of CDV into Vero cells. RESULTS The results indicated that the established rescue system has the advantages of being more convenient, easy to control the transfection ratio, and high rescue efficiency compared with the conventional reverse genetics system. CONCLUSION This method not only reduces the number of transfection plasmids, but also improves the rescue efficiency of CDV, which could provide a reference for the recovery of other morbilliviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Cheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luo Yang, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Huayun Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanchang Cai
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingen Yu
- Research and Development Department, Hangzhou Goodhere Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Xiang
- Research and Development Department, Hangzhou Goodhere Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, China.
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Lin J, Li Y, Lyu L, Wang Q, Zhang H, Ni B, Liu F. Recovery of Two Replication-Competent Canine Distemper Viruses That Separately Express Dabie Bandavirus Gn and Gc. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:845845. [PMID: 35433907 PMCID: PMC9008723 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.845845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis with a high mortality rate in humans. Additionally, dogs are frequently reported to be infected with this disease. There has been no commercially available vaccine for humans and animals as yet. The SFTS is caused by Dabie bandavirus (DBV), formerly known as SFTS virus. The DBV is now classified into the genus Bandavirus in the family Phenuiviridae. DBV Gn and Gc can induce specific immune responses in vivo. In this study, we used reverse genetics technique to construct two recombinant canine distemper viruses (rCDVs), rCDV-Gn and -Gc, which could express Gn and Gc in vitro, respectively. Both of the recombinants, derived from a common parental CDV, were independently subjected to twenty serial passages in cells for Sanger sequencing. Neither point mutation nor fragment deletion was found in the Gn open reading frame (ORF), whereas the rCDV-Gc showed a nonsynonymous mutation (A157C) in the Gc ORF, correspondingly resulting in a mutation of amino acid (T53P) in the Gc. Growth curve of the rCDV-Gc almost coincided with that of a wild-type CDV, but exhibited a significant difference from that of the rCDV-Gn. Much research remains to be performed to demonstrate whether both recombinants are able of inducing specific immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Liangpeng Lyu
- Qingdao Workstation of Animal Husbandry, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Fuxiao Liu
| | - Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Bo Ni
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Liu F, Lin J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Shan H. Recovery of Recombinant Canine Distemper Virus That Expresses CPV-2a VP2: Uncovering the Mutation Profile of Recombinant Undergoing 50 Serial Passages In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:770576. [PMID: 35096636 PMCID: PMC8795682 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.770576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper and canine parvoviral enteritis are infections caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), respectively. They are two common infectious diseases that cause high morbidity and mortality in affected dogs. Combination vaccines have been broadly used to protect dogs from infections of CDV, CPV-2, and other viruses. VP2 is the most abundant protein of the CPV-2 capsid. It elicits potent immunity in animals and, therefore, is widely used for designing subunit antigen-based vaccines. In this study, we rescued a recombinant CDV (QN vaccine strain) using reverse genetics. The recombinant CDV (rCDV-VP2) was demonstrated to express stably the VP2 in cells for at least 33 serial passages in vitro. Unfortunately, a nonsense mutation was initially identified in the VP2 open reading frame (ORF) at passage-34 (P34) and gradually became predominant in rCDV-VP2 quasispecies with passaging. Neither test strip detection nor indirect immunofluorescence assay demonstrated the expression of the VP2 at P50. The P50 rCDV-VP2 was subjected to next-generation sequencing, which totally identified 17 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), consisting of 11 transitions and 6 transversions. Out of the 17 SNVs, 1 and 9 were identified as nonsense and missense mutations, respectively. Since the nonsense mutation arose in the VP2 ORF as early as P34, an earlier rCDV-VP2 progeny should be selected for the vaccination of animals in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan, ; Fuxiao Liu,
| | - Jiahui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan, ; Fuxiao Liu,
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Wang B, Li S, Qiao Y, Fu Y, Nie J, Jiang S, Yao X, Pan Y, Zhao L, Wu C, Shi Y, Yin Y, Shan Y. Self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles coupled with linear sequences from canine distemper virus haemagglutinin protein elicit robust immune responses. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:32. [PMID: 35012571 PMCID: PMC8744384 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper virus (CDV), which is highly infectious, has caused outbreaks of varying scales in domestic and wild animals worldwide, so the development of a high-efficiency vaccine has broad application prospects. Currently, the commercial vaccine of CDV is an attenuated vaccine, which has the disadvantages of a complex preparation process, high cost and safety risk. It is necessary to develop a safe and effective CDV vaccine that is easy to produce on a large scale. In this study, sequences of CDV haemagglutinin (HA) from the Yanaka strain were aligned, and three potential linear sequences, termed YaH3, YaH4, and YaH5, were collected. To increase the immunogenicity of the epitopes, ferritin was employed as a self-assembling nanoparticle element. The ferritin-coupled forms were termed YaH3F, YaH4F, and YaH5F, respectively. A full-length HA sequence coupled with ferritin was also constructed as a DNA vaccine to compare the immunogenicity of nanoparticles in prokaryotic expression. RESULT The self-assembly morphology of the proteins from prokaryotic expression was verified by transmission electron microscopy. All the proteins self-assembled into nanoparticles. The expression of the DNA vaccine YaHF in HEK-293T cells was also confirmed in vitro. After subcutaneous injection of epitope nanoparticles or intramuscular injection of DNA YaHF, all vaccines induced strong serum titres, and long-term potency of antibodies in serum could be detected after 84 days. Strong anti-CDV neutralizing activities were observed in both the YaH4F group and YaHF group. According to antibody typing and cytokine detection, YaH4F can induce both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. The results of flow cytometry detection indicated that compared with the control group, all the immunogens elicited an increase in CD3. Simultaneously, the serum antibodies induced by YaH4F and YaHF could significantly enhance the ADCC effect compared with the control group, indicating that the antibodies in the serum effectively recognized the antigens on the cell surface and induced NK cells to kill infected cells directly. CONCLUSIONS YaH4F self-assembling nanoparticle obtained by prokaryotic expression has no less of an immune effect than YaHF, and H4 has great potential to become a key target for the easy and rapid preparation of epitope vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Changchun Xinuo BioTechnology Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130015, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yi Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Linye Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Congmei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
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5
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Freitas-Mesquita AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Stage-Specific Class I Nucleases of Leishmania Play Important Roles in Parasite Infection and Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:769933. [PMID: 34722348 PMCID: PMC8554303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoans of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of an important neglected tropical disease referred to as leishmaniasis. During their lifecycle, the parasites can colonize the alimentary tract of the sand fly vector and the parasitophorous vacuole of the mammalian host, differentiating into distinct stages. Motile promastigotes are found in the sand fly vector and are transmitted to the mammalian host during the insect blood meal. Once in the vertebrate host, the parasites differentiate into amastigotes and multiply inside macrophages. To successfully establish infection in mammalian hosts, Leishmania parasites exhibit various strategies to impair the microbicidal power of the host immune system. In this context, stage-specific class I nucleases play different and important roles related to parasite growth, survival and development. Promastigotes express 3’-nucleotidase/nuclease (3’-NT/NU), an ectoenzyme that can promote parasite escape from neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-mediated death through extracellular DNA hydrolysis and increase Leishmania-macrophage interactions due to extracellular adenosine generation. Amastigotes express secreted nuclease activity during the course of human infection that may be involved in the purine salvage pathway and can mobilize extracellular nucleic acids available far from the parasite. Another nuclease expressed in amastigotes (P4/LmC1N) is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of the parasite and may be involved in mRNA stability and DNA repair. Homologs of this class I nuclease can induce protection against infection by eliciting a T helper 1-like immune response. These immunogenic properties render these nucleases good targets for the development of vaccines against leishmaniasis, mainly because amastigotes are the form responsible for the development and progression of the disease. The present review aims to present and discuss the roles played by different class I nucleases during the Leishmania lifecycle, especially regarding the establishment of mammalian host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Leocadio Freitas-Mesquita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Liu F, Lin J, Wang Q, Shan H. Rescue of recombinant canine distemper virus that expresses S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in vitro. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105108. [PMID: 34324997 PMCID: PMC8312057 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as an unprecedented pandemic, has rapidly spread around the globe. Its etiological agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae. The viral S1 subunit has been demonstrated to have a powerful potential in inducing protective immune responses in vivo. Since April 2020, farmed minks were frequently reported to be infected with the SARS-CoV-2 in different countries. Unfortunately, there has been no available veterinary vaccine as yet. In this study, we used reverse genetics to rescue a recombinant canine distemper virus (CDV) that could express the SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit in vitro. The S1 subunit sequence was demonstrated to be relatively stable in the genome of recombinant CDV during twenty serial viral passages in cells. However, due to introduction of the S1 subunit sequence into CDV genome, this recombinant CDV grew more slowly than the wild-type strain did. The genomic backbone of recombinant CDV was derived from a virulence-attenuating strain (QN strain). Therefore, if able to induce immune protections in minks from canine distemper and COVID-19 infections, this recombinant would be a potential vaccine candidate for veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Jiahui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Viral Pathogenesis, Recombinant Vaccines, and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Applications of the Canine Distemper Virus Reverse Genetics System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030339. [PMID: 32244946 PMCID: PMC7150803 DOI: 10.3390/v12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen transmissible to a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic carnivores. Despite the availability of attenuated vaccines against CDV, the virus remains responsible for outbreaks of canine distemper (CD) with significant morbidity and mortality in domesticated and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV uses the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, or CD150) and nectin-4 (PVRL4) as entry receptors, well-known tumor-associated markers for several lymphadenomas and adenocarcinomas, which are also responsible for the lysis of tumor cells and apparent tumor regression. Thus, CDV vaccine strains have emerged as a promising platform of oncolytic viruses for use in animal cancer therapy. Recent advances have revealed that use of the CDV reverse genetic system (RGS) has helped increase the understanding of viral pathogenesis and explore the development of recombinant CDV vaccines. In addition, genetic engineering of CDV based on RGS approaches also has the potential of enhancing oncolytic activity and selectively targeting tumors. Here, we reviewed the host tropism and pathogenesis of CDV, and current development of recombinant CDV-based vaccines as well as their use as oncolytic viruses against cancers.
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Chen C, Zhou M, Yan XG, Chen YX, Cui M, Chen HC, Fu ZF, Zhao L. A recombinant canine distemper virus expressing interleukin-7 enhances humoral immunity. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:602-615. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-geng Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi-xi Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Cui
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huan-chun Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhen-fang Fu
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
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Iborra S, Solana JC, Requena JM, Soto M. Vaccine candidates against leishmania under current research. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:323-334. [PMID: 29589966 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1459191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for vaccines to prevent human leishmaniasis is an active field of investigation aimed to prevent the devastating effects of this family of diseases on human health. The design and commercialization of several vaccines against canine leishmaniasis is a hopeful advance toward the achievement of a human vaccine. AREAS COVERED This review includes a summary of the most relevant immunological aspects accompanying leishmaniasis in natural hosts as well as a description of the latest advances in the multiple strategies that are being followed to develop leishmanial prophylactic vaccines. We have combined citations of the latest specialized reviews with research articles presenting the most recent results. EXPERT COMMENTARY Achieving safe, effective, durable and low-cost prophylactic vaccines against leishmaniasis is still a major challenge. These vaccines should control not only parasite progression, but also the accompanying pathology, which results from an imbalanced interaction between the infectious agent and the human host immune system. Different strategies for development of vaccines are currently under investigation. They range from the use of live non-pathogenic vectors to the employment of subunit vaccines combined with adjuvants and/or delivery systems inducing cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Iborra
- a Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) , Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory , Madrid , Spain.,b School of Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Carlos Solana
- c Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1 , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - José María Requena
- c Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1 , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- c Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1 , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Didwania N, Shadab M, Sabur A, Ali N. Alternative to Chemotherapy-The Unmet Demand against Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1779. [PMID: 29312309 PMCID: PMC5742582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected protozoan disease that mainly affects the tropical as well as subtropical countries of the world. The primary option to control the disease still relies on chemotherapy. However, a hindrance to treatments owing to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, enormous side effects of the drugs, their high cost, and requirement of long course hospitalization has added to the existing problems of leishmaniasis containment program. This review highlights the prospects of immunotherapy and/or immunochemotherapy to address the limitations for current treatment measures for leishmaniasis. In addition to the progress in alternate therapeutic strategies, the possibility and advances in developing preventive measures against the disease have been pointed. The review highlights our recent understandings of the protective immunology that can be exploited to develop an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis. Moreover, an update on the approaches that have evolved over the recent years are predominantly focused to overcome the current challenges in developing immunotherapeutic as well as prophylactic antileishmanial vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Didwania
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Md Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Abdus Sabur
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Comparative Assessment of Induced Immune Responses Following Intramuscular Immunization with Fusion and Cocktail of LeIF, LACK and TSA Genes Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:55-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Morbillivirus Experimental Animal Models: Measles Virus Pathogenesis Insights from Canine Distemper Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100274. [PMID: 27727184 PMCID: PMC5086610 DOI: 10.3390/v8100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. Thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. Since the Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. This review compares the cellular tropism, pathogenesis, mechanisms of persistence and immunosuppression of the Measles virus (MeV) and CDV. It then summarizes the contributions made by studies on the CDV in dogs and ferrets to our understanding of MeV pathogenesis and to vaccine and drugs development.
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Schaut RG, Grinnage-Pulley TL, Esch KJ, Toepp AJ, Duthie MS, Howard RF, Reed SG, Petersen CA. Recovery of antigen-specific T cell responses from dogs infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum by use of vaccine associated TLR-agonist adjuvant. Vaccine 2016; 34:5225-5234. [PMID: 27665354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, is a fatal disease of dogs and humans. Protection against VL requires a T helper 1 (Th1) skewed CD4+ T response, but despite this knowledge, there are currently no approved-to-market vaccines for humans and only three veterinary-use vaccines globally. As VL progresses from asymptomatic to symptomatic, L. infantum-specific interferon gamma (IFNγ) driven-Th1 responses become dampened and a state of immune exhaustion established. T cell exhaustion and other immunoregulatory processes, starting during asymptomatic disease, are likely to hinder vaccine-induced responses if vaccine is administered to infected, but asymptomatic and seronegative, individuals. In this study we evaluated how immune exhaustion, shown previously by our group to worsen in concert with VL progression, effected the capacity of vaccine candidate antigen/toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist combinations to promote protective CD4+ T cell responses during progressive VL. In conjunction with Th1 responses, we also evaluated concomitant stimulation of immune-balanced IL-10 regulatory cytokine production by these vaccine products in progressive VL canine T cells. Vaccine antigen L111f in combination with TLR agonists significantly recovered CD4+ T cell IFNγ intracellular production in T cells from asymptomatic VL dogs. Vaccine antigen NS with TLR agonists significantly recovered CD4+ T cell production in both endemic control and VL dogs. Combinations of TLR agonists and vaccine antigens overcame L. infantum induced cellular exhaustion, allowing robust Th1 CD4+ T cell responses from symptomatic dogs that previously had dampened responses to antigen alone. Antigen-agonist adjuvants can be utilized to promote more robust vaccine responses from infected hosts in endemic areas where vaccination of asymptomatic, L. infantum-infected animals is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Tara L Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin J Esch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | | | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
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14
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Fakhraee F, Badiee A, Alavizadeh SH, Jalali SA, Chavoshian O, Khamesipour A, Mahboudi F, Jaafari MR. Coadminstration of L. major amastigote class I nuclease (rLmaCIN) with LPD nanoparticles delays the progression of skin lesion and the L. major dissemination to the spleen in BALB/c mice-based experimental setting. Acta Trop 2016; 159:211-8. [PMID: 27060774 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease caused by eukaryotic single-celled Leishmania species, the developmental program of which relies upon blood-feeding adult female sand flies and their dominant mammal blood sources, namely wild rodents in area where human beings exert more or less transient activities. The recourse to model rodents - namely laboratory mice such as C57BL/6 mice - has allowed extracted the immune signatures that account for the healing of the transient cutaneous lesion that develops at the site where Leishmania major promastigotes were delivered. Indeed, if the latter mice are exposed to a second inoculum of L. major promastigotes, no lesion will develop in the secondary skin site remodeled as a niche for a low size intracellular L. major amastigote population. Moreover, IFN-γ dominates over IL-10 in the supernatant of cultures of PBMCs -prepared from blood sampled from human beings who healed from a cutaneous lesion- and incubated with L. major class I Nuclease LmaCIN, a protein highly expressed in the cell-cycling amastigote population which is dominant by macrophages. Altogether, these datasets were strong incentive to promote research aimed to design and monitor efficacy of L. major amastigote protein-based vaccines in pre-clinical settings. Using L. major enzyme class I nuclease (LmaCIN) expressed in the L. major cell-cycling amastigote population hosted by macrophages, BALB/c mice were immunized three times with either rLmaCIN plus LPD nanoparticles (LPD-rLmaCIN), or rLmaCIN-CpG DNA or free rLmaCIN and dextrose. The following parameters: footpad swelling, splenic L. major load, L. major binding IgGs and cytokine profiles of rLmaCIN- reactive T lymphocytes were then compared. Once coadminstered with LPD, rLmaCIN allow BALB/c mice to display delayed onset of skin lesion at the challenge inoculation site and delayed L. major dissemination from the challenged site to the spleen. Thus, the LPD-rLmaCIN is shown to display some promising features out of three formulations inoculated to the BALB/c mouse immunization.
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15
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Srivastava S, Shankar P, Mishra J, Singh S. Possibilities and challenges for developing a successful vaccine for leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:277. [PMID: 27175732 PMCID: PMC4866332 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by different species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is a major health problem yet neglected tropical diseases, with approximately 350 million people worldwide at risk and more than 1.5 million infections occurring each year. Leishmaniasis has different clinical manifestations, including visceral (VL or kala-azar), cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (MCL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL) and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Currently, the only mean to treat and control leishmaniasis is by rational medications and vector control. However, the number of available drugs is limited and even these are either exorbitantly priced, have toxic side effects or prove ineffective due to the emergence of resistant strains. On the other hand, the vector control methods are not so efficient. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine for the prevention of leishmaniasis. Although in recent years a large body of researchers has concentrated their efforts on this issue, yet only three vaccine candidates have gone for clinical trial, until date. These are: (i) killed vaccine in Brazil for human immunotherapy; (ii) live attenuated vaccine for humans in Uzbekistan; and (iii) second-generation vaccine for dog prophylaxis in Brazil. Nevertheless, there are at least half a dozen vaccine candidates in the pipeline. One can expect that, in the near future, the understanding of the whole genome of Leishmania spp. will expand the vaccine discovery and strategies that may provide novel vaccines. The present review focuses on the development and the status of various vaccines and potential vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Srivastava
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Prem Shankar
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jyotsna Mishra
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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16
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Gholami E, Zahedifard F, Rafati S. Delivery systems for Leishmania vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:879-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1157478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gholami
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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