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Pille M, Avila JM, Park SH, Le CQ, Xue H, Haerynck F, Saxena L, Lee C, Shpall EJ, Bao G, Vandekerckhove B, Davis BR. Gene editing-based targeted integration for correction of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101208. [PMID: 38414825 PMCID: PMC10897892 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a severe X-linked primary immunodeficiency resulting from a diversity of mutations distributed across all 12 exons of the WAS gene. WAS encodes a hematopoietic-specific and developmentally regulated cytoplasmic protein (WASp). The objective of this study was to develop a gene correction strategy potentially applicable to most WAS patients by employing nuclease-mediated, site-specific integration of a corrective WAS gene sequence into the endogenous WAS chromosomal locus. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to target the integration of WAS2-12-containing constructs into intron 1 of the endogenous WAS gene of primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), as well as WASp-deficient B cell lines and WASp-deficient primary T cells. This intron 1 targeted integration (TI) approach proved to be quite efficient and restored WASp expression in treated cells. Furthermore, TI restored WASp-dependent function to WAS patient T cells. Edited CD34+ HSPCs exhibited the capacity for multipotent differentiation to various hematopoietic lineages in vitro and in transplanted immunodeficient mice. This methodology offers a potential editing approach for treatment of WAS using patient's CD34+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John M. Avila
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cuong Q. Le
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lavanya Saxena
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ciaran Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian R. Davis
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Khanna C, Le Coz C, Vaccaro C, Pillarisetti P, Knox AVC, Sy A, Behrens EM, Buchbinder D, Romberg N. Lymphocytes Utilize Somatic Mutations, Epigenetic Silencing, and the Proteasome to Escape Truncated WASP Expression. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:753-759. [PMID: 35149963 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) deficiency causes Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), a sex-linked disorder characterized by combined immunodeficiency, microthrombocytopenia, and eczema. Like WASP-deficient humans, WASP-deficient mice produce normal numbers of functionally defective T cells. Here, we report a WAS patient with a novel germline frameshifting WAS mutation encoding a truncated form of WASP lacking the C-terminal cofilin homology (C) and the acidic region (A) domains (WASPΔCA). Although stably overexpressed in embryonic kidney cell lines, WASPΔCA was undetectable in circulating patient leukocytes. Deep sequencing, transcript profiling, and protein degradation analyses demonstrated patient lymphocytes employ an array of genetic, epigenetic, and proteasomal strategies to avoid expressing WASPΔCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Khanna
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carole Le Coz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Courtney Vaccaro
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Piyush Pillarisetti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ainsley V C Knox
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Sy
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Buchbinder
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Neil Romberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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3
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Miyazawa H, Wada T. Reversion Mosaicism in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783022. [PMID: 34868061 PMCID: PMC8635092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversion mosaicism has been reported in an increasing number of genetic disorders including primary immunodeficiency diseases. Several mechanisms can mediate somatic reversion of inherited mutations. Back mutations restore wild-type sequences, whereas second-site mutations result in compensatory changes. In addition, intragenic recombination, chromosomal deletions, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity have been demonstrated in mosaic individuals. Revertant cells that have regained wild-type function may be associated with milder disease phenotypes in some immunodeficient patients with reversion mosaicism. Revertant cells can also be responsible for immune dysregulation. Studies identifying a large variety of genetic changes in the same individual further support a frequent occurrence of reversion mosaicism in primary immunodeficiency diseases. This phenomenon also provides unique opportunities to evaluate the biological effects of restored gene expression in different cell lineages. In this paper, we review the recent findings of reversion mosaicism in primary immunodeficiency diseases and discuss its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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4
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Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29086100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0453-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder originally described by Dr. Alfred Wiskott in 1937 and Dr. Robert Aldrich in 1954 as a familial disease characterized by infections, bleeding tendency, and eczema. Today, it is well recognized that the syndrome has a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild, isolated thrombocytopenia to full-blown presentation that can be complicated by life-threatening hemorrhages, immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and cancer. The pathophysiology of classic and emerging features is being elucidated by clinical studies, but remains incompletely defined, which hinders the application of targeted therapies. At the same time, progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy offer optimistic prospects for treatment options aimed at the replacement of the defective lymphohematopoietic system that have the potential to provide a cure for this rare and polymorphic disease.
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5
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Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2017; 38:13-27. [PMID: 29086100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder originally described by Dr. Alfred Wiskott in 1937 and Dr. Robert Aldrich in 1954 as a familial disease characterized by infections, bleeding tendency, and eczema. Today, it is well recognized that the syndrome has a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild, isolated thrombocytopenia to full-blown presentation that can be complicated by life-threatening hemorrhages, immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and cancer. The pathophysiology of classic and emerging features is being elucidated by clinical studies, but remains incompletely defined, which hinders the application of targeted therapies. At the same time, progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy offer optimistic prospects for treatment options aimed at the replacement of the defective lymphohematopoietic system that have the potential to provide a cure for this rare and polymorphic disease.
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6
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Analysis of the recovery of CD247 expression in a PID patient: insights into the spontaneous repair of defective genes. Blood 2017; 130:1205-1208. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-01-762864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
The propensity of genes to mutate influences the probability of spontaneous reversion of genetic defects in PID.
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7
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Fil D, DeLoach A, Yadav S, Alkam D, MacNicol M, Singh A, Compadre CM, Goellner JJ, O’Brien CA, Fahmi T, Basnakian AG, Calingasan NY, Klessner JL, Beal FM, Peters OM, Metterville J, Brown RH, Ling KK, Rigo F, Ozdinler PH, Kiaei M. Mutant Profilin1 transgenic mice recapitulate cardinal features of motor neuron disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:686-701. [PMID: 28040732 PMCID: PMC5968635 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of profilin1 mutations in 25 familial ALS cases has linked altered function of this cytoskeleton-regulating protein to the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease. To investigate the pathological role of mutant profilin1 in motor neuron disease, we generated transgenic lines of mice expressing human profilin1 with a mutation at position 118 (hPFN1G118V). One of the mouse lines expressing high levels of mutant human PFN1 protein in the brain and spinal cord exhibited many key clinical and pathological features consistent with human ALS disease. These include loss of lower (ventral horn) and upper motor neurons (corticospinal motor neurons in layer V), mutant profilin1 aggregation, abnormally ubiquitinated proteins, reduced choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme expression, fragmented mitochondria, glial cell activation, muscle atrophy, weight loss, and reduced survival. Our investigations of actin dynamics and axonal integrity suggest that mutant PFN1 protein is associated with an abnormally low filamentous/globular (F/G)-actin ratio that may be the underlying cause of severe damage to ventral root axons resulting in a Wallerian-like degeneration. These observations indicate that our novel profilin1 mutant mouse line may provide a new ALS model with the opportunity to gain unique perspectives into mechanisms of neurodegeneration that contribute to ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | - Duah Alkam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | | | - Joseph J. Goellner
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR,
USA
| | - Charles A. O’Brien
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR,
USA
| | | | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Noel Y. Calingasan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jodi L. Klessner
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of
Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 6011, USA
| | - Flint M. Beal
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Owen M. Peters
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jake Metterville
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Robert H. Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karen K.Y. Ling
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - P. Hande Ozdinler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of
Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 6011, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kiaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Physiology and Biophysics
- Center for Translational Neuroscience
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Geriatrics, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,
AR, USA
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8
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Laskowski TJ, Van Caeneghem Y, Pourebrahim R, Ma C, Ni Z, Garate Z, Crane AM, Li XS, Liao W, Gonzalez-Garay M, Segovia JC, Paschon DE, Rebar EJ, Holmes MC, Kaufman D, Vandekerckhove B, Davis BR. Gene Correction of iPSCs from a Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Patient Normalizes the Lymphoid Developmental and Functional Defects. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:139-48. [PMID: 27396937 PMCID: PMC4982969 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked primary immunodeficiency disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the WAS protein (WASp). Here, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were derived from a WAS patient (WAS-iPSC) and the endogenous chromosomal WAS locus was targeted with a wtWAS-2A-eGFP transgene using zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) to generate corrected WAS-iPSC (cWAS-iPSC). WASp and GFP were first expressed in the earliest CD34(+)CD43(+)CD45(-) hematopoietic precursor cells and later in all hematopoietic lineages examined. Whereas differentiation to non-lymphoid lineages was readily obtained from WAS-iPSCs, in vitro T lymphopoiesis from WAS-iPSC was deficient with few CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive and mature CD3(+) T cells obtained. T cell differentiation was restored for cWAS-iPSCs. Similarly, defects in natural killer cell differentiation and function were restored on targeted correction of the WAS locus. These results demonstrate that the defects exhibited by WAS-iPSC-derived lymphoid cells were fully corrected and suggests the potential therapeutic use of gene-corrected WAS-iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Laskowski
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yasmine Van Caeneghem
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Rasoul Pourebrahim
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhenya Ni
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zita Garate
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28040, Spain; Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ana M Crane
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuan Shirley Li
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Liao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Garay
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jose Carlos Segovia
- Differentiation and Cytometry Unit, Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28040, Spain; Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Dan Kaufman
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Brian R Davis
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Worth AJJ, Thrasher AJ. Current and emerging treatment options for Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1015-32. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1062366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Forsberg LA, Absher D, Dumanski JP. Republished: Non-heritable genetics of human disease: spotlight on post-zygotic genetic variation acquired during lifetime. Postgrad Med J 2014; 89:417-26. [PMID: 23781115 PMCID: PMC3711362 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-101322rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The heritability of most common, multifactorial diseases is rather modest and known genetic effects account for a small part of it. The remaining portion of disease aetiology has been conventionally ascribed to environmental effects, with an unknown part being stochastic. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting stochastic events of potentially great importance in human disease—the accumulation of post-zygotic structural aberrations with age in phenotypically normal humans. These findings are in agreement with a substantial mutational load predicted to occur during lifetime within the human soma. A major consequence of these results is that the genetic profile of a single tissue collected at one time point should be used with caution as a faithful portrait of other tissues from the same subject or the same tissue throughout life. Thus, the design of studies in human genetics interrogating a single sample per subject or applying lymphoblastoid cell lines may come into question. Sporadic disorders are common in medicine. We wish to stress the non-heritable genetic variation as a potentially important factor behind the development of sporadic diseases. Moreover, associations between post-zygotic mutations, clonal cell expansions and their relation to cancer predisposition are central in this context. Post-zygotic mutations are amenable to robust examination and are likely to explain a sizable part of non-heritable disease causality, which has routinely been thought of as synonymous with environmental factors. In view of the widespread accumulation of genetic aberrations with age and strong predictions of disease risk from such analyses, studies of post-zygotic mutations may be a fruitful approach for delineation of variants that are causative for common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Anders Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Forsberg LA, Absher D, Dumanski JP. Non-heritable genetics of human disease: spotlight on post-zygotic genetic variation acquired during lifetime. J Med Genet 2013; 50:1-10. [PMID: 23172682 PMCID: PMC3534255 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The heritability of most common, multifactorial diseases is rather modest and known genetic effects account for a small part of it. The remaining portion of disease aetiology has been conventionally ascribed to environmental effects, with an unknown part being stochastic. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting stochastic events of potentially great importance in human disease-the accumulation of post-zygotic structural aberrations with age in phenotypically normal humans. These findings are in agreement with a substantial mutational load predicted to occur during lifetime within the human soma. A major consequence of these results is that the genetic profile of a single tissue collected at one time point should be used with caution as a faithful portrait of other tissues from the same subject or the same tissue throughout life. Thus, the design of studies in human genetics interrogating a single sample per subject or applying lymphoblastoid cell lines may come into question. Sporadic disorders are common in medicine. We wish to stress the non-heritable genetic variation as a potentially important factor behind the development of sporadic diseases. Moreover, associations between post-zygotic mutations, clonal cell expansions and their relation to cancer predisposition are central in this context. Post-zygotic mutations are amenable to robust examination and are likely to explain a sizable part of non-heritable disease causality, which has routinely been thought of as synonymous with environmental factors. In view of the widespread accumulation of genetic aberrations with age and strong predictions of disease risk from such analyses, studies of post-zygotic mutations may be a fruitful approach for delineation of variants that are causative for common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Anders Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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David S, Jayandharan GR, Abraham A, Jacob RR, Devi GS, Patkar N, Shaji RV, Nair SC, Viswabandya A, Ahmed R, George B, Mathews V, Chandy M, Srivastava A. Molecular basis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in patients from India. Eur J Haematol 2012; 89:356-60. [PMID: 22679904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Somatic mosaicism is the result of postzygotic de novo mutation occurring in a portion of the cells making up an organism. Structural genetic variation is a very heterogeneous group of changes, in terms of numerous types of aberrations that are included in this category, involvement of many mechanisms behind the generation of structural variants, and because structural variation can encompass genomic regions highly variable in size. Structural variation rapidly evolved as the dominating type of changes behind human genetic diversity, and the importance of this variation in biology and medicine is continuously increasing. In this review, we combine the evidence of structural variation in the context of somatic cells. We discuss the normal and disease-related somatic structural variation. We review the recent advances in the field of monozygotic twins and other models that have been studied for somatic mutations, including other vertebrates. We also discuss chromosomal mosaicism in a few prime examples of disease genes that contributed to understanding of the importance of somatic heterogeneity. We further highlight challenges and opportunities related to this field, including methodological and practical aspects of detection of somatic mosaicism. The literature devoted to interindividual variation versus papers reporting on somatic variation suggests that the latter is understudied and underestimated. It is important to increase our awareness about somatic mosaicism, in particular, related to structural variation. We believe that further research of somatic mosaicism will prove beneficial for better understanding of common sporadic disorders.
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14
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Panelli S, Strozzi F, Capoferri R, Barbieri I, Martinelli N, Capucci L, Lombardi G, Williams JL. Analysis of gene expression in white blood cells of cattle orally challenged with bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:96-102. [PMID: 21218338 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.529059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE) is one of the recently discovered atypical forms of BSE, which is transmissible to primates, and may be the bovine equivalent of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans. Although it is transmissible, it is unknown whether BASE is acquired through infection or arises spontaneously. In the present study, the gene expression of white blood cells (WBCs) from 5 cattle at 1 yr after oral BASE challenge was compared with negative controls using a custom microarray containing 43,768 unique gene probes. In total, 56 genes were found to be differentially expressed between BASE and control animals with a log fold change of 2 or greater. Of these, 39 were upregulated in BASE animals, while 17 were downregulated. The majority of these genes are related to immune function. In particular, BASE animals appeared to have significantly modified expression of genes linked to T- and B-cell development and activation, and to inflammatory responses. The potential impacts of these gene expression changes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Panelli
- IDRA-LAB, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, Lodi, Italy
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Davis
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Trifari S, Scaramuzza S, Catucci M, Ponzoni M, Mollica L, Chiesa R, Cattaneo F, Lafouresse F, Calvez R, Vermi W, Medicina D, Castiello MC, Marangoni F, Bosticardo M, Doglioni C, Caniglia M, Aiuti A, Villa A, Roncarolo MG, Dupré L. Revertant T lymphocytes in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: analysis of function and distribution in lymphoid organs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:439-448.e8. [PMID: 20159256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and hematologic malignancies. Secondary mutations leading to re-expression of WAS protein (WASP) are relatively frequent in patients with WAS. OBJECTIVE The tissue distribution and function of revertant cells were investigated in a novel case of WAS gene secondary mutation. METHODS A vast combination of approaches was used to characterize the second-site mutation, to investigate revertant cell function, and to track their distribution over a 18-year clinical follow-up. RESULTS The WAS gene secondary mutation was a 4-nucleotide insertion, 4 nucleotides downstream of the original deletion. This somatic mutation allowed the T-cell-restricted expression of a stable, full-length WASP with a 3-amino acid change compared with the wild-type protein. WASP(+) T cells appeared early in the spleen (age 10 years) and were highly enriched in a mesenteric lymph node at a later time (age 23 years). Revertant T cells had a diversified T-cell-receptor repertoire and displayed in vitro and in vivo selective advantage. They proliferated and produced cytokines normally on T-cell-receptor stimulation. Consistently, the revertant WASP correctly localized to the immunologic synapse and to the leading edge of migrating T cells. CONCLUSION Despite the high proportion of functional revertant T cells, the patient still has severe infections and autoimmune disorders, suggesting that re-expression of WASP in T cells is not sufficient to normalize immune functions fully in patients with WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trifari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
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Davis BR, Yan Q, Bui JH, Felix K, Moratto D, Muul LM, Prokopishyn NL, Blaese RM, Candotti F. Somatic mosaicism in the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome: Molecular and functional characterization of genotypic revertants. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Alvarado C, Trifiro MA. Selection and mutation in the “new” genetics: an emerging hypothesis. Hum Genet 2010; 127:491-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Dong B, Siminovitch KA. Contributions of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family cytoskeletal regulatory adapters to immune regulation. Immunol Rev 2009; 232:175-94. [PMID: 19909364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal structure and dynamic rearrangement are integrally involved in coupling external stimuli to the orchestrated network of molecular interactions and cellular responses required for T-cell effector function. Members of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) family are now widely recognized as cytoskeletal scaffolding adapters that coordinate the transmission of stimulatory signals to downstream induction of actin remodeling and cytoskeletal-dependent T-cell responses. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional properties of the WASp family members, with an emphasis on the roles of these proteins in the molecular pathways underpinning T-cell activation. The contributions of WASp family proteins and the cytoskeletal reorganization they evoke to expression of specific T-cell effector functions and the implications of such activity to normal immune responses and to the immunologic deficits manifested by Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Up to 11% of patients affected with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) have presented with somatic mosaicism due to spontaneous in vivo reversion to normal of the original mutation or second-site compensatory mutations that restored production of the WAS gene product. The reasons underlying the high prevalence of this phenomenon in WAS are unclear and may include strong selective advantage of revertant cells over mutated populations, abnormally high general mutation rate and/or increased susceptibility of specific WAS gene sequences to DNA polymerase errors. Additional studies in human samples and in vitro/in vivo models of the disease will likely yield further insights into the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of revertant mosaicism in WAS and elucidate additional biological characteristics of the WAS gene and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Davis
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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