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Safdar M, Ullah M, Hamayun S, Wahab A, Khan SU, Abdikakhorovich SA, Haq ZU, Mehreen A, Naeem M, Mustopa AZ, Hasan N. Microbiome miracles and their pioneering advances and future frontiers in cardiovascular disease. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102686. [PMID: 38830479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a significant global health challenge, underscoring the need for innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. Recent years have seen a surge in interest in unraveling the complex relationship between the gut microbiome and cardiovascular health. This article delves into current research on the composition, diversity, and impact of the gut microbiome on CVD development. Recent advancements have elucidated the profound influence of the gut microbiome on disease progression, particularly through key mediators like Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and other microbial metabolites. Understanding these mechanisms reveals promising therapeutic targets, including interventions aimed at modulating the gut microbiome's interaction with the immune system and its contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Harnessing this understanding, personalized medicine strategies tailored to individuals' gut microbiome profiles offer innovative avenues for reducing cardiovascular risk. As research in this field continues to evolve, there is vast potential for transformative advancements in cardiovascular medicine, paving the way for precision prevention and treatment strategies to address this global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Safdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muneeb Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shah Hamayun
- Department of Cardiology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, 04485 Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Abbottabad, 22080, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Zia Ul Haq
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Public Health Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Mehreen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Apon Zaenal Mustopa
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research, and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Nurhasni Hasan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar 90245, Republic of Indonesia.
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2
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Baverstock K. Responses to commentaries on "The gene: An appraisal". PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 188:31-42. [PMID: 38360273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The central conclusions of "The Gene: An Appraisal" are that genetic variance does not underpin biological evolution, and, therefore, that genes are not Mendel's units of inheritance. In this response, I will address the criticisms I have received via commentaries on that paper by defending the following statements: 1. Epistasis does not explain the power-law fitness profile of the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE). The data from the evolution of natural systems displays the power-law form ubiquitously. Epistasis plays no role in evolution. 2. The common characteristics of living things (natural systems) are described by the principle of least action in de Maupertuis's original form, which is synonymous with the 2nd law of thermodynamics and Newton's 2nd law of motion in its complete form, i.e., F = dp/dt. Organisms strive to achieve free energy balance with their environments. 3. Based on an appraisal of the scientific environment between 1880 and 1911, I conclude that Johannsen's genotype conception was perhaps, the only option available to him. 4. The power-law fitness profile of the LTEE falsifies Fisher's Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Johannsen's genotype conception, and the idea that 'Darwinian evolution' is an exception to the generic thermodynamic process of evolution in natural systems. 5. The use of the technique of genome-wide association to identify the causes and the likelihoods of inherited common diseases and behavioural traits is a 'wild goose chase' because genes are not the units of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Baverstock
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Salahi A, Abd El-Ghany WA. Beyond probiotics, uses of their next-generation for poultry and humans: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38689488 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The production of healthy food is one of the basic requirements and challenges. Research efforts have been introduced in the human's food industry to reduce the microbial resistance and use safe and healthy alternatives with a high durability. However, the conducted work about these issues in the field of livestock animal production have been started since 2015. Inappropriate and extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the increase of antimicrobial resistance, presence of drug residues in tissues, and destruction of the gut microbiome. Therefore, discovering and developing antibiotic substitutes were urgent demands. Probiotic compounds containing living micro-organisms are important antibiotic alternative that have been beneficially and extensively used in humans, animals, and poultry. However, some probiotics show some obstacles during production and applications. Accordingly, this review article proposes a comprehensive description of the next-generation of probiotics including postbiotics, proteobiotics, psychobiotics, immunobiotics and paraprobiotics and their effects on poultry production and human's therapy. These compounds proved great efficiency in terms of restoring gut health, improving performance and general health conditions, modulating the immune response and reducing the pathogenic micro-organisms. However, more future research work should be carried out regarding this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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4
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Li L, Zhao X, Abdugheni R, Yu F, Zhao Y, Ma BF, Yang Z, Li R, Li Y, Maimaitiyiming Y, Maimaiti M. Gut microbiota changes associated with low-carbohydrate diet intervention for obesity. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220803. [PMID: 38299011 PMCID: PMC10828666 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) are frequently recommended for alleviating obesity, and the gut microbiota plays key roles in energy metabolism and weight loss. However, there is limited in-human research on how LCD changes gut microbiota. In this before-after study, 43 participants were assigned to the LCD intervention for 4 weeks. The main objective was to investigate the specific changes that occur in the participants' microbiome in response to the LCD. Changes in gut microbiota were analyzed using 16s rRNA sequencing. Body composition was measured using InBody 770. Remarkably, 35 participants (79.07%) lost more than 5% of their body weight; levels of BMI, body fat, and total cholesterol were significantly decreased, indicating the effectiveness of the LCD intervention. The richness of microbiota significantly increased after the intervention. By taking the intersection of ANOVA and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis results, we identified three phyla, three classes, four orders, five families, and six genera that were differentially enriched between baseline and week-4 time points. Among the three phyla, relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota decreased significantly, while Bacteroidetes increased significantly. At the genus level, Ruminococcus, Agathobacter, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium showed a significant reduction in relative abundances, whereas Parabacteroides and Bacteroides increased steadily. Our results demonstrate that LCD can effectively alleviate obesity and modify certain taxa of gut microbiota, providing potential insights for personalized dietary interventions against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Clinical Nutrition Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rashidin Abdugheni
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Urumqi, China
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunyun Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ba-Fang Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Clinical Nutrition Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Clinical Nutrition Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yue Li
- Clinical Nutrition Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yasen Maimaitiyiming
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Public Health, and Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mayila Maimaiti
- Clinical Nutrition Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, Xinjiang, China
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Feng X, Deng M, Zhang L, Pan Q. Impact of gut microbiota and associated mechanisms on postprandial glucose levels in patients with diabetes. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:363-371. [PMID: 38130636 PMCID: PMC10732577 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are serious medical and global burdens, often manifesting as postprandial hyperglycemia. In recent years, considerable research attention has focused on relationships between the gut microbiota and circulating postprandial glucose (PPG). Different population studies have suggested that PPG is closely related to the gut microbiota which may impact PPG via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Studies now show that gut microbiota models can predict PPG, with individualized nutrition intervention strategies used to regulate gut microbiota and improve glucose metabolism to facilitate the precision treatment of diabetes. However, few studies have been conducted in patients with diabetes. Therefore, little is known about the relationships between the gut microbiota and PPG in this cohort. Thus, more research is required to identify key gut microbiota and associated metabolites and pathways impacting PPG to provide potential therapeutic targets for PPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Mingqun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
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6
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Gekière A, Vanderplanck M, Hettiarachchi A, Semay I, Gerbaux P, Michez D, Joossens M, Vandamme P. A case study of the diet-microbiota-parasite interplay in bumble bees. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad303. [PMID: 38066692 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diets and parasites influence the gut bacterial symbionts of bumble bees, but potential interactive effects remain overlooked. The main objective of this study was to assess the isolated and interactive effects of sunflower pollen, its phenolamides, and the widespread trypanosomatid Crithidia sp. on the gut bacterial symbionts of Bombus terrestris males. METHODS AND RESULTS Bumble bee males emerged in microcolonies fed on either (i) willow pollen (control), (ii) sunflower pollen, or (iii) willow pollen spiked with phenolamide extracts from sunflower pollen. These microcolonies were infected by Crithidia sp. or were pathogen-free. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V3-V4 region), we observed a significant alteration of the beta diversity but not of the alpha diversity in the gut microbial communities of males fed on sunflower pollen compared to males fed on control pollen. Similarly, infection by the gut parasite Crithidia sp. altered the beta diversity but not the alpha diversity in the gut microbial communities of males, irrespective of the diet. By contrast, we did not observe any significant alteration of the beta or alpha diversity in the gut microbial communities of males fed on phenolamide-enriched pollen compared to males fed on control pollen. Changes in the beta diversity indicate significant dissimilarities of the bacterial taxa between the treatment groups, while the lack of difference in alpha diversity demonstrates no significant changes within each treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Bumble bees harbour consistent gut microbiota worldwide, but our results suggest that the gut bacterial communities of bumble bees are somewhat shaped by their diets and gut parasites as well as by the interaction of these two factors. This study confirms that bumble bees are suitable biological surrogates to assess the effect of diet and parasite infections on gut microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gekière
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Maryse Vanderplanck
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Amanda Hettiarachchi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 35 K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irène Semay
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 35 K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 35 K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Bondareva M, Budzinski L, Durek P, Witkowski M, Angermair S, Ninnemann J, Kreye J, Letz P, Ferreira-Gomes M, Semin I, Guerra GM, Momsen Reincke S, Sánchez-Sendin E, Yilmaz S, Sempert T, Heinz GA, Tizian C, Raftery M, Schönrich G, Matyushkina D, Smirnov IV, Govorun VM, Schrezenmeier E, Stefanski AL, Dörner T, Zocche S, Viviano E, Klement N, Sehmsdorf KJ, Lunin A, Chang HD, Drutskaya M, Kozlovskaya L, Treskatsch S, Radbruch A, Diefenbach A, Prüss H, Enghard P, Mashreghi MF, Kruglov AA. Cross-regulation of antibody responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and commensal microbiota via molecular mimicry. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1866-1881.e10. [PMID: 37944493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The commensal microflora provides a repertoire of antigens that illicit mucosal antibodies. In some cases, these antibodies can cross-react with host proteins, inducing autoimmunity, or with other microbial antigens. We demonstrate that the oral microbiota can induce salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies via molecular mimicry. Anti-Spike IgG antibodies in the saliva correlated with enhanced abundance of Streptococcus salivarius 1 month after anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Several human commensal bacteria, including S. salivarius, were recognized by SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and induced cross-reactive anti-Spike antibodies in mice, facilitating SARS-CoV-2 clearance. A specific S. salivarius protein, RSSL-01370, contains regions with homology to the Spike receptor-binding domain, and immunization of mice with RSSL-01370 elicited anti-Spike IgG antibodies in the serum. Additionally, oral S. salivarius supplementation enhanced salivary anti-Spike antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Altogether, these data show that distinct species of the human microbiota can express molecular mimics of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, potentially enhancing protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bondareva
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lisa Budzinski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Angermair
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Ninnemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Kreye
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philine Letz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iaroslav Semin
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gabriela Maria Guerra
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Momsen Reincke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Selin Yilmaz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Sempert
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gitta Anne Heinz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Matyushkina
- Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Scientific Driveway, 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vadim M Govorun
- Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Scientific Driveway, 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Luisa Stefanski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Zocche
- Departments of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Viviano
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nele Klement
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Johanna Sehmsdorf
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Lunin
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Drutskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey A Kruglov
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Stolzer I, Scherer E, Süß P, Rothhammer V, Winner B, Neurath MF, Günther C. Impact of Microbiome-Brain Communication on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14925. [PMID: 37834373 PMCID: PMC10573483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health, with numerous studies demonstrating that alterations in microbial compositions can significantly affect the development and progression of various immune-mediated diseases affecting both the digestive tract and the central nervous system (CNS). This complex interplay between the microbiota, the gut, and the CNS is referred to as the gut-brain axis. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has gained increasing attention in recent years, and evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis may contribute to disease development and progression. Clinical studies have shown alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis patients, with a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria. Furthermore, changes within the microbial community have been linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Microbiota-gut-brain communication can impact neurodegenerative diseases through various mechanisms, including the regulation of immune function, the production of microbial metabolites, as well as modulation of host-derived soluble factors. This review describes the current literature on the gut-brain axis and highlights novel communication systems that allow cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host that might influence the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Stolzer
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eveline Scherer
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Süß
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Jiang M, Yang Z, Dai J, Wu T, Jiao Z, Yu Y, Ning K, Chen W, Yang A. Intratumor microbiome: selective colonization in the tumor microenvironment and a vital regulator of tumor biology. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e376. [PMID: 37771912 PMCID: PMC10522974 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphic microbiome has been proposed as a new hallmark of cancer. Intratumor microbiome has been revealed to play vital roles in regulating tumor initiation and progression, but the regulatory mechanisms have not been fully uncovered. In this review, we illustrated that similar to other components in the tumor microenvironment, the reside and composition of intratumor microbiome are regulated by tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. The intratumor hypoxic, immune suppressive, and highly permeable microenvironment may select certain microbiomes, and tumor cells may directly interact with microbiome via molecular binding or secretions. Conversely, the intratumor microbiomes plays vital roles in regulating tumor initiation and progression via regulating the mutational landscape, the function of genes in tumor cells and modulating the tumor microenvironment, including immunity, inflammation, angiogenesis, stem cell niche, etc. Moreover, intratumor microbiome is regulated by anti-cancer therapies and actively influences therapy response, which could be a therapeutic target or engineered to be a therapy weapon in the clinic. This review highlights the intratumor microbiome as a vital component in the tumor microenvironment, uncovers potential mutual regulatory mechanisms between the tumor microenvironment and intratumor microbiome, and points out the ongoing research directions and drawbacks of the research area, which should broaden our view of microbiome and enlighten further investigation directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Yang
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Dai
- Department of Intensive Care UnitSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Zan Jiao
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yongchao Yu
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Kang Ning
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Weichao Chen
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Ankui Yang
- Department of Head and Neck SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouP. R. China
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10
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Cobb J, Soliman SSM, Retuerto M, Quijano JC, Orr C, Ghannoum M, Kandeel F, Husseiny MI. Changes in the gut microbiota of NOD mice in response to an oral Salmonella-based vaccine against type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285905. [PMID: 37224176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an oral Salmonella-based vaccine that prevents and reverses diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Related to this, the gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex dynamic population of microorganisms, the gut microbiome, that influences host homeostasis and metabolism. Changes in the gut microbiome are associated with insulin dysfunction and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Oral administration of diabetic autoantigens as a vaccine can restore immune balance. However, it was not known if a Salmonella-based vaccine would impact the gut microbiome. We administered a Salmonella-based vaccine to prediabetic NOD mice. Changes in the gut microbiota and associated metabolome were assessed using next-generation sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Salmonella-based vaccine did not cause significant changes in the gut microbiota composition immediately after vaccination although at 30 days post-vaccination changes were seen. Additionally, no changes were noted in the fecal mycobiome between vaccine- and control/vehicle-treated mice. Significant changes in metabolic pathways related to inflammation and proliferation were found after vaccine administration. The results from this study suggest that an oral Salmonella-based vaccine alters the gut microbiome and metabolome towards a more tolerant composition. These results support the use of orally administered Salmonella-based vaccines that induced tolerance after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Cobb
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mauricio Retuerto
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Orr
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed I Husseiny
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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11
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Zhao Y, Sun J, Ding M, Hayat Khattak R, Teng L, Liu Z. Growth Stages and Inter-Species Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Captive Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus alxaicus) and Blue Sheep ( Pseudois nayaur). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040553. [PMID: 36830340 PMCID: PMC9951700 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue sheep and red deer, second-class key protected animals in China, are sympatric species with a high degree of overlap of food resources in the Helan Mountains, China. Previous studies with blue sheep and red deer in nature have shown that their physiology is closely related to their gut microbiota. However, growth stages and changes occurring in these species in captivity are still unknown. Thus, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to explore diversity, composition and function of the gut microbiota in these two animal species. The diversity and structure of the gut microbiota in captive blue sheep and red deer changed at different growth stages, but the dominant microbiota phyla in the gut microbiota remained stable, which was composed of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Moreover, gut microbiota diversity in juvenile blue sheep and red deer was low, with the potential for further colonization. Functional predictions showed differences such as red deer transcription being enriched in adults, and blue sheep adults having a higher cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis than juveniles. Microbial changes between blue sheep and red deer at different growth stages and between species mainly depend on the abundance of the microbiota, rather than the increase and absence of the bacterial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Liaoning Wildlife Protection and Epidemic Disease Monitoring Center, Dalian 116013, China
| | - Mengqi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Romaan Hayat Khattak
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Liwei Teng
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin 150090, China
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin 150090, China
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (Z.L.)
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12
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Zunino P. Native microbiomes in danger: Could One Health help to cope with this threat to global health? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.178-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Planetary health faces an emergency associated with global change. Climate change, the increase in world population and urban concentration, the hyperintensification of productive systems, and the associated changes in land use, among other factors, are generating a risky substrate for global health deterioration. The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is an example of the problems that this situation can provoke. Several researchers and health professionals have addressed the role of microorganisms, particularly bacteria, in promoting global health, mainly in the past decades. However, global changes have contributed to the extinction of a wide array of bacterial species and the disruption of microbial communities that support the homeostasis of humans, animals, and the environment. The need to protect the diversity and richness of native microbiomes in biotic and abiotic environments is crucial but has been frequently underestimated. The "One Health" approach, based on integrating traditionally unconnected fields such as human, animal, and environmental health, could provide a helpful framework to face this challenge. Anyway, drastic political decisions will be needed to tackle this global health crisis, in which the preservation of native microbial resources plays a critical role, even in preventing the risk of a new pandemic. This review aims to explain the importance of native microbiomes in biotic and abiotic ecosystems and the need to consider bacterial extinction as a crucial problem that could be addressed under a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zunino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
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13
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Brown G, Hoedt EC, Keely S, Shah A, Walker MM, Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Role of the duodenal microbiota in functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14372. [PMID: 35403776 PMCID: PMC9786680 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common and debilitating gastrointestinal disorder attributed to altered gut-brain interactions. While the etiology of FD remains unknown, emerging research suggests the mechanisms are likely multifactorial and heterogenous among patient subgroups. Small bowel motor disturbances, visceral hypersensitivity, chronic microinflammation, and increased intestinal tract permeability have all been linked to the pathogenesis of FD. Recently, alterations to the gut microbiome have also been implicated to play an important role in the disease. Changes to the duodenal microbiota may either trigger or be a consequence of immune and neuronal disturbances observed in the disease, but the mechanisms of influence of small intestinal flora on gastrointestinal function and symptomatology are unknown. PURPOSE This review summarizes and synthesizes the literature on the link between the microbiota, low-grade inflammatory changes in the duodenum and FD. This review is not intended to provide a complete overview of FD or the small intestinal microbiota, but instead outline some of the key conceptual advances in understanding the interactions between altered gastrointestinal bacterial communities; dietary factors; host immune activation; and stimulation of the gut-brain axes in patients with FD versus controls. Current and emerging treatment approaches such as dietary interventions and antibiotic or probiotic use that have demonstrated symptom benefits for patients are reviewed, and their role in modulating the host-microbiota is discussed. Finally, suggested opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic improvements for patients with this condition are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Brown
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Emily C. Hoedt
- AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon Keely
- AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ayesha Shah
- AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Marjorie M. Walker
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia,Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyPrincess Alexandra HospitalWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nicholas J. Talley
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,AGIRA (Australian Gastrointestinal Research Alliance)NewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive HealthNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia,Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
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14
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Khan MN, Khan SI, Rana MI, Ayyaz A, Khan MY, Imran M. Intermittent fasting positively modulates human gut microbial diversity and ameliorates blood lipid profile. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:922727. [PMID: 36081793 PMCID: PMC9445987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim was to evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) on human body mass index (BMI) and serum lipid profile thorough constructive rectification of gut microbiota. Methods and results Fourteen healthy women and thirty-one men were included in the study. Their blood and fecal samples were collected before and at the end of the study. Blood parameters, anthropometric values, and gut microbiology were noted to investigate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) on human gut microbiota and physiology. Our data revealed that IF reduces the body weight and improves blood lipid profile, such as increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and decreasing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low- and very low-density lipoprotein levels. IF also decreases culturable aerobic bacterial count and increased fungal count. It was also found that the gut metagenome is altered considerably after IF. The human fecal bacterial diversity exhibited significant changes in decreased overall bacterial population, increased bacterial diversity (alpha diversity), and promoted evenness within the bacterial population at the species level. Anti-inflammatory bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were favorably increased, while pathogenic bacteria were decreased. Conclusion Collectively, these results indicated that IF could improve lipid profile and body weight in humans, and the potential mechanisms might be via regulating gut microbiota. Significance and impact of the study We demonstrated for the first time that IF improved body weight and blood lipid profile, indicating that IF could mitigate gut microbiota in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Irshad Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Ilyas Rana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Ayyaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Muhammad Yousaf Khan
- Department of Pathology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Beyoğlu D, Idle JR. The gut microbiota - a vehicle for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115225. [PMID: 35998677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises principally against a background of cirrhosis and these two diseases are responsible globally for over 2 million deaths a year. There are few treatment options for liver cirrhosis and HCC, so it is vital to arrest these pathologies early in their development. To do so, we propose dietary and therapeutic solutions that involve the gut microbiota and its consequences. Integrated dietary, environmental and intrinsic signals result in a bidirectional connection between the liver and the gut with its microbiota, known as the gut-liver axis. Numerous lifestyle factors can result in dysbiosis with a change in the functional composition and metabolic activity of the microbiota. A panoply of metabolites can be produced by the microbiota, including ethanol, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine, indole, quinolone, phenazine and their derivatives and the quorum sensor acyl homoserine lactones that may contribute to HCC but have yet to be fully investigated. Gram-negative bacteria can activate the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the liver leading to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling, which can contribute to HCC initiation and progression. The goal in preventing HCC should be to ensure a healthy gut microbiota using probiotic supplements containing beneficial bacteria and prebiotic plant fibers such as oligosaccharides that stimulate their growth. The clinical development of TLR4 antagonists is urgently needed to counteract the pathological effects of dysbiosis on the liver and other organs. Further nutrigenomic studies are required to understand better how the diet influences the gut microbiota and its adverse effects on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diren Beyoğlu
- Arthur G. Zupko Institute for Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Idle
- Arthur G. Zupko Institute for Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
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16
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He L, Yang FQ, Tang P, Gao TH, Yang CX, Tan L, Yue P, Hua YN, Liu SJ, Guo JL. Regulation of the intestinal flora: A potential mechanism of natural medicines in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113091. [PMID: 35576662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of heterogeneous disorders, which are usually subdivided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the onset of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes primarily involves autoimmune insulin deficiency. In comparison, type 2 diabetes is contributed by the pathological state of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In recent years, significant differences were found in the abundance of microflora, intestinal barrier, and intestinal metabolites in diabetic subjects when compared to normal subjects. To further understand the relationship between diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora, this paper summarizes the interaction mechanism between diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Furthermore, the natural compounds found to treat diabetes through intestinal flora were classified and summarized. This review is expected to provide a valuable resource for the development of new diabetic drugs and the applications of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying He
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Fang-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Pan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ting-Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Pan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Hua
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Si-Jing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jin-Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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17
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Grenda A, Grenda T, Domaradzki P, Kwiatek K. Enterococci-Involvement in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment: A Mini-Review. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060687. [PMID: 35745541 PMCID: PMC9227201 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, heterogeneous lactic acid bacteria inhabiting various environments. Several species of Enterococci are considered to be able to stimulate the immune system and play an important role in intestinal homeostasis. Some Enterococci can be used as probiotics. Some strains of E. faecium are components of pharmaceutical products used to treat diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, it has been proved that they are responsible for food contamination, and are sometimes undesirable from the point of view of food technology. Additionally, the virulence and multi-drug resistance of Enterococci potentially pose a risk of an epidemic, especially in hospital environments. Moreover, there are indications of their negative role in colon tumorigenesis; however, some nterococci are proved to support immunotherapy in cancer treatment. In general, it can be concluded that this group of microorganisms, despite its nature, has properties that can be used to support cancer treatment—both aggressive chemotherapy and cutting-edge therapy targeting immune checkpoints (IC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-724-42-93
| | - Tomasz Grenda
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (T.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Piotr Domaradzki
- Department of Commodity Science and Animal Raw Materials Processing, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (T.G.); (K.K.)
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An Advanced Bioreactor Simulating Dynamic Physiological Conditions in the Human Ascending Colon: MimiCol3. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051049. [PMID: 35631635 PMCID: PMC9146976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the colon has become a hot topic in biopharmaceutical research as several in vitro models of the human colon have been presented. A major focus is on the characterization of the microbiota and its capabilities. The aim of the present study was to further develop the MimiCol, preserving its properties and accelerating data acquisition. Emphasis was placed on the simplicity of its design and easy scalability. To prove the viability of the concept, degradation of sulfasalazine was investigated, and the bacterial composition during the experiment was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The transfer of the experimental conditions to the new model was successful. Commercially available components were implemented in the setup. The model MimiCol3 represented the colon ascendens satisfactorily in its properties regarding volume, pH value, and redox potential. 16S rRNA sequencing led to further insights into the bacterial composition in the vessels. Degradation of sulfasalazine was in good agreement with in vivo data. The new model of the colon ascendens MimiCol3 enabled us to collect more reliable data, as three experiments were conducted simultaneously under the same conditions.
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Nourishing the Human Holobiont to Reduce the Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Cow’s Milk Evidence Map Example. Appl Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome revolution brought the realization that diet, health, and safety for humans in reality means diet, health, and safety for the human holobiont/superorganism. Eating healthier means much more than just feeding human cells. Our diet must also nourish the combination of our microbiome and our connected physiological systems (e.g., the microimmunosome). For this reason, there has been an interest in returning to ancestral “complete” unprocessed foods enriched in microbes, including raw milks. To contribute to this inevitable “nourishing the holobiont” trend, we introduce a systematic risk–benefit analysis tool (evidence mapping), which facilitates transdisciplinary state-of-the-science decisions that transcend single scientific disciplines. Our prior paper developed an evidence map (a type of risk–benefit mind map) for raw vs. processed/pasteurized human breast milk. In the present paper, we follow with a comprehensive evidence map and narrative for raw/natural vs. processed/pasteurized cow’s milk. Importantly, the evidence maps incorporate clinical data for both infectious and non-communicable diseases and allow the impact of modern agricultural, food management, and medical and veterinary monitoring outcomes to be captured. Additionally, we focus on the impact of raw milks (as “complete” foods) on the microimmunosome, the microbiome-systems biology unit that significantly determines risk of the world’s number one cause of human death, non-communicable diseases.
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Charalambous EG, Mériaux SB, Guebels P, Muller CP, Leenen FAD, Elwenspoek MMC, Thiele I, Hertel J, Turner JD. Early-Life Adversity Leaves Its Imprint on the Oral Microbiome for More Than 20 Years and Is Associated with Long-Term Immune Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312682. [PMID: 34884490 PMCID: PMC8657988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early-life microbiome (ELM) interacts with the psychosocial environment, in particular during early-life adversity (ELA), defining life-long health trajectories. The ELM also plays a significant role in the maturation of the immune system. We hypothesised that, in this context, the resilience of the oral microbiomes, despite being composed of diverse and distinct communities, allows them to retain an imprint of the early environment. Using 16S amplicon sequencing on the EpiPath cohort, we demonstrate that ELA leaves an imprint on both the salivary and buccal oral microbiome 24 years after exposure to adversity. Furthermore, the changes in both communities were associated with increased activation, maturation, and senescence of both innate and adaptive immune cells, although the interaction was partly dependent on prior herpesviridae exposure and current smoking. Our data suggest the presence of multiple links between ELA, Immunosenescence, and cytotoxicity that occur through long-term changes in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria G. Charalambous
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie B. Mériaux
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
| | - Pauline Guebels
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
| | - Fleur A. D. Leenen
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
| | - Martha M. C. Elwenspoek
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
| | - Ines Thiele
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (I.T.); (J.H.)
- Ryan Institute, National University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Division of Microbiology, National University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, T12 HW58 Cork, Ireland
| | - Johannes Hertel
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (I.T.); (J.H.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.C.); (S.B.M.); (P.G.); (C.P.M.); (F.A.D.L.); (M.M.C.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-26970-629
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Competitive Coherence Generates Qualia in Bacteria and Other Living Systems. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101034. [PMID: 34681133 PMCID: PMC8533353 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of bacteria to subjective experiences or qualia is underappreciated. Here, I make four proposals. Firstly, living systems traverse sequences of active states that determine their behaviour; these states result from competitive coherence, which depends on connectivity-based competition between a Next process and a Now process, whereby elements in the active state at time n+1 are chosen between the elements in the active state at time n and those elements in the developing n+1 state. Secondly, bacteria should help us link the mental to the physical world given that bacteria were here first, are highly complex, influence animal behaviour and dominate the Earth. Thirdly, the operation of competitive coherence to generate active states in bacteria, brains and other living systems is inseparable from qualia. Fourthly, these qualia become particularly important to the generation of active states in the highest levels of living systems, namely, the ecosystem and planetary levels.
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Méndez-Salazar EO, Martínez-Nava GA. Uric acid extrarenal excretion: the gut microbiome as an evident yet understated factor in gout development. Rheumatol Int 2021; 42:403-412. [PMID: 34586473 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-05007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans do not produce uricase, an enzyme responsible for degrading uric acid. However, some bacteria residing in the gut can degrade one-third of the dietary and endogenous uric acid generated daily. New insights based on metagenomic and metabolomic approaches provide a new interest in exploring the involvement of gut microbiota in gout. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying this association are complex and have not been widely discussed. In this study, we aimed to review the evidence that suggests uric acid extrarenal excretion and gut microbiome are potential risk factors for developing gout. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using several keywords, including "gut microbiome AND gout". A remarkable intestinal dysbiosis and shifts in abundance of certain bacterial taxa in gout patients have been consistently reported among different studies. Under this condition, bacteria might have developed adaptive mechanisms for de novo biosynthesis and salvage of purines, and thus, a concomitant alteration in uric acid metabolism. Moreover, gut microbiota can produce substrates that might cross the portal vein so the liver can generate de novo purinogenic amino acids, as well as uric acid. Therefore, the extrarenal excretion of uric acid needs to be considered as a factor in gout development. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to fully understand the role of gut microbiome in uric acid production and its extrarenal excretion, and to point out possible bacteria or bacterial enzymes that could be used as probiotic coadjutant treatment in gout patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Angélica Martínez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
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23
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The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.-Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091900. [PMID: 34576796 PMCID: PMC8470767 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic cocci, which are found in the intestinal flora and, less frequently, in the vagina or mouth. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species found in humans. As commensals, enterococci colonize the digestive system and participate in the modulation of the immune system in humans and animals. For many years reference enterococcal strains have been used as probiotic food additives or have been recommended as supplements for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis and other conditions. The use of Enterococcus strains as probiotics has recently become controversial due to the ease of acquiring different virulence factors and resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Enterococci are also seen as opportunistic pathogens. This problem is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur. Their ability to translocate from the gastro-intestinal tract to various tissues and organs as well as their virulence and antibiotic resistance are risk factors that hinder eradication. Due to numerous reports on the plasticity of the enterococcal genome and the acquisition of pathogenic microbial features, we ask ourselves, how far is this commensal genus from acquiring pathogenicity? This paper discusses both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity.
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24
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Dietert RR. Microbiome First Medicine in Health and Safety. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091099. [PMID: 34572284 PMCID: PMC8468398 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiome First Medicine is a suggested 21st century healthcare paradigm that prioritizes the entire human, the human superorganism, beginning with the microbiome. To date, much of medicine has protected and treated patients as if they were a single species. This has resulted in unintended damage to the microbiome and an epidemic of chronic disorders [e.g., noncommunicable diseases and conditions (NCDs)]. Along with NCDs came loss of colonization resistance, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, and increasing multimorbidity and polypharmacy over the life course. To move toward sustainable healthcare, the human microbiome needs to be front and center. This paper presents microbiome-human physiology from the view of systems biology regulation. It also details the ongoing NCD epidemic including the role of existing drugs and other factors that damage the human microbiome. Examples are provided for two entryway NCDs, asthma and obesity, regarding their extensive network of comorbid NCDs. Finally, the challenges of ensuring safety for the microbiome are detailed. Under Microbiome-First Medicine and considering the importance of keystone bacteria and critical windows of development, changes in even a few microbiota-prioritized medical decisions could make a significant difference in health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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25
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Wu H, Chiou J. Potential Benefits of Probiotics and Prebiotics for Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke. Nutrients 2021; 13:2878. [PMID: 34445037 PMCID: PMC8401746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, coronary heart disease and stroke are the most well-known and extensively studied. The onset and progression of CVD is associated with multiple risk factors, among which, gut microbiota has received much attention in the past two decades. Gut microbiota, the microbial community colonizing in the gut, plays a prominent role in human health. In particular, gut dysbiosis is directly related to many acute or chronic dysfunctions of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in the host. Earlier studies have demonstrated that the pathogenesis of CVD is strongly linked to intestinal microbiota imbalance and inflammatory responses. Probiotics and prebiotics conferring various health benefits on the host are emerging as promising therapeutic interventions for many diseases. These two types of food supplements have the potential to alleviate the risks of CVD through improving the levels of several cardiovascular markers, such as total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and certain cytokines involved in the inflammatory response. In this review, we focus mainly on the preventive effects of probiotics and prebiotics on CVD via rebalancing the structural and functional changes in gut microbiota and maintaining immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicui Wu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiachi Chiou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Lim JJ, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Wang D, Gu H, Cui JY. Gut Microbiome Critically Impacts PCB-induced Changes in Metabolic Fingerprints and the Hepatic Transcriptome in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:168-187. [PMID: 32544245 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitously detected and have been linked to metabolic diseases. Gut microbiome is recognized as a critical regulator of disease susceptibility; however, little is known how PCBs and gut microbiome interact to modulate hepatic xenobiotic and intermediary metabolism. We hypothesized the gut microbiome regulates PCB-mediated changes in the metabolic fingerprints and hepatic transcriptome. Ninety-day-old female conventional and germ-free mice were orally exposed to the Fox River Mixture (synthetic PCB mixture, 6 or 30 mg/kg) or corn oil (vehicle control, 10 ml/kg), once daily for 3 consecutive days. RNA-seq was conducted in liver, and endogenous metabolites were measured in liver and serum by LC-MS. Prototypical target genes of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, pregnane X receptor, and constitutive androstane receptor were more readily upregulated by PCBs in conventional conditions, indicating PCBs, to the hepatic transcriptome, act partly through the gut microbiome. In a gut microbiome-dependent manner, xenobiotic, and steroid metabolism pathways were upregulated, whereas response to misfolded proteins-related pathways was downregulated by PCBs. At the high PCB dose, NADP, and arginine appear to interact with drug-metabolizing enzymes (ie, Cyp1-3 family), which are highly correlated with Ruminiclostridium and Roseburia, providing a novel explanation of gut-liver interaction from PCB-exposure. Utilizing the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures L1000 database, therapeutics targeting anti-inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways are predicted to be remedies that can mitigate PCB toxicity. Our findings demonstrate that habitation of the gut microbiota drives PCB-mediated hepatic responses. Our study adds knowledge of physiological response differences from PCB exposure and considerations for further investigations for gut microbiome-dependent therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Zilber-Rosenberg I, Rosenberg E. Microbial driven genetic variation in holobionts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6261188. [PMID: 33930136 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in holobionts, (host and microbiome), occurring by changes in both host and microbiome genomes, can be observed from two perspectives: observable variations and the processes that bring about the variation. The observable includes the enormous genetic diversity of prokaryotes, which gave rise to eukaryotic organisms. Holobionts then evolved a rich microbiome with a stable core containing essential genes, less so common taxa, and a more diverse non-core enabling considerable genetic variation. The result being that, the human gut microbiome, for example, contains 1,000 times more unique genes than are present in the human genome. Microbial driven genetic variation processes in holobionts include: (1) Acquisition of novel microbes from the environment, which bring in multiple genes in one step, (2) amplification/reduction of certain microbes in the microbiome, that contribute to holobiont` s adaptation to changing conditions, (3) horizontal gene transfer between microbes and between microbes and host, (4) mutation, which plays an important role in optimizing interactions between different microbiota and between microbiota and host. We suggest that invertebrates and plants, where microbes can live intracellularly, have a greater chance of genetic exchange between microbiota and host, thus a greater chance of vertical transmission and a greater effect of microbiome on evolution of host than vertebrates. However, even in vertebrates the microbiome can aid in environmental fluctuations by amplification/reduction and by acquisition of novel microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Zilber-Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Eugene Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Israel
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28
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Fernandez-Julia PJ, Munoz-Munoz J, van Sinderen D. A comprehensive review on the impact of β-glucan metabolism by Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species as members of the gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:877-889. [PMID: 33864864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β-glucans are polysaccharides which can be obtained from different sources, and which have been described as potential prebiotics. The beneficial effects associated with β-glucan intake are that they reduce energy intake, lower cholesterol levels and support the immune system. Nevertheless, the mechanism(s) of action underpinning these health effects related to β-glucans are still unclear, and the precise impact of β-glucans on the gut microbiota has been subject to debate and revision. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances involving structurally different types of β-glucans as fermentable substrates for Bacteroidetes (mainly Bacteroides) and Bifidobacterium species as glycan degraders. Bacteroides is one of the most abundant bacterial components of the human gut microbiota, while bifidobacteria are widely employed as a probiotic ingredient. Both are generalist glycan degraders capable of using a wide range of substrates: Bacteroides spp. are specialized as primary degraders in the metabolism of complex carbohydrates, whereas Bifidobacterium spp. more commonly metabolize smaller glycans, in particular oligosaccharides, sometimes through syntrophic interactions with Bacteroides spp., in which they act as secondary degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Fernandez-Julia
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Munoz-Munoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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29
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Harper A, Vijayakumar V, Ouwehand AC, ter Haar J, Obis D, Espadaler J, Binda S, Desiraju S, Day R. Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596166. [PMID: 33643929 PMCID: PMC7907522 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections continue to cause considerable morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent rises in these infections are likely due to complex and multifactorial external drivers, including climate change, the increased mobility of people and goods and rapid demographic change to name but a few. In parallel with these external factors, we are gaining a better understanding of the internal factors associated with viral immunity. Increasingly the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been shown to be a significant player in the host immune system, acting as a key regulator of immunity and host defense mechanisms. An increasing body of evidence indicates that disruption of the homeostasis between the GI microbiome and the host immune system can adversely impact viral immunity. This review aims to shed light on our understanding of how host-microbiota interactions shape the immune system, including early life factors, antibiotic exposure, immunosenescence, diet and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss the evidence base for how host commensal organisms and microbiome therapeutics can impact the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections, such as viral gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), influenza and SARS CoV-2. The interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome, invasive viruses and host physiology is complex and yet to be fully characterized, but increasingly the evidence shows that the microbiome can have an impact on viral disease outcomes. While the current evidence base is informative, further well designed human clinical trials will be needed to fully understand the array of immunological mechanisms underlying this intricate relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Harper
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Vineetha Vijayakumar
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Vineetha Vijayakumar,
| | - Arthur C. Ouwehand
- Global Health and Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| | | | - David Obis
- Innovation Science & Nutrition Department, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Richard Day
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
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30
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Yang KL, Lejeune A, Chang G, Scher JU, Koralov SB. Microbial-derived antigens and metabolites in spondyloarthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:163-172. [PMID: 33569635 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory diseases affecting the bone, synovium, and enthesis. Microbiome, the community of microorganisms that has co-evolved with human hosts, plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. This invisible "essential organ" supplies the host with a myriad of chemicals and molecules. In turn, microbial metabolites can serve as messengers for microbes to communicate with each other and in the cross-talk with host cells. Gut dysbiosis in SpA is associated with altered microbial metabolites, and an accumulated body of research has contributed to the understanding that changes in intestinal microbiota can modulate disease pathogenesis. We review the novel findings from human and animal studies to provide an overview of the contribution of individual microbial metabolites and antigens to SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Lu Yang
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 522 First Ave. Smilow Research Bldg 511, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Alannah Lejeune
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 522 First Ave. Smilow Research Bldg 511, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gregory Chang
- Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jose U Scher
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Division of Rheumatology and Psoriatic Arthritis Center, 301 East 17th St, Room 1608, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 522 First Ave. Smilow Research Bldg 511, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Dvorak Z, Klapholz M, Burris TP, Willing BP, Gioiello A, Pellicciari R, Galli F, March J, O'Keefe SJ, Sartor RB, Kim CH, Levy M, Mani S. Weak Microbial Metabolites: a Treasure Trove for Using Biomimicry to Discover and Optimize Drugs. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:343-349. [PMID: 32764096 PMCID: PMC7485585 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, traditional drug discovery has used natural product and synthetic chemistry approaches to generate libraries of compounds, with some ending as promising drug candidates. A complementary approach has been to adopt the concept of biomimicry of natural products and metabolites so as to improve multiple drug-like features of the parent molecule. In this effort, promiscuous and weak interactions between ligands and receptors are often ignored in a drug discovery process. In this Emerging Concepts article, we highlight microbial metabolite mimicry, whereby parent metabolites have weak interactions with their receptors that then have led to discrete examples of more potent and effective drug-like molecules. We show specific examples of parent-metabolite mimics with potent effects in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we show examples of emerging microbial ligand-receptor interactions and provide a context in which these ligands could be improved as potential drugs. A balanced conceptual advance is provided in which we also acknowledge potential pitfalls-hyperstimulation of finely balanced receptor-ligand interactions could also be detrimental. However, with balance, we provide examples of where this emerging concept needs to be tested. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Microbial metabolite mimicry is a novel way to expand on the chemical repertoire of future drugs. The emerging concept is now explained using specific examples of the discovery of therapeutic leads from microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Max Klapholz
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - John March
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Stephen J O'Keefe
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Chang H Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Maayan Levy
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
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Al Theyab A, Almutairi T, Al-Suwaidi AM, Bendriss G, McVeigh C, Chaari A. Epigenetic Effects of Gut Metabolites: Exploring the Path of Dietary Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Nutr 2020; 7:563605. [PMID: 33072796 PMCID: PMC7541812 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.563605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased over the past half century and has now become the second most frequent autoimmune disease in childhood and one of major public health concern worldwide. Evidence suggests that modern lifestyles and rapid environmental changes are driving factors that underlie this increase. The integration of these two factors brings about changes in food intake. This, in turn, alters epigenetic regulations of the genome and intestinal microbiota composition, which may ultimately play a role in pathogenesis of T1D. Recent evidence shows that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is closely associated with T1D and that a dietary intervention can influence epigenetic changes associated with this disease and may modify gene expression patterns through epigenetic mechanisms. In this review focus on how a diet can shape the gut microbiome, its effect on the epigenome in T1D, and the future of T1D management by microbiome therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Theyab
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Turki Almutairi
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Clare McVeigh
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Chaari
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Holuka C, Merz MP, Fernandes SB, Charalambous EG, Seal SV, Grova N, Turner JD. The COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Our Early Life Environment, Life Trajectory and Socioeconomic Status Determine Disease Susceptibility and Severity? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5094. [PMID: 32707661 PMCID: PMC7404093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A poor socioeconomic environment and social adversity are fundamental determinants of human life span, well-being and health. Previous influenza pandemics showed that socioeconomic factors may determine both disease detection rates and overall outcomes, and preliminary data from the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic suggests that this is still true. Over the past years it has become clear that early-life adversity (ELA) plays a critical role biasing the immune system towards a pro-inflammatory and senescent phenotype many years later. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) appear to be particularly sensitive to the early life social environment. As we understand more about the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 it appears that a functional CTL (CD8+) response is required to clear the infection and COVID-19 severity is increased as the CD8+ response becomes somehow diminished or exhausted. This raises the hypothesis that the ELA-induced pro-inflammatory and senescent phenotype may play a role in determining the clinical course of COVID-19, and the convergence of ELA-induced senescence and COVID-19 induced exhaustion represents the worst-case scenario with the least effective T-cell response. If the correct data is collected, it may be possible to separate the early life elements that have made people particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 many years later. This will, naturally, then help us identify those that are most at risk from developing the severest forms of COVID-19. In order to do this, we need to recognize socioeconomic and early-life factors as genuine medically and clinically relevant data that urgently need to be collected. Finally, many biological samples have been collected in the ongoing studies. The mechanisms linking the early life environment with a defined later-life phenotype are starting to be elucidated, and perhaps hold the key to understanding inequalities and differences in the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Holuka
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Myriam P. Merz
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Sara B. Fernandes
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Eleftheria G. Charalambous
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Snehaa V. Seal
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54506 Nancy, France
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
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Streptomyces-Derived Metabolites with Potential Photoprotective Properties-A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis on the Reported Chemodiversity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143221. [PMID: 32679651 PMCID: PMC7397340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sun overexposure is associated with the development of diseases that primarily affect the skin, which can lead to skin cancer. Among the main measures of photoprotection is the use of sunscreens. However, there is currently concern about the reported harmful effects to both humans and the environment due to several of the sunscreen ingredients available on the market. For this reason, the search for and development of new agents with photoprotective properties is required. In searching for these metabolites, researchers have turned their attention to microbial sources, especially the microbiota in unusual hostile environments. Among the diverse microorganisms available in nature, Actinobacteria and specifically Streptomyces, have been shown to be a source of metabolites with various biological activities of interest, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and immunomodulator activities. Herein, we present the results of a systematic review of the literature in which Streptomyces isolates were studied as a source of compounds with photoprotective properties. A meta-analysis of the structure-property and structure-activity relationships of those metabolites identified in the qualitative analysis phase was also carried out. These findings indicate that Streptomyces are a source of metabolites with potential applications in the development of new, safe and more eco-friendly sunscreens.
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Wang ST, Meng XZ, Zhang JH, Dai YF, Shen Y, Xu XY, Wang RQ, Li JL. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of the correlation between the intestinal microbiota and body-mass of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100699. [PMID: 32540548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There appears to be a close correlation between intestinal microbiotas and obesity. Still, our understanding of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and body-mass in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) remains limited. Herein, we explored this association in the anterior, middle, and posterior intestine of cohabitating grass carp by using next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that alpha diversity indices of the low-weight-gain (LWG) groups were higher than that of the high-weight-gain (HWG) groups. HWG groups possessed the decreased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes compared with that in the LWG groups. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed that there were significant differences between the HWG and LWG groups. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) coupled with effect size (LEfSe) showed that the order Clostridiales were significantly abundant in the HWG groups. Phylogenetic molecular ecology networks (pMENs) showed a lower average path distance (GD), higher average clustering coefficient (avgCC), and higher average degree (avgK) in the HWG group. Our results suggested that there appeared to be a tight correlation between the intestinal microbiota and body-mass in grass carp. The study provides a referable resource for establishing the relationship between intestinal microbiotas and economic traits, which also lays a foundation for the progress of new fish probiotic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xin-Zhan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jia-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ya-Fan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - YuBang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Rong-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Suzhou Shenhang Eco-technology Development Limited Company, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jia-Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of how the gut microbiota contributes to human health and diseases have expanded our insight into how microbial composition and function affect the human host. Heart failure is associated with splanchnic circulation congestion, leading to bowel wall oedema and impaired intestinal barrier function. This situation is thought to heighten the overall inflammatory state via increased bacterial translocation and the presence of bacterial products in the systemic blood circulation. Several metabolites produced by gut microorganisms from dietary metabolism have been linked to pathologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome functions like an endocrine organ by generating bioactive metabolites that can directly or indirectly affect host physiology. In this Review, we discuss several newly discovered gut microbial metabolic pathways, including the production of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, and secondary bile acids, that seem to participate in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. We also discuss the gut microbiome as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and potential strategies for targeting intestinal microbial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department for Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Center for Clinical Genomics, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Daniel Y Li
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department for Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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37
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Tiffany CR, Bäumler AJ. Dysbiosis: from fiction to function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G602-G608. [PMID: 31509433 PMCID: PMC6879887 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00230.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Advances in data collection technologies reveal that an imbalance (dysbiosis) in the composition of host-associated microbial communities (microbiota) is linked to many human illnesses. This association makes dysbiosis a central concept for understanding how the human microbiota contributes to health and disease. However, it remains problematic to define the term dysbiosis by cataloguing microbial species names. Here, we discuss how incorporating the germ-organ concept, ecological assumptions, and immunological principles into a theoretical framework for microbiota research provides a functional definition for dysbiosis. The generation of such a framework suggests that the next logical step in microbiota research will be to illuminate the mechanistic underpinnings of dysbiosis, which often involves a weakening of immune mechanisms that balance our microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor R Tiffany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis California
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis California
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38
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Recent progress in experimental and human disease-associated multi-species biofilms. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1234-1244. [PMID: 31921390 PMCID: PMC6944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bodies are colonized by trillions of microorganisms, which are often referred to as human microbiota and play important roles in human health. Next generation sequencing studies have established links between the genetic content of human microbiota and various human diseases. However, it remains largely unknown about the spatial organizations and interspecies interactions of individual species within the human microbiota. Bacterial cells tend to form surface-attached biofilms in many natural environments, which enable intercellular communications and interactions in a microbial ecosystem. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses on the experimental and human disease-associated multi-species biofilm studies. We hypothesize that engineering biofilm structures and interspecies interactions might provide a tool for manipulating the composition and function of human microbiota.
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39
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Ahmad AF, Dwivedi G, O'Gara F, Caparros-Martin J, Ward NC. The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and clinical potential. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H923-H938. [PMID: 31469291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00376.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The human body is populated by a diverse community of microbes, dominated by bacteria, but also including viruses and fungi. The largest and most complex of these communities is located in the gastrointestinal system and, with its associated genome, is known as the gut microbiome. Gut microbiome perturbations and related dysbiosis have been implicated in the progression and pathogenesis of CVD, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Although there have been advances in the characterization and analysis of the gut microbiota and associated bacterial metabolites, the exact mechanisms through which they exert their action are not well understood. This review will focus on the role of the gut microbiome and associated functional components in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Potential treatments to alter the gut microbiome to prevent or treat atherosclerosis and CVD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah F Ahmad
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Telethon Kids Institute, Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jose Caparros-Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia
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40
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Rosenbaum JT, Asquith M. The microbiome and HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 14:704-713. [PMID: 30301938 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and the spondyloarthritis (SpA) subtypes ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis and psoriatic arthritis are among the inflammatory diseases affected by the biology of the intestinal microbiome. In this Review, the relationship between AAU, SpA and the microbiome is discussed, with a focus on the major SpA risk gene HLA-B*27 and how it is associated with both intestinal tolerance and the loss of ocular immune privilege that can accompany AAU. We provide four potential mechanisms to account for how dysbiosis, barrier function and immune response contribute to the development of ocular inflammation and the pathogenesis of AAU. Finally, potential therapeutic avenues to target the microbiota for the clinical management of AAU and SpA are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Rosenbaum
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Medicine and Cell Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Legacy Devers Eye Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mark Asquith
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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41
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Rosenberg E, Zilber‐Rosenberg I. The hologenome concept of evolution: do mothers matter most? BJOG 2019; 127:129-137. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Israel
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42
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Jang HR, Park HJ, Kang D, Chung H, Nam MH, Lee Y, Park JH, Lee HY. A protective mechanism of probiotic Lactobacillus against hepatic steatosis via reducing host intestinal fatty acid absorption. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 31409765 PMCID: PMC6802638 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been known to contribute up to ~30% of the energy absorption of the host. Although various beneficial mechanisms of probiotics have been suggested for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whether and which probiotics impact the host's intestinal energy absorption have not yet been quantitatively studied. Here, we suggest a novel mechanism of probiotics against NAFLD, in which Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, the most common probiotic, shares intestinal fatty acids and prevents the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis. By using quantitative methods (radioactive tracers and LC-MS) under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, we found that bacteria and hosts competed for fatty acid absorption in the intestine, resulting in decreased weight gain, body fat mass, and hepatic lipid accumulation without differences in calorie intake and excretion in mice fed the probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Jang
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dongwon Kang
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hayung Chung
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Hee Nam
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonhee Lee
- Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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43
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Hitchings R, Kelly L. Predicting and Understanding the Human Microbiome's Impact on Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:495-505. [PMID: 31171383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our bodies each possess a unique and dynamic collection of microbes and viruses, collectively the 'microbiome', with distinct metabolic capacities from our human cells. Unforeseen modification of drugs by the microbiome can drastically alter their clinical effectiveness, with the most dramatic cases leading to fatal drug interactions. Pharmaceuticals can be activated, deactivated, toxified, or release metabolites that alter the 'canonical' pharmacokinetics of the drug. Thus, predicting and characterizing microbe-drug interactions is necessary to develop and implement personalized drug administration protocols and, more broadly, to improve drug safety and efficacy. In this review, we focus on microbiome-driven alterations to drug pharmacokinetics and provide a research framework for pharmacologists interested in characterizing microbiome interactions with any drug of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reese Hitchings
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Libusha Kelly
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA.
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44
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Long MT, Ko D, Arnold LM, Trinquart L, Sherer JA, Keppel SS, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH. Gastrointestinal and liver diseases and atrial fibrillation: a review of the literature. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819832237. [PMID: 30984290 PMCID: PMC6448121 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819832237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A number of risk factors have been associated with AF, though few studies have explored the association between gastrointestinal and liver diseases and AF. Additionally, AF and treatment for AF may predispose to gastrointestinal and liver diseases. We review the current literature on the bidirectional associations between gastrointestinal and liver diseases and AF. We highlight the gaps in knowledge and areas requiring future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darae Ko
- Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ludovic Trinquart
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason A. Sherer
- Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunny-Skye Keppel
- Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Robert H. Helm
- Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Baverstock K. Crick's sequence hypothesis - a review. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:59-64. [PMID: 31143364 PMCID: PMC6527182 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1594501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care based on gene sequencing and genomics is increasingly becoming a reality: it is timely to review Crick’s sequence hypothesis for its fitness for this purpose. The sequence hypothesis is central to the prediction and correction of disease traits from gene sequence information. Considerable success in this respect has been achieved for rare diseases, but for the dominant part of the human disease burden, common diseases, little progress has been made since the completion of the sequencing of the human genome. It is argued here that the sequence hypothesis, namely the assumption that peptides will fold spontaneously to the native state protein, thus retaining the information coded in the originating genes, is not supported by a realistic physics-based assessment of the peptide to protein folding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Baverstock
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
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46
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Felizardo R, Watanabe IK, Dardi P, Rossoni L, Câmara N. The interplay among gut microbiota, hypertension and kidney diseases: The role of short-chain fatty acids. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:366-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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47
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Wahlgren M, Axenstrand M, Håkansson Å, Marefati A, Lomstein Pedersen B. In Vitro Methods to Study Colon Release: State of the Art and An Outlook on New Strategies for Better In-Vitro Biorelevant Release Media. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E95. [PMID: 30813323 PMCID: PMC6410320 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of this review is a discussion regarding in vitro media for colon release, but we also give a brief overview of colon delivery and the colon microbiota as a baseline for this discussion. The large intestine is colonized by a vast number of bacteria, approximately 1012 per gram of intestinal content. The microbial community in the colon is complex and there is still much that is unknown about its composition and the activity of the microbiome. However, it is evident that this complex microbiota will affect the release from oral formulations targeting the colon. This includes the release of active drug substances, food supplements, and live microorganisms, such as probiotic bacteria and bacteria used for microbiota transplantations. Currently, there are no standardized colon release media, but researchers employ in vitro models representing the colon ranging from reasonable simple systems with adjusted pH with or without key enzymes to the use of fecal samples. In this review, we present the pros and cons for different existing in vitro models. Furthermore, we summarize the current knowledge of the colonic microbiota composition which is of importance to the fermentation capacity of carbohydrates and suggest a strategy to choose bacteria for a new more standardized in vitro dissolution medium for the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wahlgren
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Magdalena Axenstrand
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Håkansson
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ali Marefati
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Betty Lomstein Pedersen
- Ferring International PharmaScience Center (IPC), Kay Fiskers Plads 11, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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48
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Abstract
All natural animals and plants are holobionts, consisting of the host and microbiome, which is composed of abundant and diverse microorganisms. Health and disease of holobionts depend as much on interactions between host and microbiome and within the microbiome, as on interactions between organs and body parts of the host. Recent evidence indicates that a significant fraction of the microbiome is transferred by a variety of mechanisms from parent to offspring for many generations. Genetic variation in holobionts can occur in the microbiome as well as in the host genome, and it occurs more rapidly and by more mechanisms in genomes of microbiomes than in host genomes (e.g. via acquisition of novel microbes and horizontal gene transfer of microbial genes into host chromosomes). Evidence discussed in this review supports the concept that holobionts with their hologenomes can be considered levels of selection in evolution. Though changes in the microbiome can lead to evolution of the holobiont, it can also lead to dysbiosis and diseases (e.g. obesity, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and autism). In practice, the possibility of manipulating microbiomes offers the potential to prevent and cure diseases.
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49
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Tetz G, Tetz V. Tetz's theory and law of longevity. Theory Biosci 2018; 137:145-154. [PMID: 29978435 PMCID: PMC6208853 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present new theory and law of longevity intended to evaluate fundamental factors that control lifespan. This theory is based on the fact that genes affecting host organism longevity are represented by subpopulations: genes of host eukaryotic cells, commensal microbiota, and non-living genetic elements. Based on Tetz's theory of longevity, we propose that lifespan and aging are defined by the accumulation of alterations over all genes of macroorganism and microbiome and the non-living genetic elements associated with them. Tetz's law of longevity states that longevity is limited by the accumulation of alterations to the limiting value that is not compatible with life. Based on theory and law, we also propose a novel model to calculate several parameters, including the rate of aging and the remaining lifespan of individuals. We suggest that this theory and model have explanatory and predictive potential to eukaryotic organisms, allowing the influence of diseases, medication, and medical procedures to be re-examined in relation to longevity. Such estimates also provide a framework to evaluate new fundamental aspects that control aging and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, 423 West 127 Street, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Victor Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, 423 West 127 Street, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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50
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Skelly E, Kapellas K, Cooper A, Weyrich LS. Consequences of colonialism: A microbial perspective to contemporary Indigenous health. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:423-437. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Skelly
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Kostas Kapellas
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Laura S. Weyrich
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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