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Hoffmann Dahl E, Mbala P, Juchet S, Touré A, Montoyo A, Serra B, Kojan R, D'Ortenzio E, Blomberg B, Jaspard M. Improving Ebola virus disease outbreak control through targeted post-exposure prophylaxis. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1730-e1736. [PMID: 39270687 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease kills more than half of people infected. Since the disease is transmitted via close human contact, identifying individuals at the highest risk of developing the disease is possible on the basis of the type of contact (correlated with viral exposure). Different candidates for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP; ie, vaccines, antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies) each have their specific benefits and limitations, which we discuss in this Viewpoint. Approved monoclonal antibodies have been found to reduce mortality in people with Ebola virus disease. As monoclonal antibodies act swiftly by directly targeting the virus, they are promising candidates for targeted PEP in contacts at high risk of developing disease. This intervention could save lives, halt viral transmission, and, ultimately, help curtail outbreak propagation. We explore how a strategic integration of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines as PEP could provide both immediate and long-term protection against Ebola virus disease, highlighting ongoing clinical research that aims to refine this approach, and discuss the transformative potential of a successful PEP strategy to help control viral haemorrhagic fever outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hoffmann Dahl
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Placide Mbala
- Kingebeni Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale and University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvain Juchet
- The Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal; UMR 1219 GHiGS unit, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Abdoulaye Touré
- Centre de recherche et de formation en infectiologie de Guinea, University Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Alice Montoyo
- The Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal; UMR 1219 GHiGS unit, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatrice Serra
- The Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal; UMR 1219 GHiGS unit, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard Kojan
- The Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Eric D'Ortenzio
- ANRS Emerging infectious diseases, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Paris, France; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude-Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bjorn Blomberg
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Jaspard
- UMR 1136 IPLESP unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Infectious Disease Department, Hopital Saint Antoine, Paris, France.
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2
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Durante D, Bott R, Cooper L, Owen C, Morsheimer KM, Patten JJ, Zielinski C, Peet NP, Davey RA, Gaisina IN, Rong L, Moore TW. N-Substituted Pyrrole-Based Heterocycles as Broad-Spectrum Filoviral Entry Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:13737-13764. [PMID: 39169825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the largest and most fatal Ebola virus epidemic during 2014-2016, there have been several consecutive filoviral outbreaks in recent years, including those in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Ongoing outbreak prevalence and limited FDA-approved filoviral therapeutics emphasize the need for novel small molecule treatments. Here, we showcase the structure-activity relationship development of N-substituted pyrrole-based heterocycles and their potent, submicromolar entry inhibition against diverse filoviruses in a target-based pseudovirus assay. Inhibitor antiviral activity was validated using replication-competent Ebola, Sudan, and Marburg viruses. Mutational analysis was used to map the targeted region within the Ebola virus glycoprotein. Antiviral counter-screen and phospholipidosis assays were performed to demonstrate the reduced off-target activity of these filoviral entry inhibitors. Favorable antiviral potency, selectivity, and drug-like properties of the N-substituted pyrrole-based heterocycles support their potential as broad-spectrum antifiloviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny Durante
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Ryan Bott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Laura Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Callum Owen
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Kimberly M Morsheimer
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - J J Patten
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Christian Zielinski
- UICentre: Drug Discovery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Norton P Peet
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Irina N Gaisina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- UICentre: Drug Discovery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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3
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Hayden FG, Lenk RP, Epstein C, Kang LL. Oral Favipiravir Exposure and Pharmacodynamic Effects in Adult Outpatients With Acute Influenza. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e395-e404. [PMID: 37739792 PMCID: PMC11326817 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacokinetics of oral favipiravir and the relationships of plasma concentrations to antiviral effects are incompletely studied in influenza. METHODS Serial plasma samples were collected from adults with uncomplicated influenza who were randomized to favipiravir (1800 mg twice a day on day 1, 800 mg twice a day on days 2 to 5; n = 827) or placebo (n = 419) in 2 phase 3 trials. Post hoc analyses assessed the frequency of reaching an average minimum concentration (Cmin) ≥20 µg/mL, its association with antiviral efficacy, and factors associated with reduced favipiravir exposure. RESULTS Wide interindividual variability existed in favipiravir concentrations, and this regimen failed to reach an average Cmin>20 µg/mL in 41%-43% of participants. Those attaining this threshold showed greater reductions in nasopharyngeal infectious virus titers on treatment days 2 and 3 and lower viral titer area under the curve compared to those who did not. Those with average Cmin <20 µg/mL had over 2-fold higher mean ratios of the metabolite T-705M1 to favipiravir, consistent with greater metabolism, and were more likely to weigh >80 kg (61.5%-64%). CONCLUSIONS Higher favipiravir levels with average Cmin>20 µg/mL were associated with larger antiviral effects and more rapid illness alleviation compared to placebo and to favipiravir recipients with lower average Cmin values in uncomplicated influenza. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT1068912 and NCT01728753.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Hayden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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4
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Challenger E, Dilly-Penchala S, Hale C, Fitzgerald R, Reynolds H, Chiong J, Rowland T, Fletcher T, Khoo S, Else L. A novel LC-MS/MS method for the determination of favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate (T-705-RTP) in human peripheral mononuclear cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116155. [PMID: 38652938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum antiviral that is metabolised intracellularly into the active form, favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate (F-RTP). Measurement of the intracellular concentration of F-RTP in mononuclear cells is a crucial step to characterising the pharmacokinetics of F-RTP and to enable more appropriate dose selection for the treatment of COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases. The described method was validated over the range 24 - 2280 pmol/sample. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood and lysed using methanol-water (70:30, v/v) before cellular components were precipitated with acetonitrile and the supernatant further cleaned by weak anion exchange solid phase extraction. The method was found to be both precise and accurate and was successfully utilised to analyse F-RTP concentrations in patient samples collected as part of the AGILE CST-6 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Challenger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Sujan Dilly-Penchala
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Colin Hale
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Richard Fitzgerald
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Helen Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Justin Chiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Tim Rowland
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Tom Fletcher
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Saye Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Laura Else
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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5
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Johnson DM, Juelich T, Zhang L, Smith JK, Kalveram BK, Perez D, Smith J, Grimes MR, Garron T, Torres M, Massey S, Brasel T, Beasley DWC, Freiberg AN, Comer JE. Comparison of Routes of Administration, Frequency, and Duration of Favipiravir Treatment in Mouse and Guinea Pig Models of Ebola Virus Disease. Viruses 2024; 16:1101. [PMID: 39066263 PMCID: PMC11281331 DOI: 10.3390/v16071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir is a ribonucleoside analogue that has been explored as a therapeutic for the treatment of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). Promising data from rodent models has informed nonhuman primate trials, as well as evaluation in patients during the 2013-2016 West African EVD outbreak of favipiravir treatment. However, mixed results from these studies hindered regulatory approval of favipiravir for the indication of EVD. This study examined the influence of route of administration, duration of treatment, and treatment schedule of favipiravir in immune competent mouse and guinea pig models using rodent-adapted Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). A dose of 300 mg/kg/day of favipiravir with an 8-day treatment was found to be fully effective at preventing lethal EVD-like disease in BALB/c mice regardless of route of administration (oral, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous) or whether it was provided as a once-daily dose or a twice-daily split dose. Preclinical data generated in guinea pigs demonstrates that an 8-day treatment of 300 mg/kg/day of favipiravir reduces mortality following EBOV challenge regardless of route of treatment or duration of treatments for 8, 11, or 15 days. This work supports the future translational development of favipiravir as an EVD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 945501, USA
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Birte K. Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - David Perez
- Office of Biosafety, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - Michael R. Grimes
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Tania Garron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - David W. C. Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - Alex N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
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6
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Wong SN, Li S, Low KH, Chan HW, Zhang X, Chow S, Hui B, Chow PCY, Chow SF. Development of favipiravir dry powders for intranasal delivery: An integrated cocrystal and particle engineering approach via spray freeze drying. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123896. [PMID: 38346602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals in intranasal applications remains largely unexplored despite progressive advancements in cocrystal research. We present the application of spray freeze drying (SFD) in successful fabrication of a favipiravir-pyridinecarboxamide cocrystal nasal powder formulation for potential treatment of broad-spectrum antiviral infections. Preliminary screening via mechanochemistry revealed that favipiravir (FAV) can cocrystallize with isonicotinamide (INA), but not nicotinamide (NCT) and picolinamide (PIC) notwithstanding their structural similarity. The cocrystal formation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and unit cell determination through Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray analysis. FAV-INA crystalized in a monoclinic space group P21/c with a unit cell volume of 1223.54(3) Å3, accommodating one FAV molecule and one INA molecule in the asymmetric unit. The cocrystal was further reproduced as intranasal dry powders by SFD, of which the morphology, particle size, in vitro drug release, and nasal deposition were assessed. The non-porous flake shaped FAV-INA powders exhibited a mean particle size of 19.79 ± 2.61 μm, rendering its suitability for intranasal delivery. Compared with raw FAV, FAV-INA displayed a 3-fold higher cumulative fraction of drug permeated in Franz diffusion cells at 45 min (p = 0.001). Dose fraction of FAV-INA deposited in the nasal fraction of a customized 3D-printed nasal cast reached over 80 %, whereas the fine particle fraction remained below 6 % at a flow rate of 15 L/min, suggesting high nasal deposition whilst minimal lung deposition. FAV-INA was safe in RPMI 2650 nasal and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells without any in vitro cytotoxicity observed. This study demonstrated that combining the merits of cocrystallization and particle engineering via SFD can propel the development of advanced dry powder formulations for intranasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Si Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Stephanie Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bo Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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7
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Cross RW, Woolsey C, Chu VC, Babusis D, Bannister R, Vermillion MS, Geleziunas R, Barrett KT, Bunyan E, Nguyen AQ, Cihlar T, Porter DP, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Martinez J, Harrison MB, Dobias NS, Fenton KA, Bilello JP, Geisbert TW. Oral administration of obeldesivir protects nonhuman primates against Sudan ebolavirus. Science 2024; 383:eadk6176. [PMID: 38484056 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Obeldesivir (ODV, GS-5245) is an orally administered prodrug of the parent nucleoside of remdesivir (RDV) and is presently in phase 3 trials for COVID-19 treatment. In this work, we show that ODV and its circulating parent nucleoside metabolite, GS-441524, have similar in vitro antiviral activity against filoviruses, including Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and Sudan virus (SUDV). We also report that once-daily oral ODV treatment of cynomolgus monkeys for 10 days beginning 24 hours after SUDV exposure confers 100% protection against lethal infection. Transcriptomics data show that ODV treatment delayed the onset of inflammation and correlated with antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation. Our results offer promise for the further development of ODV to control outbreaks of filovirus disease more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jasmine Martinez
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mack B Harrison
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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8
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Kreins AY, Roux E, Pang J, Cheng I, Charles O, Roy S, Mohammed R, Owens S, Lowe DM, Brugha R, Williams R, Howley E, Best T, Davies EG, Worth A, Solas C, Standing JF, Goldstein RA, Rocha-Pereira J, Breuer J. Favipiravir induces HuNoV viral mutagenesis and infectivity loss with clinical improvement in immunocompromised patients. Clin Immunol 2024; 259:109901. [PMID: 38218209 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Chronic human norovirus (HuNoV) infections in immunocompromised patients result in severe disease, yet approved antivirals are lacking. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors inducing viral mutagenesis display broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity, but clinical efficacy in HuNoV infections is anecdotal and the potential emergence of drug-resistant variants is concerning. Upon favipiravir (and nitazoxanide) treatment of four immunocompromised patients with life-threatening HuNoV infections, viral whole-genome sequencing showed accumulation of favipiravir-induced mutations which coincided with clinical improvement although treatment failed to clear HuNoV. Infection of zebrafish larvae demonstrated drug-associated loss of viral infectivity and favipiravir treatment showed efficacy despite occurrence of RdRp variants potentially causing favipiravir resistance. This indicates that within-host resistance evolution did not reverse loss of viral fitness caused by genome-wide accumulation of sequence changes. This off-label approach supports the use of mutagenic antivirals for treating prolonged RNA viral infections and further informs the debate surrounding their impact on virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Kreins
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Roux
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juanita Pang
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iek Cheng
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Charles
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reem Mohammed
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen Owens
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - David M Lowe
- Immunology Department, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rossa Brugha
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Williams
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evey Howley
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Best
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Graham Davies
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Solas
- Unité des Virus Émergents IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Joseph F Standing
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Goldstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven - Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Moso MA, Lim CK, Williams E, Marshall C, McCarthy J, Williamson DA. Prevention and post-exposure management of occupational exposure to Ebola virus. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e93-e105. [PMID: 37722397 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the prevention and management of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV), including the development of two effective vaccines, rVSV-ZEBOV and Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo. In addition, ZEBOV monoclonal antibodies have become first-line therapy for EVD. However, the 2022-23 outbreak of Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV) in Uganda has highlighted the gap in current therapies and vaccines, whose efficacy is uncertain against non-ZEBOV species. Health-care and laboratory staff working in EVD treatment centres or Ebola virus diagnostic and research laboratories face unique risks relating to potential occupational exposure to Ebola viruses. Given the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with EVD, facilities should have strategies in place to manage occupational exposures, including consideration of post-exposure therapies. In this Review, we discuss currently available evidence for prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis of EVD, including therapies currently under evaluation for SUDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moso
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Chuan K Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eloise Williams
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Marshall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Luvira V, Schilling WHK, Jittamala P, Watson JA, Boyd S, Siripoon T, Ngamprasertchai T, Almeida PJ, Ekkapongpisit M, Cruz C, Callery JJ, Singh S, Tuntipaiboontana R, Kruabkontho V, Ngernseng T, Tubprasert J, Abdad MY, Keayarsa S, Madmanee W, Aguiar RS, Santos FM, Hanboonkunupakarn P, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Poovorawan K, Imwong M, Taylor WRJ, Chotivanich V, Chotivanich K, Pukrittayakamee S, Dondorp AM, Day NPJ, Teixeira MM, Piyaphanee W, Phumratanaprapin W, White NJ. Clinical antiviral efficacy of favipiravir in early COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:89. [PMID: 38225598 PMCID: PMC10789040 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In early symptomatic COVID-19 treatment, high dose oral favipiravir did not accelerate viral clearance. BACKGROUND Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug, has in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trial evidence to date is inconclusive. Favipiravir has been recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 in some countries. METHODS In a multicentre open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial, low-risk adult patients with early symptomatic COVID-19 were randomised to one of ten treatment arms including high dose oral favipiravir (3.6g on day 0 followed by 1.6g daily to complete 7 days treatment) or no study drug. The primary outcome was the rate of viral clearance (derived under a linear mixed-effects model from the daily log10 viral densities in standardised duplicate oropharyngeal swab eluates taken daily over 8 days [18 swabs per patient]), assessed in a modified intention-to-treat population (mITT). The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of the allocated intervention. This ongoing adaptive platform trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05041907) on 13/09/2021. RESULTS In the final analysis, the mITT population contained data from 114 patients randomised to favipiravir and 126 patients randomised concurrently to no study drug. Under the linear mixed-effects model fitted to all oropharyngeal viral density estimates in the first 8 days from randomisation (4,318 swabs), there was no difference in the rate of viral clearance between patients given favipiravir and patients receiving no study drug; a -1% (95% credible interval: -14 to 14%) difference. High dose favipiravir was well-tolerated. INTERPRETATION Favipiravir does not accelerate viral clearance in early symptomatic COVID-19. The viral clearance rate estimated from quantitative measurements of oropharyngeal eluate viral densities assesses the antiviral efficacy of drugs in vivo with comparatively few studied patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viravarn Luvira
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - William H K Schilling
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Podjanee Jittamala
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James A Watson
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Boyd
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanaya Siripoon
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thundon Ngamprasertchai
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pedro J Almeida
- Clinical Research Unit, Center for Advanced and Innovative Therapies, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maneerat Ekkapongpisit
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cintia Cruz
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James J Callery
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shivani Singh
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Runch Tuntipaiboontana
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varaporn Kruabkontho
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thatsanun Ngernseng
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Tubprasert
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Srisuda Keayarsa
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanassanan Madmanee
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Renato S Aguiar
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Franciele M Santos
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittiyod Poovorawan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Walter R J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Clinical Research Unit, Center for Advanced and Innovative Therapies, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Watcharapong Piyaphanee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Phumratanaprapin
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Illingworth CJR, Guerra-Assuncao JA, Gregg S, Charles O, Pang J, Roy S, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J, Breuer J. Genetic consequences of effective and suboptimal dosing with mutagenic drugs in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae001. [PMID: 38486802 PMCID: PMC10939363 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutagenic antiviral drugs have shown promise against multiple viruses, but concerns have been raised about whether their use might promote the emergence of new and harmful viral variants. Recently, genetic signatures associated with molnupiravir use have been identified in the global SARS-COV-2 population. Here, we examine the consequences of using favipiravir and molnupiravir to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model, comparing viral genome sequence data collected from (1) untreated hamsters, and (2) from hamsters receiving effective and suboptimal doses of treatment. We identify a broadly linear relationship between drug dose and the extent of variation in treated viral populations, with a high proportion of this variation being composed of variants at frequencies of less than 1 per cent, below typical thresholds for variant calling. Treatment with an effective dose of antiviral drug was associated with a gain of between 7 and 10 variants per viral genome relative to drug-free controls: even after a short period of treatment a population founded by a transmitted virus could contain multiple sequence differences to that of the original host. Treatment with a suboptimal dose of drug showed intermediate gains of variants. No dose-dependent signal was identified in the numbers of single-nucleotide variants reaching frequencies in excess of 5 per cent. We did not find evidence to support the emergence of drug resistance or of novel immune phenotypes. Our study suggests that where onward transmission occurs, a short period of treatment with mutagenic drugs may be sufficient to generate a significant increase in the number of viral variants transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A Guerra-Assuncao
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Samuel Gregg
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Oscar Charles
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Juanita Pang
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
- The VirusBank Platform, Gaston Geenslaan, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
- The VirusBank Platform, Gaston Geenslaan, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Judith Breuer
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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12
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Elizalde V, Mirazo S, Romero AH, Alvarez G. In vitro antiviral activity of favipiravir and its 6- and 3-O-substituted derivatives against coronavirus: Acetylation leads to improvement of antiviral activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300494. [PMID: 37853660 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir is currently approved for the treatment of the influenza virus and has shown encouraging results in terms of antiviral capacity in clinical studies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Favipiravir is a prodrug, where its favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-5B-triphosphate metabolite is capable of blocking RNA replication of the virus. However, the antiviral efficiency of favipiravir is limited by two factors: (i) low accumulation in plasma and rapid excretion/elimination post-administration and (ii) low conversion rate into the active metabolite. To tackle these problems, herein, we have designed new favipiravir analogues focusing on the replacement of the fluorine atom at the 6-position by halogen or hydrogen atoms and 3-O-functionalization with labile groups. The first type of functionalization seeks to increase the antiviral activity because of the better ability of the keto-tautomer as a function of the halogen, and it is hypothesized that the keto-tautomer tends to promote the formation of the ribofuranosyl-5B-triphosphate (RTP) metabolite. Meanwhile, the second type of functionalization seeks to promote lipophilicity and increase accumulation in cells. From the in vitro antiviral activity against two coronavirus models (bovine and human 229E), it was identified that the replacement did not improve the antiviral activity against both the models, which seems to be attributable to the low water solubility of these new 6-functionalized analogues. Meanwhile, with 3-O-functionalization, acetylation provided the most active compounds with higher half-maximal inhibitory concentration and selectivity than favipiravir, whereas benzylation/methanosulfonation yielded the least active compounds. In summary, acetylation is found to be a convenient functionalization to enhance the antiviral profile of favipiravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Elizalde
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Depertamento de Bacteriología y Virología. Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Angel H Romero
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Guzman Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
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13
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Nishanth G VV, Spandana T, Sri CD, Nataraj V, Vikram PRH, Gurupadayya BM. Multivariate Optimization for Determination of Favipiravir, a SARS-CoV-2 Molecule, by the Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method Using a QbD Approach. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:750-757. [PMID: 35653716 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The object of the analytical work is to develop an analytical multivariate optimization for the determination of Favipiravir (FAV), a SARS-CoV-2 molecule, by the reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method using the analytical quality by design approach. FAV is used as an antiviral drug. Box-Behnken design is utilized for the optimization of the experiment and to identify the critical method parameters like the volume of acetonitrile, temperature and flow rate. Further, these factors are used to design the suitable mathematical models and illustrate their effect on various responses. This newly developed method utilized C18 column (5μm, 100 × 4.6 mm) and a temperature of 40°C with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The mobile phase is composed of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4), in the ratio of 20:80v/v and the wavelength of HPLC UV-Detector was fixed to 323nm. This method is validated according to International Council for Harmonization Q2 (R1) guidelines. The System suitability is performed and the retention time of Favipiravir is 3.4min. The linearity range is obtained at 0.062 - 4 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9979). The recovery is found to be in the range of 98.84-100%. Thus, the intended method is found to be simple and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Nishanth G
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Tatineni Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Chiriki Devi Sri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Varshini Nataraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - P R Hemanth Vikram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - B M Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
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14
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Bekegnran CP, Driouich JS, Breuer J, Barthelemy K, Giocanti M, de Lamballerie X, Kreins AY, Nougairede A, Solas C. Simultaneous quantitation of favipiravir and its hydroxide metabolite in human plasma and hamster matrices using a UPLC-MS/MS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5689. [PMID: 37349975 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, is currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various infectious diseases including COVID-19. We developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the quantification of favipiravir and its hydroxide metabolite (M1), in human and hamster biological matrices. Analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) after a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The mobile phase consisted of water and methanol, each containing 0.05% formic acid. Experiments were performed using electrospray ionization in the positive and negative ion mode, with protonated molecules used as the precursor ion and a total run time of 6 min. The MS/MS response was linear over the concentration ranges from 0.5-100 μg/ml for favipiravir and 0.25-30 μg/ml for M1. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were within the recommended limits of the European Medicines Agency guidelines. No significant matrix effect was observed, and the method was successfully applied to inform favipiravir dose adjustments in six immunocompromised children with severe RNA viral infections. In conclusion, the UPLC-MS/MS assay is suitable for quantification of favipiravir over a wide range of dosing regimens, and can easily be adapted to other matrices and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar P Bekegnran
- APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Selim Driouich
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Judith Breuer
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Karine Barthelemy
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Madeleine Giocanti
- APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Y Kreins
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust Foundation, London, UK
| | - Antoine Nougairede
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- APHM, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
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15
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ITIGIMATH N, ASHOKA H, YALLUR BC, HADAGALI MD. LC-MS/MS Method Development and Validation for Determination of Favipiravir Pure and Tablet Dosage Forms. Turk J Pharm Sci 2023; 20:226-233. [PMID: 37606007 PMCID: PMC10445228 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.75470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Analytical method development and validation for determination of favipiravir (FVPR) in pure and tablet dosage forms by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Materials and Methods A simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination of a new antiviral drug, FVPR in pharmaceutical formulations. The stationary phase employed was a Shim pack GISS, C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) column and mobile phase used in pump A was 10.0 mM ammonium acetate and in pump B methanol was used. The gradient program was used with fixed mobile phase flow rate at 0.4 mL min-1. Total run time was 5.0 min. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The established method found better outcomes. Results The linearity graph was found in the range of 50-200 μg/mL and the correlation coefficient value (R2) obtained was found to be 1.0. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 4.044 μg/mL and 12.253 μg/mL, respectively. Tremendous recovery outcomes were observed and found to be 101%, 99.0%, and 99.5% for FVPR at 150% upper, 100% middle, and 50% lower concentrations, respectively. Conclusion All outcomes obtained comply with ICH guidelines. The developed method was simple, unique, accurate, robust, precise, and reproducible for determination of FVPR in tablet formulation. The method is novel and could be adopted in formulation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeesha ITIGIMATH
- Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, Belagavi, India
| | - Hadagali ASHOKA
- BMS College of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Bengalore, India
| | - Basappa C. YALLUR
- Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, Belagavi, India
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16
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Li G, Hilgenfeld R, Whitley R, De Clercq E. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:449-475. [PMID: 37076602 PMCID: PMC10113999 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated tremendous efforts to develop therapeutic strategies that target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or human proteins to control viral infection, encompassing hundreds of potential drugs and thousands of patients in clinical trials. So far, a few small-molecule antiviral drugs (nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir) and 11 monoclonal antibodies have been marketed for the treatment of COVID-19, mostly requiring administration within 10 days of symptom onset. In addition, hospitalized patients with severe or critical COVID-19 may benefit from treatment with previously approved immunomodulatory drugs, including glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone, cytokine antagonists such as tocilizumab and Janus kinase inhibitors such as baricitinib. Here, we summarize progress with COVID-19 drug discovery, based on accumulated findings since the pandemic began and a comprehensive list of clinical and preclinical inhibitors with anti-coronavirus activities. We also discuss the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other infectious diseases with regard to drug repurposing strategies, pan-coronavirus drug targets, in vitro assays and animal models, and platform trial design for the development of therapeutics to tackle COVID-19, long COVID and pathogenic coronaviruses in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University; Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Richard Whitley
- Department of Paediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Franco EJ, Hanrahan KC, Brown AN. Favipiravir Inhibits Zika Virus (ZIKV) Replication in HeLa Cells by Altering Viral Infectivity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1097. [PMID: 37317071 PMCID: PMC10223361 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the antiviral potential of the nucleoside analogue favipiravir (FAV) against ZIKV, an arbovirus for which there are no approved antiviral therapies, in three human-derived cell lines. HeLa (cervical), SK-N-MC (neuronal), and HUH-7 (liver) cells were infected with ZIKV and exposed to different concentrations of FAV. Viral supernatant was sampled daily, and infectious viral burden was quantified by plaque assay. Changes in ZIKV infectivity were quantified by calculating specific infectivity. FAV-related toxicities were also assessed for each cell line in both infected and uninfected cells. Our results demonstrate that FAV activity was most pronounced in HeLa cells, as substantial declines in infectious titers and viral infectivity were observed in this cell type. The decline in infectious virus occurred in an exposure-dependent manner and was more pronounced as FAV exposure times increased. Additionally, toxicity studies showed that FAV was not toxic to any of the three cell lines and, surprisingly, caused substantial improvements in the viability of infected HeLa cells. Although SK-N-MC and HUH-7 cells were susceptible to FAV's anti-ZIKV activity, similar effects on viral infectivity and improvements in cell viability with therapy were not observed. These results indicate that FAV's ability to substantially alter viral infectivity is host cell specific and suggest that the robust antiviral effect observed in HeLa cells is mediated through drug-induced losses of viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn J. Franco
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (E.J.F.); (K.C.H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Kaley C. Hanrahan
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (E.J.F.); (K.C.H.)
| | - Ashley N. Brown
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (E.J.F.); (K.C.H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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18
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Fabric phase sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of favipiravir in biological and forensic samples. ADVANCES IN SAMPLE PREPARATION 2023. [PMCID: PMC9985823 DOI: 10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a pyrazine analog, is proposed as providential antiviral agent against the COVID-19 infection during 2020 pandemic emergency. For the first time, a fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed and applied for the determination of favipiravir (FAV) in biological samples (human plasma, blood and urine), pharmaceutical and forensic samples. The method comprises of extraction of FAV by FPSE followed by its derivatization with N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and GC-MS analysis. Design of experiment-based optimization was performed using Placket-Burman Design (PBD) and Central Composite Design (CCD) for the screening of significant factors of FPSE and their optimization, respectively. Among all tested membranes, sol-gel polyethylene glycol (PEG) has offered the best extraction efficiency for FAV. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method was found to be linear in the range of 0.01–10 µg mL−1 by GC-MS. The LODs and LOQs were as low as 0.001-0.0026 μg mL−1 and 0.003-0.0086 μg mL−1, respectively by GC-MS. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5 and 10 %, respectively, showing good method precision. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detect and quantify FAV in human urine, whole blood and plasma samples along with seized forensic samples. In addition, the proposed method has been evaluated for its green character by ComplexGAPI index.
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19
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Expanded profiling of Remdesivir as a broad-spectrum antiviral and low potential for interaction with other medications in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3131. [PMID: 36823196 PMCID: PMC9950143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (GS-5734; VEKLURY) is a single diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog (GS-441524). Remdesivir is taken up by target cells and metabolized in multiple steps to form the active nucleoside triphosphate (GS-443902), which acts as a potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Remdesivir and GS-441524 have antiviral activity against multiple RNA viruses. Here, we expand the evaluation of remdesivir's antiviral activity to members of the families Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Hepadnaviridae. Using cell-based assays, we show that remdesivir can inhibit infection of flaviviruses (such as dengue 1-4, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika viruses), picornaviruses (such as enterovirus and rhinovirus), and filoviruses (such as various Ebola, Marburg, and Sudan virus isolates, including novel geographic isolates), but is ineffective or is significantly less effective against orthomyxoviruses (influenza A and B viruses), or hepadnaviruses B, D, and E. In addition, remdesivir shows no antagonistic effect when combined with favipiravir, another broadly acting antiviral nucleoside analog, and has minimal interaction with a panel of concomitant medications. Our data further support remdesivir as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that has the potential to address multiple unmet medical needs, including those related to antiviral pandemic preparedness.
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20
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Rai A, Khatri G. Resurgence of the Ebola Virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Perspective. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e327. [PMID: 36799203 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Rai
- Dow University of Health Science, Karachi, Pakistan
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21
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Bouba A, Helle KB, Schneider KA. Predicting the combined effects of case isolation, safe funeral practices, and contact tracing during Ebola virus disease outbreaks. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0276351. [PMID: 36649296 PMCID: PMC9844901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Uganda and the Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Ghana reflect a persisting threat of Filoviridae to the global health community. Characteristic of Filoviridae are not just their high case fatality rates, but also that corpses are highly contagious and prone to cause infections in the absence of appropriate precautions. Vaccines against the most virulent Ebolavirus species, the Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) are approved. However, there exists no approved vaccine or treatment against the Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) which causes the current outbreak of EVD. Hence, the control of the outbreak relies on case isolation, safe funeral practices, and contact tracing. So far, the effectiveness of these control measures was studied only separately by epidemiological models, while the impact of their interaction is unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS To sustain decision making in public health-emergency management, we introduce a predictive model to study the interaction of case isolation, safe funeral practices, and contact tracing. The model is a complex extension of an SEIR-type model, and serves as an epidemic preparedness tool. The model considers different phases of the EVD infections, the possibility of infections being treated in isolation (if appropriately diagnosed), in hospital (if not properly diagnosed), or at home (if the infected do not present to hospital for whatever reason). It is assumed that the corpses of those who died in isolation are buried with proper safety measures, while those who die outside isolation might be buried unsafely, such that transmission can occur during the funeral. Furthermore, the contacts of individuals in isolation will be traced. Based on parameter estimates from the scientific literature, the model suggests that proper diagnosis and hence isolation of cases has the highest impact in reducing the size of the outbreak. However, the combination of case isolation and safe funeral practices alone are insufficient to fully contain the epidemic under plausible parameters. This changes if these measures are combined with contact tracing. In addition, shortening the time to successfully trace back contacts contribute substantially to contain the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of an approved vaccine and treatment, EVD management by proper and fast diagnostics in combination with epidemic awareness are fundamental. Awareness will particularly facilitate contact tracing and safe funeral practices. Moreover, proper and fast diagnostics are a major determinant of case isolation. The model introduced here is not just applicable to EVD, but also to other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as the MVD or the Lassa fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliou Bouba
- Hochschule Mittweida, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Limbe, Cameroon
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22
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Itigimatha N, Chadchan KS, Yallur BC, Hadagali MD. New Analytical Methods for the Determination of New Anti-Viral Drug Favipiravir: A Potential Therapeutic Drug Against Covid-19 Virus, in Bulk and Dosage Forms. Pharm Chem J 2023; 56:1419-1425. [PMID: 36683827 PMCID: PMC9838498 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple, accurate and robust analytical methods have been developed and validated for the determination of favipiravir (FVPR) by RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy techniques as per the ICH guidelines. In the RP-HPLC method for FVPR determination, the mobile phase was ammonium acetate buffer pH 6.5 in pump Aand methanol in pump B. The C18 (Sunfire) 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm column was used as a stationary phase, and the detection wavelength was at 323 nm. Under these conditions, FVPR was eluted as a sharp peak at 2.65 min and the overall time taken for each injection was 10 min. In case of the UV spectroscopy method, standard FVPR solutions were prepared with pure ethanol and scanned from 250 to 400 nm and a flourishing spectrum was obtained at 323 nm. Hence, the wavelength of 323 nm was fixed for the whole process of validation in both techniques. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in the RP-HPLC method were 1.0 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively, and the linearity was established in the 10 to 50 μg/mL range. In the UV spectroscopy method, the LOD and LOQ values were found to be 3.5 and 12 μg/mL, respectively, and the linearity was established within 20 to 60 μg/mL range. The regression coefficient was found to exceed 0.999 in both methods. The proposed RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy techniques are simple, accurate, rugged and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeesha Itigimatha
- Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560054 India
- Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka 590018 India
| | - Kailash S. Chadchan
- Department of Chemistry, BLDEA’s V. P. Dr. P. G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Karnataka 586103 India
| | - Basappa C. Yallur
- Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560054 India
- Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka 590018 India
| | - Manjunatha D. Hadagali
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Davangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere, Karnataka 577002 India
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23
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Jain B, Jain R, Jaiswal PK, Zughaibi T, Sharma T, Kabir A, Singh R, Sharma S. A Non-Instrumental Green Analytical Method Based on Surfactant-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction-Thin-Layer Chromatography-Smartphone-Based Digital Image Colorimetry(SA-DLLME-TLC-SDIC) for Determining Favipiravir in Biological Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:529. [PMID: 36677588 PMCID: PMC9860899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FAV) has become a promising antiviral agent for the treatment of COVID-19. Herein, a green, fast, high-sample-throughput, non-instrumental, and affordable analytical method is proposed based on surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SA-DLLME) combined with thin-layer chromatography-digital image colourimetry (TLC-DIC) for determining favipiravir in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Triton X-100 and dichloromethane (DCM) were used as the disperser and extraction solvents, respectively. The extract obtained after DLLME procedure was spotted on a TLC plate and allowed to develop with a mobile phase of chloroform:methanol (8:2, v/v). The developed plate was photographed using a smartphone under UV irradiation at 254 nm. The quantification of FAV was performed by analysing the digital images' spots with open-source ImageJ software. Multivariate optimisation using Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD) was performed for the screening and optimisation of significant factors. Under the optimised conditions, the method was found to be linear, ranging from 5 to 100 µg/spot, with a correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.991 to 0.994. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the ranges of 1.2-1.5 µg/spot and 3.96-4.29 µg/spot, respectively. The developed approach was successfully applied for the determination of FAV in biological (i.e., human urine and plasma) and pharmaceutical samples. The results obtained using the proposed methodology were compared to those obtained using HPLC-UV analysis and found to be in close agreement with one another. Additionally, the green character of the developed method with previously reported protocols was evaluated using the ComplexGAPI, AGREE, and Eco-Scale greenness assessment tools. The proposed method is green in nature and does not require any sophisticated high-end analytical instruments, and it can therefore be routinely applied for the analysis of FAV in various resource-limited laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Jain
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Dakshin Marg, Sector—36A, Chandigarh 160036, India
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajeev Jain
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Dakshin Marg, Sector—36A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Jaiswal
- School of Earth Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Torki Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvi Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Ritu Singh
- School of Earth Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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24
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Moriiwa Y, Oyama N, Otsuka R, Morioka K, Shoji A, Yanagida A. Development of a colorimetric assay for quantification of favipiravir in human serum using ferrihydrite. Talanta 2023; 252:123827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Siripongboonsitti T, Ungtrakul T, Watanapokasin N, Timsri P, Wongpakdee K, Wattanasin P, Pavitrapok C, Khunvichai A, Jamnongtanachot P, Mueannoom W, Kitpoka T, Arjharn W, Mahanonda N. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Favipiravir Oral Solution and Tablet Formulations in Healthy Thai Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:14-20. [PMID: 35877195 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of favipiravir oral solution with those of tablet formulations, which were agents repurposed to treat nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 in Thailand. In an open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover study, 24 healthy subjects under fasting conditions were randomly assigned to a single dose of 200 mg of favipiravir, either as an oral solution of 200 mg/15 mL (test product) or a tablet (reference product), separated by a 7-day washout period. Fifteen plasma samples were collected over 12 hours after drug administration. Plasma favipiravir levels were quantified using in-house developed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The test/reference geometric mean ratio along with 90%CI for the maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the time of the last quantifiable concentration, and AUC after single-dose administration, extrapolated to infinity were 115.3% (90%CI, 107.7%-123.3%), 100.4% (90%CI, 96.9%-104.0%), and 100.4% (90%CI, 96.8%-104.2%), respectively. These results were within the predefined acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80.0%-125.0%). No adverse events were observed in either group. The oral solution formulation could offer the advantage of easier swallowing in broader patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taweegrit Siripongboonsitti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapat Ungtrakul
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natcha Watanapokasin
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornuma Timsri
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Parin Wattanasin
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nithi Mahanonda
- Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Batiha GES, Moubarak M, Shaheen HM, Zakariya AM, Usman IM, Rauf A, Adhikari A, Dey A, Alexiou A, Hetta HF, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Kuraishy HM. Favipiravir in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Is it Worth it? Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2413-2428. [PMID: 35430987 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220414111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir is a potential antiviral drug undergoing clinical trials to manage various viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Favipiravir possesses antiviral properties against RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Unfortunately, these viruses do not have authorized antiviral drugs for the management of diseases resulting from their infection, hence the dire need to accentuate the discovery of antiviral drugs that are efficacious and have a broad spectrum. Favipiravir acts primarily by blocking inward and outward movements of the virus from cells. Favipiravir is a prodrug undergoing intracellular phosphorylation and ribosylation to form an active form, favipiravir-RTP, which binds viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Considering the novel mechanism of favipiravir action, especially in managing viral infections, it is vital to pay more attention to the promised favipiravir hold in the management of SARS-CoV-2, its efficacy, and dosage regimen, and interactions with other drugs. In conclusion, favipiravir possesses antiviral properties against RNA viruses, including COVID- 19. Favipiravir is effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection through inhibition of RdRp. Pre-clinical and large-scalp prospective studies are recommended for efficacy and long-term safety of favipiravir in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Moubarak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Hazem M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Ali M Zakariya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sule Lamido University Kafin, Hausa, Nigeria
| | - Ibe M Usman
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, Nepal
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department. of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia and AFNP Med, Austria
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
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27
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Al-Shammari AH, Ali Shahadha MA. The effect of Favipiravir on liver enzyme among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection: A prospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF POPULATION THERAPEUTICS AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY = JOURNAL DE LA THERAPEUTIQUE DES POPULATIONS ET DE LA PHARMACOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2022; 29:e46-e54. [PMID: 36398597 DOI: 10.15586/jptcp.2022.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Teratogenicity and hyperuricemia are considered as the major adverse effects of favipiravir, but less is known about other possible side effects which includes drug-induced liver damage and renal injury. In the current research, assessment of favipiravir-induced liver injury was performed by evaluating liver enzymes among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 66 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection who were treated with favipiravir for 5 days. During this period, a baseline assessment of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase - AST, alanine transaminase - ALT and alkaline phosphatase - ALP) in addition to bilirubin before initiation of therapy and after 1 day of completion of therapy were carried out. The comparison of all measured parameters among all patients before and after receiving the treatment showed that non-significant differences were obtained in their levels. It was noticed that COVID-19 patients demonstrated high AST levels in which only 16 patients out of the all-subjected cases (66 patients) had AST levels of less than 45 U/L whereas the majority of patients showed normal ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels. It was concluded that 5 days administration of favipiravir in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients who had no previous liver diseases did not affect the liver enzymes significantly and only transient elevations were occurred.
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28
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Rubekina AA, Kamzeeva PN, Alferova VA, Shustova EY, Kolpakova ES, Yakovchuk EV, Karpova EV, Borodulina MO, Belyaev ES, Khrulev AA, Korshun VA, Shirshin EA, Kozlovskaya LI, Aralov AV. Hydrophobic Rose Bengal Derivatives Exhibit Submicromolar-to-Subnanomolar Activity against Enveloped Viruses. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1609. [PMID: 36358961 PMCID: PMC9687286 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) is an anionic xanthene dye with multiple useful biological features, including photosensitization properties. RB was studied extensively as a photosensitizer, mostly for antibacterial and antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT). The application of RB to virus inactivation is rather understudied, and no RB derivatives have been developed as antivirals. In this work, we used a synthetic approach based on a successful design of photosensitizing antivirals to produce RB derivatives for virus photoinactivation. A series of n-alkyl-substituted RB derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as antiviral photosensitizers. The compounds exhibited similar 1O2 generation rate and efficiency, but drastically different activities against SARS-CoV-2, CHIKV, and HIV; with comparable cytotoxicity for different cell lines. Submicromolar-to-subnanomolar activities and high selectivity indices were detected for compounds with C4-6 alkyl (SARS-CoV-2) and C6-8 alkyl (CHIKV) chains. Spectrophotometric assessment demonstrates low aqueous solubility for C8-10 congeners and a significant aggregation tendency for the C12 derivative, possibly influencing its antiviral efficacy. Initial evaluation of the synthesized compounds makes them promising for further study as viral inactivators for vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Rubekina
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina N. Kamzeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A. Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Shustova
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Kolpakova
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Yakovchuk
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia V. Karpova
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria O. Borodulina
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S. Belyaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A. Khrulev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Shirshin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophotonics, Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Development and Validation of HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Favipiravir and Studying the Impact of Vitamin C on the Pharmacokinetics of COVID-19 Antiviral Drug Favipiravir. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, sensitive, and low-cost HPLC method for the rapid determination of favipiravir (FVR) in rat plasma was developed and validated, and the effect of vitamin C on FVR pharmacokinetic parameters was investigated. FVR and oxcarbazepine (IS) were separated using a mobile phase of 50% acetonitrile and 50% water (with 0.25% trifluoroacetic acid) at 1.0 mL/min flow rate and detected at λmax 289 nm. The intra- and interday values for FVR in plasma were less than 15%, with low, medium, and high QC levels for the relative recovery rate, according to ICH guidelines. Cmax values in the control and experimental groups were 558 ± 124.42 and 979.13 ± 138.10 ng/mL, respectively; t1/2 values were 7.15 ± 1.60 and 9.09 ± 1.14 h, AUC(0-t) values were 5697.70 ± 536.58 and 7381.62 ± 1577.58 ng.h/mL, and AUC(0-∞) values were 5697.70 ± 536.58 and 8192.36 ± 1721.67, respectively. According to the results, the experimental group’s Cmax of FVR was 75.17% higher than the control group’s, the Vz/F was lower, and the t1/2 was 1.86 h longer. The technique developed for determining FVR in plasma was useful for FVR pharmacokinetics and food–drug interaction investigations.
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30
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Lowe DM, Brown LAK, Chowdhury K, Davey S, Yee P, Ikeji F, Ndoutoumou A, Shah D, Lennon A, Rai A, Agyeman AA, Checkley A, Longley N, Dehbi HM, Freemantle N, Breuer J, Standing JF. Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or combination therapy (FLARE): A randomised, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial of early antiviral therapy in COVID-19. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004120. [PMID: 36260627 PMCID: PMC9629589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early antiviral treatment is effective for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) but currently available agents are expensive. Favipiravir is routinely used in many countries, but efficacy is unproven. Antiviral combinations have not been systematically studied. We aimed to evaluate the effect of favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir or the combination of both agents on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load trajectory when administered early. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a Phase 2, proof of principle, randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind trial of ambulatory outpatients with early COVID-19 (within 7 days of symptom onset) at 2 sites in the United Kingdom. Participants were randomised using a centralised online process to receive: favipiravir (1,800 mg twice daily on Day 1 followed by 400 mg 4 times daily on Days 2 to 7) plus lopinavir-ritonavir (400 mg/100 mg twice daily on Day 1, followed by 200 mg/50 mg 4 times daily on Days 2 to 7), favipiravir plus lopinavir-ritonavir placebo, lopinavir-ritonavir plus favipiravir placebo, or both placebos. The primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 viral load at Day 5, accounting for baseline viral load. Between 6 October 2020 and 4 November 2021, we recruited 240 participants. For the favipiravir+lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir+placebo, lopinavir-ritonavir+placebo, and placebo-only arms, we recruited 61, 59, 60, and 60 participants and analysed 55, 56, 55, and 58 participants, respectively, who provided viral load measures at Day 1 and Day 5. In the primary analysis, the mean viral load in the favipiravir+placebo arm had changed by -0.57 log10 (95% CI -1.21 to 0.07, p = 0.08) and in the lopinavir-ritonavir+placebo arm by -0.18 log10 (95% CI -0.82 to 0.46, p = 0.58) compared to the placebo arm at Day 5. There was no significant interaction between favipiravir and lopinavir-ritonavir (interaction coefficient term: 0.59 log10, 95% CI -0.32 to 1.50, p = 0.20). More participants had undetectable virus at Day 5 in the favipiravir+placebo arm compared to placebo only (46.3% versus 26.9%, odds ratio (OR): 2.47, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.65; p = 0.03). Adverse events were observed more frequently with lopinavir-ritonavir, mainly gastrointestinal disturbance. Favipiravir drug levels were lower in the combination arm than the favipiravir monotherapy arm, possibly due to poor absorption. The major limitation was that the study population was relatively young and healthy compared to those most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS At the current doses, no treatment significantly reduced viral load in the primary analysis. Favipiravir requires further evaluation with consideration of dose escalation. Lopinavir-ritonavir administration was associated with lower plasma favipiravir concentrations. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04499677 EudraCT: 2020-002106-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Li-An K. Brown
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kashfia Chowdhury
- Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Davey
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Yee
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicia Ikeji
- Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amalia Ndoutoumou
- Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Shah
- Department of Virology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Lennon
- Department of Virology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abhulya Rai
- Department of Virology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Akosua A. Agyeman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Checkley
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Longley
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hakim-Moulay Dehbi
- Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Freemantle
- Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Virology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph F. Standing
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Shtro AA, Garshinina AV, Alferova VA, Kamzeeva PN, Volok VP, Kolpakova ES, Nikitin TD, Chistov AA, Belyaev ES, Korshun VA, Kozlovskaya LI, Aralov AV. Cationic Perylene Antivirals with Aqueous Solubility for Studies In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1178. [PMID: 36297288 PMCID: PMC9610897 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Perylene-based compounds are attracting significant attention due to their high broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses. Despite unambiguous results of in vitro studies and high selectivity index, the poor water solubility of these compounds prevented in vivo evaluation of their antiviral properties. In this work, we synthesized a series of compounds with a perylene pharmacophore bearing positively charged substituents to improve the aqueous solubility of this unique type of antivirals. Three types of charged groups were introduced: (1) quaternary morpholinium salts (3a-b); (2) a 2'-O-l-valinyl-uridine hydrochloride residue (8), and (3) a 3-methylbenzothiazolium cation (10). The synthesized compounds were evaluated based both on antiviral properties in vitro (CHIKV, SARS-CoV-2, and IAV) and on solubility in aqueous media. Compound 10 has the greatest aqueous solubility, making it preferable for pre-evaluation by intragastrical administration in a mouse model of lethal influenza pneumonia. The results indicate that the introduction of a positively charged group is a viable strategy for the design of drug candidates with a perylene scaffold for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shtro
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Vera A. Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina N. Kamzeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P. Volok
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Kolpakova
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofei D. Nikitin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S. Belyaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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32
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Marlin R, Desjardins D, Contreras V, Lingas G, Solas C, Roques P, Naninck T, Pascal Q, Behillil S, Maisonnasse P, Lemaitre J, Kahlaoui N, Delache B, Pizzorno A, Nougairede A, Ludot C, Terrier O, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Relouzat F, Chapon C, Ho Tsong Fang R, van der Werf S, Rosa Calatrava M, Malvy D, de Lamballerie X, Guedj J, Le Grand R. Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against Zika and SARS-CoV-2 viruses in non-human primates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5108. [PMID: 36042198 PMCID: PMC9427089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exemplified that rigorous evaluation in large animal models is key for translation from promising in vitro results to successful clinical implementation. Among the drugs that have been largely tested in clinical trials but failed so far to bring clear evidence of clinical efficacy is favipiravir, a nucleoside analogue with large spectrum activity against several RNA viruses in vitro and in small animal models. Here, we evaluate the antiviral activity of favipiravir against Zika or SARS-CoV-2 virus in cynomolgus macaques. In both models, high doses of favipiravir are initiated before infection and viral kinetics are evaluated during 7 to 15 days after infection. Favipiravir leads to a statistically significant reduction in plasma Zika viral load compared to untreated animals. However, favipiravir has no effects on SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics, and 4 treated animals have to be euthanized due to rapid clinical deterioration, suggesting a potential role of favipiravir in disease worsening in SARS-CoV-2 infected animals. To summarize, favipiravir has an antiviral activity against Zika virus but not against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cynomolgus macaque model. Our results support the clinical evaluation of favipiravir against Zika virus but they advocate against its use against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Repurposed antiviral drugs present as a valuable resource in the defence during outbreaks, with rigorous evaluation in large animal models keys for translation to clinical implementation. Here, the authors explore the antiviral activity of favipiravir against Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 in cynomolgus macaques, in order to support future clinical investigations into this RNA polymerase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Caroline Solas
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE) IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, GMVR, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Nougairede
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Ludot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphael Ho Tsong Fang
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, GMVR, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Rosa Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,VirNext, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Malvy
- Department of infectious ad tropical diseases, University hopsital, Bordeaux & Inserm 1219/IRD, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremie Guedj
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75018, Paris, France.
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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33
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Hung DT, Ghula S, Aziz JMA, Makram AM, Tawfik GM, Abozaid AAF, Pancharatnam RA, Ibrahim AM, Shabouk MB, Turnage M, Nakhare S, Karmally Z, Kouz B, Le TN, Alhijazeen S, Phuong NQ, Ads AM, Abdelaal AH, Nam NH, Iiyama T, Kita K, Hirayama K, Huy NT. The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and observational studies. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 120:217-227. [PMID: 35470021 PMCID: PMC9023375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and adverse events of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Our protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020206305). Fourteen databases were searched until February 8th, 2021. An update search for new RCTs was done on March 2nd, 2022. Meta-analysis was done for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs. RESULTS Overall, 157 studies (24 RCTs, 1 non-RCT, 21 observational studies, 2 case series, and 106 case reports) were included. On hospitalized patients, in comparison to standard of care, favipiravir showed a higher rate of viral clearance at day 5 (RR = 1.60, p = 0.02), defervescence at day 3-4 (RR = 1.99, p <0.01), chest radiological improvement (RR = 1.33, p <0.01), hospital discharge at day 10-11 (RR = 1.19, p <0.01), and shorter clinical improvement time (MD = -1.18, p = 0.05). Regarding adverse events, favipiravir groups had higher rates of hyperuricemia (RR = 9.42, p <0.01), increased alanine aminotransferase (RR = 1.35, p <0.01) but lower rates of nausea (RR = 0.42, p <0.01) and vomiting (R R= 0.19, p=0.02). There were no differences regarding mortality (RR=1.19, p=0.32), and increased aspartate aminotransferase (RR = 1.11, p = 0.25). On nonhospitalized patients, no significant differences were reported. CONCLUSIONS Adding favipiravir to the standard of care provides better outcomes for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Pregnant, lactating women, and patients with a history of hyperuricemia should avoid using favipiravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang The Hung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Suhaib Ghula
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; School of Medicine, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
| | - Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College Health Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Iraq; Baxshin Research centre, Baxshin Hospital, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.
| | - Abdelrahman M Makram
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Gehad Mohamed Tawfik
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ali Ahmed-Fouad Abozaid
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rohan Andrew Pancharatnam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; School of Medicine, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
| | - Amr Mohamed Ibrahim
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Besher Shabouk
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.
| | - Morgan Turnage
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Einstein Medical Center Montgomery, East Norriton, Pennsylvania, USA; American University of the Caribbean, School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten.
| | - Saloni Nakhare
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; School of Medicine, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
| | - Zahra Karmally
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; School of Medicine, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
| | - Basel Kouz
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria.
| | - Tran Nhat Le
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Suleiman Alhijazeen
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Graduate of Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan.
| | - Nguyen Quoc Phuong
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Biology - Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.
| | - Alaa Mohamed Ads
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Ali Hussein Abdelaal
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org), Nagasaki, Japan; Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Harvard Medical School, Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | - Tatsuo Iiyama
- Department of International Trials, Center of Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoshi Kita
- Department of International Trials, Center of Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Rattanaumpawan P, Jirajariyavej S, Lerdlamyong K, Palavutitotai N, Saiyarin J. Real-World Effectiveness and Optimal Dosage of Favipiravir for Treatment of COVID-19: Results from a Multicenter Observational Study in Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060805. [PMID: 35740211 PMCID: PMC9220013 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Presently, data on the real-world effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 are limited. We conducted a retrospective observational study of hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 at five tertiary care hospitals in Thailand. We reviewed patient charts to obtain all necessary data. Among 247 COVID-19 patients, 63 (23.0%) received ≥1 dose of favipiravir. Of these 63 patients, 61.9% were male with a median age of 48 years (range 22–85 years), 27.0% required an O2 nasal cannula, 9.5% required non-invasive ventilation and/or high-flow O2 therapy, and 6.4% required invasive mechanical ventilation and/or ECMO. The median baseline NEWS2 score was 5 (0–16). The Day-7 clinical improvement rate [95%CI] was 66.7% [53.7–78.0%] in all patients, 92.5% [75.7–99.1%] in patients who did not require O2 supplementation, and 47.2% [0.4–64.5%] in patients who required O2 supplementation. No life-threatening adverse events were identified. The 28-day mortality rate was 4.8%. A multivariate analysis revealed three poor prognostic factors for Day-7 clinical improvement (odds ratio (95%CI); p-value): older age (0.94 (0.89–0.99); p = 0.04), a higher baseline NEWS2 score (0.64 (0.47–0.88); p = 0.006), and a lower favipiravir loading dose (≤45 mg/kg/day) (0.04 (0.005–0.4); p = 0.006). In conclusion, our study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients. In addition to older age and a high baseline NEWS2 score, a low loading dose of favipiravir (≤45 mg/kg/day) was also identified as a poor prognostic factor for early clinical improvement. Further studies to explore the optimal dose and the optimal timing of drug initiation for favipiravir should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyo Rattanaumpawan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-419-7784; Fax: +66-2-419-7783
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Ibrahim AE, Sharaf YA, El Deeb S, Sayed RA. Analytical Performance and Greenness Evaluation of Five Multi-Level Design Models Utilized for Impurity Profiling of Favipiravir, a Promising COVID-19 Antiviral Drug. Molecules 2022; 27:3658. [PMID: 35744781 PMCID: PMC9229086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, the discovery of carcinogenic nitrosamine process related impurities (PRIs) in a group of widely used drugs led to the recall and complete withdrawal of several medications that were consumed for a long time, unaware of the presence of these genotoxic PRIs. Since then, PRIs that arise during the manufacturing process of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), together with their degradation impurities, have gained the attention of analytical chemistry researchers. In 2020, favipiravir (FVR) was found to have an effective antiviral activity against the SARS-COVID-19 virus. Therefore, it was included in the COVID-19 treatment protocols and was consequently globally manufactured at large-scales during the pandemic. There is information indigence about FVR impurity profiling, and until now, no method has been reported for the simultaneous determination of FVR together with its PRIs. In this study, five advanced multi-level design models were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of FVR and two PRIs, namely; (6-chloro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide) and (3,6-dichloro-pyrazine-2-carbonitrile). The five developed models were classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS), and artificial neural networks (ANN). Five concentration levels of each compound, chosen according to the linearity range of the target analytes, were used to construct a five-level, three-factor chemometric design, giving rise to twenty-five mixtures. The models resolved the strong spectral overlap in the UV-spectra of the FVR and its PRIs. The PCR and PLS models exhibited the best performances, while PLS proved the highest sensitivity relative to the other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port Fuad 42526, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Ahmed Sharaf
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (Y.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman;
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rania Adel Sayed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (Y.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
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Saraya RE, Deeb SE, Salman BI, Ibrahim AE. Highly sensitive high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of Molnupiravir, Favipiravir, and Ritonavir in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2582-2590. [PMID: 35583051 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir, molnupiravir, and ritonavir have been recently approved as the first oral antivirals for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 viral infections. Their combination was reported in several clinical studies, alternatively, to enhance the viral eradication and improve patient's recovery times and rates. Being all orally administered, therefore, developing new sensitive and validated methodologies for their simultaneous determination is a necessitate. In the proposed research, a sensitive, selective and simple high-performance thin layer chromatography method was developed and validated for determination of favipiravir, molnupiravir, and ritonavir. Silica gel 60F254 thin layer chromatography plates were used as stationary phase for this separation using mobile phase composed of methylene chloride: ethyl acetate: methanol: 25% ammonia (6:3:4:1, v/v/v/v). Densitometric detection was performed at wavelength 289nm. Peaks of favipiravir, molnupiravir, and ritonavir were resolved at retention factors 0.22, 0.42 and 0.63, respectively. The proposed method was found linear within the specified ranges of 3.75-100.00 μg/mL for molnupiravir and favipiravir, and 2.75-100.00 μg/mL for ritonavir. Limits of detection were found to be 1.12, 1.21, and 0.89 μg/mL for favipiravir, molnupiravir, and ritonavir, respectively. This is the first method to be reported for the simultaneous determination of the cited three antiviral drugs. The method was assessed on novel greenness metrics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshdy E Saraya
- Pharmaceutical analytical chemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical analytical chemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt.,Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, 616, Sultanate of Oman
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Minotti C, Barbieri E, Doni D, Impieri C, Giaquinto C, Donà D. Anti-infective Medicines Use in Children and Neonates With Pre-existing Kidney Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:868513. [PMID: 35558367 PMCID: PMC9087830 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.868513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dosing recommendations for anti-infective medicines in children with pre-existing kidney dysfunction are derived from adult pharmacokinetics studies and adjusted to kidney function. Due to neonatal/pediatric age and kidney impairment, modifications in renal clearance and drug metabolism make standard anti-infective dosing for children and neonates inappropriate, with a risk of drug toxicity or significant underdosing. The aim of this study was the systematic description of the use of anti-infective medicines in pediatric patients with pre-existing kidney impairment. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane databases were searched on September 21st, 2021. Studies in all languages reporting data on pre-defined outcomes (pharmacokinetics-PK, kidney function, safety and efficacy) regarding the administration of anti-infective drugs in children up to 18 years with pre-existing kidney dysfunction were included. Results 29 of 1,792 articles were eligible for inclusion. There were 13 case reports, six retrospective studies, nine prospective studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT), reporting data on 2,168 pediatric patients. The most represented anti-infective class was glycopeptides, with seven studies on vancomycin, followed by carbapenems, with five studies, mostly on meropenem. Antivirals, aminoglycosides and antifungals counted three articles, followed by combined antibiotic therapy, cephalosporins, lipopeptides with two studies, respectively. Penicillins and polymixins counted one study each. Nine studies reported data on patients with a decreased kidney function, while 20 studies included data on kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Twenty-one studies reported data on PK. In 23 studies, clinical outcomes were reported. Clinical cure was achieved in 229/242 patients. There were four cases of underdosing, one case of overdosing and 13 reported deaths. Conclusion This is the first systematic review providing evidence of the use of anti-infective medicines in pediatric patients with impaired kidney function or requiring KRT. Dosing size or interval adjustments in pediatric patients with kidney impairment vary according to age, critical illness status, decreased kidney function and dialysis type. Our findings underline the relevance of population PK in clinical practice and the need of developing predictive specific models for critical pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Minotti
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Barbieri
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Doni
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Impieri
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Donà
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Sharaf YA, El Deeb S, Ibrahim AE, Al-Harrasi A, Sayed RA. Two Green Micellar HPLC and Mathematically Assisted UV Spectroscopic Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir as a Novel Combined COVID-19 Antiviral Regimen. Molecules 2022; 27:2330. [PMID: 35408729 PMCID: PMC9000667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, a race was initiated to find a successful regimen for postinfections. Among those trials, a recent study declared the efficacy of an antiviral combination of favipiravir (FAV) and molnupiravir (MLP). The combined regimen helped in a successful 60% eradication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the lungs of studied hamster models. Moreover, it prevented viral transmission to cohosted sentinels. Because both medications are orally bioavailable, the coformulation of FAV and MLP can be predicted. The developed study is aimed at developing new green and simple methods for the simultaneous determination of FAV and MLP and then at their application in the study of their dissolution behavior if coformulated together. A green micellar HPLC method was validated using an RP-C18 core-shell column (5 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm) and an isocratic mixed micellar mobile phase composed of 0.1 M SDS, 0.01 M Brij-35, and 0.02 M monobasic potassium phosphate mixture and adjusted to pH 3.1 at 1.0 mL min-1 flow rate. The analytes were detected at 230 nm. The run time was less than five minutes under the optimized chromatographic conditions. Four other multivariate chemometric model methods were developed and validated, namely, classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS-1), and genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS-1). The developed models succeeded in resolving the great similarity and overlapping in the FAV and MLP UV spectra unlike the traditional univariate methods. All methods were organic solvent-free, did not require extraction or derivatization steps, and were applied for the construction of the simultaneous dissolution profile for FAV tablets and MLP capsules. The methods revealed that the amount of the simultaneously released cited drugs increases up until reaching a plateau after 15 and 20 min for FAV and MLP, respectively. The greenness was assessed on GAPI and found to be in harmony with green analytical chemistry concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Ahmed Sharaf
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (Y.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (A.E.I.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (A.E.I.); (A.A.-H.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman; (A.E.I.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Rania Adel Sayed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; (Y.A.S.); (R.A.S.)
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Smyk JM, Majewska A. Favipiravir in the Battle with Respiratory Viruses. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2224-2236. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220218122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Among antiviral drugs, the vast majority targets only one or two related viruses. The conventional model, one virus - one drug, significantly limits therapeutic options. Therefore, in the strategy of controlling viral infections, there is a necessity to develop compounds with pleiotropic effects. Favipiravir (FPV) emerged as a strong candidate to become such a drug. The aim of the study is to present up-to-date information on the role of favipiravir in the treatment of viral respiratory infections. The anti-influenza activity of favipiravir has been confirmed in cell culture experiments, animal models and clinical trials. Thoroughly different - from the previously registered drugs - mechanism of action suggests that FVP can be used as a countermeasure for the novel or re-emerging influenza virus infections.
In recent months, favipiravir has been broadly investigated due to its potential efficacy in the treatment of Covid-19. Based on preclinical and clinical studies and a recently published meta-analysis it seems that favipiravir may be a promising antiviral drug in the treatment of patients with Covid-19.
FPV is also effective against other RNA respiratory viruses and may be a candidate for the treatment of serious infections caused by human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Smyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Majewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Wong SN, Weng J, Ip I, Chen R, Lakerveld R, Telford R, Blagden N, Scowen IJ, Chow SF. Rational Development of a Carrier-Free Dry Powder Inhalation Formulation for Respiratory Viral Infections via Quality by Design: A Drug-Drug Cocrystal of Favipiravir and Theophylline. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:300. [PMID: 35214034 PMCID: PMC8876093 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Formulating pharmaceutical cocrystals as inhalable dosage forms represents a unique niche in effective management of respiratory infections. Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug with potential pharmacological activity against SARS-CoV-2, exhibits a low aqueous solubility. An ultra-high oral dose is essential, causing low patient compliance. This study reports a Quality-by-Design (QbD)-guided development of a carrier-free inhalable dry powder formulation containing a 1:1 favipiravir-theophylline (FAV-THP) cocrystal via spray drying, which may provide an alternative treatment strategy for individuals with concomitant influenza infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma. The cocrystal formation was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and the construction of a temperature-composition phase diagram. A three-factor, two-level, full factorial design was employed to produce the optimized formulation and study the impact of critical processing parameters on the resulting median mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), fine particle fraction (FPF), and crystallinity of the spray-dried FAV-THP cocrystal. In general, a lower solute concentration and feed pump rate resulted in a smaller MMAD with a higher FPF. The optimized formulation (F1) demonstrated an MMAD of 2.93 μm and an FPF of 79.3%, suitable for deep lung delivery with no in vitro cytotoxicity observed in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.N.W.); (J.W.); (I.I.)
| | - Jingwen Weng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.N.W.); (J.W.); (I.I.)
| | - Ignatius Ip
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.N.W.); (J.W.); (I.I.)
| | - Ruipeng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; (R.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; (R.C.); (R.L.)
| | - Richard Telford
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | | | - Ian J. Scowen
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.N.W.); (J.W.); (I.I.)
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Gülhan R, Eryüksel E, Gülçebi İdriz Oğlu M, Çulpan Y, Toplu A, Kocakaya D, Tigen E, Ertürk Şengel B, Sili U, Olgun Yıldızeli Ş, Balcan MB, Elçi A, Bulut C, Karaalp A, Yananlı HR, Güner AE, Hatipoğlu M, Karakurt S, Korten V, Ratnaraj N, Patsalos P, Ay P, Onat F. Pharmacokinetic characterization of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:3516-3522. [PMID: 35014080 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective observational study describes the pharmacokinetic characteristics of favipiravir in adult patients hospitalized for mild to moderate COVID-19 with a positive RT-PCR test. Favipiravir was administered for 5 days, with a loading dose of 3200 mg and a maintenance dose of 1200 mg/day. Serial blood samples were collected on Day-2 and Day-4 of the therapy. Laboratory findings of the patients (n=21) and in-hospital mortality were recorded. Favipiravir concentrations exhibited substantial variability and a significant decrease during the treatment of COVID-19. The median favipiravir trough concentration (C0-trough ) on Day-2 was 21.26 (IQR, 8.37-30.78) μg/mL whereas it decreased significantly to 1.61 (IQR, 0.00-6.41) μg/mL on Day-4, the area under the concentration versus time curve decreased by 68.5%. Day-2-C0-trough of female patients was higher than male patients. Our findings indicate that favipiravir concentrations show significant variability during the treatment of COVID-19 and therapeutic drug monitoring may be necessary to maintain targeted concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezzan Gülhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Eryüksel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yekta Çulpan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Toplu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Kocakaya
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Tigen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Ertürk Şengel
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uluhan Sili
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şehnaz Olgun Yıldızeli
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Baran Balcan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Elçi
- Istanbul Health Directorate Public Health Laboratory-3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Bulut
- Istanbul Health Directorate Public Health Laboratory-3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atila Karaalp
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Raci Yananlı
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sait Karakurt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Korten
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neville Ratnaraj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Patsalos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pınar Ay
- Department of Public Health, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Eloy P, Laouénan C, Beavogui AH, Keita S, Manchon P, Etard JF, Sissoko D, Mentré F, Malvy D. Full title: High doses of favipiravir in two men survivors of Ebola virus disease carrying Ebola virus in semen in Guinea. IDCases 2022; 27:e01412. [PMID: 35127447 PMCID: PMC8808076 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in semen remains of deep concern, as sexual transmission of EBOV seems plausible up to 6 months after acute phase of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Favipiravir, a broad spectrum antiviral product, has been evaluated in reducing EVD mortality in Guinea in 2014–2015 in the JIKI trial, the pharmacokinetic results of which suggest that an increase of dose might be necessary to achieve a therapeutically relevant exposure. In FORCE trial, we aimed at evaluating the tolerance and activity of high doses of favipiravir in male EVD survivors with EBOV RNA detection in semen in Guinea. Case In 2016, we launched a phase IIa open-labeled multicenter dose escalation study. Male survivors of EVD with EBOV RT-PCR positive on semen received a loading dose of 2400 mg BID of favipiravir on day 1 then a maintenance dose of 1800 mg BID from day 2–14. The primary outcome was the tolerance, assessed daily during period treatment and up to day 90. Unfortunately only two participants were included and the trial was stopped for lack of recruitment. No clinical adverse event of grade 3/4 was reported for both patients. One patient experienced a grade 3 hypocalcemia at day 10 and 14. Conclusions High doses of favipiravir were well tolerated in these two participants. Better characterized tolerance and pharmacokinetics of high doses of favipiravir are of utmost importance considering that favipiravir is a candidate treatment for a variety of emerging severe viral diseases with poor prognosis. Ebola virus (EBOV) RNA in semen of survivors of EBOV disease up to 17 months after disease onset. High doses of Favipiravir were well tolerated in EBOV disease survivors. No QTc interval prolongation of grade 2, 3 or 4 with high doses of Favipiravir.
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Marzouk HM, Rezk MR, Gouda AS, Abdel-Megied AM. A novel stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method for determination of favipiravir, a potential antiviral drug for COVID-19 treatment; application to degradation kinetic studies and in-vitro dissolution profiling. Microchem J 2022; 172:106917. [PMID: 34667334 PMCID: PMC8518200 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern pharmaceutical analysis is paying a lot of attention to the stability of novel drug formulations as well as establishment of suitable stability-indicating approaches. In the current work, a comprehensive stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method has been developed and validated for determination of favipiravir (FAV) which is a novel and emerging antiviral option in COVID-19 treatment. The stability of FAV was examined under different stress conditions. FAV was found to be susceptible to acid, base hydrolysis and oxidative degradation. Structure elucidation of the forced degradation products was carried out using mass spectrometry (MS) operated in electrospray ionization mode. Effective separation of FAV and its induced degradation products was achieved using isocratic elution mode on Zorbax C18 column maintained at 30 °C. The mobile phase used was comprised of 25.0 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5 ± 0.05) containing 0.1% (w/v) heptane sulphonic acid sodium salt-methanol-acetonitrile (62:28:10, by volume), delivered at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The diode array detector signal for FAV was monitored at 321.0 nm over a concentration range of 6.25-250.00 µg/mL. The potential mechanisms for generation of degradation products were postulated through comparison of MS1 fragmentation pattern of FAV and its degradation products. Moreover, the proposed method was also extended to study the degradation kinetics. Additionally, dissolution profiling of FAV in different media was monitored. Clearly, the suggested approach is accurate, reliable, time-saving, and cost-effective. As a result, it may be utilized for regular quality control and stability assessment of FAV in its tablet dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M. Marzouk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding author at: Lecturer of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R. Rezk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Megied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh City, Egypt,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, USA
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Bradfute SB. The discovery and development of novel treatment strategies for filoviruses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:139-149. [PMID: 34962451 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2013800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Filoviruses are negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and include Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lethality rates can reach 90% in isolated outbreaks. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus epidemic demonstrated the global threat of filoviruses and hastened development of vaccines and therapeutics. There are six known filoviruses that cause disease in humans, but still few therapeutics are available for treatment. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes identification, testing, and development of therapeutics based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature beginning with the discovery of filoviruses in 1967. Small molecules, antibodies, cytokines, antisense, post-exposure vaccination, and host-targeted therapeutic approaches are discussed. An emphasis is placed on therapeutics that have shown promise in in vivo studies. EXPERT OPINION Two monoclonal antibody regimens are approved for use in humans for one filovirus (Ebola virus), and preclinical nonhuman primate studies suggest that other monoclonal-based therapies are likely to be effective against other filoviruses. Significant progress has been made in small-molecule antivirals and host-targeted approaches. An important consideration is the necessity of pan-filovirus therapeutics via broadly effective small molecules, antibody cocktails, and cross-reactive antibodies. The use of filovirus therapeutics as prophylactic treatment or in chronically infected individuals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, USA
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Abstract
Background COVID-19 is an ongoing viral pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2. In light of in vitro efficacy, several medications were repurposed for its management. During clinical use, many of these medications produced inconsistent results or had varying limitations. Objective The purpose of this literature review is to explain the variable efficacy or limitations of Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Favipiravir in clinical settings. Method A study of the literature on the pharmacodynamics (PD), pharmacokinetics (PK), safety profile, and clinical trials through academic databases using relevant search terms. Results & discussion The efficacy of an antiviral drug against COVID-19 is associated with its ability to achieve therapeutic concentration in the lung and intestinal tissues. This efficacy depends on the PK properties, particularly protein binding, volume of distribution, and half-life. The PK and PD of the model drugs need to be integrated to predict their limitations. Conclusion Current antiviral drugs have varying pharmacological constraints that may associate with limited efficacy, especially in severe COVID-19 patients, or safety concerns.
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Enhancing the Antiviral Potency of Nucleobases for Potential Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122508. [PMID: 34960780 PMCID: PMC8705664 DOI: 10.3390/v13122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antiviral therapies hold promise as a first-line defense against emerging viruses by blunting illness severity and spread until vaccines and virus-specific antivirals are developed. The nucleobase favipiravir, often discussed as a broad-spectrum inhibitor, was not effective in recent clinical trials involving patients infected with Ebola virus or SARS-CoV-2. A drawback of favipiravir use is its rapid clearance before conversion to its active nucleoside-5′-triphosphate form. In this work, we report a synergistic reduction of flavivirus (dengue, Zika), orthomyxovirus (influenza A), and coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2) replication when the nucleobases favipiravir or T-1105 were combined with the antimetabolite 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr). The 6MMPr/T-1105 combination increased the C-U and G-A mutation frequency compared to treatment with T-1105 or 6MMPr alone. A further analysis revealed that the 6MMPr/T-1105 co-treatment reduced cellular purine nucleotide triphosphate synthesis and increased conversion of the antiviral nucleobase to its nucleoside-5′-monophosphate, -diphosphate, and -triphosphate forms. The 6MMPr co-treatment specifically increased production of the active antiviral form of the nucleobases (but not corresponding nucleosides) while also reducing levels of competing cellular NTPs to produce the synergistic effect. This in-depth work establishes a foundation for development of small molecules as possible co-treatments with nucleobases like favipiravir in response to emerging RNA virus infections.
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Morikawa G, Kubota K, Kondo D, Takanashi Y, Minami S, Kinjo T, Moriiwa Y, Yanagida A, Okazawa K, Chiaki T. Elevated blood favipiravir levels are inversely associated with ferritin levels and induce the elevation of uric acid levels in COVID-19 treatment: A retrospective single-center study. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:73-77. [PMID: 34711508 PMCID: PMC8523481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Measurement of blood Favipiravir (FPV) levels and accumulation of data in COVID-19 patients are critical for assessing FPV efficacy and safety. We performed a retrospective study based on measurements of blood levels of FPV and related factors in COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital. Furthermore, we also investigated the association between blood FPV levels and uric acid level alterations before and after FPV administration. Methods We enrolled 27 COVID-19 patients who had received FPV treatment at Hokushin General Hospital from April 1 to December 31, 2020. Age, gender, COVID-19 severity, presence of comorbidities, and laboratory data for each subject were investigated to identify factors that correlate with blood FPV levels. Uric acid levels were measured before and after FPV administration and a difference between the levels (i.e., a change of uric acid level) was evaluated. Results When a significant univariate variable was input by the stepwise method and a combination of variables that maintained statistical superiority was searched, serum ferritin was the only factor that independently affected blood FPV level. Furthermore, in the high-FPV group (20 μg/mL or more), a significant increase in uric acid levels was observed after FPV administration. The increment value was significantly larger than that in the low-FPV group (less than 20 μg/mL). Conclusions Ferritin level was an important independent factor inversely affecting blood FPV level. Furthermore, a high blood FPV level induced the elevation of uric acid levels in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Morikawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan.
| | - Ken Kubota
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Daichi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Takanashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minami
- Department of Nephrology, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Tsunemichi Kinjo
- Department of Arrhythmia, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Yukiko Moriiwa
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akio Yanagida
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Katsuko Okazawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoshige Chiaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63, Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
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TAŞKIN D. Development and Validation of a Rapid HPLC-DAD Method for Determination of Favipiravir in Pharmaceutical Formulation. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.992869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with a diode- array detector (HPLC-DAD) for determination of favipiravir in bulk and tablet formulations.
Methods: The chromatographic analysis was performed at 30 °C with a Poroshell 120EC-C18 column (4.6 x 50 mm, 2.7 µm). The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). The run time was 5 min at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.
Results: The proposed method was successfully validated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) parameters. The calibration plot was linear over a concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.58 µg/mL and 2.03 µg/mL, respectively. The average recovery values were found to vary from 99.45 percent to 104.29 percent.
Conclusion: As a result, it was concluded that the developed method can be used successfully in the determination of favipiravir in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Moriiwa Y, Morikawa G, Okazawa K, Yanagida A. Optimization of Analytical Procedure for In-hospital Rapid Quantification of Serum Level of Favipiravir in the Pharmacological Treatment of COVID-19. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1301-1304. [PMID: 33612558 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21n004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An in-hospital rapid method for quantifying the serum level of favipiravir (FPV) in the pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 was developed by an appropriate combination of a solid-phase extraction treatment and a reversed-phase HPLC/UV detection system. The quantification method was well-validated and applied to measuring the serum FPV level in a clinical practice at a general hospital that accepts COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, an analysis of data from our preliminary interaction analysis revealed, for the first time, that FPV selectively forms complexes with ferric (Fe3+) and cupric (Cu2+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Moriiwa
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Go Morikawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63 Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan.
| | - Katsuko Okazawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokushin General Hospital, 1-5-63 Nishi, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8505, Japan
| | - Akio Yanagida
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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50
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Gouda MA, Qurban J. An overview of the synthetic routes to Faipiravir and their analogous. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla Taibah University Medina Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Jihan Qurban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
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