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Ferrari E, Naponelli V, Bettuzzi S. Lemur Tyrosine Kinases and Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115453. [PMID: 34064250 PMCID: PMC8196904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the Lemur Tyrosine Kinases (LMTK1-3) subfamily constitute a group of three membrane-anchored kinases. They are known to influence a wide variety of key cellular events, often affecting cell proliferation and apoptosis. They have been discovered to be involved in cancer, in that they impact various signalling pathways that influence cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. Notably, in the context of genome-wide association studies, one member of the LMTK family has been identified as a candidate gene which could contribute to the development of prostate cancer. In this review, of published literature, we present evidence on the role of LMTKs in human prostate cancer and model systems, focusing on the complex network of interacting partners involved in signalling cascades that are frequently activated in prostate cancer malignancy. We speculate that the modulators of LMTK enzyme expression and activity would be of high clinical relevance for the design of innovative prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-033-822
| | - Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (S.B.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Saverio Bettuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (S.B.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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2
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Fan J, Feng Z, Chen N. Spermidine as a target for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104943. [PMID: 32461185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine, as a natural component from polyamine members, is originally isolated from semen and also existed in many natural plants, and can be responsible for cell growth and development in eukaryotes. The supplementation of spermidine can extend health and lifespan across species. Although the elevated levels of polyamines and the regulation of rate-limiting enzymes for polyamine metabolism have been identified as the biomarkers in many cancers, recent epidemiological data support that an increased uptake of spermidine as a caloric restriction mimic can reduce overall mortality associated with cancers. The possible mechanisms between spermidine and cancer development may be related to the precise regulation of polyamine metabolism, anti-cancer immunosurveillance, autophagy, and apoptosis. Increased intake of polyamine seems to suppress tumorigenesis, but appears to accelerate the growth of established tumors. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumor growth, spermidine could be a rational target for chemoprevention and clinical therapeutics of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ziyuan Feng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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3
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Clusterin Silencing in Prostate Cancer Induces Matrix Metalloproteinases by an NF- κB-Dependent Mechanism. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:4081624. [PMID: 31885575 PMCID: PMC6925831 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a stress-activated glycoprotein, whose expression is altered both in inflammation and cancer. Previously, we showed that abrogation of CLU expression in cancer-prone mice (TRAMP) results in the enhancement of tumor spreading and homing, concomitant with an enhanced expression of NF-κB. In the present paper, we carried out an extensive experimental work by utilizing microarray gene expression data, as well as in vitro and in vivo models of prostate cancer (PCa). Our results demonstrated that (i) CLU expression is significantly downregulated in human PCa and inversely correlates with the expression of p65 in metastases; (ii) CLU overexpression in PCa cells reduces the Ser536 phosphorylation of p65, inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, and reduces the transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-9 and MMP-2). Conversely, CLU silencing promotes NF-κB activation and transcriptional upregulation of MMP-9; and (iii) expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are increased in CLU−/− mice (CLUKO) and in TRAMP/CLUKO mice in comparison to their relative Clu+/+ littermates. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that CLU downregulation, an early and relevant event in PCa onset, may inhibit NF-κB activation and limit the execution of a transcriptional program that favor the disease progression towards a metastatic stage.
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4
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Narrandes S, Xu W. Gene Expression Detection Assay for Cancer Clinical Use. J Cancer 2018; 9:2249-2265. [PMID: 30026820 PMCID: PMC6036716 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease where genetic variations cause abnormally functioning genes that appear to alter expression. Proteins, the final products of gene expression, determine the phenotypes and biological processes. Therefore, detecting gene expression levels can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment prediction in a clinical setting. In this review, we investigated six gene expression assay systems (qRT-PCR, DNA microarray, nCounter, RNA-Seq, FISH, and tissue microarray) that are currently being used in clinical cancer studies. Some of these methods are also commonly used in a modified way; for example, detection of DNA content or protein expression. Herein, we discuss their principles, sample preparation, design, quantification and sensitivity, data analysis, time for sample preparation and processing, and cost. We also compared these methods according to their sample selection, particularly for the feasibility of using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, which are routinely archived for clinical cancer studies. We intend to provide a guideline for choosing an assay method with respect to its oncological applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavira Narrandes
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Wayne Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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5
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In-Silico Integration Approach to Identify a Key miRNA Regulating a Gene Network in Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030910. [PMID: 29562723 PMCID: PMC5877771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other cancer diseases, prostate cancer (PC) is caused by the accumulation of genetic alterations in the cells that drives malignant growth. These alterations are revealed by gene profiling and copy number alteration (CNA) analysis. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that also microRNAs have an important role in PC development. Despite efforts to profile PC, the alterations (gene, CNA, and miRNA) and biological processes that correlate with disease development and progression remain partially elusive. Many gene signatures proposed as diagnostic or prognostic tools in cancer poorly overlap. The identification of co-expressed genes, that are functionally related, can identify a core network of genes associated with PC with a better reproducibility. By combining different approaches, including the integration of mRNA expression profiles, CNAs, and miRNA expression levels, we identified a gene signature of four genes overlapping with other published gene signatures and able to distinguish, in silico, high Gleason-scored PC from normal human tissue, which was further enriched to 19 genes by gene co-expression analysis. From the analysis of miRNAs possibly regulating this network, we found that hsa-miR-153 was highly connected to the genes in the network. Our results identify a four-gene signature with diagnostic and prognostic value in PC and suggest an interesting gene network that could play a key regulatory role in PC development and progression. Furthermore, hsa-miR-153, controlling this network, could be a potential biomarker for theranostics in high Gleason-scored PC.
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Tsourlakis MC, Eleftheriadou A, Stender A, Weigand P, Grupp K, Hube-Magg C, Kluth M, Schroeder C, Steurer S, Hinsch A, Luebke A, Angerer A, Wittmer C, Friedrich E, Göbel C, Büscheck F, Heinzer H, Graefen M, Simon R, Sauter G, Wilczak W, Minner S, Schlomm T, Jacobsen F. FOXA1 expression is a strong independent predictor of early PSA recurrence in ERG negative prostate cancers treated by radical prostatectomy. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1180-1187. [PMID: 29029032 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXA1 (Fork-head box protein A1, HNF-3a) is a transcription factor involved in androgen signaling with relevance for lineage-specific gene expression of the prostate. The expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 11152 prostate cancer specimens. Results were compared with tumor phenotype, biochemical recurrence, androgen receptor expression, ETS-related gene (ERG) status and other recurrent genomic alterations. FOXA1 expression was detectable in 97.6% of 8227 interpretable cancers and considered strong in 28.5%, moderate in 46.2% and weak in 22.9% of cases. High FOXA1 expression was associated with TMPRSS2:ERG rearrangement and ERG expression (P < 0.0001). High FOXA1 expression was linked to high Gleason grade, advanced pathological tumor (pT) stage and early PSA recurrence in ERG negative cancers (P < 0.0001), while these associations were either weak or absent in ERG positive cancers. In ERG negative cancers, the prognostic role of FOXA1 expression was independent of Gleason grade, pathological tumor stage, lymph node stage, surgical margin status and preoperative PSA. Independent prognostic value became even more evident if the analysis was limited to preoperatively available features such as biopsy Gleason grade, preoperative PSA, cT stage and FOXA1 expression (P < 0.0001). Within ERG negative cancers, FOXA1 expression was also strongly associated with PTEN and 5q21 deletions (P < 0.0001). High expression of FOXA1 is an independent prognostic parameter in ERG negative prostate cancer. Thus, FOXA1 measurement might provide clinically useful information in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agapi Eleftheriadou
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Annegret Stender
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Weigand
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schroeder
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Angerer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Emily Friedrich
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Cosima Göbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Department of Urology, Section for translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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7
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Wang Y, Brodsky AS, Xiong J, Lopresti ML, Yang D, Resnick MB. Stromal Clusterin Expression Predicts Therapeutic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e373-e379. [PMID: 28890185 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of clusterin correlates with tumor progression and therapeutic response in several human malignancies, including breast cancer. However, its predictive value in the neoadjuvant setting in breast cancer remains unexplored. The objective of this explorative study was to determine whether clusterin expression in breast cancer correlated with clinical pathologic characteristics and whether its expression was predictive of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the clusterin expression pattern in 72 triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) treated with NAC before surgery. Clusterin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and was correlated with pathologic characteristics and response to NAC using residual cancer burden score. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a differential pattern of expression between tumor and stroma. Clusterin expression in the tumor associated stroma as opposed to expression by the neoplastic epithelium was significantly associated with neoadjuvant-treated TNBC. Low stromal clusterin, low stromal content, and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with a significantly greater likelihood of achieving a good pathologic response as reflected by lower residual cancer burden scores (P = .002, P = .003, and P = .001, respectively). Tumor and/or stromal clusterin expression were not associated with patient age, tumor histologic grade, stage, and lymph node status. CONCULSION This study suggests a potential role for the assessment of stromal clusterin as a predictive biomarker for response of TNBC to neoadjuvant therapy. Further validation of this biomarker in a large study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
| | - Alexander S Brodsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jinjun Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Mary L Lopresti
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Dongfang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Murray B Resnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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8
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Chen Z, Gerke T, Bird V, Prosperi M. Trends in Gene Expression Profiling for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-15. [PMID: 31988908 PMCID: PMC6945900 DOI: 10.1159/000472146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to review biotechnology advances in gene expression profiling on prostate cancer (PCa), focusing on experimental platform development and gene discovery, in relation to different study designs and outcomes in order to understand how they can be exploited to improve PCa diagnosis and clinical management. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review on gene expression profiling studies through PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science between 2000 and 2016. Tissue biopsy and clinical gene profiling studies with different outcomes (e.g., recurrence, survival) were included. RESULTS Over 3,000 papers were screened and 137 full-text articles were selected. In terms of technology used, microarray is still the most popular technique, increasing from 50 to 70% between 2010 and 2015, but there has been a rise in the number of studies using RNA sequencing (13% in 2015). Sample sizes have increased, as well as the number of genes that can be screened all at once, but we have also observed more focused targeting in more recent studies. Qualitative analysis on the specific genes found associated with PCa risk or clinical outcomes revealed a large variety of gene candidates, with a few consistent cross-studies. CONCLUSIONS The last 15 years of research in gene expression in PCa have brought a large volume of data and information that has been decoded only in part, but advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology are increasing the amount of data that can be generated. The variety of findings warrants the execution of both validation studies and meta-analyses. Genetic biomarkers have tremendous potential for early diagnosis of PCa and, if coupled with other diagnostics (e.g., imaging), can effectively be used to concretize less-invasive, personalized prediction of PCa risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Victoria Bird
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Luna-Antonio BI, Rodriguez-Muñoz R, Namorado-Tonix C, Vergara P, Segovia J, Reyes JL. Gas1 expression in parietal cells of Bowman’s capsule in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:33-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Burdelski C, Menan D, Tsourlakis MC, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Melling N, Minner S, Koop C, Graefen M, Heinzer H, Wittmer C, Sauter G, Simon R, Schlomm T, Steurer S, Krech T. The prognostic value of SUMO1/Sentrin specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) in prostate cancer is limited to ERG-fusion positive tumors lacking PTEN deletion. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26202067 PMCID: PMC4512145 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Posttranscriptional protein modification by SUMOylation plays an important role in tumor development and progression. In the current study we analyzed prevalence and prognostic impact of the de-SUMOylation enzyme SENP1 in prostate cancer. Methods SENP1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing more than 12,400 prostate cancer specimens. Results were compared to tumor phenotype, ERG status, genomic deletions of 3p, 5q, 6q and PTEN, and biochemical recurrence. Results SENP1 immunostaining was detectable in 34.5 % of 9,516 interpretable cancers and considered strong in 7.3 %, moderate in 14.9 % and weak in 12.3 % of cases. Strong SENP1 expression was linked to advanced pT stage (p < 0.0001), high Gleason grade (p < 0.0001), positive lymph node status (p = 0.0019), high pre-operative PSA levels (p = 0.0037), and PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001). SENP1 expression was strongly associated with positive ERG fusion status as determined by both in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry as well as with PTEN deletions. Detectable SENP1 immunostaining was found in 41 % of ERG positive and in 47 % of PTEN deleted cancers but in only 30 % of ERG negative and 30 % of PTEN non-deleted cancers (p < 0.0001 each). Deletions of 3p, 5q, and 6q were unrelated to SENP1 expression. Subset analyses revealed that the prognostic impact of SENP1 expression was solely driven by the subgroup of ERG positive, PTEN undeleted cancers. In this subgroup, the prognostic role of SENP1 expression was independent of the preoperative PSA level, tumor stage, Gleason grade, and the status of the resection margin. Conclusions SENP1 expression has strong prognostic impact in a molecularly defined subset of cancers. This is per se not surprising as the biologic impact of each individual molecular event is likely to be dependent on its cellular environment. However, such findings challenge the concept of finding clinically relevant molecular signatures that are equally applicable to all prostate cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1555-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burdelski
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Devi Menan
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nathaniel Melling
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistr. 25, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistr. 25, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistr. 25, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Urology, Section for translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Sacilotto N, Castillo J, Riffo-Campos ÁL, Flores JM, Hibbitt O, Wade-Martins R, López C, Rodrigo MI, Franco L, López-Rodas G. Growth Arrest Specific 1 (Gas1) Gene Overexpression in Liver Reduces the In Vivo Progression of Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Partially Restores Gene Expression Levels. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132477. [PMID: 26161998 PMCID: PMC4498802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients is usually poor, the size of tumors being a limiting factor for surgical treatments. Present results suggest that the overexpression of Gas1 (growth arrest specific 1) gene reduces the size, proliferating activity and malignancy of liver tumors. Mice developing diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma were subjected to hydrodynamic gene delivery to overexpress Gas1 in liver. This treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the number of large tumors, while the difference in the total number of lesions was not significant. Moreover, the number of carcinoma foci in the liver and the number of lung metastases were reduced. These results are related with the finding that overexpression of Gas1 in Hepa 1-6 cells arrests cell cycle before S phase, with a significant (p < 0.01) and concomitant reduction in the expression of cyclin E2 gene. In addition, a triangular analysis of microarray data shows that Gas1 overexpression restores the transcription levels of 150 genes whose expression was affected in the diethylnitrosamine-induced tumors, thirteen of which are involved in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Since the in vivo Gas1 gene delivery to livers of mice carrying hepatocellular carcinoma reduces the size and proliferating activity of tumors, partially restoring the transcriptional profile of the liver, the present study opens promising insights towards a therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sacilotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela L. Riffo-Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juana M. Flores
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Hibbitt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos López
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Rodrigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Adamo HH, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Characterization of a Gene Expression Signature in Normal Rat Prostate Tissue Induced by the Presence of a Tumor Elsewhere in the Organ. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130076. [PMID: 26076453 PMCID: PMC4468243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantation of rat prostate cancer cells into the normal rat prostate results in tumor-stimulating changes in the tumor-bearing organ, for example growth of the vasculature, an altered extracellular matrix, and influx of inflammatory cells. To investigate this response further, we compared prostate morphology and the gene expression profile of tumor-bearing normal rat prostate tissue (termed tumor-instructed/indicating normal tissue (TINT)) with that of prostate tissue from controls. Dunning rat AT-1 prostate cancer cells were injected into rat prostate and tumors were established after 10 days. As controls we used intact animals, animals injected with heat-killed AT-1 cells or cell culture medium. None of the controls showed morphological TINT-changes. A rat Illumina whole-genome expression array was used to analyze gene expression in AT-1 tumors, TINT, and in medium injected prostate tissue. We identified 423 upregulated genes and 38 downregulated genes (p<0.05, ≥2-fold change) in TINT relative to controls. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified key TINT-changes, and they were not detected in controls. Expression of some genes was changed in a manner similar to that in the tumor, whereas other changes were exclusive to TINT. Ontological analysis using GeneGo software showed that the TINT gene expression profile was coupled to processes such as inflammation, immune response, and wounding. Many of the genes whose expression is altered in TINT have well-established roles in tumor biology, and the present findings indicate that they may also function by adapting the surrounding tumor-bearing organ to the needs of the tumor. Even though a minor tumor cell contamination in TINT samples cannot be ruled out, our data suggest that there are tumor-induced changes in gene expression in the normal tumor-bearing organ which can probably not be explained by tumor cell contamination. It is important to validate these changes further, as they could hypothetically serve as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanibal Hani Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Bonacini M, Coletta M, Ramazzina I, Naponelli V, Modernelli A, Davalli P, Bettuzzi S, Rizzi F. Distinct promoters, subjected to epigenetic regulation, drive the expression of two clusterin mRNAs in prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:44-54. [PMID: 25464035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The human clusterin (CLU) gene codes for several mRNAs characterized by different sequences at their 5' end. We investigated the expression of two CLU mRNAs, called CLU 1 and CLU 2, in immortalized (PNT1a) and tumorigenic (PC3 and DU145) prostate epithelial cells, as well as in normal fetal fibroblasts (WI38) following the administration of the epigenetic drugs 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZDC) and trichostatin A (TSA) given either as single or combined treatment (AZDC-TSA). Our experimental evidences show that: a) CLU 1 is the most abundant transcript variant. b) CLU 2 is expressed at a low level in normal fibroblasts and virtually absent in prostate cancer cells. c) CLU 1, and to a greater extent CLU 2 expression, increased by AZDC-TSA treatment in prostate cancer cells. d) Both CLU 1 and CLU 2 encode for secreted CLU. e) P2, a novel promoter that overlaps the CLU 2 Transcription Start Site (TSS), drives CLU 2 expression. f) A CpG island, methylated in prostate cancer cells and not in normal fibroblasts, is responsible for long-term heritable regulation of CLU 1 expression. g) ChIP assay of histone tail modifications at CLU promoters (P1 and P2) shows that treatment of prostate cancer cells with AZDC-TSA causes enrichment of Histone3(Lys9)acetylated (H3K9ac) and reduction of Histone3(Lys27)trimethylated (H3K27me3), inducing active transcription of both CLU variants. In conclusion, we show for the first time that the expression of CLU 2 mRNA is driven by a novel promoter, P2, whose activity responds to epigenetic drugs treatment through changes in histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonacini
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coletta
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ileana Ramazzina
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Modernelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Davalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Saverio Bettuzzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
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14
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Validation of novel reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR in drought-stressed sugarcane. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:357052. [PMID: 24987730 PMCID: PMC4060590 DOI: 10.1155/2014/357052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of RT-qPCR data analysis is the identification of reliable reference genes. Ideally, they should be neither induced nor repressed under different experimental conditions. To date, few reference genes have been adequately studied for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) using statistical approaches. In this work, six candidate genes (αTUB, GAPDH, H1, SAMDC, UBQ, and 25S rRNA) were tested for gene expression normalization of sugarcane root tissues from drought-tolerant and -sensitive accessions after continuous dehydration (24 h). By undergoing different approaches (GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper), it was shown that most of them could be used in combinations for normalization purposes, with the exception of SAMDC. Nevertheless three of them (H1, αTUB, and GAPDH) were considered the most reliable reference genes. Their suitability as reference genes validated the expression profiles of two targets (AS and PFPα1), related to SuperSAGE unitags, in agreement with results revealed by previous in silico analysis. The other two sugarcane unitags (ACC oxidase and PIP1-1), after salt stress (100 mM NaCl), presented their expressions validated in the same way. In conclusion, these reference genes will be useful for dissecting gene expression in sugarcane roots under abiotic stress, especially in transcriptomic studies using SuperSAGE or RNAseq approaches.
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Sanders R, Mason DJ, Foy CA, Huggett JF. Considerations for accurate gene expression measurement by reverse transcription quantitative PCR when analysing clinical samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6471-83. [PMID: 24858468 PMCID: PMC4182594 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative PCR is an established, simple and effective method for RNA measurement. However, technical standardisation challenges combined with frequent insufficient experimental detail render replication of many published findings challenging. Consequently, without adequate consideration of experimental standardisation, such findings may be sufficient for a given publication but cannot be translated to wider clinical application. This article builds on earlier standardisation work and the MIQE guidelines, discussing processes that need consideration for accurate, reproducible analysis when dealing with patient samples. By applying considerations common to the science of measurement (metrology), one can maximise the impact of gene expression studies, increasing the likelihood of their translation to clinical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sanders
- Molecular & Cell Biology, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK,
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16
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Rizzi F, Naponelli V, Silva A, Modernelli A, Ramazzina I, Bonacini M, Tardito S, Gatti R, Uggeri J, Bettuzzi S. Polyphenon E(R), a standardized green tea extract, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to death of immortalized PNT1a cells by anoikis and tumorigenic PC3 by necroptosis. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:828-39. [PMID: 24343359 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing doses of Polyphenon E®, a standardized green tea extract, were given to PNT1a and PC3 prostate epithelial cells mimicking initial and advanced stages of prostate cancer (PCa), respectively. Cell death occurred in both cell lines, with PNT1a being more sensitive [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 35 μg/ml] than PC3 (IC50 = 145 μg/ml) to Polyphenon E®. Cell cycle arrest occurred at G0/G1 checkpoint for PNT1a, and G2/M for PC3 cells. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR) occurred in both cell lines, with each exhibiting different timing in response to Polyphenon E®. Autophagy was transiently activated in PNT1a cells within 12 h after treatment as a survival response to overcome ERS; then activation of caspases and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase 1 occurred, committing cells to anoikis death. Polyphenon E® induced severe ERS in PC3 cells, causing a dramatic enlargement of the ER; persistent activation of UPR produced strong upregulation of GADD153/CHOP, a key protein of ERS-mediated cell death. Thereafter, GADD153/CHOP activated Puma, a BH3-only protein, committing cells to necroptosis, a programmed caspase-independent mechanism of cell death. Our results provide a foundation for the identification of novel targets and strategies aimed at sensitizing apoptosis-resistant cells to alternative death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rizzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research and
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17
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MiR-34a targets GAS1 to promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma via PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:958-63. [PMID: 24220341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are fundamental regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and are implicated in tumorigenesis of many cancers. MiR-34a is best known as a tumor suppressor through repression of growth factors and oncogenes. Growth arrest specific1 (GAS1) protein is a tumor suppressor that inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through inhibition of RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Both miR-34a and GAS1 are frequently down-regulated in various tumors. However, it has been reported that while GAS1 is down-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), miR-34a is up-regulated in this specific type of cancer, although their potential roles in PTC tumorigenesis have not been examined to date. A computational search revealed that miR-34a putatively binds to the 3'-UTR of GAS1 gene. In the present study, we confirmed previous findings that miR-34a is up-regulated and GAS1 down-regulated in PTC tissues. Further studies indicated that GAS1 is directly targeted by miR-34a. Overexpression of miR-34a promoted PTC cell proliferation and colony formation and inhibited apoptosis, whereas knockdown of miR-34a showed the opposite effects. Silencing of GAS1 had similar growth-promoting effects as overexpression of miR-34a. Furthermore, miR-34a overexpression led to activation of PI3K/Akt/Bad signaling pathway in PTC cells, and depletion of Akt reversed the pro-growth, anti-apoptotic effects of miR-34a. Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-34a regulates GAS1 expression to promote proliferation and suppress apoptosis in PTC cells via PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway. MiR-34a functions as an oncogene in PTC.
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Kusuda Y, Miyake H, Kurahashi T, Fujisawa M. Assessment of optimal target genes for detecting micrometastases in pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:615-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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19
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Zarco N, Bautista E, Cuéllar M, Vergara P, Flores-Rodriguez P, Aguilar-Roblero R, Segovia J. Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) is abundantly expressed in the adult mouse central nervous system. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:731-48. [PMID: 23813868 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413498088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) is a pleiotropic protein that induces apoptosis and cell arrest in different tumors, but it is also involved in the development of the nervous system and other tissues and organs. This dual ability is likely caused by its capacity to interact both by inhibiting the intracellular signaling cascade induced by glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor and by facilitating the activity of the sonic hedgehog pathway. The presence of GAS1 mRNA has been described in adult mouse brain, and here we corroborated this observation. We then proceeded to determine the distribution of the protein in the adult central nervous system (CNS). We detected, by western blot analysis, expression of GAS1 in olfactory bulb, caudate-putamen, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord. To more carefully map the expression of GAS1, we performed double-label immunohistochemistry and noticed expression of GAS1 in neurons in all brain areas examined. We also observed expression of GAS1 in astroglial cells, albeit the pattern of expression was more restricted than that seen in neurons. Briefly, in the present article, we report the widespread distribution and cellular localization of the GAS1 native protein in adult mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Zarco
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (NZ,EB,PV,PF-R,JS)
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20
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Schmalfuss F, Kolominsky-Rabas PL. Personalized medicine in screening for malignant disease: a review of methods and applications. Biomark Insights 2013; 8:9-14. [PMID: 23471146 PMCID: PMC3583264 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine (PM) is currently a hot topic in the professional world. It is often called the medicine of the future and has already achieved resounding success in the area of targeted therapy. Nevertheless, integration of the concepts of PM into routine clinical practice is slow. This review is intended to give an overview of current and potential applications of PM in oncology. PM could soon play a decisive role, especially in screening. The relevance of PM in screening was examined in the case of four common cancers (colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer). A literature search was performed. This showed that biomarkers in particular play a crucial role in screening. In summary, it can be emphasized that there are already numerous known promising biomarkers in malignant disease. This results in several possibilities for individualizing and revolutionizing screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schmalfuss
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr, Munich, Germany
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21
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Thangavel C, Boopathi E, Ertel A, Lim M, Addya S, Fortina P, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES. Regulation of miR106b cluster through the RB pathway: mechanism and functional targets. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:98-111. [PMID: 23255112 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The RB pathway plays a critical role in proliferation control that is commonly subverted in tumor development. However, restoration of RB pathway function can be elicited in many tumor cells by the inhibition of CDK4/6 activity that leads to dephosphorylation of RB and subsequent repression of E2F-mediated transcription. In this context, active RB/E2F complexes inhibit the expression of a critical program of coding genes that promote cell cycle progression. However, the non-coding RNA target genes downstream from RB that could be relevant for tumor biology remain obscure. Here, miRNA gene expression profiling identified the miR106b cluster as being efficiently repressed with CDK4/6 inhibition in an E2F and RB-dependent manner. Importantly, the miR106B-cluster is intragenic of MCM7, and through a series of functional studies, the basis of MCM7 regulation and concordant expression of the miRNA species within the 106b cluster was determined. Importantly, RB-mediated repression of the 106b cluster enhances the transcript levels of p21Cip1 and PTEN. These data provide a mechanistic basis for cross-talk between the RB pathway and p21 and PTEN through the regulation of the MCM7/miR106b locus.
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22
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Wang H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Zhao L, Fan L, Wang Y, Gang Y, Wu K, Liu Z, Fan D. Growth arrest-specific gene 1 is downregulated and inhibits tumor growth in gastric cancer. FEBS J 2012; 279:3652-3664. [PMID: 22846196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of malignancy-related mortality in the world, and malignant growth is a crucial characteristic in gastric cancer. In our previous study, we found that growth arrest-specific gene 1 (GAS1) suppression was involved in making gastric cancer cells multidrug-resistant by protecting them from drug-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of GAS1 in the growth and proliferation of gastric cancer. We demonstrated that GAS1 expression was decreased in gastric cancer, and patients without GAS1 expression showed shorter survival times than those with GAS1 expression. Both gain-of-function (by overexpression of GAS1) and loss-of-function (by GAS1-specific small interfering RNA knockdown) studies showed that increased GAS1 expression significantly reduced the colony-forming ability of gastric cancer cells in vitro and reduced cell growth in vivo, whereas decreased GAS1 expression had the opposite effects. Moreover, upregulation of GAS1 induced cell apoptosis, and downregulation of GAS1 inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GAS1 could induce gastric cancer cell apoptosis, at least in part through modulating the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the activity of caspase-3. Taken together, our results strongly indicate that GAS1 expression was decreased in gastric cancer and was predictive of a poor prognosis. Restoration of GAS1 expression inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptosis of gastric cancer cells, at least in part through modulating the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and activating caspase-3, suggesting that GAS1 might be used as a novel therapeutic candidate for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Gang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical Univeristy, Xi'an, China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Markers of field cancerization: proposed clinical applications in prostate biopsies. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:302894. [PMID: 22666601 PMCID: PMC3361299 DOI: 10.1155/2012/302894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of genetic, epigenetic, and biochemical aberrations in structurally intact cells in histologically normal tissues adjacent to cancerous lesions. This paper tabulates markers of prostate field cancerization known to date and discusses their potential clinical value in the analysis of prostate biopsies, including diagnosis, monitoring progression during active surveillance, and assessing efficacy of presurgical neoadjuvant and focal therapeutic interventions.
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24
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Gene expression profiles analyzed by DNA sequencing of cDNA clones constructed from porcine preadipocytes and adipocytes. Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Zarco N, González-Ramírez R, González RO, Segovia J. GAS1 induces cell death through an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis 2012; 17:627-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Larkin SET, Holmes S, Cree IA, Walker T, Basketter V, Bickers B, Harris S, Garbis SD, Townsend PA, Aukim-Hastie C. Identification of markers of prostate cancer progression using candidate gene expression. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:157-65. [PMID: 22075945 PMCID: PMC3251845 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) has no curative treatment options. Some forms of PCa are indolent and slow growing, while others metastasise quickly and may prove fatal within a very short time. The basis of this variable prognosis is poorly understood, despite considerable research. The aim of this study was to identify markers associated with the progression of PCa. METHODS Artificial neuronal network analysis combined with data from literature and previous work produced a panel of putative PCa progression markers, which were used in a transcriptomic analysis of 29 radical prostatectomy samples and correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS Statistical analysis yielded seven putative markers of PCa progression, ANPEP, ABL1, PSCA, EFNA1, HSPB1, INMT and TRIP13. Two data transformation methods were utilised with only markers that were significant in both selected for further analysis. ANPEP and EFNA1 were significantly correlated with Gleason score. Models of progression co-utilising markers ANPEP and ABL1 or ANPEP and PSCA had the ability to correctly predict indolent or aggressive disease, based on Gleason score, in 89.7% and 86.2% of cases, respectively. Another model of TRIP13 expression in combination with preoperative PSA level and Gleason score was able to correctly predict recurrence in 85.7% of cases. CONCLUSION This proof of principle study demonstrates a novel association of carcinogenic and tumourigenic gene expression with PCa stage and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E T Larkin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michaels Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
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27
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Sacilotto N, Espert A, Castillo J, Franco L, López-Rodas G. Epigenetic transcriptional regulation of the growth arrest-specific gene 1 (Gas1) in hepatic cell proliferation at mononucleosomal resolution. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23318. [PMID: 21858068 PMCID: PMC3153484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas1 (growth arrest-specific 1) gene is known to inhibit cell proliferation in a variety of models, but its possible implication in regulating quiescence in adult tissues has not been examined to date. The knowledge of how Gas1 is regulated in quiescence may contribute to understand the deregulation occurring in neoplastic diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Gas1 expression has been studied in quiescent murine liver and during the naturally synchronized cell proliferation after partial hepatectomy. Chromatin immunoprecipitation at nucleosomal resolution (Nuc-ChIP) has been used to carry out the study preserving the in vivo conditions. Transcription has been assessed at real time by quantifying the presence of RNA polymerase II in coding regions (RNApol-ChIP). It has been found that Gas1 is expressed not only in quiescent liver but also at the cell cycle G(1)/S transition. The latter expression peak had not been previously reported. Two nucleosomes, flanking a nucleosome-free region, are positioned close to the transcription start site. Both nucleosomes slide in going from the active to the inactive state and vice versa. Nuc-ChIP analysis of the acquisition of histone epigenetic marks show distinctive features in both active states: H3K9ac and H3K4me2 are characteristic of transcription in G(0) and H4R3me2 in G(1)/S transition. Sequential-ChIP analysis revealed that the "repressing" mark H3K9me2 colocalize with several "activating" marks at nucleosome N-1 when Gas1 is actively transcribed suggesting a greater plasticity of epigenetic marks than proposed until now. The recruitment of chromatin-remodeling or modifying complexes also displayed distinct characteristics in quiescence and the G(1)/S transition. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The finding that Gas1 is transcribed at the G(1)/S transition suggests that the gene may exert a novel function during cell proliferation. Transcription of this gene is modulated by specific "activating" and "repressing" epigenetic marks, and by chromatin remodeling and histone modifying complexes recruitment, at specific nucleosomes in Gas1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sacilotto
- Chromatin Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Espert
- Chromatin Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Chromatin Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Franco
- Chromatin Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Chromatin Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: .
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Cheng WC, Chang CW, Chen CR, Tsai ML, Shu WY, Li CY, Hsu IC. Identification of reference genes across physiological states for qRT-PCR through microarray meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17347. [PMID: 21390309 PMCID: PMC3044736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The accuracy of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is highly dependent on
reliable reference gene(s). Some housekeeping genes which are commonly used
for normalization are widely recognized as inappropriate in many
experimental conditions. This study aimed to identify reference genes for
clinical studies through microarray meta-analysis of human clinical
samples. Methodology/Principal Findings After uniform data preprocessing and data quality control, 4,804 Affymetrix
HU-133A arrays performed by clinical samples were classified into four
physiological states with 13 organ/tissue types. We identified a list of
reference genes for each organ/tissue types which exhibited stable
expression across physiological states. Furthermore, 102 genes identified as
reference gene candidates in multiple organ/tissue types were selected for
further analysis. These genes have been frequently identified as
housekeeping genes in previous studies, and approximately 71% of them
fall into Gene Expression (GO:0010467) category in Gene Ontology. Conclusions/Significance Based on microarray meta-analysis of human clinical sample arrays, we
identified sets of reference gene candidates for various organ/tissue types
and then examined the functions of these genes. Additionally, we found that
many of the reference genes are functionally related to transcription, RNA
processing and translation. According to our results, researchers could
select single or multiple reference gene(s) for normalization of qRT-PCR in
clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan
| | - Chaang-Ray Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan
| | - Min-Lung Tsai
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan Sport
University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Yi Shu
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua
University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan
| | - Ian C. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Analysis of RNA expression levels by real-time reverse-transcription (RT) PCR has become a routine technique in diagnostic and research laboratories. Monitoring of DNA amplification can be done using fluorescent sequence-specific probes, which generate signal only upon binding to their target. Numerous fluorescent dyes with unique emission spectra are available and can be used to differentially label probes for various genes. Such probes can be added to the same PCR amplification reaction for simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay. Such multiplexing is advantageous, since it markedly increases throughput and decreases costs and labor. Here, we describe application of multiplex real-time RT-PCR using TaqMan probes in the analysis of relative expression levels of a novel tumor-associated gene CUG2 in cell lines and tissue samples.
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Halin S, Hammarsten P, Adamo H, Wikström P, Bergh A. Tumor indicating normal tissue could be a new source of diagnostic and prognostic markers for prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:37-47. [PMID: 23484475 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.540009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Prostate cancer is a common and multifocal disease but the diagnostic methods available are unsatisfactory. Most tumors present are of low malignant potential, whereas others are highly aggressive. At present, imaging cannot be used to guide tissue biopsies safely towards the most aggressive tumor present. To handle this problem multiple needle biopsies are taken. The biopsies often contain only normal prostate tissue, and even if the tumor is sampled it is not known whether a more aggressive cancer is present elsewhere in the organ. If changes in the normal tissue indicate the presence and nature of tumors, this information could be used to improve diagnostics and prognostics of prostate cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Current evidence that the tumor-adjacent morphologically normal prostate tissue is not completely normal is reviewed, and that this tissue, named tumor indicating normal tissue (TINT) by the authors, can be used to diagnose prostate cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will understand that tumors need to affect their surroundings in order to grow and metastasize and that the normal prostate tissue is therefore tinted by the presence and nature of cancer and that this knowledge can be used to develop new diagnostic and prognostic markers. TAKE HOME MESSAGE TINT changes could probably, when more rigorously defined and validated, be used to diagnose and prognosticate prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Halin
- Umeå University, Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Building 6M, Second Floor, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden +46 90 785 15 30 ; +46 90 785 44 84 ;
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Dean JL, Thangavel C, McClendon AK, Reed CA, Knudsen ES. Therapeutic CDK4/6 inhibition in breast cancer: key mechanisms of response and failure. Oncogene 2010; 29:4018-32. [PMID: 20473330 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is the deregulation of cell-cycle machinery, ultimately facilitating aberrant proliferation that fuels tumorigenesis and disease progression. Particularly, in breast cancers, cyclin D1 has a crucial role in the development of disease. Recently, a highly specific inhibitor of CDK4/6 activity (PD-0332991) has been developed that may have efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer. To interrogate the utility of PD-0332991 in treating breast cancers, therapeutic response was evaluated on a panel of breast cancer cell lines. These analyses showed that the chronic loss of Rb is specifically associated with evolution to a CDK4/6-independent state and, ultimately, resistance to PD-0332991. However, to interrogate the functional consequence of Rb directly, knockdown experiments were performed in models that represent immortalized mammary epithelia and multiple subtypes of breast cancer. These studies showed a highly specific role for Rb in mediating the response to CDK4/6 inhibition that was dependent on transcriptional repression manifest through E2F, and the ability to attenuate CDK2 activity. Acquired resistance to PD-03322991 was specifically associated with attenuation of CDK2 inhibitors, indicating that redundancy in CDK functions represents a determinant of therapeutic failure. Despite these caveats, in specific models, PD-0332991 was a particularly effective therapy, which induced Rb-dependent cytostasis. Combined, these findings indicate the critical importance of fully understanding cell-cycle regulatory pathways in directing the utilization of CDK inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Dean
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Accurate prediction of repeat prostate biopsy outcomes by a mitochondrial DNA deletion assay. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 13:126-31. [PMID: 20084081 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2009.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several cancers are characterized by large-scale mtDNA deletions. We previously provided evidence that one of these deletions has potential utility in resolving false from true-negative prostate needle biopsies. This study was to assess the clinical value of this deletion in predicting re-biopsy outcomes. We used a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to measure the levels of the deletion in individual negative needle biopsies from 101 patients who had a repeat biopsy within a year with known outcomes. Using an empirically established cycle threshold (Ct) cutoff of 31, and the lowest Ct for each patient as diagnostic of prostate cancer, as well as the histopathologic diagnosis on second biopsy, we calculated the clinical performance of the deletion. The Ct cutoff at 31 gave a sensitivity and specificity of 84 and 54%, respectively, with the area under a receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.749. The negative predictive value was 91%. The assay was able to predict the presence of a missed tumor in 17 out of 20 men a year before diagnosis. This ancillary test appears to identify men who do not require a repeat biopsy with a high degree of certainty. The results suggest that the majority of men with atypical small acinar proliferation have a concurrent missed tumor and therefore require close monitoring for early detection.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Field cancerization, which is not yet well-characterized in the prostate, occurs when large areas of an organ or tissue surface are affected by a carcinogenic insult, resulting in the development of multi-focal independent premalignant foci and molecular lesions that precede histological change. METHODS Herein, we review the cumulative body of evidence concerning field effects in the prostate and critically evaluate the methods available for the identification and validation of field effect biomarkers. Validated biomarkers for field effects have an important role to play as surrogate endpoint biomarkers in Phase II prevention trials and as clinical predictors of cancer in men with negative biopsies. RESULTS Thus far, field effects have been identified involving nuclear morphometric changes, gene expression, protein expression, gene promoter methylation, DNA damage and angiogenesis. In addition to comparing cancer-adjacent benign tissue to more distant areas or to "supernormal" tissue from cancer-free organs, investigators can use a nested case-control design for negative biopsies that offers a number of unique advantages. CONCLUSIONS True carcinogenic field effects should be distinguished from secondary responses of the microenvironment to a developing tumor, although the latter may still lead to useful clinical prediction tools. Prostate 69: 1470-1479, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter H. Gann
- Correspondence to: Peter H. Gann, MD, ScD, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, 840 S. Wood Street, M/C 847, Chicago, IL 60612.
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Abstract
In addition to polyamine homoeostasis, it has become increasingly clear that polyamine catabolism can play a dominant role in drug response, apoptosis and the response to stressful stimuli, and contribute to the aetiology of several pathological states, including cancer. The highly inducible enzymes SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) and SMO (spermine oxidase) and the generally constitutively expressed APAO (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase) appear to play critical roles in many normal and disease processes. The dysregulation of polyamine catabolism frequently accompanies several disease states and suggests that such dysregulation may both provide useful insight into disease mechanism and provide unique druggable targets that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Each of these enzymes has the potential to alter polyamine homoeostasis in response to multiple cell signals and the two oxidases produce the reactive oxygen species H2O2 and aldehydes, each with the potential to produce pathological states. The activity of SSAT provides substrates for APAO or substrates for the polyamine exporter, thus reducing the intracellular polyamine concentration, the net effect of which depends on the magnitude and rate of any increase in SSAT. SSAT may also influence cellular metabolism via interaction with other proteins and by perturbing the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. The goal of the present review is to cover those aspects of polyamine catabolism that have an impact on disease aetiology or treatment and to provide a solid background in this ever more exciting aspect of polyamine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Murphy J, Bustin SA. Reliability of real-time reverse-transcription PCR in clinical diagnostics: gold standard or substandard? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:187-97. [PMID: 19298142 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics is one of the major growth areas of modern medicine, with real-time PCR established as a qualitative and quantitative technology that is rapid, accurate and sensitive. The sequencing of the human genome, comprehensive genomic, mRNA and miRNA expression profiling of numerous cancer types, the ongoing identification of disease-associated polymorphisms and the expanding availability of genomic sequence information for human pathogens has opened the door to a wide range of translational applications for this technology. Consequently, novel real-time PCR assays have been developed for diagnosis and prognosis, treatment monitoring, transplant biology and pathogen detection, as well as more controversial uses such as lifestyle genotyping. However, this technology is still troubled by significant technical deficiencies. Hence its often-improper use as a clinical tool has important public health implications, most recently demonstrated through its association with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine/autism controversy. This serves as a timely reminder of the indispensable requirement for careful experimental design, validation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Murphy
- Centre for Academic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
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