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Schiffmann S, Mass S, Salomon D. Bile acids activate the antibacterial T6SS1 in the gut pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0118124. [PMID: 39162543 PMCID: PMC11448226 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01181-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis in humans and of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp. Bile acids, produced by the host and modified into secondary bile acids by commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, induce the virulence factors leading to disease in humans and shrimp. Here, we show that secondary bile acids also activate this pathogen's type VI secretion system 1, a toxin delivery apparatus mediating interbacterial competition. This finding implies that Vibrio parahaemolyticus exploits secondary bile acids to activate its virulence factors and identify the presence of commensal bacteria that it needs to outcompete in order to colonize the host.IMPORTANCEBacterial pathogens often manipulate their host and cause disease by secreting toxic proteins. However, to successfully colonize a host, they must also remove commensal bacteria that reside in it and may compete with them over resources. Here, we find that the same host-derived molecules that activate the secreted virulence toxins in a gut bacterial pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, also activate an antibacterial toxin delivery system that targets such commensal bacteria. These findings suggest that a pathogen can use one cue to launch a coordinated, trans-kingdom attack that enables it to colonize a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schiffmann
- />Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shir Mass
- />Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dor Salomon
- />Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lee MH, Nuccio SP, Mohanty I, Hagey LR, Dorrestein PC, Chu H, Raffatellu M. How bile acids and the microbiota interact to shape host immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01057-x. [PMID: 39009868 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are increasingly appearing in the spotlight owing to their novel impacts on various host processes. Similarly, there is growing attention on members of the microbiota that are responsible for bile acid modifications. With recent advances in technology enabling the discovery and continued identification of microbially conjugated bile acids, the chemical complexity of the bile acid landscape in the body is increasing at a rapid pace. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of how bile acids and the gut microbiota interact to modulate immune responses during homeostasis and disease, with a particular focus on the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Lee
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ipsita Mohanty
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Gupta S, Biswas P, Das B, Mondal S, Gupta P, Das D, Mallick AI. Selective depletion of Campylobacter jejuni via T6SS dependent functionality: an approach for improving chickens gut health. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:38. [PMID: 38997758 PMCID: PMC11245787 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The targeted depletion of potential gut pathogens is often challenging because of their intrinsic ability to thrive in harsh gut environments. Earlier, we showed that Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) exclusively uses the Type-VI Secretion System (T6SS) to target its prey such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), and phenotypic differences between T6SS-negative and T6SS-positive C. jejuni isolates toward bile salt sensitivity. However, it remains unclear how the target-driven T6SS functionality prevails in a polymicrobial gut environment. Here, we investigated the fate of microbial competition in an altered gut environment via bacterial T6SS using a T6SS-negative and -positive C. jejuni or its isogenic mutant of the hemolysin-coregulated protein (hcp). We showed that in the presence of bile salt and prey bacteria (E. coli), T6SS-positive C. jejuni experiences enhanced intracellular stress leading to cell death. Intracellular tracking of fluorophore-conjugated bile salts confirmed that T6SS-mediated bile salt influx into C. jejuni can enhance intracellular oxidative stress, affecting C. jejuni viability. We further investigated whether the T6SS activity in the presence of prey (E. coli) perturbs the in vivo colonization of C. jejuni. Using chickens as primary hosts of C. jejuni and non-pathogenic E. coli as prey, we showed a marked reduction of C. jejuni load in chickens cecum when bile salt solution was administered orally. Analysis of local antibody responses and pro-inflammatory gene expression showed a reduced risk of tissue damage, indicating that T6SS activity in the complex gut environment can be exploited as a possible measure to clear the persistent colonization of C. jejuni in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Prakash Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Bishnu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Parna Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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4
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Li S, Liu Q, Duan C, Li J, Sun H, Xu L, Yang Q, Wang Y, Shen X, Zhang L. c-di-GMP inhibits the DNA binding activity of H-NS in Salmonella. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7502. [PMID: 37980414 PMCID: PMC10657408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that transduces extracellular stimuli into cellular responses and regulates various biological processes in bacteria. H-NS is a global regulatory protein that represses expression of many genes, but how H-NS activity is modulated by environmental signals remains largely unclear. Here, we show that high intracellular c-di-GMP levels, induced by environmental cues, relieve H-NS-mediated transcriptional silencing in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We find that c-di-GMP binds to the H-NS protein to inhibit its binding to DNA, thus derepressing genes silenced by H-NS. However, c-di-GMP is unable to displace H-NS from DNA. In addition, a K107A mutation in H-NS abolishes response to c-di-GMP but leaves its DNA binding activity unaffected in vivo. Our results thus suggest a mechanism by which H-NS acts as an environment-sensing regulator in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chongyi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
- Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Mathieu-Denoncourt A, Duperthuy M. The VxrAB two-component system is important for the polymyxin B-dependent activation of the type VI secretion system in Vibrio cholerae O1 strain A1552. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:393-406. [PMID: 37343290 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is used by bacteria for virulence, resistance to grazing, and competition with other bacteria. We previously demonstrated that the role of the T6SS in interbacterial competition and in resistance to grazing is enhanced in Vibrio cholerae in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of polymyxin B. Here, we performed a global quantitative proteomic analysis and a targeted transcriptomic analysis of the T6SS-known regulators in V. cholerae grown with and without polymyxin B. The proteome of V. cholerae is greatly modified by polymyxin B with more than 39% of the identified cellular proteins displaying a difference in their abundance, including T6SS-related proteins. We identified a regulator whose abundance and expression are increased in the presence of polymyxin B, vxrB, the response regulator of the two-component system VxrAB (VCA0565-66). In vxrAB, vxrA and vxrB deficient mutants, the expression of both hcp copies (VC1415 and VCA0017), although globally reduced, was not modified by polymyxin B. These hcp genes encode an identical protein Hcp, which is the major component of the T6SS syringe. Thus, the upregulation of the T6SS in the presence of polymyxin B appears to be, at least in part, due to the two-component system VxrAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marylise Duperthuy
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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6
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Widjaja F, Rietjens IMCM. From-Toilet-to-Freezer: A Review on Requirements for an Automatic Protocol to Collect and Store Human Fecal Samples for Research Purposes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2658. [PMID: 37893032 PMCID: PMC10603957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition, viability and metabolic functionality of intestinal microbiota play an important role in human health and disease. Studies on intestinal microbiota are often based on fecal samples, because these can be sampled in a non-invasive way, although procedures for sampling, processing and storage vary. This review presents factors to consider when developing an automated protocol for sampling, processing and storing fecal samples: donor inclusion criteria, urine-feces separation in smart toilets, homogenization, aliquoting, usage or type of buffer to dissolve and store fecal material, temperature and time for processing and storage and quality control. The lack of standardization and low-throughput of state-of-the-art fecal collection procedures promote a more automated protocol. Based on this review, an automated protocol is proposed. Fecal samples should be collected and immediately processed under anaerobic conditions at either room temperature (RT) for a maximum of 4 h or at 4 °C for no more than 24 h. Upon homogenization, preferably in the absence of added solvent to allow addition of a buffer of choice at a later stage, aliquots obtained should be stored at either -20 °C for up to a few months or -80 °C for a longer period-up to 2 years. Protocols for quality control should characterize microbial composition and viability as well as metabolic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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7
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Hespanhol JT, Nóbrega-Silva L, Bayer-Santos E. Regulation of type VI secretion systems at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational level. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001376. [PMID: 37552221 PMCID: PMC10482370 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria live in complex polymicrobial communities and are constantly competing for resources. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread antagonistic mechanism used by Gram-negative bacteria to gain an advantage over competitors. T6SSs translocate toxic effector proteins inside target prokaryotic cells in a contact-dependent manner. In addition, some T6SS effectors can be secreted extracellularly and contribute to the scavenging scarce metal ions. Bacteria deploy their T6SSs in different situations, categorizing these systems into offensive, defensive and exploitative. The great variety of bacterial species and environments occupied by such species reflect the complexity of regulatory signals and networks that control the expression and activation of the T6SSs. Such regulation is tightly controlled at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational level by abiotic (e.g. pH, iron) or biotic (e.g. quorum-sensing) cues. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge about the regulatory networks that modulate the expression and activity of T6SSs across several species, focusing on systems used for interbacterial competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Takuno Hespanhol
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Luize Nóbrega-Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Vonaesch P, Billy V, Mann AE, Morien E, Habib A, Collard JM, Dédé M, Kapel N, Sansonetti PJ, Parfrey LW. The eukaryome of African children is influenced by geographic location, gut biogeography, and nutritional status. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad033. [PMID: 37680753 PMCID: PMC10481997 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotes have historically been studied as parasites, but recent evidence suggests they may be indicators of a healthy gut ecosystem. Here, we describe the eukaryome along the gastrointestinal tract of children aged 2-5 years and test for associations with clinical factors such as anaemia, intestinal inflammation, chronic undernutrition, and age. Children were enrolled from December 2016 to May 2018 in Bangui, Central African Republic and Antananarivo, Madagascar. We analyzed a total of 1104 samples representing 212 gastric, 187 duodenal, and 705 fecal samples using a metabarcoding approach targeting the full ITS2 region for fungi, and the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene for the overall eukaryome. Roughly, half of all fecal samples showed microeukaryotic reads. We find high intersubject variability, only a handful of taxa that are likely residents of the gastrointestinal tract, and frequent co-occurrence of eukaryotes within an individual. We also find that the eukaryome differs between the stomach, duodenum, and feces and is strongly influenced by country of origin. Our data show trends towards higher levels of Fusarium equiseti, a mycotoxin producing fungus, and lower levels of the protist Blastocystis in stunted children compared to nonstunted controls. Overall, the eukaryome is poorly correlated with clinical variables. Our study is of one of the largest cohorts analyzing the human intestinal eukaryome to date and the first to compare the eukaryome across different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract. Our results highlight the importance of studying populations across the world to uncover common features of the eukaryome in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Billy
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allison E Mann
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Evan Morien
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Azimdine Habib
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP1274 Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP1274 Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Michel Dédé
- Laboratoire d’Analyse médicale, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Avenue De Independence Bangui, 923 Central African Republic
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Laboratoire de Coprologie Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Boulevard, V6T1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
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Walton MG, Cubillejo I, Nag D, Withey JH. Advances in cholera research: from molecular biology to public health initiatives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178538. [PMID: 37283925 PMCID: PMC10239892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquatic bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, which has plagued the world for centuries. This pathogen has been the subject of studies in a vast array of fields, from molecular biology to animal models for virulence activity to epidemiological disease transmission modeling. V. cholerae genetics and the activity of virulence genes determine the pathogenic potential of different strains, as well as provide a model for genomic evolution in the natural environment. While animal models for V. cholerae infection have been used for decades, recent advances in this area provide a well-rounded picture of nearly all aspects of V. cholerae interaction with both mammalian and non-mammalian hosts, encompassing colonization dynamics, pathogenesis, immunological responses, and transmission to naïve populations. Microbiome studies have become increasingly common as access and affordability of sequencing has improved, and these studies have revealed key factors in V. cholerae communication and competition with members of the gut microbiota. Despite a wealth of knowledge surrounding V. cholerae, the pathogen remains endemic in numerous countries and causes sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. Public health initiatives aim to prevent cholera outbreaks and provide prompt, effective relief in cases where prevention is not feasible. In this review, we describe recent advancements in cholera research in these areas to provide a more complete illustration of V. cholerae evolution as a microbe and significant global health threat, as well as how researchers are working to improve understanding and minimize impact of this pathogen on vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey H. Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Abstract
In order for successful fecal-oral transmission, enteric bacterial pathogens have to successfully compete with the intestinal microbiota and reach high concentrations during infection. Vibrio cholerae requires cholera toxin (CT) to cause diarrheal disease, which is thought to promote the fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Besides inducing diarrheal disease, the catalytic activity of CT also alters host intestinal metabolism, which promotes the growth of V. cholerae during infection through the acquisition of host-derived nutrients. Furthermore, recent studies have found that CT-induced disease activates a niche-specific suite of V. cholerae genes during infection, some of which may be important for fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Our group is currently exploring the concept that CT-induced disease promotes the fecal-oral transmission of V. cholerae by modulating both host and pathogen metabolism. Furthermore, the role of the intestinal microbiota in pathogen growth and transmission during toxin-induced disease merits further investigation. These studies open the door to investigating whether other bacterial toxins also enhance pathogen growth and transmission during infection, which may shed light on the design of novel therapeutics for intervention or prevention of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. L. Chapman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Kapinos
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Haas AL, Zemke AC, Melvin JA, Armbruster CR, Hendricks MR, Moore J, Nouraie SM, Thibodeau PH, Lee SE, Bomberger JM. Iron bioavailability regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa interspecies interactions through type VI secretion expression. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112270. [PMID: 36930643 PMCID: PMC10586262 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory tract harbors pathogenic bacteria that cause life-threatening chronic infections. Of these, Pseudomonas aeruginosa becomes increasingly dominant with age and is associated with worsening lung function and declining microbial diversity. We aimed to understand why P. aeruginosa dominates over other pathogens to cause worsening disease. Here, we show that P. aeruginosa responds to dynamic changes in iron concentration, often associated with viral infection and pulmonary exacerbations, to become more competitive via expression of the TseT toxic effector. However, this behavior can be therapeutically targeted using the iron chelator deferiprone to block TseT expression and competition. Overall, we find that iron concentration and TseT expression significantly correlate with microbial diversity in the respiratory tract of people with CF. These findings improve our understanding of how P. aeruginosa becomes increasingly dominant with age in people with CF and provide a therapeutically targetable pathway to help prevent this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Anna C Zemke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Melvin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Catherine R Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Matthew R Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - John Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seyed Mehdi Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick H Thibodeau
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stella E Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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13
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Singh RP, Kumari K. Bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS): an evolved molecular weapon with diverse functionality. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:309-331. [PMID: 36683130 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial secretion systems are nanomolecular complexes that release a diverse set of virulence factors/or proteins into its surrounding or translocate to their target host cells. Among these systems, type VI secretion system 'T6SS' is a recently discovered molecular secretion system which is widely distributed in Gram-negative (-ve) bacteria, and shares structural similarity with the puncturing device of bacteriophages. The presence of T6SS is an advantage to many bacteria as it delivers toxins to its neighbour pathogens for competitive survival, and also translocates protein effectors to the host cells, leading to disruption of lipid membranes, cell walls, and cytoskeletons etc. Recent studies have characterized both anti-prokaryotic and anti-eukaryotic effectors, where T6SS is involved in diverse cellular functions including favouring colonization, enhancing the survival, adhesive modifications, internalization, and evasion of the immune system. With the evolution of advanced genomics and proteomics tools, there has been an increase in the number of characterized T6SS effector arsenals and also more clear information about the adaptive significance of this complex system. The functions of T6SS are generally regulated at the transcription, post-transcription and post-translational levels through diverse mechanisms. In the present review, we aimed to provide information about the distribution of T6SS in diverse bacteria, any structural similarity/or dissimilarity, effectors proteins, functional significance, and regulatory mechanisms. We also tried to provide information about the diverse roles played by T6SS in its natural environments and hosts, and further any changes in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| | - Kiran Kumari
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
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14
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Wang T, Wang XW, Lee-Sarwar KA, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST, Sun Y, Maslov S, Liu YY. Predicting metabolomic profiles from microbial composition through neural ordinary differential equations. NAT MACH INTELL 2023; 5:284-293. [PMID: 38223254 PMCID: PMC10786629 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-023-00627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the metabolic profile of a microbial community is crucial for understanding its biological function and its impact on the host or environment. Metabolomics experiments directly measuring these profiles are difficult and expensive, while sequencing methods quantifying the species composition of microbial communities are well-developed and relatively cost-effective. Computational methods that are capable of predicting metabolomic profiles from microbial compositions can save considerable efforts needed for metabolomic profiling experimentally. Yet, despite existing efforts, we still lack a computational method with high prediction power, general applicability, and great interpretability. Here we develop a method - mNODE (Metabolomic profile predictor using Neural Ordinary Differential Equations), based on a state-of-the-art family of deep neural network models. We show compelling evidence that mNODE outperforms existing methods in predicting the metabolomic profiles of human microbiomes and several environmental microbiomes. Moreover, in the case of human gut microbiomes, mNODE can naturally incorporate dietary information to further enhance the prediction of metabolomic profiles. Besides, susceptibility analysis of mNODE enables us to reveal microbe-metabolite interactions, which can be validated using both synthetic and real data. The presented results demonstrate that mNODE is a powerful tool to investigate the microbiome-diet-metabolome relationship, facilitating future research on precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xu-Wen Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Lee-Sarwar
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Augusto A. Litonjua
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Golisano Children’s Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Scott T. Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yizhou Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sergei Maslov
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Modeling, The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yang-Yu Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Modeling, The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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15
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Type VI Secretion Systems: Environmental and Intra-host Competition of Vibrio cholerae. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:41-63. [PMID: 36792870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Vibrio Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a harpoon-like nanomachine that serves as a defense system and is encoded by approximately 25% of all gram-negative bacteria. In this chapter, we describe the structure of the T6SS in different Vibrio species and outline how the use of different T6SS effector and immunity proteins control kin selection. We summarize the genetic loci that encode the structural elements that make up the Vibrio T6SSs and how these gene clusters are regulated. Finally, we provide insights into T6SS-based competitive dynamics, the role of T6SS genetic exchange in those competitive dynamics, and roles for the Vibrio T6SS in virulence.
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16
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Wucher BR, Winans JB, Elsayed M, Kadouri DE, Nadell CD. Breakdown of clonal cooperative architecture in multispecies biofilms and the spatial ecology of predation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212650120. [PMID: 36730197 PMCID: PMC9963355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212650120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation, including adherence to surfaces and secretion of extracellular matrix, is common in the microbial world, but we often do not know how interaction at the cellular spatial scale translates to higher-order biofilm community ecology. Here we explore an especially understudied element of biofilm ecology, namely predation by the bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. This predator can kill and consume many different Gram-negative bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. V. cholerae can protect itself from predation within densely packed biofilm structures that it creates, whereas E. coli biofilms are highly susceptible to B. bacteriovorus. We explore how predator-prey dynamics change when V. cholerae and E. coli are growing in biofilms together. We find that in dual-species prey biofilms, E. coli survival under B. bacteriovorus predation increases, whereas V. cholerae survival decreases. E. coli benefits from predator protection when it becomes embedded within expanding groups of highly packed V. cholerae. But we also find that the ordered, highly packed, and clonal biofilm structure of V. cholerae can be disrupted if V. cholerae cells are directly adjacent to E. coli cells at the start of biofilm growth. When this occurs, the two species become intermixed, and the resulting disordered cell groups do not block predator entry. Because biofilm cell group structure depends on initial cell distributions at the start of prey biofilm growth, the surface colonization dynamics have a dramatic impact on the eventual multispecies biofilm architecture, which in turn determines to what extent both species survive exposure to B. bacteriovorus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. Winans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Mennat Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ07101
| | - Daniel E. Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ07101
| | - Carey D. Nadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH03755
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17
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Wang BX, Takagi J, McShane A, Park JH, Aoki K, Griffin C, Teschler J, Kitts G, Minzer G, Tiemeyer M, Hevey R, Yildiz F, Ribbeck K. Host-derived O-glycans inhibit toxigenic conversion by a virulence-encoding phage in Vibrio cholerae. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111562. [PMID: 36504455 PMCID: PMC9890226 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic and endemic strains of Vibrio cholerae arise from toxigenic conversion by the CTXφ bacteriophage, a process by which CTXφ infects nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae. CTXφ encodes the cholera toxin, an enterotoxin responsible for the watery diarrhea associated with cholera infections. Despite the critical role of CTXφ during infections, signals that affect CTXφ-driven toxigenic conversion or expression of the CTXφ-encoded cholera toxin remain poorly characterized, particularly in the context of the gut mucosa. Here, we identify mucin polymers as potent regulators of CTXφ-driven pathogenicity in V. cholerae. Our results indicate that mucin-associated O-glycans block toxigenic conversion by CTXφ and suppress the expression of CTXφ-related virulence factors, including the toxin co-regulated pilus and cholera toxin, by interfering with the TcpP/ToxR/ToxT virulence pathway. By synthesizing individual mucin glycan structures de novo, we identify the Core 2 motif as the critical structure governing this virulence attenuation. Overall, our results highlight a novel mechanism by which mucins and their associated O-glycan structures affect CTXφ-mediated evolution and pathogenicity of V. cholerae, underscoring the potential regulatory power housed within mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Julie Takagi
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Abigail McShane
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jin Hwan Park
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Catherine Griffin
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jennifer Teschler
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Giordan Kitts
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Giulietta Minzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Fitnat Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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18
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Deng F, Bae YH. Effect of modification of polystyrene nanoparticles with different bile acids on their oral transport. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102629. [PMID: 36410698 PMCID: PMC9918699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid-modified nanomedicine is a promising strategy to improve oral bioavailability. However, the efficiencies of different bile acids have not been clarified. To clarify this issue, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and cholic acid (CA) and glycocholic acid (GCA) were conjugated to carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticle (CPN). The endocytosis, intracellular and transcellular transport among the NPs were compared in Caco-2 cells, and their oral pharmacokinetics profiles were studied in C57BL/6 J mice. It was found that DCPN demonstrated higher uptake and transcytosis rate. With modification by different bile acids, the transport pathways of the NPs were altered. In mice, GCPN showed the highest absorption speed and oral bioavailability. It was found that the synergic effect of hydrophobicity and ASBT affinity might lead to the difference between in vitro and in vivo transport. This study will build a basis for the rational design of bile acid-modified nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - You Han Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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19
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Larabi AB, Masson HLP, Bäumler AJ. Bile acids as modulators of gut microbiota composition and function. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2172671. [PMID: 36740850 PMCID: PMC9904317 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the composition of gut-associated microbial communities are associated with many human illnesses, but the factors driving dysbiosis remain incompletely understood. One factor governing the microbiota composition in the gut is bile. Bile acids shape the microbiota composition through their antimicrobial activity and by activating host signaling pathways that maintain gut homeostasis. Although bile acids are host-derived, their functions are integrally linked to bacterial metabolism, which shapes the composition of the intestinal bile acid pool. Conditions that change the size or composition of the bile acid pool can trigger alterations in the microbiota composition that exacerbate inflammation or favor infection with opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, manipulating the composition or size of the bile acid pool might be a promising strategy to remediate dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs B. Larabi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hugo L. P. Masson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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20
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Abstract
Enteric bacterial infections contribute substantially to global disease burden and mortality, particularly in the developing world. In vitro 2D monolayer cultures have provided critical insights into the fundamental virulence mechanisms of a multitude of pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp., Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni, which have led to the identification of novel targets for antimicrobial therapy and vaccines. In recent years, the arsenal of experimental systems to study intestinal infections has been expanded by a multitude of more complex models, which have allowed to evaluate the effects of additional physiological and biological parameters on infectivity. Organoids recapitulate the cellular complexity of the human intestinal epithelium while 3D bioengineered scaffolds and microphysiological devices allow to emulate oxygen gradients, flow and peristalsis, as well as the formation and maintenance of stable and physiologically relevant microbial diversity. Additionally, advancements in ex vivo cultures and intravital imaging have opened new possibilities to study the effects of enteric pathogens on fluid secretion, barrier integrity and immune cell surveillance in the intact intestine. This review aims to present a balanced and updated overview of current intestinal in vitro and ex vivo methods for modeling of enteric bacterial infections. We conclude that the different paradigms are complements rather than replacements and their combined use promises to further our understanding of host-microbe interactions and their impacts on intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayere Taebnia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- CONTACT Ute Römling Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Volker M. Lauschke Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Muhammad AY, Amonov M, Murugaiah C, Baig AA, Yusoff M. Intestinal colonization against Vibrio cholerae: host and microbial resistance mechanisms. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:346-374. [PMID: 37091815 PMCID: PMC10113163 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a non-invasive enteric pathogen known to cause a major public health problem called cholera. The pathogen inhabits the aquatic environment while outside the human host, it is transmitted into the host easily through ingesting contaminated food and water containing the vibrios, thus causing diarrhoea and vomiting. V. cholerae must resist several layers of colonization resistance mechanisms derived from the host or the gut commensals to successfully survive, grow, and colonize the distal intestinal epithelium, thus causing an infection. The colonization resistance mechanisms derived from the host are not specific to V. cholerae but to all invading pathogens. However, some of the gut commensal-derived colonization resistance may be more specific to the pathogen, making it more challenging to overcome. Consequently, the pathogen has evolved well-coordinated mechanisms that sense and utilize the anti-colonization factors to modulate events that promote its survival and colonization in the gut. This review is aimed at discussing how V. cholerae interacts and resists both host- and microbe-specific colonization resistance mechanisms to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malik Amonov
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
- * Correspondence: ; Tel: +60189164478
| | | | - Atif Amin Baig
- University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marina Yusoff
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
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22
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Winans JB, Wucher BR, Nadell CD. Multispecies biofilm architecture determines bacterial exposure to phages. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001913. [PMID: 36548227 PMCID: PMC9778933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous ecological interactions among microbes-for example, competition for space and resources, or interaction among phages and their bacterial hosts-are likely to occur simultaneously in multispecies biofilm communities. While biofilms formed by just a single species occur, multispecies biofilms are thought to be more typical of microbial communities in the natural environment. Previous work has shown that multispecies biofilms can increase, decrease, or have no measurable impact on phage exposure of a host bacterium living alongside another species that the phages cannot target. The reasons underlying this variability are not well understood, and how phage-host encounters change within multispecies biofilms remains mostly unexplored at the cellular spatial scale. Here, we study how the cellular scale architecture of model 2-species biofilms impacts cell-cell and cell-phage interactions controlling larger scale population and community dynamics. Our system consists of dual culture biofilms of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae under exposure to T7 phages, which we study using microfluidic culture, high-resolution confocal microscopy imaging, and detailed image analysis. As shown previously, sufficiently mature biofilms of E. coli can protect themselves from phage exposure via their curli matrix. Before this stage of biofilm structural maturity, E. coli is highly susceptible to phages; however, we show that these bacteria can gain lasting protection against phage exposure if they have become embedded in the bottom layers of highly packed groups of V. cholerae in co-culture. This protection, in turn, is dependent on the cell packing architecture controlled by V. cholerae biofilm matrix secretion. In this manner, E. coli cells that are otherwise susceptible to phage-mediated killing can survive phage exposure in the absence of de novo resistance evolution. While co-culture biofilm formation with V. cholerae can confer phage protection to E. coli, it comes at the cost of competing with V. cholerae and a disruption of normal curli-mediated protection for E. coli even in dual species biofilms grown over long time scales. This work highlights the critical importance of studying multispecies biofilm architecture and its influence on the community dynamics of bacteria and phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Winans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Wucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Carey D. Nadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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23
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Role of Klebsiella pneumoniae Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in long-term gastrointestinal colonization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16968. [PMID: 36216848 PMCID: PMC9550808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type VI secretion systems (T6SS), recently described in hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains, are involved in bacterial warfare but their role in classical clinical strains (cKp) has been little investigated. In silico analysis indicated the presence of T6SS clusters (from zero to four), irrespective of the strains origin or virulence, with a high prevalence in the K. pneumoniae species (98%). In the strain CH1157, two T6SS-apparented pathogenicity islands were detected, T6SS-1 and -2, harboring a phospholipase-encoding gene (tle1) and a potential new effector-encoding gene named tke (Type VI Klebsiella effector). Tle1 expression in Escherichia coli periplasm affected cell membrane permeability. T6SS-1 isogenic mutants colonized the highest gastrointestinal tract of mice less efficiently than their parental strain, at long term. Comparative analysis of faecal 16S sequences indicated that T6SS-1 impaired the microbiota richness and its resilience capacity. Oscillospiraceae family members could be specific competitors for the long-term gut establishment of K. pneumoniae.
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24
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Oh YJ, Kim SA, Yang SH, Kim DH, Cheng YY, Kang JI, Lee SY, Han NS. Integrated genome-based assessment of safety and probiotic characteristics of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PMO 08 isolated from kimchi. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273986. [PMID: 36190947 PMCID: PMC9529155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PMO 08 has been used as a probiotic starter culture for plant-based fermented beverages, with various health-promoting effects such as cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to analyze the genome sequence of Lp. plantarum PMO 08 and identify its safety and probiotic characteristics at the genomic level. For this, complete genome sequencing was conducted to investigate the genes associated with risk and probiotic characteristics by using Pacbio combined with Illumina HiSeq. This bacterial strain has one circular chromosome of 3,247,789 bp with 44.5% G + C content and two plasmids of 50,296 bp with 39.0% G + C content and 19,592 bp with 40.5% G + C content. Orthologous average nucleotide identity analysis showed that PMO 08 belongs to the Lp. plantarum group with 99.14% similarity to Lp. plantarum WCFS1. No deleterious genes were determined in the virulence factor analysis, and no hemolysin activity or secondary bile salt synthesis were detected in vitro test. In the case of antibiotic resistance analysis, PMO 08 was resistant to ampicillin in vitro test, but these genes were not transferable. In addition, the strain showed same carbohydrate utilization with Lp. plantarum WCFS1, except for mannopyranoside, which only our strain can metabolize. The strain also harbors a gene for inositol monophosphatase family protein related with phytate hydrolysis and have several genes for metabolizing various carbohydrate which were rich in plant environment. Furthermore, in probiotic characteristics several genes involved in phenotypes such as acid/bile tolerance, adhesion ability, and oxidative stress response were detected in genome analysis. This study demonstrates that Lp. plantarum PMO 08 harbors several probiotic-related genes (with no deleterious genes) and is a suitable probiotic starter for plant-based fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seul-Ah Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwi Yang
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Nam Soo Han
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Tang MX, Pei TT, Xiang Q, Wang ZH, Luo H, Wang XY, Fu Y, Dong T. Abiotic factors modulate interspecies competition mediated by the type VI secretion system effectors in Vibrio cholerae. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1765-1775. [PMID: 35354946 PMCID: PMC9213406 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the etiological pathogen of cholera, employs its type VI secretion system (T6SS) as an effective weapon to survive in highly competitive communities. Antibacterial and anti-eukaryotic functions of the T6SS depend on its secreted effectors that target multiple cellular processes. However, the mechanisms that account for effector diversity and different effectiveness during interspecies competition remain elusive. Here we report that environmental cations and temperature play a key role in dictating cellular response and effector effectiveness during interspecies competition mediated by the T6SS of V. cholerae. We found that V. cholerae could employ its cell-wall-targeting effector TseH to outcompete the otherwise resistant Escherichia coli and the V. cholerae immunity deletion mutant ∆tsiH when Mg2+ or Ca2+ was supplemented. Transcriptome and genetic analyses demonstrate that the metal-sensing PhoPQ two-component system is important for Mg2+-dependent sensitivity. Competition analysis in infant mice shows that TseH was active under in vivo conditions. Using a panel of V. cholerae single-effector active mutants, we further show that E. coli also exhibited variable susceptibilities to other T6SS effectors depending on cations and temperatures, respectively. Lastly, V. cholerae effector VasX could sensitize Pseudomonas aeruginosa to its intrinsically resistant antibiotic irgasan in a temperature-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings suggest that abiotic factors, that V. cholerae frequently encounters in natural and host environments, could modulate cellular responses and dictate the competitive fitness conferred by the T6SS effectors in complex multispecies communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Tong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeng-Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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26
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Nicholson KR, Champion PA. Bacterial secretion systems: Networks of pathogenic regulation and adaptation in mycobacteria and beyond. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010610. [PMID: 35834482 PMCID: PMC9282442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Nicholson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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27
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Shi S, Liu J, Dong J, Hu J, Liu Y, Feng J, Zhou D. Research progress on the regulation mechanism of probiotics on the microecological flora of infected intestines in livestock and poultry. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:647-655. [PMID: 34882816 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The animal intestine is a complex ecosystem composed of host cells, gut microbiota and available nutrients. Gut microbiota can prevent the occurrence of intestinal diseases in animals by regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. The intestinal microbiota is a complex and stable microbial community, and the homeostasis of the intestinal environment is closely related to the invasion of intestinal pathogens, which plays an important role in protecting the host from pathogen infections. Probiotics are strains of microorganisms that are beneficial to health, and their potential has recently led to a significant increase in studies on the regulation of intestinal flora. Various potential mechanisms of action have been proposed on probiotics, especially mediating the regulation mechanism of the intestinal flora on the host, mainly including competitive inhibition of pathogens, stimulation of the host's adaptive immune system and regulation of the intestinal flora. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technology has given us a clearer understanding and has facilitated the development of research methods to investigate the intestinal microecological flora. This review will focus on the regulation of probiotics on the microbial flora of intestinal infections in livestock and poultry and will depict future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University and Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing, P. R. China
| | | | - J Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University and Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing, P. R. China
| | - J Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University and Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing, P. R. China
| | - Y Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University and Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing, P. R. China
| | - J Feng
- Susong Chunrun Food Co., Ltd, Anqing, P. R. China
| | - D Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University and Anhui Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Research and Ecological Protection in Southwest Anhui Province, Anqing, P. R. China
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Bile Salts Promote ToxR Regulon Activation during Growth under Virulence-Inducing Conditions. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0044121. [PMID: 34543121 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00441-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is an epidemic disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is found in aquatic ecosystems and infects people through the consumption of V. cholerae-contaminated food or water. Following ingestion, V. cholerae responds to host cues to activate the expression of critical virulence genes that are under the control of a hierarchical regulatory system called the ToxR regulon. The ToxR regulon is tightly regulated and is expressed in vitro only under special growth conditions referred to as AKI conditions. AKI conditions have been instrumental in elucidating V. cholerae virulence regulation, but the chemical cues within AKI medium that activate virulence gene expression are unknown. In this study, we fractionated AKI medium on a reverse-phase chromatography column (RPCC) and showed that the virulence-activating molecules were retained on the RPCC column and recovered in the eluate. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis of the eluate revealed the presence of a known ToxR regulon activator, taurocholate, and other bile salts. The RPCC eluate activated the ToxR regulon when added to noninducing medium and promoted TcpP dimerization in a two-hybrid system, consistent with taurocholate being responsible for the virulence-inducing activity of AKI medium. Additional experiments using purified bile salts showed that the ToxR regulon was preferentially activated in response to primary bile acids. The results of this study shed light on the chemical cues involved in V. cholerae virulence activation and suggested that V. cholerae virulence genes are modulated in response to regionally specific bile acid species in the intestine.
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Type VI secretion system mutations reduced competitive fitness of classical Vibrio cholerae biotype. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6457. [PMID: 34753930 PMCID: PMC8578542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrhoeal disease cholera and is responsible for seven recorded pandemics. Several factors are postulated to have led to the decline of 6th pandemic classical strains and the rise of El Tor biotype V. cholerae, establishing the current 7th pandemic. We investigated the ability of classical V. cholerae of the 2nd and 6th pandemics to engage their type six secretion system (T6SS) in microbial competition against non-pandemic and 7th pandemic strains. We report that classical V. cholerae underwent sequential mutations in T6SS genetic determinants that initially exposed 2nd pandemic strains to microbial attack by non-pandemic strains and subsequently caused 6th pandemic strains to become vulnerable to El Tor biotype V. cholerae intraspecific competition. The chronology of these T6SS-debilitating mutations agrees with the decline of 6th pandemic classical strains and the emergence of 7th pandemic El Tor V. cholerae.
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30
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Lin J, Xu L, Yang J, Wang Z, Shen X. Beyond dueling: roles of the type VI secretion system in microbiome modulation, pathogenesis and stress resistance. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:11. [PMID: 37676535 PMCID: PMC10441901 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria inhabit diverse and dynamic environments, where nutrients may be limited and toxic chemicals can be prevalent. To adapt to these stressful conditions, bacteria have evolved specialized protein secretion systems, such as the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to facilitate their survival. As a molecular syringe, the T6SS expels various effectors into neighboring bacterial cells, eukaryotic cells, or the extracellular environment. These effectors improve the competitive fitness and environmental adaption of bacterial cells. Although primarily recognized as antibacterial weapons, recent studies have demonstrated that T6SSs have functions beyond interspecies competition. Here, we summarize recent research on the role of T6SSs in microbiome modulation, pathogenesis, and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshe Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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An Integrated Bile Acids Profile Determination by UHPLC-MS/MS to Identify the Effect of Bile Acids Supplement in High Plant Protein Diet on Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Foods 2021; 10:foods10102465. [PMID: 34681514 PMCID: PMC8535531 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) have considerable importance in the metabolism of glycolipid and cholesterol. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the effects of bile acids supplementary in a high plant protein diet for the common carp BA profiles and hepatopancreas and intestine health. An 11-week feeding trial was conducted with high plant protein diet (18% soybean meal and 18% cottonseed protein concentrated) (HP) and HP added 600 mg/kg BAs (HP+BAs) for common carp, and then, the UHPLC-MS/MS technology was used to analyze the BAs in the bile and plasma of two groups. HP could induce vacuolation of hepatocytes and accumulation of glycogen in the common carp, while these phenotypes were significantly improved in the HP+BAs group. In addition, the BA profile of the HP group and HP+BAs group are described in detail, for the common carp bile with treatment by exogenous BAs, TCA, CA, TβMCA, and TωMCA were the main components. Furthermore, in the HP+BAs group plasma, CDCA, CA, LCA, and GCDCA increased significantly; they could activate TGR5, and the activation of hepatopancreas TGR5 might regulate glucose metabolism to relieve hepatopancreas glycogen accumulation. This study proved that BAs supplemented to plant protein diet could relieve the common carp hepatopancreas glycogen accumulation by changing the BAs’ profile, thereby promoting its healthy growth, which has important guiding significance for the promotion of aquaculture development and makes an important contribution to expanding the strategic space of food security.
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32
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Vibrio cholerae Infection Induces Strain-Specific Modulation of the Zebrafish Intestinal Microbiome. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0015721. [PMID: 34061623 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00157-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an attractive model organism to use for an array of scientific studies, including host-microbe interactions. Zebrafish contain a core (i.e., consistently detected) intestinal microbiome consisting primarily of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, this core intestinal microbiome is plastic and can be significantly altered due to external factors. Zebrafish are particularly useful for the study of aquatic microbes that can colonize vertebrate hosts, including Vibrio cholerae. As an intestinal pathogen, V. cholerae must colonize the intestine of an exposed host for pathogenicity to occur. Members of the resident intestinal microbial community likely must be reduced or eliminated by V. cholerae for colonization, and subsequent disease, to occur. Many studies have explored a variety of aspects of the pathogenic effects of V. cholerae on zebrafish and other model organisms but few have researched how a V. cholerae infection changes the resident intestinal microbiome. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine how five genetically diverse V. cholerae strains alter the intestinal microbiome following an infection. We found that V. cholerae colonization induced significant changes in the zebrafish intestinal microbiome. Notably, changes in the microbial profile were significantly different from each other, based on the particular strain of V. cholerae used to infect zebrafish hosts. We conclude that V. cholerae significantly modulates the zebrafish intestinal microbiota to enable colonization and that specific microbes that are targeted depend on the V. cholerae genotype.
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33
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The Vibrio cholerae Type Six Secretion System Is Dispensable for Colonization but Affects Pathogenesis and the Structure of Zebrafish Intestinal Microbiome. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0015121. [PMID: 34097462 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00151-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are an attractive model organism for a variety of scientific studies, including host-microbe interactions. The organism is particularly useful for the study of aquatic microbes that can colonize vertebrate hosts, including Vibrio cholerae, an intestinal pathogen. V. cholerae must colonize the intestine of an exposed host for pathogenicity to occur. While numerous studies have explored various aspects of the pathogenic effects of V. cholerae on zebrafish and other model organisms, few, if any, have examined how a V. cholerae infection alters the resident intestinal microbiome and the role of the type six secretion system (T6SS) in that process. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was utilized to investigate how strains of V. cholerae both with and without the T6SS alter the aforementioned microbial profiles following an infection. V. cholerae infection induced significant changes in the zebrafish intestinal microbiome, and while not necessary for colonization, the T6SS was important for inducing mucin secretion, a marker for diarrhea. Additional salient differences to the microbiome were observed based on the presence or absence of the T6SS in the V. cholerae utilized for challenging the zebrafish hosts. We conclude that V. cholerae significantly modulates the zebrafish intestinal microbiome to enable colonization and that the T6SS is important for pathogenesis induced by the examined V. cholerae strains. Furthermore, the presence or absence of T6SS differentially and significantly affected the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiome, with an increased abundance of other Vibrio bacteria observed in the absence of V. cholerae T6SS.
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34
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Kern L, Abdeen SK, Kolodziejczyk AA, Elinav E. Commensal inter-bacterial interactions shaping the microbiota. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:158-171. [PMID: 34365152 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms of different kingdoms, impacts host physiology and disease. Within this ecosystem, inter-bacterial interactions and their impacts on microbiota community structure and the eukaryotic host remain insufficiently explored. Microbiota-related inter-bacterial interactions range from symbiotic interactions, involving exchange of nutrients, enzymes, and genetic material; competition for nutrients and space, mediated by biophysical alterations and secretion of toxins and anti-microbials; to predation of overpopulating bacteria. Collectively, these understudied interactions hold important clues as to forces shaping microbiota diversity, niche formation, and responses to signals perceived from the host, incoming pathogens and the environment. In this review, we highlight the roles and mechanisms of selected inter-bacterial interactions in the microbiota, and their potential impacts on the host and pathogenic infection. We discuss challenges in mechanistically decoding these complex interactions, and prospects of harnessing them as future targets for rational microbiota modification in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Kern
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Suhaib K Abdeen
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel; Cancer-Microbiota Division Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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35
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Host-Like Conditions Are Required for T6SS-Mediated Competition among Vibrio fischeri Light Organ Symbionts. mSphere 2021; 6:e0128820. [PMID: 34287008 PMCID: PMC8386388 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01288-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria employ diverse competitive strategies to enhance fitness and promote their own propagation. However, little is known about how symbiotic bacteria modulate competitive mechanisms as they compete for a host niche. The bacterium Vibrio fischeri forms a symbiotic relationship with marine animals and encodes a type VI secretion system (T6SS), which is a contact-dependent killing mechanism used to eliminate competitors during colonization of the Euprymna scolopes squid light organ. Like other horizontally acquired symbionts, V. fischeri experiences changes in its physical and chemical environment during symbiosis establishment. Therefore, we probed both environmental and host-like conditions to identify ecologically relevant cues that control T6SS-dependent competition during habitat transition. Although the T6SS did not confer a competitive advantage for V. fischeri strain ES401 under planktonic conditions, a combination of both host-like pH and viscosity was necessary for T6SS competition. For ES401, high viscosity activates T6SS expression and neutral/acidic pH promotes cell-cell contact for killing, and this pH-dependent phenotype was conserved in the majority of T6SS-encoding strains examined. We also identified a subset of V. fischeri isolates that engaged in T6SS-mediated competition at high viscosity under both planktonic and host-like pH conditions. T6SS phylogeny revealed that strains with pH-dependent phenotypes cluster together to form a subclade within the pH-independent strains, suggesting that V. fischeri may have recently evolved to limit competition to the host niche. IMPORTANCE Bacteria have evolved diverse strategies to compete for limited space and resources. Because these mechanisms can be costly to use, their expression and function are often restricted to specific environments where the benefits outweigh the costs. However, little is known about the specific cues that modulate competitive mechanisms as bacterial symbionts transition between free-living and host habitats. Here, we used the bioluminescent squid and fish symbiont Vibrio fischeri to probe for host and environmental conditions that control interbacterial competition via the type VI secretion system. Our findings identify a new host-specific cue that promotes competition among many but not all V. fischeri isolates, underscoring the utility of studying multiple strains to reveal how competitive mechanisms may be differentially regulated among closely related populations as they evolve to fill distinct niches.
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36
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Kumar R, Tung TC, Ng TH, Chang CC, Chen YL, Chen YM, Lin SS, Wang HC. Metabolic Alterations in Shrimp Stomach During Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease and Effects of Taurocholate on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631468. [PMID: 33959104 PMCID: PMC8093816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a recently emerged bacterial shrimp disease, has increased shrimp mortality and caused huge economic losses in many Asian countries. However, molecular factors underlying pathogenesis of this disease remain largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize metabolic alterations in shrimp stomach during AHPND and determine effects of taurocholate on AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Based on metabolomics, pathways for lipid metabolism and for primary bile acid (BA) synthesis were majorly affected following AHPND infection. Bile acid metabolites, namely taurocholate, were downregulated in the metabolomics database. This prompted us to study effects of taurocholate on biofilm formation, PirAB vp toxin release and biofilm detachment capabilities in AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus. Treatment of this bacterium with high concentration of taurocholate, a primary bile acid, induced biofilm formation, PirAB vp toxin release and facilitated the dispersion of bacterial cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that AHPND infection can affect the lipid metabolites in shrimp stomach, and further suggest that the primary bile acid taurocholate is important for the virulence of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Chun Tung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tze Hann Ng
- International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Che-Chih Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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37
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Crisan CV, Nichols HL, Wiesenfeld S, Steinbach G, Yunker PJ, Hammer BK. Glucose confers protection to Escherichia coli against contact killing by Vibrio cholerae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2935. [PMID: 33536444 PMCID: PMC7858629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary arms races are broadly prevalent among organisms including bacteria, which have evolved defensive strategies against various attackers. A common microbial aggression mechanism is the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a contact-dependent bacterial weapon used to deliver toxic effector proteins into adjacent target cells. Sibling cells constitutively express immunity proteins that neutralize effectors. However, less is known about factors that protect non-sibling bacteria from T6SS attacks independently of cognate immunity proteins. In this study, we observe that human Escherichia coli commensal strains sensitive to T6SS attacks from Vibrio cholerae are protected when co-cultured with glucose. We confirm that glucose does not impair V. cholerae T6SS activity. Instead, we find that cells lacking the cAMP receptor protein (CRP), which regulates expression of hundreds of genes in response to glucose, survive significantly better against V. cholerae T6SS attacks even in the absence of glucose. Finally, we show that the glucose-mediated T6SS protection varies with different targets and killers. Our findings highlight the first example of an extracellular small molecule modulating a genetically controlled response for protection against T6SS attacks. This discovery may have major implications for microbial interactions during pathogen-host colonization and survival of bacteria in environmental communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian V Crisan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Holly L Nichols
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sophia Wiesenfeld
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabi Steinbach
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter J Yunker
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian K Hammer
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Cho JY, Liu R, Macbeth JC, Hsiao A. The Interface of Vibrio cholerae and the Gut Microbiome. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1937015. [PMID: 34180341 PMCID: PMC8244777 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1937015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of the severe human diarrheal disease cholera. The gut microbiome, or the native community of microorganisms found in the human gastrointestinal tract, is increasingly being recognized as a factor in driving susceptibility to infection, in vivo fitness, and host interactions of this pathogen. Here, we review a subset of the emerging studies in how gut microbiome structure and microbial function are able to drive V. cholerae virulence gene regulation, metabolism, and modulate host immune responses to cholera infection and vaccination. Improved mechanistic understanding of commensal-pathogen interactions offers new perspectives in the design of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for cholera control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - John C. Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Hsiao A, Zhu J. Pathogenicity and virulence regulation of Vibrio cholerae at the interface of host-gut microbiome interactions. Virulence 2020; 11:1582-1599. [PMID: 33172314 PMCID: PMC7671094 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1845039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is responsible for the severe diarrheal pandemic disease cholera, representing a major global public health concern. This pathogen transitions from aquatic reservoirs into epidemics in human populations, and has evolved numerous mechanisms to sense this transition in order to appropriately regulate its gene expression for infection. At the intersection of pathogen and host in the gastrointestinal tract lies the community of native gut microbes, the gut microbiome. It is increasingly clear that the diversity of species and biochemical activities within the gut microbiome represents a driver of infection outcome, through their ability to manipulate the signals used by V. cholerae to regulate virulence and fitness in vivo. A better mechanistic understanding of how commensal microbial action interacts with V. cholerae pathogenesis may lead to novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for cholera. Here, we review a subset of this burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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Vibrio cholerae Type VI Activity Alters Motility Behavior in Mucin. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00261-20. [PMID: 32868403 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00261-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility is required for many bacterial pathogens to reach and colonize target sites. Vibrio cholerae traverses a thick mucus barrier coating the small intestine to reach the underlying epithelium. We screened a transposon library in motility medium containing mucin to identify factors that influence mucus transit. Lesions in structural genes of the type VI secretion system (T6SS) were among those recovered. Two-dimensional (2D) and 3D single-cell tracking was used to compare the motility behaviors of wild-type cells and a mutant that collectively lacked three essential T6SS structural genes (T6SS-). In the absence of mucin, wild-type and T6SS- cells exhibited similar speeds and run-reverse-flick (RRF) swimming patterns, in which forward-moving cells briefly backtrack before stochastically reorienting (flicking) in a new direction upon resuming forward movement. We show that mucin induced T6SS expression and activity in wild-type bacteria but significantly decreased their swimming speed and flicking, yielding curvilinear or near-surface circular traces for many cells. Conversely, mucin slowed T6SS- cells to a lesser extent, and many continued to flick and produce RRF-like traces. ΔcheY3 cells, which exclusively swim in the forward direction and thus cannot flick, also produced curvilinear traces with or without mucin present and, on occasion, near-surface circular traces in the presence of mucin. The dependence of flicking on swimming speed suggested that mucin-induced T6SS activity further decreased V. cholerae motility and thereby reduced flicking probability during reverse-to-forward transitions. We propose that this encourages cells to continue on their current trajectory rather than reorienting, which may benefit those tracking toward the epithelial surface.IMPORTANCE V. cholerae deploys an arsenal of virulence factors as it attempts to traverse a protective mucus layer and reach the epithelial surface of the distal small intestine. The T6SS used to cull bacterial competition during infection is induced by mucus. We show that this activity may serve an additional purpose by further decreasing motility in the presence of mucin, thereby reducing the probability of speed-dependent, near-perpendicular directional changes. We posit that this encourages cells to maintain course rather than change direction, which may aid those attempting to reach and colonize the epithelial surface.
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Aljahdali NH, Sanad YM, Han J, Foley SL. Current knowledge and perspectives of potential impacts of Salmonella enterica on the profile of the gut microbiota. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:353. [PMID: 33203384 PMCID: PMC7673091 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the initial studies of the gut microbiota started focusing on the correlation of the composition of the gut microbiota and the health or diseases of the host, and there are extensive literature reviews pertaining to this theme. However, little is known about the association between the microbiota, the host, and pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica, which is among the most important foodborne pathogens and identified as the source of multiple outbreaks linked to contaminated foods causing salmonellosis. Secretion systems, flagella, fimbriae, endotoxins, and exotoxins are factors that play the most important roles in the successful infection of the host cell by Salmonella. Infections with S. enterica, which is a threat to human health, can alter the genomic, taxonomic, and functional traits of the gut microbiota. The purpose of this review is to outline the state of knowledge on the impacts of S. enterica on the intestinal microbiota and highlight the need to identify the gut bacteria that could contribute to salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen H Aljahdali
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser M Sanad
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR, USA.,Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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42
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Qin Z, Yang X, Chen G, Park C, Liu Z. Crosstalks Between Gut Microbiota and Vibrio Cholerae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:582554. [PMID: 33194819 PMCID: PMC7644805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.582554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, could proliferate in aquatic environment and infect humans through contaminated food and water. Enormous microorganisms residing in human gastrointestinal tract establish a special microecological system, which immediately responds to the invasion of V. cholerae, through “colonization resistance” mechanisms, such as antimicrobial peptide production, nutrients competition, and intestinal barrier maintenances. Meanwhile, V. cholerae could quickly sense those signals and modulate the expression of relevant genes to circumvent those stresses during infection, leading to successful colonization on the surface of small intestinal epithelial cells. In this review, we summarized the crosstalks profiles between gut microbiota and V. cholerae in the terms of Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), Quorum Sensing (QS), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)/pH stress, and Bioactive metabolites. These mechanisms can also be applied to molecular bacterial pathogenesis of other pathogens in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaiwoo Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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43
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Bernal P, Murillo-Torres M, Allsopp LP. Integrating signals to drive type VI secretion system killing. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4520-4523. [PMID: 32990336 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bernal
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Murillo-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luke P Allsopp
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Levade I, Saber MM, Midani FS, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Begum YA, Ryan ET, David LA, Calderwood SB, Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Shapiro BJ, Weil AA. Predicting Vibrio cholerae Infection and Disease Severity Using Metagenomics in a Prospective Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:342-351. [PMID: 32610345 PMCID: PMC7857355 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection is affected by blood group, age, and preexisting immunity, but these factors only partially explain who becomes infected. A recent study used 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing to quantify the composition of the gut microbiome and identify predictive biomarkers of infection with limited taxonomic resolution. METHODS To achieve increased resolution of gut microbial factors associated with V. cholerae susceptibility and identify predictors of symptomatic disease, we applied deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing to a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera. RESULTS Using machine learning, we resolved species, strains, gene families, and cellular pathways in the microbiome at the time of exposure to V. cholerae to identify markers that predict infection and symptoms. Use of metagenomic features improved the precision and accuracy of prediction relative to 16S sequencing. We also predicted disease severity, although with greater uncertainty than our infection prediction. Species within the genera Prevotella and Bifidobacterium predicted protection from infection, and genes involved in iron metabolism were also correlated with protection. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the power of metagenomics to predict disease outcomes and suggest specific species and genes for experimental testing to investigate mechanisms of microbiome-related protection from cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Levade
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Morteza M Saber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Firas S Midani
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I Khan
- Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yasmin A Begum
- Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence A David
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Center for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,McGill Genome Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Correspondence: B. Jesse Shapiro, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ()
| | - Ana A Weil
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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45
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Fur-Dam Regulatory Interplay at an Internal Promoter of the Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Type VI Secretion sci1 Gene Cluster. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00075-20. [PMID: 32152218 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00075-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a weapon for delivering effectors into target cells that is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria. The T6SS is a highly versatile machine, as it can target both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and it has been proposed that T6SSs are adapted to the specific needs of each bacterium. The expression of T6SS gene clusters and the activation of the secretion apparatus are therefore tightly controlled. In enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), the sci1 T6SS gene cluster is subject to a complex regulation involving both the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) and DNA adenine methylase (Dam)-dependent DNA methylation. In this study, an additional, internal, promoter was identified within the sci1 gene cluster using +1 transcriptional mapping. Further analyses demonstrated that this internal promoter is controlled by a mechanism strictly identical to that of the main promoter. The Fur binding box overlaps the -10 transcriptional element and a Dam methylation site, GATC-32. Hence, the expression of the distal sci1 genes is repressed and the GATC-32 site is protected from methylation in iron-rich conditions. The Fur-dependent protection of GATC-32 was confirmed by an in vitro methylation assay. In addition, the methylation of GATC-32 negatively impacted Fur binding. The expression of the sci1 internal promoter is therefore controlled by iron availability through Fur regulation, whereas Dam-dependent methylation maintains a stable ON expression in iron-limited conditions.IMPORTANCE Bacteria use weapons to deliver effectors into target cells. One of these weapons, the type VI secretion system (T6SS), assembles a contractile tail acting as a spring to propel a toxin-loaded needle. Its expression and activation therefore need to be tightly regulated. Here, we identified an internal promoter within the sci1 T6SS gene cluster in enteroaggregative E. coli We show that this internal promoter is controlled by Fur and Dam-dependent methylation. We further demonstrate that Fur and Dam compete at the -10 transcriptional element to finely tune the expression of T6SS genes. We propose that this elegant regulatory mechanism allows the optimum production of the T6SS in conditions where enteroaggregative E. coli encounters competing species.
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46
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Crisan CV, Hammer BK. The
Vibrio cholerae
type VI secretion system: toxins, regulators and consequences. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4112-4122. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian V. Crisan
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
| | - Brian K. Hammer
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
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Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria use diverse strategies to compete for host colonization sites. However, little is known about the environmental cues that modulate interbacterial competition as they transition between free-living and host-associated lifestyles. We used the mutualistic relationship between Eupyrmna scolopes squid and Vibrio fischeri bacteria to investigate how intraspecific competition is regulated as symbionts move from the seawater to a host-like environment. We recently reported that V. fischeri uses a type VI secretion system (T6SS) for intraspecific competition during host colonization. Here, we investigated how environmental viscosity impacts T6SS-mediated competition by using a liquid hydrogel medium that mimics the viscous host environment. Our data demonstrate that although the T6SS is functionally inactive when cells are grown under low-viscosity liquid conditions similar to those found in seawater, exposure to a host-like high-viscosity hydrogel enhances T6SS expression and sheath formation, activates T6SS-mediated killing in as little as 30 min, and promotes the coaggregation of competing genotypes. Finally, the use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed insights into how cells may prepare for T6SS competition during this habitat transition. These findings, which establish the use of a new hydrogel culture condition for studying T6SS interactions, indicate that V. fischeri rapidly responds to the physical environment to activate the competitive mechanisms used during host colonization.IMPORTANCE Bacteria often engage in interference competition to gain access to an ecological niche, such as a host. However, little is known about how the physical environment experienced by free-living or host-associated bacteria influences such competition. We used the bioluminescent squid symbiont Vibrio fischeri to study how environmental viscosity impacts bacterial competition. Our results suggest that upon transition from a planktonic environment to a host-like environment, V. fischeri cells activate their type VI secretion system, a contact-dependent interbacterial nanoweapon, to eliminate natural competitors. This work shows that competitor cells form aggregates under host-like conditions, thereby facilitating the contact required for killing, and reveals how V. fischeri regulates a key competitive mechanism in response to the physical environment.
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48
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Allsopp LP, Bernal P, Nolan LM, Filloux A. Causalities of war: The connection between type VI secretion system and microbiota. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13153. [PMID: 31872954 PMCID: PMC7540082 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota niches have space and/or nutrient restrictions, which has led to the coevolution of cooperation, specialisation, and competition within the population. Different animal and environmental niches contain defined resident microbiota that tend to be stable over time and offer protection against undesired intruders. Yet fluxes can occur, which alter the composition of a bacterial population. In humans, the microbiota are now considered a key contributor to maintenance of health and homeostasis, and its alteration leads to dysbiosis. The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) transports proteins into the environment, directly into host cells or can function as an antibacterial weapon by killing surrounding competitors. Upon contact with neighbouring cells, the T6SS fires, delivering a payload of effector proteins. In the absence of an immunity protein, this results in growth inhibition or death of prey leading to a competitive advantage for the attacker. It is becoming apparent that the T6SS has a role in modulating and shaping the microbiota at multiple levels, which is the focus of this review. Discussed here is the T6SS, its role in competition, key examples of its effect upon the microbiota, and future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Allsopp
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Bernal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Nolan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alain Filloux
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
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49
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Dalili N, Chashmniam S, Khoormizi SMH, Salehi L, Jamalian SA, Nafar M, Kalantari S. Urine and serum NMR-based metabolomics in pre-procedural prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy. Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:95-103. [PMID: 31201681 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) has been reported to be the third foremost cause of acute renal failure. Metabolomics is a robust technique that has been used to identify potential biomarkers for the prediction of renal damage. We aim to analyze the serum and urine metabolites changes, before and after using contrast for coronary angiography, to determine if metabolomics can predict early development of CIN. 66 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography were eligible for enrollment. Urine and serum samples were collected prior to administration of CM and 72 h post procedure and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The significant differential metabolites between patients who develop CIN and patients who have stable renal function after angiography were identified using U test and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed for each metabolite candidate. Potential susceptible pathways to cytotoxic effect of CM were investigated by pathway analysis. A predictive panel composed of six urinary metabolites had the best area under the curve. Glutamic acid, uridine diphosphate, glutamine and tyrosine were the most important serum predictive biomarkers. Several pathways related to amino acid and nicotinamide metabolism were suggested as impaired pathways in CIN prone patients. Changes exist in urine and serum metabolomics patterns in patients who do and do not develop CIN after coronary angiography hence metabolites may be potential predictive identifiers of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Dalili
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Chashmniam
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Heydari Khoormizi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Salehi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Nafar
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Kalantari
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Liaw J, Hong G, Davies C, Elmi A, Sima F, Stratakos A, Stef L, Pet I, Hachani A, Corcionivoschi N, Wren BW, Gundogdu O, Dorrell N. The Campylobacter jejuni Type VI Secretion System Enhances the Oxidative Stress Response and Host Colonization. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2864. [PMID: 31921044 PMCID: PMC6927950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in Campylobacter jejuni is poorly understood despite an increasing prevalence of the T6SS in recent C. jejuni isolates in humans and chickens. The T6SS is a contractile secretion machinery capable of delivering effectors that can play a role in host colonization and niche establishment. During host colonization, C. jejuni is exposed to oxidative stress in the host gastrointestinal tract, and in other bacteria the T6SS has been linked with the oxidative stress response. In this study, comparisons of whole genome sequences of a novel human isolate 488 with previously sequenced strains revealed a single highly conserved T6SS cluster shared between strains isolated from humans and chickens. The presence of a functional T6SS in the 488 wild-type strain is indicated by expression of T6SS genes and secretion of the effector TssD. Increased expression of oxidative stress response genes katA, sodB, and ahpC, and increased oxidative stress resistance in 488 wild-type strain suggest T6SS is associated with oxidative stress response. The role of the T6SS in interactions with host cells is explored using in vitro and in vivo models, and the presence of the T6SS is shown to increase C. jejuni cytotoxicity in the Galleria mellonella infection model. In biologically relevant models, the T6SS enhances C. jejuni interactions with and invasion of chicken primary intestinal cells and enhances the ability of C. jejuni to colonize chickens. This study demonstrates that the C. jejuni T6SS provides defense against oxidative stress and enhances host colonization, and highlights the importance of the T6SS during in vivo survival of T6SS-positive C. jejuni strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Liaw
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geunhye Hong
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cadi Davies
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Filip Sima
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Bioengineering of Animal Science Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael the I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Bioengineering of Animal Science Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael the I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Bioengineering of Animal Science Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael the I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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