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Direito R, Barbalho SM, Sepodes B, Figueira ME. Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Exploring Neuroprotective, Metabolic, and Hepatoprotective Effects for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:577. [PMID: 38794239 PMCID: PMC11124874 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing trend among consumers to seek out natural foods and products with natural ingredients. This shift in consumer preferences had a direct impact on both food and pharmaceutical industries, leading to a focus of scientific research and commercial efforts to meet these new demands. The aim of this work is to review recent available scientific data on foods of interest, such as the artichoke, gooseberry, and polygonoideae plants, as well as olive oil and red raspberries. Interestingly, the urgency of solutions to the climate change emergency has brought new attention to by-products of grapevine bunch stem and cane, which have been found to contain bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. There is a pressing need for a faster process of translating scientific knowledge from the laboratory to real-world applications, especially in the face of the increasing societal burden associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), environmental crises, the post-pandemic world, and ongoing violent conflicts around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Direito
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal (M.E.F.)
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Avenida Castro Alves, 62, Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal (M.E.F.)
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Eduardo Figueira
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal (M.E.F.)
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Didier AJ, Stiene J, Fang L, Watkins D, Dworkin LD, Creeden JF. Antioxidant and Anti-Tumor Effects of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:632. [PMID: 36978880 PMCID: PMC10045152 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a condition characterized by an imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules and antioxidant defense systems, is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to cancer development. This is because the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative stress can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids to facilitate mutations and other cellular changes that promote cancer growth. Antioxidant supplementation is a potential strategy for decreasing cancer incidence; by reducing oxidative stress, DNA damage and other deleterious cellular changes may be attenuated. Several clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the role of antioxidant supplements in cancer prevention. Some studies have found that antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. On the other hand, some studies posit an increased risk of cancer with antioxidant supplement use. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress in cancer formation, as well as the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation in cancer prevention. Additionally, we will discuss both preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the potentials and limitations of preventive antioxidant strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Didier
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin F. Creeden
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Marchetti B, Giachino C, Tirolo C, Serapide MF. "Reframing" dopamine signaling at the intersection of glial networks in the aged Parkinsonian brain as innate Nrf2/Wnt driver: Therapeutical implications. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13575. [PMID: 35262262 PMCID: PMC9009237 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling via G protein‐coupled receptors is a multifunctional neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine–immune modulator. The DA nigrostriatal pathway, which controls the motor coordination, progressively degenerates in Parkinson's disease (PD), a most common neurodegenerative disorder (ND) characterized by a selective, age‐dependent loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons, where DA itself is a primary source of oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment, intersecting astrocyte and microglial inflammatory networks. Importantly, glia acts as a preferential neuroendocrine–immune DA target, in turn, counter‐modulating inflammatory processes. With a major focus on DA intersection within the astrocyte–microglial inflammatory network in PD vulnerability, we herein first summarize the characteristics of DA signaling systems, the propensity of DA neurons to oxidative stress, and glial inflammatory triggers dictating the vulnerability to PD. Reciprocally, DA modulation of astrocytes and microglial reactivity, coupled to the synergic impact of gene–environment interactions, then constitute a further level of control regulating midbrain DA neuron (mDAn) survival/death. Not surprisingly, within this circuitry, DA converges to modulate nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like 2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, and Wingless (Wnt)/β‐catenin signaling, a key pathway for mDAn neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and immunomodulation, adding to the already complex “signaling puzzle,” a novel actor in mDAn–glial regulatory machinery. Here, we propose an autoregulatory feedback system allowing DA to act as an endogenous Nrf2/Wnt innate modulator and trace the importance of DA receptor agonists applied to the clinic as immune modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC) Pharmacology Section Medical School University of Catania Catania Italy
- OASI Research Institute‐IRCCS, Troina (EN), Italy Troina Italy
| | | | - Cataldo Tirolo
- OASI Research Institute‐IRCCS, Troina (EN), Italy Troina Italy
| | - Maria F. Serapide
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC) Pharmacology Section Medical School University of Catania Catania Italy
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SOD2, a Potential Transcriptional Target Underpinning CD44-Promoted Breast Cancer Progression. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030811. [PMID: 35164076 PMCID: PMC8839817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD44, a cell-adhesion molecule has a dual role in tumor growth and progression; it acts as a tumor suppressor as well as a tumor promoter. In our previous work, we developed a tetracycline-off regulated expression of CD44's gene in the breast cancer (BC) cell line MCF-7 (B5 clone). Using cDNA oligo gene expression microarray, we identified SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) as a potential CD44-downstream transcriptional target involved in BC metastasis. SOD2 gene belongs to the family of iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family and encodes a mitochondrial protein. SOD2 plays a role in cell proliferation and cell invasion via activation of different signaling pathways regulating angiogenic abilities of breast tumor cells. This review will focus on the findings supporting the underlying mechanisms associated with the oncogenic potential of SOD2 in the onset and progression of cancer, especially in BC and the potential clinical relevance of its various inhibitors.
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Duran-Ortiz S, List EO, Basu R, Kopchick JJ. Extending lifespan by modulating the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis: coming of age. Pituitary 2021; 24:438-456. [PMID: 33459974 PMCID: PMC8122064 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress made in the years of aging research have allowed the opportunity to explore potential interventions to slow aging and extend healthy lifespan. Studies performed in yeast, worms, flies and mice subjected to genetic and pharmacological interventions have given insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with longevity. Furthermore, it is now possible to effectively modulate pathways that slow aging at different stages of life (early life or at an adult age). Interestingly, interventions that extend longevity in adult mice have had sex-specific success, suggesting a potential link between particular pathways that modulate aging and sex. For example, reduction of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis at an adult age extends lifespan preferentially in females. Moreover, several postnatal dietary interventions tested by the 'Intervention Testing Program (ITP)' from the National Institute of Aging (NIA) have shown that while pharmacological interventions like rapamycin affect the IGF-1/insulin pathway and preferentially extend lifespan in females; dietary compounds that target other cellular pathways are effective only in male mice-indicating mutually exclusive sex-specific pathways. Therefore, a combination of interventions that target non-overlapping aging-related pathways appears to be an effective approach to further extend healthy lifespan in both sexes. Here, we review the germline and postnatal mouse lines that target the GH/IGF-1 axis as a mechanism to extend longevity as well as the dietary compounds that tested positive in the NIA program to increase lifespan. We believe that the interventions reviewed in this paper could constitute feasible combinations for an extended healthy lifespan in both male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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Philips N, Richardson R, Siomyk H, Bynum D, Gonzalez S. “Skin cancer, polyphenols, and oxidative stress” or Counteraction of oxidative stress, inflammation, signal transduction pathways, and extracellular matrix remodeling that mediate skin carcinogenesis by polyphenols. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hu X, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang T. β-Elemene inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin tumorigenesis through suppression of NF-κB-associated signaling events in the mouse skin model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22550. [PMID: 32662567 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-Elemene (1-methyl-1-vinyl-2,4-diisopropenyl-cyclohexane), a natural sesquiterpene-derived curcumae radix, exhibits a variety of pharmacologic properties including anticancer. However, the molecular action of β-elemene in chemical-induced skin carcinogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, the present study executes to investigate a possible effect of β-elemene in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted skin tumor model. The experimental mice were subjected to execute two-stage skin carcinogenesis and it has been initiated by the addition of DMBA on the dorsal portion of the mouse skin. One week after, for chemical carcinogen of mice, topical exposure of DMBA has been induced following with TPA (5 nmol) in acetone (200 μL) given weekly twice for 20 weeks respectively. After completion of the experimental period, we noticed that 100% of tumor incidence, histopathological changes, decreased lipid peroxidation (LPO), and decreased antioxidant levels in DMBA/TPA-promoted skin carcinogenesis. Furthermore, enhanced activity of inflammatory protein markers (nuclear factor [NF]-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase) and cell-proliferative messenger RNA markers (PCNA, cyclin D1), and increased antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2; decreased proapoptotic protein marker events Bax and caspase 3 and 9 expressions were noticed in DMBA/TPA promoted skin tissue. In this study, we noticed that β-elemene noticeably reversed the histopathological changes and antioxidant levels in tumor-bearing mice. Conversely, β-elemene effectively inhibits inflammation, cell proliferation events, and enhances proapoptotic factors, by suppression of NF-κB transcriptional activation in DMBA/TPA animals. Thus, we concluded that β-elemene prevents DMBA/TPA promoted skin carcinogenesis through its antioxidant and abate inflammation markers and cell-proliferative markers also activating proapoptotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Spine and Joint, The First People's Hospital of Pingyuan County, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Pingyuan County, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- TCM Internal Medicine, Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, silibinin, and curcumin in plasma and different tissues after oral dosing of Protandim in rats and its application in pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 170:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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A Comparative Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Mentha crispa Essential Oil, Its Major Constituent Rotundifolone, and Analogues on Human Glioblastoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2083923. [PMID: 30057673 PMCID: PMC6051078 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2083923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem around the globe. This disorder is affected by alterations in multiple physiological processes, and oxidative stress has been etiologically implicated in its pathogenesis. Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered the most common and aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis despite recent improvements in surgical, radiation, and chemotherapy-based treatment approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antitumor activity from Mentha crispa essential oil (MCEO), its major constituent rotundifolone (ROT), and a series of six analogues on the human U87MG glioblastoma cell line. Cytotoxic effects of the compounds on the human U87MG-GBM cell line were assessed using in vitro cell viability and oxidative and molecular genetic assays. In addition, biosafety assessment tests were performed on cultured human blood cells. Our findings revealed that MCEO, 1,2-perillaldehyde epoxide (EPER1), and perillaldehyde (PALD) were the most cytotoxic compounds against U87MG cells, with IC50 values of 16.263, 15.087, and 14.888 μg/mL, respectively. Further, these compounds increased the expressions of BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, NFκB1, NFκB1A, NFκB2, PIK3CA, PIK3R, PTEN, and TP53 genes at different degrees and decreased the expression of some genes such as AKT1, AKT2, FOS, and RAF1. Finally, treatment with MCEO, EPER1, and PALD did not lead to genotoxic damage in blood cells. Taken together, our findings reveal antiproliferative potential of MCEO, its major component ROT, and its tested analogues. Some of these chemical analogues may be useful as prototypes for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for treating human brain cancer and/or other cancers due to their promising activities as well as nonmutagenic property and safety.
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Kanda Y, Osaki M, Okada F. Chemopreventive Strategies for Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Current Status and Future Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E867. [PMID: 28422073 PMCID: PMC5412448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustained and chronically-inflamed environment is characterized by the presence of heterogeneous inflammatory cellular components, including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts. These infiltrated cells produce growth stimulating mediators (inflammatory cytokines and growth factors), chemotactic factors (chemokines) and genotoxic substances (reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide) and induce DNA damage and methylation. Therefore, chronic inflammation serves as an intrinsic niche for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this article, we summarize the up-to-date findings regarding definitive/possible causes and mechanisms of inflammation-related carcinogenesis derived from experimental and clinical studies. We also propose 10 strategies, as well as candidate agents for the prevention of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanda
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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Abusarah J, Benabdoune H, Shi Q, Lussier B, Martel-Pelletier J, Malo M, Fernandes JC, de Souza FP, Fahmi H, Benderdour M. Elucidating the Role of Protandim and 6-Gingerol in Protection Against Osteoarthritis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1003-1013. [PMID: 27463229 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protandim and 6-gingerol, two potent nutraceuticals, have been shown to decrease free radicals production through enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of these products on the expression of different factors involved in osteoarthritis (OA) process. Human OA chondrocytes were treated with 1 ng/ml IL-1β in the presence or absence of protandim (0-10 μg/ml) or 6-gingerol (0-10 μM). OA was induced surgically in mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). The animals were treated weekly with an intraarticular injection of 10 μl of vehicle or protandim (10 μg/ml) for 8 weeks. Sham-operated mice served as controls. In vitro, we demonstrated that protandim and 6-gingerol preserve cell viability and mitochondrial metabolism and prevented 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-induced cell mortality. They activated Nrf2 transcription factor, abolished IL-1β-induced NO, PGE2 , MMP-13, and HNE production as well as IL-β-induced GSTA4-4 down-regulation. Nrf2 overexpression reduced IL-1β-induced HNE and MMP-13 as well as IL-1β-induced GSTA4-4 down-regulation. Nrf2 knockdown following siRNA transfection abolished protandim protection against oxidative stress and catabolism. The activation of MAPK and NF-κB by IL-1β was not affected by 6-gingerol. In vivo, we observed that Nrf2 and GSTA4-4 expression was significantly lower in OA cartilage from humans and mice compared to normal controls. Interestingly, protandim administration reduced OA score in DMM mice. Altogether, our data indicate that protandim and 6-gingerol are essential in preserving cartilage and abolishing a number of factors known to be involved in OA pathogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1003-1013, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Abusarah
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Houda Benabdoune
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Qin Shi
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Bertrand Lussier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Michel Malo
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Julio C Fernandes
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
| | - Fátima Pereira de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", (UNESP), Departamento de Física, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular (CMIB), 15054-000, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hassan Fahmi
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Mohamed Benderdour
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4J 1C5
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12
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Strong R, Miller RA, Antebi A, Astle CM, Bogue M, Denzel MS, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Hamilton KL, Lamming DW, Javors MA, de Magalhães JP, Martinez PA, McCord JM, Miller BF, Müller M, Nelson JF, Ndukum J, Rainger GE, Richardson A, Sabatini DM, Salmon AB, Simpkins JW, Steegenga WT, Nadon NL, Harrison DE. Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α-glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2-inducer. Aging Cell 2016; 15:872-84. [PMID: 27312235 PMCID: PMC5013015 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging Interventions Testing Program (ITP) evaluates agents hypothesized to increase healthy lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Each compound is tested in parallel at three sites, and all results are published. We report the effects of lifelong treatment of mice with four agents not previously tested: Protandim, fish oil, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and metformin - the latter with and without rapamycin, and two drugs previously examined: 17-α-estradiol and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), at doses greater and less than used previously. 17-α-estradiol at a threefold higher dose robustly extended both median and maximal lifespan, but still only in males. The male-specific extension of median lifespan by NDGA was replicated at the original dose, and using doses threefold lower and higher. The effects of NDGA were dose dependent and male specific but without an effect on maximal lifespan. Protandim, a mixture of botanical extracts that activate Nrf2, extended median lifespan in males only. Metformin alone, at a dose of 0.1% in the diet, did not significantly extend lifespan. Metformin (0.1%) combined with rapamycin (14 ppm) robustly extended lifespan, suggestive of an added benefit, based on historical comparison with earlier studies of rapamycin given alone. The α-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, at a concentration previously tested (1000 ppm), significantly increased median longevity in males and 90th percentile lifespan in both sexes, even when treatment was started at 16 months. Neither fish oil nor UDCA extended lifespan. These results underscore the reproducibility of ITP longevity studies and illustrate the importance of identifying optimal doses in lifespan studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Strong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109‐2200USA
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of AgeingCologneD‐50931Germany
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | | | | | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Martin A. Javors
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
- Present address: Integrative Genomics of Ageing GroupInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolL7 8TX, LiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Anthony Martinez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of PharmacologyThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - Joe M. McCord
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUSA
| | | | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - James F. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Barshop Center for Longevity and Aging StudiesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | | | - G. Ed. Rainger
- Centre for Cardiovascular SciencesSchool of Clinical and Experimental MedicineThe Medical SchoolThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOK73104USA
- VA Medical CenterOklahoma CityOK73104USA
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMA02142USA
- Department of BiologyMITCambridgeMA02139USA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMITCambridgeMA02139USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITSeven Cambridge CenterCambridgeMA02142USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MITCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Adam B. Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke ResearchWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | - Wilma T. Steegenga
- Division of Human NutritionWageningen University and Research CentreWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Nadon
- Division of Aging BiologyNational Institute on AgingBethesdaMD20892USA
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Ueberschlag SL, Seay JR, Roberts AH, DeSpirito PC, Stith JM, Folz RJ, Carter KA, Weiss EP, Zavorsky GS. The Effect of Protandim® Supplementation on Athletic Performance and Oxidative Blood Markers in Runners. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160559. [PMID: 27513339 PMCID: PMC4981460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study determined if oral supplementation of Protandim® (a nutraceutical) for 90 days improved 5-km running performance and reduced serum thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) at rest, an indicator of oxidative stress. Secondary objectives were to measure whole blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), at rest and 10 minutes after completion of the race before and after supplementation as well as quality of life. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial, 38 runners [mean (SD) = 34 (7) yrs; BMI = 22 (2) kg/m2] received either 90 days of Protandim® [1 pill a day, n = 19)] or placebo (n = 19). Randomization was done in blocks of two controlling for sex and 5-km baseline performance. A 5-km race was performed at baseline and after 90 days of supplementation, with blood samples taken before and 10-min after each race. Fasting blood samples were acquired at baseline, after 30, 60, and 90 days of supplementation. TBARS, SOD, GPX, and GSH were assayed in an out-of-state accredited lab. Running performance was not altered by Protandim® or placebo [20.3 (2.1) minutes, with an -8 (33) seconds change in 5-km time regardless of group]. There was no change in TBARS, SOD, or GPX (at rest) after three months of Protandim® supplementation compared to placebo. However, in a subgroup ≥ 35 years of age, there was a 2-fold higher increase in SOD in those taking Protandim® for three months compared to those on placebo (p = 0.038). The mean post-race change in TBARS (compared to pre-race) increased by about 20% in half of the subjects, but was not altered between groups, even after three months of supplementation. Quality of life was also not different between the two conditions. In conclusion, Protandim® did not (1) alter 5-km running time, (2) lower TBARS at rest (3) raise antioxidant enzyme concentrations compared to placebo (with exception of SOD in those ≥ 35 years old) or, (4) affect quality of life compared to placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02172625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seteena L. Ueberschlag
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - James R. Seay
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Alexandra H. Roberts
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Pamela C. DeSpirito
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Jeremy M. Stith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Rodney J. Folz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Carter
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Weiss
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Gerald S. Zavorsky
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sati J, Mohanty BP, Garg ML, Koul A. Pro-Oxidant Role of Silibinin in DMBA/TPA Induced Skin Cancer: 1H NMR Metabolomic and Biochemical Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158955. [PMID: 27414401 PMCID: PMC4944989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, a major bioactive flavonolignan in Silybum marianum, has received considerable attention in view of its anticarcinogenic activity. The present study examines its anticancer potential against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced skin cancer. Male LACA mice were randomly segregated into 4 groups: Control, DMBA/TPA, Silibinin and Silibinin+DMBA/TPA. Tumors in DMBA/TPA and Silibinin+DMBA/TPA groups were histologically graded as squamous cell carcinoma. In the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group, significant reduction in tumor incidence (23%), tumor volume (64.4%), and tumor burden (84.8%) was observed when compared to the DMBA/TPA group. The underlying protective mechanism of Silibinin action was studied at pre-initiation (2 weeks), post-initiation (10 weeks) and promotion (22 weeks) stages of the skin carcinogenesis. The antioxidant nature of Silibinin was evident at the end of 2 weeks of its treatment. However, towards the end of 10 and 22 weeks, elevated lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels indicate the pro-oxidative nature of Silibinin in the cancerous tissue. TUNEL assay revealed enhanced apoptosis in the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group with respect to the DMBA/TPA group. Therefore, it may be suggested that raised LPO could be responsible for triggering apoptosis in the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the metabolic profile of the skin /skin tumors. Dimethylamine (DMA), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glucose, lactic acid, taurine and guanine were identified as the major contributors for separation between the groups from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the metabolite data. Enhanced DMA levels with no alteration in GPC, glucose and lactate levels reflect altered choline metabolism with no marked Warburg effect in skin tumors. However, elevated guanine levels with potent suppression of taurine and glucose levels in the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group are suggestive of the pro-oxidative nature of Silibinin in regressing tumors. Thus, supporting the theory of augmented LPO levels resulting in increased apoptosis in the skin tumors treated with Silibinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sati
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Biraja Prasad Mohanty
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mohan Lal Garg
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashwani Koul
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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Smiley K, Malhotra R, Peche W, Langell JT. Unresectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Eight Years Later. World J Oncol 2016; 7:17-20. [PMID: 28983358 PMCID: PMC5624684 DOI: 10.14740/wjon957w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, and is considered uniformly fatal when patients present with unresectable, advanced-stage disease at the time of diagnosis. Long-term survival of patients with advanced-stage pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains rare, despite advances in adjuvant chemoradiation protocols. A 73-year-old male presented to our emergency department with abdominal pain and a history of biopsy-proven, stage III pancreatic adenocarcinoma. His initial staging CT scan and trans-duodenal ultrasound had demonstrated a stage IIa (T3, N0, Mx) lesion. On surgical exploration, he was up-staged to stage III (T4, N0, Mx), noting encasement of the superior mesenteric vessels and involvement of the portal vein. He underwent palliative choledochojejunostomy and was treated with 4 months of oxaliplatin and capecitabine, with concurrent radiation therapy (50.4 Gy), followed by 4 months of gemcitabine. After 7 months, the patient withdrew from therapy due to treatment intolerance. He then turned to self-medication with non-traditional herbal therapies. After 3 years of surveillance, he was lost to follow-up until presenting to our facility with abdominal pain 8 years after his initial diagnosis. On diagnostic CT scan during his current presentation for abdominal pain, he was found to have no evidence of pancreatic cancer. Based on our review of the literature, we present the longest known survival of a patient with surgically unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Further study of this patient’s phenotypic or genotypic characteristics may provide insight into better therapeutic agents, or a predictive subset of patients who will benefit from specific chemotherapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Smiley
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Reetu Malhotra
- Center for Medical Innovation, University of Utah, 10 North 1900 East, Eccles Library, Room 15, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - William Peche
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John T Langell
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Medical Innovation, University of Utah, 10 North 1900 East, Eccles Library, Room 15, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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16
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Prestin-Dependence of Outer Hair Cell Survival and Partial Rescue of Outer Hair Cell Loss in PrestinV499G/Y501H Knockin Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145428. [PMID: 26682723 PMCID: PMC4684303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A knockin (KI) mouse expressing mutated prestinV499G/Y501H (499 prestin) was created to study cochlear amplification. Recordings from isolated outer hair cells (OHC) in this mutant showed vastly reduced electromotility and, as a consequence, reduced hearing sensitivity. Although 499 prestin OHCs were normal in stiffness and longer than OHCs lacking prestin, accelerated OHC death was unexpectedly observed relative to that documented in prestin knockout (KO) mice. These observations imply an additional role of prestin in OHC maintenance besides its known requirement for mammalian cochlear amplification. In order to gain mechanistic insights into prestin-associated OHC loss, we implemented several interventions to improve survival. First, 499 prestin KI’s were backcrossed to Bak KO mice, which lack the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic gene Bak. Because oxidative stress is implicated in OHC death, another group of 499 prestin KI mice was fed the antioxidant diet, Protandim. 499 KI mice were also backcrossed onto the FVB murine strain, which retains excellent high-frequency hearing well into adulthood, to reduce the compounding effect of age-related hearing loss associated with the original 499 prestin KIs. Finally, a compound heterozygous (chet) mouse expressing one copy of 499 prestin and one copy of KO prestin was also created to reduce quantities of 499 prestin protein. Results show reduction in OHC death in chets, and in 499 prestin KIs on the FVB background, but only a slight improvement in OHC survival for mice receiving Protandim. We also report that improved OHC survival in 499 prestin KIs had little effect on hearing phenotype, reaffirming the original contention about the essential role of prestin’s motor function in cochlear amplification.
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17
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Li W, Zhang C, Du H, Huang V, Sun B, Harris JP, Richardson Q, Shen X, Jin R, Li G, Kevil CG, Gu X, Shi R, Zhao Y. Withaferin A suppresses the up-regulation of acetyl-coA carboxylase 1 and skin tumor formation in a skin carcinogenesis mouse model. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1739-1746. [PMID: 26472150 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a natural product derived from Withania somnifera, has been used in traditional oriental medicines to treat neurological disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that this compound may have a potential for cancer treatment and a clinical trial has been launched to test WA in treating melanoma. Herein, WA's chemopreventive potential was tested in a chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis mouse model. Pathological examinations revealed that WA significantly suppressed skin tumor formation. Morphological observations of the skin tissues suggest that WA suppressed cell proliferation rather than inducing apoptosis during skin carcinogenesis. Antibody Micro array analysis demonstrated that WA blocked carcinogen-induced up-regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), which was further confirmed in a skin cell transformation model. Overexpression of ACC1 promoted whereas knockdown of ACC1 suppressed anchorage-independent growth and oncogene activation of transformable skin cells. Further studies demonstrated that WA inhibited tumor promotor-induced ACC1 gene transcription by suppressing the activation of activator protein 1. In melanoma cells, WA was also able to suppress the expression levels of ACC1. Finally, results using human skin cancer tissues confirmed the up-regulation of ACC1 in tumors than adjacent normal tissues. In summary, our results suggest that withaferin A may have a potential in chemoprevention and ACC1 may serve as a critical target of WA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA.,Department of Basic Medicine, Heibei University, Baoding, China
| | - Chunjing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA.,Department of Basic Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hongyan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA.,College of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vincent Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Brandi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - John P Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Quitin Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Runhua Shi
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, USA.
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18
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Increased Oxidative Stress as a Selective Anticancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:294303. [PMID: 26273420 PMCID: PMC4529973 DOI: 10.1155/2015/294303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely related to tumorgenesis. Under hypoxic environment, increased levels of ROS induce the expression of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) in cancer stem cells (CSCs), resulting in the promotion of the upregulation of CSC markers, and the reduction of intracellular ROS level, thus facilitating CSCs survival and proliferation. Although the ROS level is regulated by powerful antioxidant defense mechanisms in cancer cells, it is observed to remain higher than that in normal cells. Cancer cells may be more sensitive than normal cells to the accumulation of ROS; consequently, it is supposed that increased oxidative stress by exogenous ROS generation therapy has an effect on selectively killing cancer cells without affecting normal cells. This paper reviews the mechanisms of redox regulation in CSCs and the pivotal role of ROS in anticancer treatment.
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19
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Liu R, Fan M, Candas D, Qin L, Zhang X, Eldridge A, Zou JX, Zhang T, Juma S, Jin C, Li RF, Perks J, Sun LQ, Vaughan ATM, Hai CX, Gius DR, Li JJ. CDK1-Mediated SIRT3 Activation Enhances Mitochondrial Function and Tumor Radioresistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2090-102. [PMID: 26141949 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor adaptive resistance to therapeutic radiation remains a barrier for further improvement of local cancer control. SIRT3, a member of the sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases in mitochondria, promotes metabolic homeostasis through regulation of mitochondrial protein deacetylation and plays a key role in prevention of cell aging. Here, we demonstrate that SIRT3 expression is induced in an array of radiation-treated human tumor cells and their corresponding xenograft tumors, including colon cancer HCT-116, glioblastoma U87, and breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells. SIRT3 transcriptional activation is due to SIRT3 promoter activation controlled by the stress transcription factor NF-κB. Posttranscriptionally, SIRT3 enzymatic activity is further enhanced via Thr150/Ser159 phosphorylation by cyclin B1-CDK1, which is also induced by radiation and relocated to mitochondria together with SIRT3. Cells expressing Thr150Ala/Ser159Ala-mutant SIRT3 show a reduction in mitochondrial protein lysine deacetylation, Δψm, MnSOD activity, and mitochondrial ATP generation. The clonogenicity of Thr150Ala/Ser159Ala-mutant transfectants is lower and significantly decreased under radiation. Tumors harboring Thr150Ala/Ser159Ala-mutant SIRT3 show inhibited growth and increased sensitivity to in vivo local irradiation. These results demonstrate that enhanced SIRT3 transcription and posttranslational modifications in mitochondria contribute to adaptive radioresistance in tumor cells. CDK1-mediated SIRT3 phosphorylation is a potential effective target to sensitize tumor cells to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Demet Candas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Lili Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Angela Eldridge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - June X Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Tieqiao Zhang
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Shuaib Juma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert F Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Julian Perks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andrew T M Vaughan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Chun-Xu Hai
- Department of Toxicology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - David R Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
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20
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Geismann C, Arlt A, Sebens S, Schäfer H. Cytoprotection "gone astray": Nrf2 and its role in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1497-518. [PMID: 25210464 PMCID: PMC4155833 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s36624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 has gained great attention with respect to its pivotal role in cell and tissue protection. Primarily defending cells against metabolic, xenobiotic and oxidative stress, Nrf2 is essential for maintaining tissue integrity. Owing to these functions, Nrf2 is regarded as a promising drug target in the chemoprevention of diseases, including cancer. However, much evidence has accumulated that the beneficial role of Nrf2 in cancer prevention essentially depends on the tight control of its activity. In fact, the deregulation of Nrf2 is a critical determinant in oncogenesis and found in many types of cancer. Therefore, amplified Nrf2 activity has profound effects on the phenotype of tumor cells, including radio/chemoresistance, apoptosis protection, invasiveness, antisenescence, autophagy deficiency, and angiogenicity. The deregulation of Nrf2 can result from various epigenetic and genetic alterations directly affecting Nrf2 control or from the complex interplay of Nrf2 with numerous oncogenic signaling pathways. Additionally, alterations of the cellular environment, eg, during inflammation, contribute to Nrf2 deregulation and its persistent activation. Therefore, the status of Nrf2 as anti- or protumorigenic is defined by many different modalities. A better understanding of these modalities is essential for the safe use of Nrf2 as an activation target for chemoprevention on the one hand and as an inhibition target in cancer therapy on the other. The present review mainly addresses the conditions that promote the oncogenic function of Nrf2 and the resulting consequences providing the rationale for using Nrf2 as a target structure in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geismann
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Inflammatory Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Han F, Guo PR, Wang F, Hou DJ, Sun YF. Nrf2 and Nrf2 activators in hepatic diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1651-1657. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i12.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is evidently related to hepatic diseases. Nuclear erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is one of the most important regulators of cells' protection against oxidative stress. Nrf2 induces the transcription of a wide array of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and detoxification enzymes, cleans reactive oxygen species and relieves apoptosis. This review aims to illustrate the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE antioxidant pathway, investigate its relation with hepatic diseases and discuss the potential therapeutic effect of Nrf2 activators.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Considering the quality of life and treatment cost, the best way to fight against cancer is to prevent or suppress cancer development. Cancer is preventable as indicated by human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination and tamoxifen/raloxifen treatment in breast cancer prevention. The activities of superoxide dismutases (SODs) are often lowered during early cancer development, making it a rational candidate for cancer prevention. RECENT ADVANCES SOD liposome and mimetics have been shown to be effective in cancer prevention animal models. They've also passed safety tests during early phase clinical trials. Dietary supplement-based SOD cancer prevention provides another opportunity for antioxidant-based cancer prevention. New mechanistic studies have revealed that SOD inhibits not only oncogenic activity, but also subsequent metabolic shifts during early tumorigenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES Lack of sufficient animal model studies targeting specific cancers; and lack of clinical trials and support from pharmaceutical industries also hamper efforts in further advancing SOD-based cancer prevention. FUTURE DIRECTIONS To educate and obtain support from our society that cancer is preventable. To combine SOD-based therapeutics with other cancer preventive agents to obtain synergistic effects. To formulate a dietary supplementation-based antioxidant approach for cancer prevention. Lastly, targeting specific populations who are prone to carcinogens, which can trigger oxidative stress as the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delira Robbins
- 1 Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
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23
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Gao B, Doan A, Hybertson BM. The clinical potential of influencing Nrf2 signaling in degenerative and immunological disorders. Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:19-34. [PMID: 24520207 PMCID: PMC3917919 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s35078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2; encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is a transcription factor that regulates the gene expression of a wide variety of cytoprotective phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes through a promoter sequence known as the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). The ARE is a promoter element found in many cytoprotective genes; therefore, Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the ARE-driven cellular defense system against environmental stresses. Agents that target the ARE/Nrf2 pathway have been tested in a wide variety of disorders, with at least one new Nrf2-activating drug now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Examination of in vitro and in vivo experimental results, and taking into account recent human clinical trial results, has led to an opinion that Nrf2-activating strategies – which can include drugs, foods, dietary supplements, and exercise – are likely best targeted at disease prevention, disease recurrence prevention, or slowing of disease progression in early stage illnesses; they may also be useful as an interventional strategy. However, this rubric may be viewed even more conservatively in the pathophysiology of cancer. The activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been widely accepted as offering chemoprevention benefit, but it may be unhelpful or even harmful in the setting of established cancers. For example, Nrf2 activation might interfere with chemotherapies or radiotherapies or otherwise give tumor cells additional growth and survival advantages, unless they already possess mutations that fully activate their Nrf2 pathway constitutively. With all this in mind, the ARE/Nrf2 pathway remains of great interest as a possible target for the pharmacological control of degenerative and immunological diseases, both by activation and by inhibition, and its regulation remains a promising biological target for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - An Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brooks M Hybertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Philips N, Siomyk H, Bynum D, Gonzalez S. Skin Cancer, Polyphenols, and Oxidative Stress. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lisk C, McCord J, Bose S, Sullivan T, Loomis Z, Nozik-Grayck E, Schroeder T, Hamilton K, Irwin DC. Nrf2 activation: a potential strategy for the prevention of acute mountain sickness. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:264-73. [PMID: 23722164 PMCID: PMC4130652 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during acute high altitude exposure contribute to cerebral vascular leak and development of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of greater than 90% of antioxidant genes, but prophylactic treatment with Nrf2 activators has not yet been tested as an AMS therapy. We hypothesized that prophylactic activation of the antioxidant genome with Nrf2 activators would attenuate high-altitude-induced ROS formation and cerebral vascular leak and that some drugs currently used to treat AMS symptoms have an additional trait of Nrf2 activation. Drugs commonly used to treat AMS were screened with a luciferase reporter cell system for their effectiveness to activate Nrf2, as well as being tested for their ability to decrease high altitude cerebral vascular leak in vivo. Compounds that showed favorable results for Nrf2 activation from our screen and attenuated high altitude cerebral vascular leak in vivo were further tested in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) to determine if they attenuated hypoxia-induced ROS production and monolayer permeability. Of nine drugs tested, with the exception of dexamethasone, only drugs that showed the ability to activate Nrf2 (Protandim, methazolamide, nifedipine, amlodipine, ambrisentan, and sitaxentan) decreased high-altitude-induced cerebral vascular leak in vivo. In vitro, Nrf2 activation in BMECs before 24h hypoxia exposure attenuated hypoxic-induced hydrogen peroxide production and permeability. Prophylactic Nrf2 activation is effective at reducing brain vascular leak from acute high altitude exposures. Compared to acetazolamide, methazolamide may offer better protection against AMS. Nifedipine, in addition to its known vasodilatory activities in the lung and protection against high altitude pulmonary edema, may provide protection against brain vascular leak as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lisk
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joe McCord
- Pulmonary Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medial Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Swapan Bose
- Pulmonary Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medial Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tim Sullivan
- Pulmonary Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medial Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zoe Loomis
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Group, Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thies Schroeder
- Radiation, Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Karyn Hamilton
- Exercise and Sports Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David C. Irwin
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Du Q, Bian XL, Xu XL, Zhu B, Yu B, Zhai Q. Role of mitochondrial permeability transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 cell death induced by rhein. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:68-73. [PMID: 23994628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhein, a compound found as a glucoside in the root of rhubarb, is currently a subject of interest for its antitumor properties. The apoptosis of tumor cell lines induced by rhein was observed, and the involvement of mitochondria was established; however, the role of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) remains unknown. Here we report that MPT plays an important role in the apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 cells induced by rhein. After adding rhein to the isolated hepatic mitochondria, swelling effects and the leakage of Ca(2+) were observed. These alterations were suppressed by cyclosporin A (CsA), an MPT inhibitor. Furthermore, in Hep-G2 cells, the decrease of ATP production, the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP), the release of cytochrome c (Cyto c), and the activation of caspase 3 were also observed. These toxic effects of rhein can also be attenuated by CsA as well. Moreover, TUNEL assay confirmed that in the presence of CsA, rhein-induced apoptosis was largely inhibited. These results suggest that MPT plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Hep-G2 cell injury induced by rhein, and imply that MPT may contribute to the anti-cancer activity of rhein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Luwan Branch of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacy, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qing Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zenkov NK, Menshchikova EB, Tkachev VO. Keap1/Nrf2/ARE redox-sensitive signaling system as a pharmacological target. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:19-36. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:376-90. [PMID: 23123177 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 901] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species, which mainly include reactive oxygen species (ROS), are products generated as a consequence of metabolic reactions in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. In normal cells, low-level concentrations of these compounds are required for signal transduction before their elimination. However, cancer cells, which exhibit an accelerated metabolism, demand high ROS concentrations to maintain their high proliferation rate. Different ways of developing ROS resistance include the execution of alternative pathways, which can avoid large amounts of ROS accumulation without compromising the energy demand required by cancer cells. Examples of these processes include the guidance of the glycolytic pathway into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and/or the generation of lactate instead of employing aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Importantly, ROS levels can be used as a thermostat to monitor the damage that cells can bear. The implications for ROS regulation are highly significant for cancer therapy because commonly used radio- and chemotherapeutic drugs influence tumor outcome through ROS modulation. Moreover, the discovery of novel biomarkers that are able to predict the clinical response to pro-oxidant therapies is a crucial challenge to overcome to allow for the personalization of cancer therapies.
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Pleiotrophic effects of natural products in ROS-induced carcinogenesis: The role of plant-derived natural products in oral cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Robbins D, Ponville J, Morris K, Zhao Y. Involvement of PTEN in TPA-mediated p53-activation in mouse skin epidermal JB6 cells. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4108-13. [PMID: 23123091 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies suggest a unique role of p53 during the early stage of cancer development. However, how p53 activation is regulated during TPA treatment remains elusive. We used murine skin epidermal JB6 promotion-sensitive (P+) and promotion resistant (P-) cells to observe differential expression of PTEN during TPA-induced p53 activation. Total PTEN expression was decreased in only P+ cells. Nuclear expression of PTEN increased and complex formation between PTEN and p53 occurred in P+ cells treated with TPA. Knocking down PTEN expression via siRNA inhibited TPA-induced Bax expression. Similar effects were seen with the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha. Cells that were transfected with siRNA to PTEN exhibited enhanced tumorigenicity. Our findings suggest PTEN mediates TPA-induced p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delira Robbins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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31
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Burns EM, Tober KL, Riggenbach JA, Schick JS, Lamping KN, Kusewitt DF, Young GS, Oberyszyn TM. Preventative topical diclofenac treatment differentially decreases tumor burden in male and female Skh-1 mice in a model of UVB-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:370-7. [PMID: 23125227 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) light is the major environmental carcinogen contributing to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development. There are over 3.5 million NMSC diagnoses in two million patients annually, with men having a 3-fold greater incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared with women. Chronic inflammation has been linked to tumorigenesis, with a key role for the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Diclofenac, a COX-2 inhibitor and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, currently is prescribed to patients as a short-term therapeutic agent to induce SCC precursor lesion regression. However, its efficacy as a preventative agent in patients without evidence of precursor lesions but with significant UVB-induced cutaneous damage has not been explored. We previously demonstrated in a murine model of UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis that when exposed to equivalent UVB doses, male mice had lower levels of inflammation but developed increased tumor multiplicity, burden and grade compared with female mice. Because of the discrepancy in the degree of inflammation between male and female skin, we sought to determine if topical treatment of previously damaged skin with an anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor would decrease tumor burden and if it would be equally effective in the sexes. Our results demonstrated that despite observed sex differences in the inflammatory response, prolonged topical diclofenac treatment of chronically UVB-damaged skin effectively reduced tumor multiplicity in both sexes. Unexpectedly, tumor burden was significantly decreased only in male mice. Our data suggest a new therapeutic use for currently available topical diclofenac as a preventative intervention for patients predisposed to cutaneous SCC development before lesions appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Burns
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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32
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Bataille AM, Manautou JE. Nrf2: a potential target for new therapeutics in liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 92:340-8. [PMID: 22871994 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor with a variety of downstream targets aimed at cytoprotection. Nrf2 has recently been implicated as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease. Here, we focus on the most common liver diseases-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury-and highlight areas in the development of these conditions where activation of Nrf2 may alleviate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bataille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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33
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Phytochemical activation of Nrf2 protects human coronary artery endothelial cells against an oxidative challenge. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:132931. [PMID: 22685617 PMCID: PMC3364676 DOI: 10.1155/2012/132931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a potential therapeutic intervention against endothelial cell oxidative stress and associated vascular disease. We hypothesized that treatment with the phytochemicals in the patented dietary supplement Protandim would induce Nrf2 nuclear localization and phase II antioxidant enzyme protein in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), protecting against an oxidant challenge in an Nrf2- dependent manner. Protandim treatment induced Nrf2 nuclear localization, and HO-1 (778% of control ± 82.25 P < 0.01), SOD1 (125.9% of control ± 6.05 P < 0.01), NQO1 (126% of control ± 6.5 P < 0.01), and GR (119.5% of control ± 7.00 P < 0.05) protein expression in HCAEC. Treatment of HCAEC with H(2)O(2) induced apoptosis in 34% of cells while pretreatment with Protandim resulted in only 6% apoptotic cells (P < 0.01). Nrf2 silencing significantly decreased the Protandim-induced increase in HO-1 protein (P < 0.01). Nrf2 silencing also significantly decreased the protection afforded by Protandim against H(2)O(2)- induced apoptosis (P < 0.01 compared to no RNA, and P < 0.05 compared to control RNA). These results show that Protandim induces Nrf2 nuclear localization and antioxidant enzyme expression, and protection of HCAEC from an oxidative challenge is Nrf2 dependent.
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34
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Robbins D, Li W, Humphrey K, Zhao Y. Redox Factor-1 Mediates Inflammatory Response during Tumor Promotion in Skin Epidermal JB6 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojapo.2012.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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UV light B-mediated inhibition of skin catalase activity promotes Gr-1+ CD11b+ myeloid cell expansion. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:695-702. [PMID: 22030957 PMCID: PMC3270125 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer incidence and mortality are higher in men compared to women, but the causes of this sex discrepancy remain largely unknown. Ultraviolet light exposure induces cutaneous inflammation and neutralizes cutaneous antioxidants. Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells are heterogeneous bone marrow-derived cells that promote inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Reduced activity of catalase, an antioxidant present within skin, has been associated with skin carcinogenesis. We utilized the outbred, immune competent Skh-1 hairless mouse model of ultraviolet light B (UVB)-induced inflammation and non-melanoma skin cancer to further define sex discrepancies in UVB-induced inflammation. Our results demonstrated that male skin had relatively lower baseline catalase activity, which was inhibited following acute UVB exposure in both sexes. Further analysis revealed that skin catalase activity inversely correlated with splenic Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cell percentage. Acute UVB exposure induced Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cell skin infiltration, which was inhibited to a greater extent in males by topical catalase treatment. In chronic UVB studies, we demonstrated that the percentage of splenic Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells was 55% higher in male tumor-bearing mice compared to their female counterparts. Together, our findings indicate that lower skin catalase activity in male mice may at least in part contribute to increased UVB-induced Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells and subsequent skin carcinogenesis.
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36
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Hybertson BM, Gao B, Bose SK, McCord JM. Oxidative stress in health and disease: the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 activation. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:234-46. [PMID: 22020111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For the past 40 years or so, oxidative stress has been increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in aging and in various forms of pathophysiology generally associated with aging. Our view of oxidative stress has been largely "superoxide-centric", as we focused on the pathological sources of this oxygen-derived free radical and the types of molecular havoc it can wreak, as well as on the protection provided by the antioxidant enzymes, especially the superoxide dismutases, catalases, and glutathione peroxidases. In the last decade our view of oxidative stress has broadened considerably, and it is now often seen as an imbalance that has its origins in our genes, and the ways in which gene expression is regulated. At the center of this new focus is the transcription factor called nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, or Nrf2. Nrf2 is referred to as the "master regulator" of the antioxidant response, modulating the expression of hundreds of genes, including not only the familiar antioxidant enzymes, but large numbers of genes that control seemingly disparate processes such as immune and inflammatory responses, tissue remodeling and fibrosis, carcinogenesis and metastasis, and even cognitive dysfunction and addictive behavior. Thus, the dysregulation of Nrf2-regulated genes provides a logical explanation for the connections, both direct and indirect, between observable oxidative stress and perhaps 200 human diseases involving these various physiological processes, each reflecting a network involving many gene products. The evolutionary self-association of these many genes under the common control of Nrf2 suggests that the immune and inflammatory systems may present the largest demand for increased antioxidant protection, apart from constitutive oxidative stress resulting from mitochondrial oxygen consumption for metabolic purposes. Gene expression microarray data on human primary vascular endothelial cells and on the SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma-derived cell line have been obtained in response to the dietary supplement Protandim, a potent composition of highly synergistic phytochemical Nrf2 activators. Pathway analysis of results shows significant modulation by Protandim of pathways involving not only antioxidant enzymes, but of those related to colon cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks M Hybertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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37
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Oxidative Stress Induced by MnSOD-p53 Interaction: Pro- or Anti-Tumorigenic? JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:101465. [PMID: 22007296 PMCID: PMC3189584 DOI: 10.1155/2012/101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a result of incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen during cellular metabolism. Although ROS has been shown to act as signaling molecules, it is known that these reactive molecules can act as prooxidants causing damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, which over time can lead to disease propagation and ultimately cell death. Thus, restoring the protective antioxidant capacity of the cell has become an important target in therapeutic intervention. In addition, a clearer understanding of the disease stage and molecular events that contribute to ROS generation during tumor promotion can lead to novel approaches to enhance target specificity in cancer progression. This paper will focus on not only the traditional routes of ROS generation, but also on new mechanisms via the tumor suppressor p53 and the interaction between p53 and MnSOD, the primary antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria. In addition, the potential consequences of the p53-MnSOD interaction have also been discussed. Lastly, we have highlighted clinical implications of targeting the p53-MnSOD interaction and discussed recent therapeutic mechanisms utilized to modulate both p53 and MnSOD as a method of tumor suppression.
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38
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Robbins D, Zhao Y. The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in skin cancer. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:409295. [PMID: 21603266 PMCID: PMC3092576 DOI: 10.4061/2011/409295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that antioxidant enzyme expression and activity are drastically reduced in most human skin diseases, leading to propagation of oxidative stress and continuous disease progression. However, antioxidants, an endogenous defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be induced by exogenous sources, resulting in protective effects against associated oxidative injury. Many studies have shown that the induction of antioxidants is an effective strategy to combat various disease states. In one approach, a SOD mimetic was applied topically to mouse skin in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. This method effectively reduced oxidative injury and proliferation without interfering with apoptosis. In another approach, Protandim, a combination of 5 well-studied medicinal plants, was given via dietary administration and significantly decreased tumor incidence and multiplicity by 33% and 57%, respectively. These studies suggest that alterations in antioxidant response may be a novel approach to chemoprevention. This paper focuses on how regulation of antioxidant expression and activity can be modulated in skin disease and the potential clinical implications of antioxidant-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delira Robbins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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39
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Joddar B, Reen RK, Firstenberg MS, Varadharaj S, McCord JM, Zweier JL, Gooch KJ. Protandim attenuates intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous veins cultured ex vivo via a catalase-dependent pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:700-9. [PMID: 21167278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human saphenous veins (HSVs) are widely used for bypass grafts despite their relatively low long-term patency. To evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in intima hyperplasia (IH), an early stage pathology of vein-graft disease, and to explore the potential therapeutic effects of up-regulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes, we studied segments of HSV cultured ex vivo in an established ex vivo model of HSV IH. Results showed that HSV cultured ex vivo exhibit an ~3-fold increase in proliferation and ~3.6-fold increase in intimal area relative to freshly isolated HSV. Treatment of HSV during culture with Protandim, a nutritional supplement known to activate Nrf2 and increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes in several in vitro and in vivo models, blocks IH and reduces cellular proliferation to that of freshly isolated HSV. Protandim treatment increased the activity of SOD, HO-1, and catalase 3-, 7-, and 12-fold, respectively, and decreased the levels of superoxide (O(2)(•-)) and the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE. Blocking catalase activity by cotreating with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole abrogated the protective effect of Protandim on IH and proliferation. In conclusion, these results suggest that ROS-sensitive signaling mediates the observed IH in cultured HSV and that up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes can have a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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40
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Robbins D, Gu X, Shi R, Liu J, Wang F, Ponville J, McCord JM, Zhao Y. The chemopreventive effects of Protandim: modulation of p53 mitochondrial translocation and apoptosis during skin carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11902. [PMID: 20689586 PMCID: PMC2912769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protandim, a well defined dietary combination of 5 well-established medicinal plants, is known to induce endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Our previous studies have shown through the induction of various antioxidant enzymes, products of oxidative damage can be decreased. In addition, we have shown that tumor multiplicity and incidence can be decreased through the dietary administration of Protandim in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model. It has been demonstrated that cell proliferation is accommodated by cell death during DMBA/TPA treatment in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the Protandim diet on apoptosis; and proposed a novel mechanism of chemoprevention utilized by the Protandim dietary combination. Interestingly, Protandim suppressed DMBA/TPA induced cutaneous apoptosis. Recently, more attention has been focused on transcription-independent mechanisms of the tumor suppressor, p53, that mediate apoptosis. It is known that cytoplasmic p53 rapidly translocates to the mitochondria in response to pro-apoptotic stress. Our results showed that Protandim suppressed the mitochondrial translocation of p53 and mitochondrial outer membrane proteins such as Bax. We examined the levels of p53 and MnSOD expression/activity in murine skin JB6 promotion sensitive (P+) and promotion-resistant (P-) epidermal cells. Interestingly, p53 was induced only in P+ cells, not P- cells; whereas MnSOD is highly expressed in P- cells when compared to P+ cells. In addition, wild-type p53 was transfected into JB6 P- cells. We found that the introduction of wild-type p53 promoted transformation in JB6 P- cells. Our results suggest that suppression of p53 and induction of MnSOD may play an important role in the tumor suppressive activity of Protandim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delira Robbins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Runhua Shi
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jacqulyne Ponville
- Department of Chemistry, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joe M. McCord
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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Qureshi MM, McClure WC, Arevalo NL, Rabon RE, Mohr B, Bose SK, McCord JM, Tseng BS. The Dietary Supplement Protandim Decreases Plasma Osteopontin and Improves Markers of Oxidative Stress in Muscular Dystrophy Mdx Mice. J Diet Suppl 2010; 7:159-178. [PMID: 20740052 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2010.482041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and lethal neuromuscular disorder in children, remain elusive. Oxidative damage is implicated as a pertinent factor involved in its pathogenesis. Protandim((R)) is an over-the-counter supplement with the ability to induce antioxidant enzymes. In this study we investigated whether Protandim((R)) provided benefit using surrogate markers and functional measures in the dystrophin-deficient (mdx)mouse model of DMD. Male 3-week-old mdx mice were randomized into two treatment groups: control (receiving standard rodent chow) and Protandim((R))-supplemented standard rodent chow. The diets were continued for 6-week and 6-month studies. The endpoints included the oxidative stress marker thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), plasma osteopontin (OPN), plasma paraoxonase (PON1) activity, H&E histology, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of leg muscle and motor functional measurements. The Protandim((R)) chow diet in mdx mice for 6 months was safe and well tolerated. After 6 months of Protandim((R)), a 48% average decrease in plasma TBARS was seen; 0.92 nmol/mg protein in controls versus 0.48 nmol/mg protein in the Protandim((R)) group (p = .006). At 6 months, plasma OPN was decreased by 57% (p = .001) in the Protandim((R))-treated mice. Protandim((R)) increased the plasma antioxidant enzyme PON1 activity by 35% (p = .018). After 6 months, the mdx mice with Protandim((R)) showed 38% less MRI signal abnormality (p = .07) than mice on control diet. In this 6-month mdx mouse study, Protandim((R)) did not significantly alter motor function nor histological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muddasir Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX. Earlier, he was associated with Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Nrf2-Keap1 signaling as a potential target for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Pharm Res 2010; 27:999-1013. [PMID: 20354764 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammatory tissue damage is causally associated with each stage of carcinogenesis. Inflammation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and other reactive species not only cause DNA damage and subsequently mutations, but also stimulate proliferation of initiated cells and even metastasis and angiogenesis. Induction of cellular cytoprotective enzymes (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, etc.) has been shown to mitigate aforementioned events implicated in inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. A unique feature of genes encoding these cytoprotective enzymes is the presence of a cis-acting element, known as antioxidant response element (ARE) or electrophile response element (EpRE), in their promoter region. A stress-responsive transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), initially recognized as a key transcriptional regulator of various cytoprotective enzymes, is known to play a pivotal role in cellular defense against inflammatory injuries. Activation of Nrf2 involves its release from the cytosolic repressor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1) and subsequent stabilization and nuclear localization for ARE/EpRE binding. Genetic or pharmacologic inactivation of Nrf2 has been shown to abolish cytoprotective capability and to aggravate experimentally induced inflammatory injuries. Thus, Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective gene induction is an effective strategy for the chemoprevention of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Kumar Kundu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Clifford JL, DiGiovanni J. The promise of natural products for blocking early events in skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:132-5. [PMID: 20103730 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This perspective on Stratton et al. (beginning on p. 160), Kowalczyk et al. (beginning on p. 170), and Katiyar et al. (beginning on p. 179) highlights the common theme of translational investigation of natural substances and their molecular effects and mechanisms in preventing skin squamous cell carcinoma, which has potentially severe clinical consequences. These studies comprise results of naturally occurring phytochemicals and green tea polyphenols in mouse models of UV-induced and chemically induced skin carcinogenesis and results of perillyl alcohol in a phase IIa clinical trial-all pointing to the great promise of this exciting approach for better understanding of and preventing skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, 71130, USA.
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