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Nguyen TT, Mai TN, Dang-Xuan S, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Lee HS. Emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia in the period 2011-2022: a systematic literature review. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-15. [PMID: 38229485 PMCID: PMC10795789 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2300965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 has shown, pandemics and outbreaks of emerging infections such as Zika, Nipah, monkeypox and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, especially emerging zoonotic diseases, continue to occur and may even be increasing in Southeast Asia. In addition, these infections often result from environmental changes and human behaviour. Overall, public health surveillance to identify gaps in the literature and early warning signs are essential in this region. A systematic review investigated the prevalence of emerging zoonotic diseases over 11 years from 2011 to 2022 in Southeast Asia to understand the status of emerging zoonotic diseases, as well as to provide necessary actions for disease control and prevention in the region. During the 2011-2022 period, studies on pigs, poultry, ruminants, companion animals and wildlife in Southeast Asia were reviewed thoroughly to assess the quality of reporting items for inclusion in the systematic review. The review was performed on 26 studies of pigs, 6 studies of poultry, 21 studies of ruminants, 28 studies of companion animals and 25 studies of wildlife in Southeast Asia, which provide a snapshot of the prevalence of the emerging zoonotic disease across the country. The findings from the review showed that emerging zoonotic diseases were prevalent across the region and identified a few zoonotic diseases associated with poultry, mainly stemming from Cambodia and Vietnam, as high priority in Southeast Asia.Clinical relevance: Appropriate prevention and control measures should be taken to mitigate the emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngan Mai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Jayasekara PP, Jenkins C, Gerber PF, Olmo L, Xaikhue T, Theppangna W, Walkden-Brown SW. Case-control study to identify the causative agents of ophthalmia and conjunctivitis in goats in Savannakhet province of Lao PDR. Vet Microbiol 2024; 296:110195. [PMID: 39067144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Pinkeye is a highly contagious disease of goats with different aetiologies. Surveys in Lao PDR have identified eye lesions typical of pinkeye as a common condition, however, this has not been confirmed diagnostically, and the responsible pathogens have not been identified. A matched case-control study was implemented in 70 goat holdings from Savannakhet province, Lao PDR, to detect agents causing pinkeye and conduct phylogenetic analysis of the identified pathogens. Fifty eye swabs from goats with infected eyes (cases) and 50 paired samples from unaffected cohorts (controls) were collected from 25 holdings. Samples were tested using quantitative PCR assays targeting known pinkeye pathogens at the genus and species levels. The prevalence of pathogens in case and control goats was as follows: Mycoplasma conjunctivae (94% and 74% respectively, P = 0.006, OR = 5.5), Chlamydia pecorum (4%, 10%), Moraxella ovis (30%, 30%), Moraxella bovis (0%, 0%) and Moraxella bovoculi (0%, 0%). M. conjunctivae was present in a high proportion of goats in both groups revealing that Lao goats are carriers of M. conjunctivae. However, the mean log10 genome copy number/µL of DNA extract was significantly higher in case goats than control goats (P < 0.05). Thus, M. conjunctivae is likely the principal causative agent of pinkeye in Lao goats with carrier status converting to clinical infection following corneal damage or other causative factors. M. conjunctivae detected in samples from different goats and districts showed low genetic diversity. Identifying the causes of pinkeye in Lao goats will assist in designing appropriate treatment and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Jayasekara
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - C Jenkins
- Microbiology and Parasitology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - P F Gerber
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - L Olmo
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - T Xaikhue
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - W Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | - S W Walkden-Brown
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Rerkyusuke S, Lerk-u-Suke S, Sukon P, Phuektes P. Prevalence and risk factors of coxiellosis in meat goat herds: an epidemiological investigation in Northeastern Thailand. Int J Vet Sci Med 2024; 12:60-70. [PMID: 39077686 PMCID: PMC11285351 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2024.2379713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Q fever/coxiellosis poses a significant threat to both human and animal health, with goats serving as important reservoirs for disease transmission. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of coxiellosis and identify associated risk factors within meat goat herds in northeastern Thailand. A total of 39 meat goat herds were examined, with 84.61% of these herds experiencing reproductive disorders suggestive of Coxiella burnetii infection. Serum samples (n = 513) and vaginal swabs (n = 334) were collected from 522 goats for serological and molecular analyses, respectively. Results unveiled an overall herd prevalence of 74.35% (29/39), with a within-herd prevalence of 15.49% (95% CI: 10.86-20.12). Univariate analysis indicated that knowledge about the transmission of coxiellosis in herd owners serves as a protective factor against C. burnetii infection at the herd level (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01-0.92; p = 0.04). Multivariable analysis identified two significant risk factors associated with C. burnetii infection at the herd level, including herd establishment exceeding 5 years (OR: 7.14; 95% CI: 1.05-48.4; p = 0.04), as well as reproductive failures including abortion, infertility, and weak offspring (OR: 17.65; 95% CI: 1.76-177.45; p = 0.01). Individual-level risk factors included female gender (OR: 8.42; 95% CI: 1.14-62.42; p = 0.03), crossbreeding (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.32-4.82; p = 0.005), and clinical signs of anaemia (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.01-2.64; p = 0.04). These findings underscore the widespread prevalence of Q fever in meat goat herds within the study area and emphasize the necessity of implementing targeted control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarinya Rerkyusuke
- Division of Livestock Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- KKU Research Program, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sawarin Lerk-u-Suke
- Department of Geographic Information Science, School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
- Research unit of Spatial Innovation Development, School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Peerapol Sukon
- KKU Research Program, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- KKU Research Program, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Ali A, Obaid MK, Almutairi MM, Alouffi A, Numan M, Ullah S, Rehman G, Islam ZU, Khan SB, Tanaka T. Molecular detection of Coxiella spp. in ticks (Ixodidae and Argasidae) infesting domestic and wild animals: with notes on the epidemiology of tick-borne Coxiella burnetii in Asia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1229950. [PMID: 37577446 PMCID: PMC10415105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1229950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Coxiella spp. are emerging in novel regions infecting different hosts, but information regarding their occurrence is limited. The purpose of this study was the molecular screening of Coxiella spp. in various ticks infesting goats, sheep, camels, cattle, wild mice, and domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) in various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Morphologically identified tick species were confirmed by obtaining their cox1 sequences and were molecularly screened for Coxiella spp. by sequencing GroEL fragments. Almost 345 out of 678 (50.9%) hosts were infested by nine tick species. Regarding the age groups, the hosts having an age >3 years were highly infested (192/345, 55.6%), while gender-wise infestation was higher in female hosts (237/345, 68.7%). In collected ticks, the nymphs were outnumbered (613/1,119, 54.8%), followed by adult females (293/1,119, 26.2%) and males (213/1,119, 19.7%). A total of 227 ticks were processed for molecular identification and detection of Coxiella spp. The obtained cox1 sequences of nine tick species such as Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma anatolicum, Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis danieli, Haemaphysalis montgomeryi, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Rhipicephalus microplus, and Argas persicus showed maximum identities between 99.6% and 100% with the same species and in the phylogenetic tree, clustered to the corresponding species. All the tick species except Ha. danieli and R. microplus were found positive for Coxiella spp. (40/227, 17.6%), including Coxiella burnetii (15/40, 6.7%), Coxiella endosymbionts (14/40, 6.3%), and different Coxiella spp. (11/40, 4.9%). By the BLAST results, the GroEL fragments of Coxiella spp. showed maximum identity to C. burnetii, Coxiella endosymbionts, and Coxiella sp., and phylogenetically clustered to the corresponding species. This is the first comprehensive report regarding the genetic characterization of Coxiella spp. in Pakistan's ticks infesting domestic and wild hosts. Proper surveillance and management measures should be undertaken to avoid health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Obaid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Burns RJ, Le KK, Siengsanun-Lamont J, Blacksell SD. A review of coxiellosis (Q fever) and brucellosis in goats and humans: Implications for disease control in smallholder farming systems in Southeast Asia. One Health 2023; 16:100568. [PMID: 37363211 PMCID: PMC10288130 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp. are pathogenic bacteria that can cause large-scale outbreaks in livestock. Furthermore, these infectious agents are capable of causing zoonotic infections and therefore pose a risk to the close relationship between farm households and their livestock, especially goats. A review of seroprevalence studies of Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp. in domestic goats demonstrated large differences in the total number of samples tested in different regions and countries. This review aims to provide information on coxiellosis (Q fever in humans) and brucellosis in goats concerning the characteristics of the causative agent, surveillance, and available prevention and control measures at a global level. Implications for Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp. infections in domesticated goats in Southeast Asia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J.L. Burns
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kim Khanh Le
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Siengsanun-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People’s Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Kong L, Heng T, Khoeun S, Tum S, Selleck PW, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Risk mapping using serologic surveillance for selected One Health and transboundary diseases in Cambodian goats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011244. [PMID: 37011099 PMCID: PMC10101637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Cambodia, goat production and meat consumption are customary among Muslim communities. Recently, goat meat has gained popularity among Cambodians. Goat farmers use a traditional management system, including grazing, requiring minimal labour. The close proximity between humans and animals could increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. A serological survey was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of some priority zoonoses and high-impact animal diseases in the Cambodian goat population. A total of 540 samples were collected from goats in six provinces and analysed with commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Brucella species, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), Foot and Mouth Disease virus non-structural protein (FMDV NSP) and Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV). True seroprevalences with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI), taking into account imperfect tests, risk factors and odds ratios (ORs), were calculated to better understand the disease distribution and epidemiology. Independent variables used in statistical modellings included sex, body condition score, age, vaccination history, province and commune, while dependent variables were ELISA test results. The overall true prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp., C. burnetii, FMDV and PPRV, were 0.1% (95% CI 0.0, 1.0), 7.2% (95% CI 5.3, 9.7), 57.7% (95% CI 53.1, 62.3) and 0.0% (95% CI 0.0, 0.0), respectively. There was no identified risk factor for brucellosis and PPR. The two risk factors for C. burnetii seropositivity were sex (p-value = 0.0005) and commune (p-value <0.0001). However, only the OR of C. burnetii seropositive female goat was significant at 9.7 (95% CI 2.7, 35.5) times higher than male. The risk factors of FMD NSP seropositivity were age (p-value = 0.001) and commune (p-value <0.0001). Only the age 'more than two-year-old' group with a significant OR of 6.2 (95% CI 2.1, 18.4) using the 'up to one-year-old' group as the reference. In summary, Brucella spp. seroprevalence was low, while no evidence of PPRV antibodies was detected in the goat populations. C. burnetii seroprevalence in female goats was significantly higher than for males, and there were significant differences in C. burnetii seroprevalence between communes. The overall FMDV NSP seroprevalence was high, especially in older animals. Vaccination should be advocated to protect animals from FMDV and improve productivity. As the impacts of these zoonoses on human and animal health were still unknown, further investigation of these zoonotic diseases' epidemiology is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lida Kong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute (NAHPRI), General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Theng Heng
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute (NAHPRI), General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokun Khoeun
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute (NAHPRI), General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute (NAHPRI), General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul W Selleck
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Laurence J Gleeson
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Anastácio S, de Sousa SR, Saavedra MJ, da Silva GJ. Role of Goats in the Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121703. [PMID: 36552213 PMCID: PMC9774940 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since its first description in the late 1930s, Q fever has raised many questions. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent, is a zoonotic pathogen affecting a wide range of hosts. This airborne organism leads to an obligate, intracellular lifecycle, during which it multiplies in the mononuclear cells of the immune system and in the trophoblasts of the placenta in pregnant females. Although some issues about C. burnetii and its pathogenesis in animals remain unclear, over the years, some experimental studies on Q fever have been conducted in goats given their excretion pattern. Goats play an important role in the epidemiology and economics of C. burnetii infections, also being the focus of several epidemiological studies. Additionally, variants of the agent implicated in human long-term disease have been found circulating in goats. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest research on C. burnetii infection and the role played by goats in the transmission of the infection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Anastácio
- Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida José R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Health Science Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sérgio Ramalho de Sousa
- Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida José R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- Laboratory Medical Microbiology—Antimicrobials, Biocides and Biofilms Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Jorge da Silva
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Health Science Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Sero-Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Small Ruminants in the Eastern Region of Punjab, Pakistan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060664. [PMID: 35745517 PMCID: PMC9231125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goats in Kasur, Okara, and Pakpattan in the Punjab of Pakistan. Q fever is a widely reported zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella (C.) burnetii. The main reservoirs are small ruminants that excrete the bacteria in birth by-products in high numbers. Thus, the bacteria can also be detected in the air and the dust of livestock farms. The infection is often asymptomatic in ruminants, but it can lead to reproductive disorders. This cross-sectional study found that a significant number (n = 43; 11.3%) of 300 randomly selected small ruminants of nine tehsils were seropositive using a commercially available ELISA. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in goats (17.1%) than in sheep (4.9%). Binary logistic regression analysis proved that species, age, and breed have a significant effect on the prevalence of Q fever. Tick infestation, contact with animal fomites, contact with other animals, production system, and health status of an animal had a significant impact on the prevalence of Q fever. These findings on Q fever in animals can be used to improve the visibility of this zoonotic disease. These findings will help local health authorities to focus on the origin of the problem and facilitate applying preventive measures to the affected livestock farms.
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Mkhonza AE, Molefe K, Ramafoko OTL. Success in animal skin fashion in African countries or the boom of the wet market. Vet World 2022; 15:1328-1332. [PMID: 35765499 PMCID: PMC9210831 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1328-1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The world and the way things are done have changed, from selling clothing in brick-and-mortar stores to online shopping through social media platforms. Population growth has significantly contributed to an increased clothing demand, which, in turn, has increased the demand for animal skin. Traditional markets, also known as wet markets, are considered as major zoonotic disease reservoirs due to human and animal contact. Some groups and individuals continue to believe in traditional medicine and clothing that is made from animal skin, and such beliefs are more accessible with the presence of wet markets. Hence, animal poaching and trafficking have increased to meet the high demands, primarily in the Western world. Poverty is a well-known motivation to commit a crime. Conservationists should not only look at the animal regulation site to propose a solution to animal poaching and trafficking but should also consider communal poverty. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the role of wet market and animal skin fashion on animal welfare and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andile Ephraim Mkhonza
- Department of Animal Health, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Keitiretse Molefe
- Department of Animal Health, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Khounsy S, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35622705 PMCID: PMC9145528 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A national animal disease surveillance network initiated by the Lao PDR government is adopted and reinforced by a joint research project between the National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), the Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF), and the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU). The network is strengthened by staff training and practical exercises and is utilised to provide zoonotic or high-impact disease information on a national scale. Between January and December 2020, large ruminant samples are collected monthly from 18 abattoirs, one in each province, by provincial and district agriculture and forestry officers. The surveillance network collected a total of 4247 serum samples (1316 buffaloes and 2931 cattle) over this period. Samples are tested for antibodies against Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Non-Structural Protein (FMD NSP) using commercial ELISA kits and the Rose Bengal test. Seroprevalences of Q fever and brucellosis in large ruminants are low at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3, 2.1) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5, 1.0) respectively, while for FMD NSP it is 50.5% (95% CI: 49.0, 52.0). Univariate analyses show differences in seroprevalences of Q fever between destination (abattoir) province (p-value = 0.005), province of origin (p-value = 0.005), animal type (buffalo or cattle) (p-value = 0.0008), and collection month (p-value = 3.4 × 10−6). Similar to Q fever, seroprevalences of brucellosis were significantly different for destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), animal type (p-value = 9.9 × 10−5) and collection month (p-value < 0.00001), plus body condition score (p-value = 0.003), and age (p-value = 0.007). Additionally, risk factors of the FMD NSP dataset include the destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), sex (p-value = 7.97 × 10−8), age (p-value = 0.009), collection date (p-value < 0.00001), and collection month (p-value < 0.00001). Spatial analyses revealed that there is no spatial correlation of FMD NSP seropositive animals. High-risk areas for Q fever and brucellosis are identified by spatial analyses. Further investigation of the higher risk areas would provide a better epidemiological understanding of both diseases in Lao PDR. In conclusion, the abattoir serological survey provides useful information about disease exposure and potential risk factors. The network is a good base for field and laboratory staff training in practical technical skills. However, the sustainability of such a surveillance activity is relatively low without an external source of funding, given the operational costs and insufficient government budget. The cost-effectiveness of the abattoir survey could be increased by targeting hotspot areas, reducing fixed costs, and extending the focus to cover more diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos;
| | - Paul W. Selleck
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Laurence J. Gleeson
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane 01000, Laos
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11
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The Development of an Abattoir-Based Surveillance System in Lao PDR for the Detection of Zoonoses in Large Ruminants: Q Fever and Brucellosis Seroepidemiology as a Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030742. [PMID: 33800515 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although animal health surveillance programmes are useful for gaining information to help improve global health and food security, these programmes can be challenging to establish in developing economies with a low-resource base. This study focused on establishing a national surveillance system initiated by the Lao PDR government using a passive surveillance system of abattoir samples as a pilot model, and to gain information on contagious zoonoses, particularly Q fever and brucellosis, in the large ruminant population. A total of 683 cattle and buffalo samples were collected from six selected provinces of Lao PDR between March-December 2019. Out of 271 samples tested, six samples (2.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.0, 4.8) were positive in the Q fever antibody ELISA test. Only one sample (out of 683; 0.2%, 95% CI 0.0, 0.8) tested positive to the Brucella antibody ELISA test. Seroprevalence of these important zoonoses in Lao PDR were relatively low in cattle and buffaloes; however, extensive animal movement within the country was identified which could increase risks of spreading transboundary diseases. The study highlights the importance of ongoing animal health surveillance and the need to find cost-effective approaches for its long-term sustainability.
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12
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Krzysiak MK, Puchalska M, Olech W, Anusz K. A Freedom of Coxiella burnetii Infection Survey in European Bison ( Bison bonasus) in Poland. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030651. [PMID: 33804478 PMCID: PMC7998360 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Q fever is one of the important diseases transmissible from animals to humans. The source of infection can be numerous species of animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians as well as ticks. The role of wildlife in its epidemiology is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined 523 sera samples obtained from European bison for the presence of specific antibodies to assess whether infection occurs in this species and whether European bison may be an important source of infection in the natural environment as suggested by historical reports. The antibodies were found only in one free-living bull, while two other samples were doubtful. The results suggest the transmission of infection to the European bison was rather accidental and its role as an important source of infection nowadays is unlikely. Abstract Q fever is an important zoonosis caused by the intracellular Gram-negative bacteria Coxiella burnetii. The source of infection are numerous species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, as well as ticks. The disease is widespread throughout Europe, but the role of wildlife in its epidemiology is poorly understood. The European bison (Bison bonasus) population has been growing European-wide quite dynamically over the last few years. The aim of this study was to determine whether C. burnetii infection occurs in European bison and whether it can be considered an important bacterial reservoir in the natural environment. Five hundred and twenty three samples of European bison sera originating from 14 (out of the 26 existing) Polish populations were examined for the presence of specific antibodies using an ID Screen Q Fever Indirect Multi-species ELISA test. Only one (0.19%) serum sample was positive in ELISA, and two other samples were doubtful. The only seropositive animal found in this study was a free-living bull. It suggests possible transmission from domestic cattle by sharing pastures. The transmission of C. burnetii into the European bison was rather accidental in the country and its role as an important wild reservoir is unlikely. Since no tests are available for wildlife ruminants there is a need for the adaptation of the available tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K. Krzysiak
- Białowieża National Park, Park Pałacowy 11, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 E, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Martyna Puchalska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (K.A.)
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (K.A.)
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13
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD. Surveillance for One Health and high consequence veterinary pathogens (Brucellosis, Coxiellosis and Foot and Mouth Disease) in Southeast Asia: Lao PDR and Cambodia in focus and the importance of international partnerships. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal disease surveillance in limited-resource countries is challenging but critical in providing epidemiological information to inform disease prevention and control programmes. Despite multiple international agencies and partnerships supporting Lao PDR and Cambodia’s animal disease surveillance activities over many years, cost-effectiveness and sustainability remain significant constraints. Here we describe the development and implementation of national abattoir-based surveillance networks in Laos and central Cambodia consisting of an information exchange platform and sample collection and submission systems. The networks enhanced the national surveillance capacity and provided snapshot information of seroprevalence for selected One Health and high consequence veterinary pathogens, including Q fever, brucellosis, and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Despite abattoir survey data revealing that the seroprevalence of Q fever and brucellosis was generally low, the true impact on public health for these diseases remains unclear due to low levels of awareness and diagnostic capacity. FMD antibodies derived from natural infection rather than vaccination were noted in greater than 40% of the animal sampled in both countries, which suggests significant underreporting of outbreak events. Such networks will continue to be refined to improve their cost-effectiveness and sustainability, including the introduction of a simple online application for reporting animal disease outbreaks as well as expanding to other relevant One Health pathogens and species.
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14
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Nguyen HM, Theppannga W, Vongphayloth K, Douangngeun B, Blacksell SD, Robinson MT. Screening of ectoparasites from domesticated dogs for bacterial pathogens in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:862-868. [PMID: 32649049 PMCID: PMC7983881 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne diseases are widespread worldwide and are a complex interaction between animals, humans and ectoparasites. The understanding of the diversity and epidemiology of organisms transmitted by arthropod vectors, and the role of hosts and vectors in transmission of infections remain limited in Lao PDR. What knowledge does exist is primarily focused on more rural regions of the country. This study screened ectoparasites from domestic dogs in Vientiane city for the presence of bacterial pathogens of zoonotic importance. A total of 3,511 arthropod vectors were collected from 112 dogs. Vectors collected were Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides felis orientis fleas and Heterodoxus spiniger lice. A sub-sample of vectors from each dog was analysed by PCR to identify the potential bacteria. From 129 vector pools, Rickettsia spp. was detected in 6.7% (7/105) pools of ticks, 86.4% (19/22) pools of fleas and both pools of lice. Sequencing analysis confirmed Rickettsia felis in 13 flea pools and one louse pool and Rickettsia asembonensis in six flea pools. Anaplasmataceae was identified in 14.3% (15/105) tick pools and 100% (22/22) flea pools. Sequencing revealed the presence of Anaplasma platys in ticks and Wolbachia pipientis in fleas. Leptospira spp. was detected in one tick and one louse pool, and Brucella spp. was detected in 12.4% (13/105) tick pools. All samples were negative for Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii and Borrelia burgdorferi. This is the first study providing evidence of R. asembonensis in fleas in Laos. Results from this study show arthropods are potential vectors to transmit zoonotic infection in Vientiane city, suggesting humans are at risk of zoonotic infections in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Nguyen
- Lao Tropical and Public Health InstituteVientianeLaos
- Present address:
Faculty of MedicineFaculty of Nursing SciencesUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | | | | | | | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Matthew T. Robinson
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Lao‐Oxford‐Mahosot Hospital‐Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology LaboratoryMahosot HospitalVientianeLaos
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15
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Philavong C, Pruvot M, Reinharz D, Mayxay M, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Rattanavong S, Horwood PF, Dussart P, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Fine AE, Robinson MT, Newton PN. Perception of health risks in Lao market vendors. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:796-804. [PMID: 32812389 PMCID: PMC7461205 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wet markets are a critical part of South‐East Asian culture and economy. However, their role in circulation and transmission of both endemic and emerging disease is a source of concern in a region considered a hotspot of disease emergence. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR, Laos), live and dead wild animals are frequently found in wet markets, despite legislation against the bushmeat trade. This is generally considered to increase the risk of disease transmission and emergence, although whether or not wildlife vendors themselves have indeed increased incidence of zoonotic disease has rarely been assessed. In preparation for a future longitudinal study of market vendors investigating vendors’ exposure to zoonotic pathogens, we conducted a pilot survey of Lao market vendors of wildlife meat, livestock meat and vegetables, to identify demographic characteristics and potential control groups within markets. We also investigated baseline risk perception for infectious diseases among market vendors and assessed the association between risk perception and risk mitigation behaviours. The surveys conducted with 177 vendors revealed similar age, sex, ethnic background and geographical origin between vendor types, but differences in professional background and work history for livestock meat vendors. The perception of disease risk was very low across all vendors, as was the reported use of personal protective equipment, and the two appeared unrelated. Personal risk discounting and assumptions about transmission routes may explain this lack of association. This information will help inform the development of future research, risk communication and risk mitigation policy, especially in the light of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanfong Philavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Reinharz
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | | | - Sayapeth Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, National Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Amanda E Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Leahy E, Shome R, Deka RP, Sahay S, Grace D, Mazeri S, Lindahl JF. Risk factors for Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii infection among small ruminants in Eastern India. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2020; 10:1783091. [PMID: 32944161 PMCID: PMC7480416 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1783091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are the main reservoirs for brucellosis and coxiellosis, two zoonotic diseases affecting livestock production, and posing a public health threat in India. Understanding disease prevalence and risk factors associated with small ruminant infection can help mitigate disease transmission. We report a cross-sectional survey in the states of Assam and Odisha in Eastern India. We interviewed 244 farmers to assess knowledge, attitude and practices relevant to brucellosis and coxiellosis infection. Serum samples from 411 goats and 21 sheep were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Rose-Bengal Brucella agglutination plate test. Higher Brucella and Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence were found in Odisha (22% and 11.5%, respectively) than Assam (9.8% and 1.6%, respectively), and certain districts in Odisha were at higher risk. No association was found between seropositive animals and clinical signs, a challenge when attempting to identify seropositive animals in the herd. None of the farmers interviewed were aware of brucellosis, its aetiology, clinical form, or zoonotic risk. This study acts as a first indication of the extent of these diseases among small ruminants in these Indian states, highlighting how farming practices are associated with increased risk of infection. More research is urgently needed to mitigate zoonoses transmission in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne Leahy
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- Department ofAgricultural Research, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ram Pratim Deka
- Department of Agricultural Research, International Livestock Research Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Swati Sahay
- Department ofAgricultural Research, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, India
| | - Delia Grace
- Department ofAgricultural Research, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Burns RJL, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Mukaka M, Wegner MD, Windsor PA, Blacksell SD. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus serological surveillance in goats in Lao PDR: Issues for disease eradication in a low-resource disease-free setting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:939-947. [PMID: 30578618 PMCID: PMC6850323 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important transboundary viral disease of goats. This study aimed to determine a baseline of serological evidence for Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in Lao goats. A total of 1,072 serum samples were collected by convenience sampling across five provinces in Laos and tested for antibody response to PPRV using a commercially available competitive ELISA. Positive antibody responses were found in 2.2% (95% CI 1.4, 3.2) of the samples. True prevalence calculations indicated a total overall sample prevalence of 1.7% (95% CI 0.9, 2.8). The highest provincial seroprevalences were Xiangkhouang (3.5%, 95% CI 1.6, 6.9) and Xayaboury (2.9% (95% CI 1.3, 5.7). There was no association between antibody response and each of the following factors: location, breed, gender or age. Considering the apparent absence of disease manifestation of PPR in Laos, likely explanations for the antibody positivity could include cross reaction to other Morbilliviruses such as Measles or Canine Distemper, importation of pre-vaccinated goats, need for test cut-off re-evaluation to be region specific, or a subclinical and a less virulent circulating virus. This study highlights that the sampled Lao goat population is highly likely to be naïve to PPRV and therefore at risk of an outbreak, possibly by transboundary incursion of livestock from PPR endemic China. Further work is required in the testing of small ruminants in Laos that may eventually provide evidence for a status of freedom from disease, particularly in support of programs aimed at global PPR eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health LaboratoryDepartment of Livestock and FisheriesMinistry of AgricultureVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health LaboratoryDepartment of Livestock and FisheriesMinistry of AgricultureVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Matthew D. Wegner
- United States Army Medical Directorate ‐ Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | - Peter A. Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of SydneyCamdenAustralia
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Lao‐Oxford‐Mahosot Hospital‐Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU)Mahosot HospitalVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
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