1
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Qu M, Zhang H, Cheng P, Wubshet AK, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Histone deacetylase 6's function in viral infection, innate immunity, and disease: latest advances. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216548. [PMID: 37638049 PMCID: PMC10450946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the family of histone-deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) stands out. The cytoplasmic class IIb histone deacetylase (HDAC) family is essential for many cellular functions. It plays a crucial and debatable regulatory role in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarises the current state of our understanding of HDAC6's structure and function in light of the three mechanisms by which it controls DNA and RNA virus infection: cytoskeleton regulation, host innate immune response, and autophagy degradation of host or viral proteins. In addition, we summed up how HDAC6 inhibitors are used to treat a wide range of diseases, and how its upstream signaling plays a role in the antiviral mechanism. Together, the findings of this review highlight HDAC6's importance as a new therapeutic target in antiviral immunity, innate immune response, and some diseases, all of which offer promising new avenues for the development of drugs targeting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Aditham A, Shi H, Guo J, Zeng H, Zhou Y, Wade SD, Huang J, Liu J, Wang X. Chemically Modified mocRNAs for Highly Efficient Protein Expression in Mammalian Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3352-3366. [PMID: 34995053 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
mRNA has recently been established as a new class of therapeutics, due to its programmability and ability to produce proteins of interest rapidly in vivo. Despite its demonstrated utility, mRNA as a protein expression platform remains limited by its translational capacity and RNA stability. Here, we introduce messenger-oligonucleotide conjugated RNAs (mocRNAs) to enable site-specific, robust, and modularized encoding of chemical modifications for highly efficient and stable protein expression. In mocRNA constructs, chemically synthesized oligonucleotides are ligated to the 3' terminus of mRNA substrates to protect poly(A) tails from degradation, without compromising their potency in stimulating translation. As a proof-of-concept, mocRNAs modified by deadenylase-resistant oligonucleotides result in augmented protein production by factors of 2-4 in human HeLa cells and by 10-fold in primary rat cortical neuronal cultures. By directly linking enzymatic and organic synthesis of mRNA, we envision that the mocRNA design will open new avenues to expand the chemical space and translational capacity of RNA-based vectors in basic research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Aditham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hailing Shi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianting Guo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hu Zeng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sarah Dunn Wade
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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3
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Si L, Bai H, Oh CY, Jiang A, Hong F, Zhang T, Ye Y, Jordan TX, Logue J, McGrath M, Belgur C, Calderon K, Nurani A, Cao W, Carlson KE, Prantil-Baun R, Gygi SP, Yang D, Jonsson CB, tenOever BR, Frieman M, Ingber DE. Self-assembling short immunostimulatory duplex RNAs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:923-940. [PMID: 36032397 PMCID: PMC9398551 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the need for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. Here we describe a new class of self-assembling immunostimulatory short duplex RNAs that potently induce production of type I and type III interferon (IFN-I and IFN-III). These RNAs require a minimum of 20 base pairs, lack any sequence or structural characteristics of known immunostimulatory RNAs, and instead require a unique sequence motif (sense strand, 5'-C; antisense strand, 3'-GGG) that mediates end-to-end dimer self-assembly. The presence of terminal hydroxyl or monophosphate groups, blunt or overhanging ends, or terminal RNA or DNA bases did not affect their ability to induce IFN. Unlike previously described immunostimulatory small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), their activity is independent of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8, but requires the RIG-I/IRF3 pathway that induces a more restricted antiviral response with a lower proinflammatory signature compared with immunostimulant poly(I:C). Immune stimulation mediated by these duplex RNAs results in broad-spectrum inhibition of infections by many respiratory viruses with pandemic potential, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), human coronavirus (HCoV)-NL63, and influenza A virus in cell lines, human lung chips that mimic organ-level lung pathophysiology, and a mouse SARS-CoV-2 infection model. These short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) can be manufactured easily, and thus potentially could be harnessed to produce broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Si
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haiqing Bai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Crystal Yuri Oh
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fan Hong
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongxin Ye
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Tristan X. Jordan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marisa McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chaitra Belgur
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karina Calderon
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Atiq Nurani
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wuji Cao
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Carlson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong Yang
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Benjamin R. tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author Donald E. Ingber, MD, PhD, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Chen S, Wang T, Liu P, Yang C, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Cheng A. Duck interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) can control duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection by triggering type I interferon production and its signal transduction pathway. Cytokine 2018; 113:31-38. [PMID: 29885990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) plays an important role in the innate antiviral immune response. To date, the characteristics and functions of waterfowl IRF7 have not been clarified. This study reports the cDNA sequence, tissue distribution, and antiviral function of duck IRF7. The duck IRF7 gene has a 1536-bp open read frame (ORF) and encodes a 511-amino acid polypeptide. IRF7 is highly expressed in the blood and pancreas of 5-day-old ducklings and in the small intestine, large intestine and liver of 60-day-old adult ducks. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) showed that over-expressed duck IRF7 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of transfected duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), which was also observed in poly(I:C)-stimulated or duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV)-infected DEFs. Titres and copies of DTMUV were significantly reduced in DEFs overexpressing IRF7. Moreover, overexpression of duck IRF7 significantly induced IFNα/β, but not IFNγ, mRNA expression, and transcription of downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as MX, OASL and IL-6, which were significantly induced by poly(I:C) co-stimulation, was enhanced. Additionally, duck IRF7 overexpression can significantly activate the IFNβ promoter in DEFs. Collectively, duck IRF7 plays an important role in host anti-DTMUV immune regulation, which depends on type I interferons and associated signal transduction pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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5
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Olex AL, Turkett WH, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Fetrow JS, Hiltbold EM. Impact of the Type I Interferon Receptor on the Global Gene Expression Program During the Course of Dendritic Cell Maturation Induced by Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:382-400. [PMID: 27035059 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) maturation involves widespread changes in cellular function and gene expression. The regulatory role of IFNAR in the program of DC maturation remains incompletely defined. Thus, the time evolution impact of IFNAR on this process was evaluated. Changes in DC phenotype, function, and gene expression induced by poly I:C were measured in wild-type and IFNAR(-/-) DC at 9 time points over 24 h. Temporal gene expression profiles were filtered on consistency and response magnitude across replicates. The number of genes whose expression was altered by poly I:C treatment was greatly reduced in IFNAR(-/-) DC, including the majority of the downregulated gene expression program previously observed in wild-type (WT) DC. Furthermore, the number of genes upregulated was almost equal between WT and IFNAR(-/-) DC, yet the identities of those genes were distinct. Integrating these data with protein-protein interaction data revealed several novel subnetworks active during maturation, including nucleotide synthesis, metabolism, and repair. A subnetwork associated with redox activity was uniquely identified in IFNAR(-/-) DC. Overall, temporal gene expression and network analyses identified many genes regulated by the type I interferon response and revealed previously unidentified aspects of the DC maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Olex
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William H Turkett
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jacquelyn S Fetrow
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,3 Department of Physics, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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6
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Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK. When your cap matters: structural insights into self vs non-self recognition of 5' RNA by immunomodulatory host proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 36:133-41. [PMID: 26916433 PMCID: PMC5218996 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic recognition of viral RNA is important for host innate immune responses. Differential recognition of self vs non-self RNA is a considerable challenge as the inability to differentiate may trigger aberrant immune responses. Recent work identified the composition of the RNA 5', including the 5' cap and its methylation state, as an important determinant of recognition by the host. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the modified 5' RNA recognition and viral antagonism of RNA receptors. Here, we will discuss RIG-I and IFIT proteins as examples of host proteins that detect dsRNA and ssRNA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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7
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Anchisi S, Guerra J, Mottet-Osman G, Garcin D. Mismatches in the Influenza A Virus RNA Panhandle Prevent Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) Sensing by Impairing RNA/RIG-I Complex Formation. J Virol 2016; 90:586-90. [PMID: 26446607 PMCID: PMC4702558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01671-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus RNA (vRNA) promoter panhandle structures are believed to be sensed by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). The occurrence of mismatches in this double-stranded RNA structure raises questions about their effect on innate sensing. Our results suggest that mismatches in vRNA promoters decrease binding to RIG-I in vivo, affecting RNA/RIG-I complex formation and preventing RIG-I activation. These results can be inferred to apply to other viruses and suggest that mismatches may represent a general viral strategy to escape RIG-I sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Anchisi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Mottet-Osman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Killip MJ, Fodor E, Randall RE. Influenza virus activation of the interferon system. Virus Res 2015; 209:11-22. [PMID: 25678267 PMCID: PMC4638190 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The host interferon (IFN) response represents one of the first barriers that influenza viruses must surmount in order to establish an infection. Many advances have been made in recent years in understanding the interactions between influenza viruses and the interferon system. In this review, we summarise recent work regarding activation of the type I IFN response by influenza viruses, including attempts to identify the viral RNA responsible for IFN induction, the stage of the virus life cycle at which it is generated and the role of defective viruses in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian J Killip
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Richard E Randall
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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9
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Yoshida A, Kawabata R, Honda T, Tomonaga K, Sakaguchi T, Irie T. IFN-β-inducing, unusual viral RNA species produced by paramyxovirus infection accumulated into distinct cytoplasmic structures in an RNA-type-dependent manner. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:804. [PMID: 26300870 PMCID: PMC4523817 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is one of the most important defensive responses of mammals against viruses, and is rapidly evoked when the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of viruses are sensed. Non-self, virus-derived RNA species have been identified as the PAMPs of RNA viruses. In the present study, we compared different types of IFN-β-inducing and -non-inducing viruses in the context of Sendai virus infection. We found that some types of unusual viral RNA species were produced by infections with IFN-β-inducing viruses and accumulated into distinct cytoplasmic structures in an RNA-type-dependent manner. One of these structures was similar to the so-called antiviral stress granules (avSGs) formed by an infection with IFN-inducing viruses whose C proteins were knocked-out or mutated. Non-encapsidated, unusual viral RNA harboring the 5'-terminal region of the viral genome as well as RIG-I and typical SG markers accumulated in these granules. Another was a non-SG-like inclusion formed by an infection with the Cantell strain; a copyback-type DI genome, but not an authentic viral genome, specifically accumulated in the inclusion, whereas RIG-I and SG markers did not. The induction of IFN-β was closely associated with the production of these unusual RNAs as well as the formation of the cytoplasmic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yoshida
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawabata
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takashi Irie
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Japan
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10
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Anchisi S, Guerra J, Garcin D. RIG-I ATPase activity and discrimination of self-RNA versus non-self-RNA. mBio 2015; 6:e02349. [PMID: 25736886 PMCID: PMC4358010 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02349-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many RNA viruses are detected by retinoic acid-inducible gene i (RIG-I), a cytoplasmic sensor that triggers an antiviral response upon binding non-self-RNA that contains a stretch of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) bearing a base-paired 5' ppp nucleotide. To gain insight into how RIG-I discriminates between self-RNA and non-self-RNA, we used duplexes whose complementary bottom strand contained both ribo- and deoxynucleotides. These duplexes were examined for their binding to RIG-I and their relative abilities to stimulate ATPase activity, to induce RIG-I dimerization on the duplex, and to induce beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. We show that the chemical nature of the bottom strand is not critical for RIG-I binding. However, two key ribonucleotides, at positions 2 and 5 on the bottom strand, are minimally required for the RIG-I ATPase activity, which is necessary but not sufficient for IFN-β stimulation. We find that duplexes with shorter stretches of dsRNA, as model self-RNAs, bind less stably to RIG-I but nevertheless have an enhanced ability to stimulate the ATPase. Moreover, ATPase activity promotes RIG-I recycling on RIG-I/dsRNA complexes. Since pseudo-self-RNAs bind to RIG-I less stably, they are preferentially recycled by ATP hydrolysis that weakens the helicase domain binding of dsRNA. Our results suggest that one function of the ATPase is to restrict RIG-I signaling to its interaction with non-self-RNA. A model of how this discrimination occurs as a function of dsRNA length is presented. IMPORTANCE The innate immune response to pathogens is based on the discrimination between self-RNA and non-self-RNA. The main determinants of this detection for RNA viruses are specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of RNA, which are detected by dedicated cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). RIG-I is a PRR that specifically detects short viral dsRNAs amid a sea of cellular RNAs. Here we study the determinants of this discrimination and how RIG-I ATPase activity, the only enzymatic activity of this sensor, contributes to its activation in a manner restricted to its interaction with non-self-RNAs. We also show how the innate immune response evolves during infection via IFN expression, from a state in which discrimination of self-RNA from non-self-RNA is most important to one in which this discrimination is sacrificed for the effectiveness of the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Anchisi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Shao Q, Xu W, Guo Q, Yan L, Rui L, Liu J, Zhao Y, Li Z. RIG-I from waterfowl and mammals differ in their abilities to induce antiviral responses against influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:277-287. [PMID: 25371516 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wenping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zandong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
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12
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Martins KAO, Steffens JT, van Tongeren SA, Wells JB, Bergeron AA, Dickson SP, Dye JM, Salazar AM, Bavari S. Toll-like receptor agonist augments virus-like particle-mediated protection from Ebola virus with transient immune activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89735. [PMID: 24586996 PMCID: PMC3933660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying safe and effective adjuvants is critical for the advanced development of protein-based vaccines. Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists are increasingly being explored as potential adjuvants, but there is concern that the efficacy of these molecules may be dependent on potentially dangerous levels of non-specific immune activation. The filovirus virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine protects mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates from viral challenge. In this study, we explored the impact of a stabilized dsRNA mimic, polyICLC, on VLP vaccination of C57BL/6 mice and Hartley guinea pigs. We show that at dose levels as low as 100 ng, the adjuvant increased the efficacy of the vaccine in mice. Antigen-specific, polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and antibody responses increased significantly upon inclusion of adjuvant. To determine whether the efficacy of polyICLC correlated with systemic immune activation, we examined serum cytokine levels and cellular activation in the draining lymph node. PolyICLC administration was associated with increases in TNFα, IL6, MCP1, MIP1α, KC, and MIP1β levels in the periphery and with the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), NK cells, and B cells. However, this activation resolved within 24 to 72 hours at efficacious adjuvant dose levels. These studies are the first to examine the polyICLC-induced enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses in the context of non-specific immune activation, and they provide a framework from which to consider adjuvant dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. O. Martins
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesse T. Steffens
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean A. van Tongeren
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay B. Wells
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison A. Bergeron
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel P. Dickson
- Office of Regulated Studies, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John M. Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Zinzula L, Tramontano E. Strategies of highly pathogenic RNA viruses to block dsRNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors: hide, mask, hit. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:615-35. [PMID: 24129118 PMCID: PMC7113674 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA species are byproducts of RNA virus replication and/or transcription. Prompt detection of dsRNA by RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) is a hallmark of the innate immune response. RLRs activation triggers production of the type I interferon (IFN)-based antiviral response. Highly pathogenic RNA viruses encode proteins that block the RLRs pathway. Hide, mask and hit are 3 strategies of RNA viruses to avoid immune system activation.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is synthesized during the course of infection by RNA viruses as a byproduct of replication and transcription and acts as a potent trigger of the host innate antiviral response. In the cytoplasm of the infected cell, recognition of the presence of viral dsRNA as a signature of “non-self” nucleic acid is carried out by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a set of dedicated helicases whose activation leads to the production of type I interferon α/β (IFN-α/β). To overcome the innate antiviral response, RNA viruses encode suppressors of IFN-α/β induction, which block RLRs recognition of dsRNA by means of different mechanisms that can be categorized into: (i) dsRNA binding and/or shielding (“hide”), (ii) dsRNA termini processing (“mask”) and (iii) direct interaction with components of the RLRs pathway (“hit”). In light of recent functional, biochemical and structural findings, we review the inhibition mechanisms of RLRs recognition of dsRNA displayed by a number of highly pathogenic RNA viruses with different disease phenotypes such as haemorrhagic fever (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Lujo, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley fever, dengue), severe respiratory disease (influenza, SARS, Hendra, Hantaan, Sin Nombre, Andes) and encephalitis (Nipah, West Nile).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zinzula
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
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14
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Wright WR, Kirkby NS, Galloway-Phillipps NA, Reed DM, Paul-Clark MJ, Mitchell JA. Cyclooxygenase and cytokine regulation in lung fibroblasts activated with viral versus bacterial pathogen associated molecular patterns. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:4-12. [PMID: 23742950 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is required for prostanoid (e.g. prostaglandin PGE2) production. Constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2 are implicated in lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Using lung fibroblasts from humans and wild type, COX-1(-/-) and COX-2(-/-) mice, we investigated how COX activity modulates cell growth and inflammatory responses induced by activators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1-8. In mouse tissue, PGE2 release from fresh lung was COX-1 driven, in lung in culture (24h) COX-1 and COX-2 driven, and from proliferating lung fibroblasts exclusively COX-2 driven. COX-2 limited proliferation in lung fibroblasts and both isoforms limited KC release induced by a range of TLR agonists. Less effect of COX was seen on TLR-induced IP-10 release. In human lung fibroblasts inhibition of COX with diclofenac was associated with increased release of IL-8 and IP-10. Our results may have implications for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wright
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Guy Scadding Building, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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15
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Oudshoorn D, Versteeg GA, Kikkert M. Regulation of the innate immune system by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:273-82. [PMID: 22964110 PMCID: PMC7172403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Detection of invading pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is crucial for the activation of the innate immune response. These sensors signal through intertwining signaling cascades which result in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. Conjugation, or binding, of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) to a plethora of immune signaling molecules forms a common theme in innate immune regulation. Numerous E3 ligases and deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) actively modify signaling components in order to achieve a balanced activation of the innate immune system. This review will discuss how this balance is achieved and which questions remain regarding innate immune regulation by ubiquitin and UBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Oudshoorn
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Chen L, Su J, Yang C, Peng L, Wan Q, Wang L. Functional characterizations of RIG-I to GCRV and viral/bacterial PAMPs in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42182. [PMID: 22860079 PMCID: PMC3409128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene-I) is one of the key cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for detecting nucleotide pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mediating the induction of type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines in innate immune response. Though the mechanism is well characterized in mammals, the study of the accurate function of RIG-I in teleosts is still in its infancy. Methodology/Principal Findings To clarify the functional characterizations of RIG-I in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (CiRIG-I), six representative overexpression plasmids were constructed and transfected into C. idella kidney (CIK) cell lines to obtain stably expressing recombinant proteins, respectively. A virus titer test and 96-well plate staining assay showed that all constructs exhibited the antiviral activity somewhat. The quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that mRNA expressions of CiIPS-1, CiIFN-I and CiMx2 were regulated by not only virus (GCRV) or viral PAMP (poly(IC)) challenge but also bacterial PAMPs (LPS and PGN) stimulation in the steadily transfected cells. The results showed that the full-length CiRIG-I played a key role in RLR pathway. The repressor domain (RD) exerted an inhibitory function of the signaling channel under all utilized challenges. Caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) showed a positive role in GCRV and poly(I:C) challenge. Helicase motifs were crucial for the signaling pathway upon LPS and PGN stimulation. Interestingly, ΔCARDs (CARDs deleted) showed postive modulation in RIG-I signal transduction. Conclusions/Significance The results provided some novel insights into RIG-I sensing with a strikingly broad regulation in teleosts, responding not only to the dsRNA virus or synthetic dsRNA but also bacterial PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Abstract
Scaffold proteins play pivotal roles in the regulation of signal transduction pathways by connecting upstream receptors to downstream effector molecules. During the last decade, many scaffold proteins that contain caspase-recruitment domains (CARD) have been identified. Investigating the roles of CARD proteins has revealed that many of them play crucial roles in signaling cascades leading to activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In this review, we discuss the contributions of CARD proteins to NF-κB activation in various signaling cascades. In particular, we share some of our personal experiences during the initial investigation of the functions of the CARMA family of CARD proteins and then summarize the roles of these proteins in signaling pathways induced by antigen receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase, and C-type lectin receptors in the context of recent progress in these field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Lafyatis R, Farina A. New insights into the mechanisms of innate immune receptor signalling in fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:72-9. [PMID: 22802904 PMCID: PMC3396286 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation have direct bearing on how we understand autoimmunity, and fibrosis, and how innate immune sensors might stimulate both of these key features of several fibrotic diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major receptors for recognizing pathogen associated molecular patterns present on bacterial cell walls, such as LPS, and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Several intracellular pathways mediate TLR effects and initiate various pro-inflammatory programs. Mechanisms for control of inflammation, matrix remodeling, and ultimately fibrosis are also activated. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interferon (IFNs) appear particularly important in regulating pro-fibrotic aspects of innate immune activation. These mechanisms appear important in fibrotic disease affecting multiple organ-systems, including lung, liver, kidney, and skin. These observations provide new paradigms for understanding the relationship between immunity/inflammation and fibrosis, however, the precise ligand and mechanism linking innate immune sensor(s) to fibrosis remain uncertain in most illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lafyatis
- Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK. Structural insights into RNA recognition and activation of RIG-I-like receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:297-303. [PMID: 22560447 PMCID: PMC3383332 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I like receptors (RLR) that recognize non-self RNA play critical roles in activating host innate immune pathways in response to viral infections. Not surprisingly, RLRs and their associated signaling networks are also targeted by numerous antagonists that facilitate viral pathogenesis. Although the role of RLRs in orchestrating antiviral signaling has been recognized for some time, our knowledge of the complex regulatory mechanisms that control signaling through these key molecules is incomplete. A series of recent structural studies shed new light into the structural basis for dsRNA recognition and activation of RLRs. Collectively, these studies suggest that the repression of RLRs is facilitated by a cis element that makes multiple contacts with domains within the helicase and that RNA binding initiated by the C-terminal RNA binding domain is important for ATP hydrolysis and release of the CARD domain containing signaling module from the repressed conformation. These studies also highlight potential differences between RIG-I and MDA5, two RLR members. Together with previous studies, these new results bring us a step closer to uncovering the complex regulatory process of a key protein that protects host cells from invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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20
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Lehner M, Kellert B, Proff J, Schmid MA, Diessenbacher P, Ensser A, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Leverkus M, Kämpgen E, Holter W. Autocrine TNF Is Critical for the Survival of Human Dendritic Cells by Regulating BAK, BCL-2, and FLIPL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4810-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Hsu ACY, Parsons K, Barr I, Lowther S, Middleton D, Hansbro PM, Wark PAB. Critical role of constitutive type I interferon response in bronchial epithelial cell to influenza infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32947. [PMID: 22396801 PMCID: PMC3292582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate antiviral responses in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) provide the first line of defense against respiratory viral infection and the effectiveness of this response is critically dependent on the type I interferons (IFNs). However the importance of the antiviral responses in BECs during influenza infection is not well understood. We profiled the innate immune response to infection with H3N2 and H5N1 virus using Calu-3 cells and primary BECs to model proximal airway cells. The susceptibility of BECs to influenza infection was not solely dependent on the sialic acid-bearing glycoprotein, and antiviral responses that occurred after viral endocytosis was more important in limiting viral replication. The early antiviral response and apoptosis correlated with the ability to limit viral replication. Both viruses reduced RIG-I associated antiviral responses and subsequent induction of IFN-β. However it was found that there was constitutive release of IFN-β by BECs and this was critical in inducing late antiviral signaling via type I IFN receptors, and was crucial in limiting viral infection. This study characterizes anti-influenza virus responses in airway epithelial cells and shows that constitutive IFN-β release plays a more important role in initiating protective late IFN-stimulated responses during human influenza infection in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C-Y Hsu
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Viral infection results in the generation of non-self RNA species in the cells, which is recognized by retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), and initiates innate antiviral responses, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. In this review, we summarize reports on virus-specificity of RLRs, structures of non-self RNA patterns, structural biology of RLRs, and the signaling adapter molecules involved in antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus, Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Chinchar VG, Yu KH, Jancovich JK. The molecular biology of frog virus 3 and other iridoviruses infecting cold-blooded vertebrates. Viruses 2011; 3:1959-85. [PMID: 22069524 PMCID: PMC3205390 DOI: 10.3390/v3101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the best characterized member of the family Iridoviridae. FV3 study has provided insights into the replication of other family members, and has served as a model of viral transcription, genome replication, and virus-mediated host-shutoff. Although the broad outlines of FV3 replication have been elucidated, the precise roles of most viral proteins remain unknown. Current studies using knock down (KD) mediated by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (asMO) and small, interfering RNAs (siRNA), knock out (KO) following replacement of the targeted gene with a selectable marker by homologous recombination, ectopic viral gene expression, and recombinant viral proteins have enabled researchers to systematically ascertain replicative- and virulence-related gene functions. In addition, the application of molecular tools to ecological studies is providing novel ways for field biologists to identify potential pathogens, quantify infections, and trace the evolution of ecologically important viral species. In this review, we summarize current studies using not only FV3, but also other iridoviruses infecting ectotherms. As described below, general principles ascertained using FV3 served as a model for the family, and studies utilizing other ranaviruses and megalocytiviruses have confirmed and extended our understanding of iridovirus replication. Collectively, these and future efforts will elucidate molecular events in viral replication, intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to disease outbreaks, and the role of the host immune system in protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gregory Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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24
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Gerlier D, Lyles DS. Interplay between innate immunity and negative-strand RNA viruses: towards a rational model. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:468-90, second page of table of contents. [PMID: 21885681 PMCID: PMC3165544 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a new class of cytosolic receptors recognizing viral RNA, called the RIG-like receptors (RLRs), has revolutionized our understanding of the interplay between viruses and host cells. A tremendous amount of work has been accumulating to decipher the RNA moieties required for an RLR agonist, the signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the innate immunity orchestrated by type I interferon (IFN), the cellular and viral regulators of this pathway, and the viral inhibitors of the innate immune response. Previous reviews have focused on the RLR signaling pathway and on the negative regulation of the interferon response by viral proteins. The focus of this review is to put this knowledge in the context of the virus replication cycle within a cell. Likewise, there has been an expansion of knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of viral infection. As a consequence, some discrepancies have arisen between the current models of cell-intrinsic innate immunity and current knowledge of virus biology. This holds particularly true for the nonsegmented negative-strand viruses (Mononegavirales), which paradoxically have been largely used to build presently available models. The aim of this review is to bridge the gap between the virology and innate immunity to favor the rational building of a relevant model(s) describing the interplay between Mononegavirales and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gerlier
- INSERM U758, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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25
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Binder M, Eberle F, Seitz S, Mücke N, Hüber CM, Kiani N, Kaderali L, Lohmann V, Dalpke A, Bartenschlager R. Molecular mechanism of signal perception and integration by the innate immune sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27278-87. [PMID: 21659521 PMCID: PMC3149321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.256974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a major innate immune sensor for viral infection, triggering an interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response upon cytosolic detection of viral RNA. Double-strandedness and 5'-terminal triphosphates were identified as motifs required to elicit optimal immunological signaling. However, very little is known about the response dynamics of the RIG-I pathway, which is crucial for the ability of the cell to react to diverse classes of viral RNA while maintaining self-tolerance. In the present study, we addressed the molecular mechanism of RIG-I signal detection and its translation into pathway activation. By employing highly quantitative methods, we could establish the length of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to be the most critical determinant of response strength. Size exclusion chromatography and direct visualization in scanning force microscopy suggested that this was due to cooperative oligomerization of RIG-I along dsRNA. The initiation efficiency of this oligomerization process critically depended on the presence of high affinity motifs, like a 5'-triphosphate. It is noteworthy that for dsRNA longer than 200 bp, internal initiation could effectively compensate for a lack of terminal triphosphates. In summary, our data demonstrate a very flexible response behavior of the RIG-I pathway, in which sensing and integration of at least two distinct signals, initiation efficiency and double strand length, allow the host cell to mount an antiviral response that is tightly adjusted to the type of the detected signal, such as viral genomes, replication intermediates, or small by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Binder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Bowzard JB, Davis WG, Jeisy-Scott V, Ranjan P, Gangappa S, Fujita T, Sambhara S. PAMPer and tRIGer: ligand-induced activation of RIG-I. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Kok KH, Lui PY, Ng MHJ, Siu KL, Au SWN, Jin DY. The double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT functions as a cellular activator of RIG-I to facilitate innate antiviral response. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 9:299-309. [PMID: 21501829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I, a virus sensor that triggers innate antiviral response, is a DExD/H box RNA helicase bearing structural similarity with Dicer, an RNase III-type nuclease that mediates RNA interference. Dicer requires double-stranded RNA-binding protein partners, such as PACT, for optimal activity. Here we show that PACT physically binds to the C-terminal repression domain of RIG-I and potently stimulates RIG-I-induced type I interferon production. PACT potentiates the activation of RIG-I by poly(I:C) of intermediate length. PACT also cooperates with RIG-I to sustain the activation of antiviral defense. Depletion of PACT substantially attenuates viral induction of interferons. The activation of RIG-I by PACT does not require double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase or Dicer, but is mediated by a direct interaction that leads to stimulation of its ATPase activity. Our findings reveal PACT as an important component in initiating and sustaining the RIG-I-dependent antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Biochemistry and State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Marq JB, Hausmann S, Veillard N, Kolakofsky D, Garcin D. Short double-stranded RNAs with an overhanging 5' ppp-nucleotide, as found in arenavirus genomes, act as RIG-I decoys. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:6108-16. [PMID: 21159780 PMCID: PMC3057789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenavirus RNA genomes are initiated by a "prime and realign" mechanism, such that the initiating GTP is found as a single unpaired (overhanging) nucleotide when the complementary genome ends anneal to form double-stranded (ds) RNA panhandle structures. dsRNAs modeled on these structures do not induce interferon (IFN), as opposed to blunt-ended (5' ppp)dsRNA. This study examines whether these viral structures can also act as decoys, by trapping RIG-I in inactive dsRNA complexes. We examined the ability of various dsRNAs to activate the RIG-I ATPase (presumably a measure of helicase translocation on dsRNA) relative to their ability to induce IFN. We found that there is no simple relationship between these two properties, as if RIG-I can translocate on short dsRNAs without inducing IFN. Moreover, we found that (5' ppp)dsRNAs with a single unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide can in fact competitively inhibit the ability of blunt-ended (5' ppp)dsRNAs to induce IFN when co-transfected into cells and that this inhibition is strongly dependent on the presence of the 5' ppp. In contrast, (5' ppp)dsRNAs with a single unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide does not inhibit poly(I-C)-induced IFN activation, which is independent of the presence of a 5' ppp group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Marq
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Hausmann
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Veillard
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kolakofsky
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Garcin
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Bartlett E, Schomacker H, Surman S, Akira S, Bae YS, Collins P, Murphy B, Schmidt A. The C proteins of human parainfluenza virus type 1 limit double-stranded RNA accumulation that would otherwise trigger activation of MDA5 and protein kinase R. J Virol 2011; 85:1495-506. [PMID: 21123378 PMCID: PMC3028907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01297-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) is an important respiratory pathogen in young children, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. We found that infection with wild-type (WT) HPIV1 suppressed the innate immune response in human airway epithelial cells by preventing not only phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) but also degradation of IκBβ, thereby inhibiting IRF3 and NF-κB activation, respectively. Both of these effects were ablated by a F170S substitution in the HPIV1 C proteins (F170S) or by silencing the C open reading frame [P(C-)], resulting in a potent beta interferon (IFN-β) response. Using murine knockout cells, we found that IFN-β induction following infection with either mutant relied mainly on melanoma-associated differentiation gene 5 (MDA5) rather than retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Infection with either mutant, but not WT HPIV1, induced a significant accumulation of intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). These mutant viruses directed a marked increase in the accumulation of viral genome, antigenome, and mRNA that was coincident with the accumulation of dsRNA. In addition, the amount of viral proteins was reduced compared to that of WT HPIV1. Thus, the accumulation of dsRNA might be a result of an imbalance in the N protein/genomic RNA ratio leading to incomplete encapsidation. Protein kinase R (PKR) activation and IFN-β induction followed the kinetics of dsRNA accumulation. Interestingly, the C proteins did not appear to directly inhibit intracellular signaling involved in IFN-β induction; instead, their role in preventing IFN-β induction appeared to be in suppressing the formation of dsRNA. PKR activation contributed to IFN-β induction and also was associated with the reduction in the amount of viral proteins. Thus, the HPIV1 C proteins normally limit the accumulation of dsRNA and thereby limit activation of IRF3, NF-κB, and PKR. If C protein function is compromised, as in the case of F170S HPIV1, the resulting PKR activation and reduction in viral protein levels enable the host to further reduce C protein levels and to mount a potent antiviral type I IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Emmalene Bartlett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Henrick Schomacker
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sonja Surman
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Peter Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Brian Murphy
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Choenchoen-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, South Korea
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Baum A, García-Sastre A. Induction of type I interferon by RNA viruses: cellular receptors and their substrates. Amino Acids 2010; 38:1283-99. [PMID: 19882216 PMCID: PMC2860555 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus recognition and induction of interferon (IFN) are critical components of the innate immune system. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) and RIG-I-like receptor families have been characterized as key players in RNA virus detection. Signaling cascades initiated by these receptors are crucial for establishment of an IFN signaling mediated antiviral state in infected and neighboring cells and containment of virus replication as well as initiation of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we focus on the diverse and overlapping functions of these receptors, their physiological importance, and respective viral inducers. We highlight the roles of TRL3, TLR7/8, retinoic acid inducible gene I, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and the RNA molecules responsible for activating these viral sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Baum
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Leung DW, Shabman RS, Farahbakhsh M, Prins KC, Borek DM, Wang T, Mühlberger E, Basler CF, Amarasinghe GK. Structural and functional characterization of Reston Ebola virus VP35 interferon inhibitory domain. J Mol Biol 2010; 399:347-57. [PMID: 20399790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are causative agents of lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Among the filoviruses characterized thus far, Reston Ebola virus (REBOV) is the only Ebola virus that is nonpathogenic to humans despite the fact that REBOV can cause lethal disease in nonhuman primates. Previous studies also suggest that REBOV is less effective at inhibiting host innate immune responses than Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) or Marburg virus. Virally encoded VP35 protein is critical for immune suppression, but an understanding of the relative contributions of VP35 proteins from REBOV and other filoviruses is currently lacking. In order to address this question, we characterized the REBOV VP35 interferon inhibitory domain (IID) using structural, biochemical, and virological studies. These studies reveal differences in double-stranded RNA binding and interferon inhibition between the two species. These observed differences are likely due to increased stability and loss of flexibility in REBOV VP35 IID, as demonstrated by thermal shift stability assays. Consistent with this finding, the 1.71-A crystal structure of REBOV VP35 IID reveals that it is highly similar to that of ZEBOV VP35 IID, with an overall backbone r.m.s.d. of 0.64 A, but contains an additional helical element at the linker between the two subdomains of VP35 IID. Mutations near the linker, including swapping sequences between REBOV and ZEBOV, reveal that the linker sequence has limited tolerance for variability. Together with the previously solved ligand-free and double-stranded-RNA-bound forms of ZEBOV VP35 IID structures, our current studies on REBOV VP35 IID reinforce the importance of VP35 in immune suppression. Functional differences observed between REBOV and ZEBOV VP35 proteins may contribute to observed differences in pathogenicity, but these are unlikely to be the major determinant. However, the high level of similarity in structure and the low tolerance for sequence variability, coupled with the multiple critical roles played by Ebola virus VP35 proteins, highlight the viability of VP35 as a potential target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy W Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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32
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Marq JB, Kolakofsky D, Garcin D. Unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotides, as found in arenavirus double-stranded RNA panhandles, are not recognized by RIG-I. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18208-16. [PMID: 20400512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenavirus and bunyavirus RNA genomes are unusual in that they are found in circular nucleocapsids, presumably due to the annealing of their complementary terminal sequences. Moreover, arenavirus genome synthesis initiates with GTP at position +2 of the template rather than at the precise 3' end (position +1). After formation of a dinucleotide, 5' pppGpC(OH) is then realigned on the template before this primer is extended. The net result of this "prime and realign" mechanism of genome initiation is that 5' pppG is found as an unpaired 5' nucleotide when the complementary genome ends anneal to form a double-stranded (dsRNA) panhandle. Using 5' pppRNA made in vitro and purified so that all dsRNA side products are absent, we have determined that both this 5' nucleotide overhang, as well as mismatches within the dsRNA (as found in some arenavirus genomes), clearly reduce the ability of these model dsRNAs to induce interferon upon transfection into cells. The presence of this unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide is thus another way that some viruses appear to use to avoid detection by cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Marq
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 9 Avenue de Champel, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent advances in our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation have direct bearing on how we understand autoimmunity, fibrosis and how innate immune sensors might stimulate both of these key features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) RECENT FINDINGS Nucleic acid containing immune complexes activate toll-like receptors (TLRs) and induce expression of interferon responsive genes (IRGs) and autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent studies indicate that increased SSc expression of IRGs may also be mediated by nucleic acid containing immune complexes. An expanding array of non-TLR innate immune pathways has recently been discovered. In particular, nalp3 mediated inflammasome activation of caspase-1 and conversion of pro-IL-1 to IL-1 play a key role in silica-mediated and bleomycin-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. TLR activation stimulates other inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNFa in macrophages and dendritic cells. Activation of these and other inflammatory mediators, through TLR and non-TLR sensors, may cooperate to upregulate fibrotic mediators such as TGFbeta and IL-13. SUMMARY These observations provide a new paradigm for understanding the relationship between immunity/inflammation and fibrosis. New therapeutics, including TLR agonists and antagonists, and IFN inhibitors are currently under investigation. Further understandings of inflammasome-mediated fibrosis may provide further insights into SSc pathogenesis.
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34
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Rehwinkel J, Tan CP, Goubau D, Schulz O, Pichlmair A, Bier K, Robb N, Vreede F, Barclay W, Fodor E, Reis e Sousa C. RIG-I detects viral genomic RNA during negative-strand RNA virus infection. Cell 2010; 140:397-408. [PMID: 20144762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I is a key mediator of antiviral immunity, able to couple detection of infection by RNA viruses to the induction of interferons. Natural RIG-I stimulatory RNAs have variously been proposed to correspond to virus genomes, virus replication intermediates, viral transcripts, or self-RNA cleaved by RNase L. However, the relative contribution of each of these RNA species to RIG-I activation and interferon induction in virus-infected cells is not known. Here, we use three approaches to identify physiological RIG-I agonists in cells infected with influenza A virus or Sendai virus. We show that RIG-I agonists are exclusively generated by the process of virus replication and correspond to full-length virus genomes. Therefore, nongenomic viral transcripts, short replication intermediates, and cleaved self-RNA do not contribute substantially to interferon induction in cells infected with these negative strand RNA viruses. Rather, single-stranded RNA viral genomes bearing 5'-triphosphates constitute the natural RIG-I agonists that trigger cell-intrinsic innate immune responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A3PX, UK
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Leung DW, Prins KC, Borek DM, Farahbakhsh M, Tufariello JM, Ramanan P, Nix JC, Helgeson L, Otwinowski Z, Honzatko RB, Basler CF, Amarasinghe GK. Structural basis for dsRNA recognition and interferon antagonism by Ebola VP35. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:165-72. [PMID: 20081868 PMCID: PMC2872155 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ebola viral protein 35 (VP35), encoded by the highly pathogenic Ebola virus, facilitates host immune evasion by antagonizing antiviral signaling pathways, including those initiated by RIG-I-like receptors. Here we report the crystal structure of the Ebola VP35 interferon inhibitory domain (IID) bound to short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which together with in vivo results reveals how VP35-dsRNA interactions contribute to immune evasion. Conserved basic residues in VP35 IID recognize the dsRNA backbone, whereas the dsRNA blunt ends are 'end-capped' by a pocket of hydrophobic residues that mimic RIG-I-like receptor recognition of blunt-end dsRNA. Residues critical for RNA binding are also important for interferon inhibition in vivo but not for viral polymerase cofactor function of VP35. These results suggest that simultaneous recognition of dsRNA backbone and blunt ends provides a mechanism by which Ebola VP35 antagonizes host dsRNA sensors and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Prins
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dominika M. Borek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA
| | - Mina Farahbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Biochemistry Undergraduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - JoAnn M. Tufariello
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Parameshwaran Ramanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jay C. Nix
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Luke Helgeson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Biochemistry Undergraduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zbyszek Otwinowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA
| | - Richard B. Honzatko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Gitlin L, Benoit L, Song C, Cella M, Gilfillan S, Holtzman MJ, Colonna M. Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is involved in the innate immune response to Paramyxoviridae infection in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000734. [PMID: 20107606 PMCID: PMC2809771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The early host response to pathogens is mediated by several distinct pattern recognition receptors. Cytoplasmic RNA helicases including RIG-I and MDA5 have been shown to respond to viral RNA by inducing interferon (IFN) production. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated a direct role for MDA5 in the response to members of the Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae and Caliciviridae virus families ((+) ssRNA viruses) but not to Paramyxoviridae or Orthomyxoviridae ((-) ssRNA viruses). Contrary to these findings, we now show that MDA5 responds critically to infections caused by Paramyxoviridae in vivo. Using an established model of natural Sendai virus (SeV) infection, we demonstrate that MDA5(-/-) mice exhibit increased morbidity and mortality as well as severe histopathological changes in the lower airways in response to SeV. Moreover, analysis of viral propagation in the lungs of MDA5(-/-) mice reveals enhanced replication and a distinct distribution involving the interstitium. Though the levels of antiviral cytokines were comparable early during SeV infection, type I, II, and III IFN mRNA expression profiles were significantly decreased in MDA5(-/-) mice by day 5 post infection. Taken together, these findings indicate that MDA5 is indispensable for sustained expression of IFN in response to paramyxovirus infection and provide the first evidence of MDA5-dependent containment of in vivo infections caused by (-) sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gitlin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Loralyn Benoit
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christina Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:656-65. [PMID: 20009876 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283328098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Innate and adaptive immune responses to herpes simplex virus. Viruses 2009; 1:979-1002. [PMID: 21994578 PMCID: PMC3185534 DOI: 10.3390/v1030979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses against HSV-1 and HSV-2 are complex and involve a delicate interplay between innate signaling pathways and adaptive immune responses. The innate response to HSV involves the induction of type I IFN, whose role in protection against disease is well characterized in vitro and in vivo. Cell types such as NK cells and pDCs contribute to innate anti-HSV responses in vivo. Finally, the adaptive response includes both humoral and cellular components that play important roles in antiviral control and latency. This review summarizes the innate and adaptive effectors that contribute to susceptibility, immune control and pathogenesis of HSV, and highlights the delicate interplay between these two important arms of immunity.
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Pothlichet J, Burtey A, Kubarenko AV, Caignard G, Solhonne B, Tangy F, Ben-Ali M, Quintana-Murci L, Heinzmann A, Chiche JD, Vidalain PO, Weber ANR, Chignard M, Si-Tahar M. Study of human RIG-I polymorphisms identifies two variants with an opposite impact on the antiviral immune response. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7582. [PMID: 19859543 PMCID: PMC2762520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RIG-I is a pivotal receptor that detects numerous RNA and DNA viruses. Thus, its defectiveness may strongly impair the host antiviral immunity. Remarkably, very little information is available on RIG-I single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) presenting a functional impact on the host response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we studied all non-synonymous SNPs of RIG-I using biochemical and structural modeling approaches. We identified two important variants: (i) a frameshift mutation (P(229)fs) that generates a truncated, constitutively active receptor and (ii) a serine to isoleucine mutation (S(183)I), which drastically inhibits antiviral signaling and exerts a down-regulatory effect, due to unintended stable complexes of RIG-I with itself and with MAVS, a key downstream adapter protein. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Hence, this study characterized P(229)fs and S(183)I SNPs as major functional RIG-I variants and potential genetic determinants of viral susceptibility. This work also demonstrated that serine 183 is a residue that critically regulates RIG-I-induced antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Paris, France
- Inserm, U874, Paris, France
| | - Anne Burtey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Paris, France
- Inserm, U874, Paris, France
| | - Andriy V. Kubarenko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Toll-Like Receptors and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregory Caignard
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Solhonne
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Paris, France
- Inserm, U874, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Ben-Ali
- Institut Pasteur, Unité postulante de Génétique Evolutive Humaine, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Institut Pasteur, Unité postulante de Génétique Evolutive Humaine, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Heinzmann
- Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Daniel Chiche
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Unité de Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexander N. R. Weber
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Toll-Like Receptors and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Chignard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Paris, France
- Inserm, U874, Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Paris, France
- Inserm, U874, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Unité de Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
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