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Reyes MSS, Medina PMB. Leachates from plastics and bioplastics reduce lifespan, decrease locomotion, and induce neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124428. [PMID: 38914198 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution continuously accumulates in the environment and poses a global threat as it fragments into microplastics and nanoplastics that can harm ecosystems. To reduce the accumulation of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution, bioplastics made from biodegradable materials are promoted as a more sustainable alternative because it can degrade faster than plastics. However, plastics also leach out chemicals as they degrade and disintegrate, but the potential toxicity of these chemicals leaching out from plastics and especially bioplastics is poorly explored. Here, we determined the composition of leachates from plastics and bioplastics and tested their toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. LC-MS analysis of the leachates revealed that bioplastics leached a wider array of chemicals than their counterpart plastics. Toxicity testing in our study showed that the leachates from plastics and bioplastics reduced lifespan, decreased locomotion, and induced neurotoxicity in C. elegans. Leachates from bioplastics reduced C. elegans lifespan more compared to leachates from plastics: by 7%-31% for bioplastics and by 6%-15% for plastics. Leachates from plastics decreased locomotion in C. elegans more compared to leachates from bioplastics: by 8%-34% for plastics and by 11%-24% for bioplastics. No changes were observed in the ability of the C. elegans to respond to mechanical stimuli. The leachates induced neurotoxicity in the following neurons at varying trends: cholinergic neurons by 0%-53% for plastics and by 30%-42% for bioplastics, GABAergic neurons by 3%-29% for plastics and by 10%-23% for bioplastics, and glutamatergic neurons by 3%-11% for plastics and by 15%-29% for bioplastics. Overall, our study demonstrated that chemicals leaching out from plastics and bioplastics can be toxic, suggesting that both plastics and bioplastics pose ecotoxicological and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sigfrid S Reyes
- Biological Models Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Paul Mark B Medina
- Biological Models Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Philippines.
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2
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Saramet V, Stan MS, Ripszky Totan A, Țâncu AMC, Voicu-Balasea B, Enasescu DS, Rus-Hrincu F, Imre M. Analysis of Gingival Fibroblasts Behaviour in the Presence of 3D-Printed versus Milled Methacrylate-Based Dental Resins-Do We Have a Winner? J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:147. [PMID: 38921521 PMCID: PMC11204847 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques are based on either subtractive (milling prefabricated blocks) or additive (3D printing) methods, and both are used for obtaining dentistry materials. Our in vitro study aimed to investigate the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts exposed to methacrylate (MA)-based CAD/CAM milled samples in comparison with that of MA-based 3D-printed samples to better elucidate the mechanisms of cell adaptability and survival. The proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts was measured after 2 and 24 h of incubation in the presence of these samples using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the membrane integrity was assessed through the lactate dehydrogenase release. The level of reactive oxygen species, expression of autophagy-related protein LC3B-I, and detection of GSH and caspase 3/7 were evaluated by fluorescence staining. The MMP-2 levels were measured using a Milliplex MAP kit. The incubation with MA-based 3D-printed samples significantly reduced the viability, by 16% and 28% from control after 2 and 24 h, respectively. There was a 25% and 55% decrease in the GSH level from control after 24 h of incubation with the CAD/CAM milled and 3D-printed samples, respectively. In addition, higher levels of LC3B-I and MMP-2 were obtained after 24 h of incubation with the MA-based 3D samples compared to the CAD/CAM milled ones. Therefore, our results outline that the MA-CAD/CAM milled samples displayed good biocompatibility during 24-h exposure, while MA-3D resins are proper for short-term utilization (less than 24 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veaceslav Saramet
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Miruna S. Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91–95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ripszky Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.T.); (D.S.E.); (F.R.-H.)
- The Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Research and Development, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17–23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ana Maria Cristina Țâncu
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Bianca Voicu-Balasea
- The Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Research and Development, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17–23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dan Sebastian Enasescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.T.); (D.S.E.); (F.R.-H.)
| | - Florentina Rus-Hrincu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.T.); (D.S.E.); (F.R.-H.)
| | - Marina Imre
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.S.); (M.I.)
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Mattes MD, Koturbash I, Leung CN, Wen S, Jacobson GM. A Phase I Trial of a Methionine Restricted Diet with Concurrent Radiation Therapy. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:463-468. [PMID: 38591931 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2340784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid critical for cell growth and survival. Preclinical evidence suggests a methionine restricted diet (MRD) sensitizes cancer to radiation therapy (RT), without significant adverse effects. However, this has never been evaluated in humans. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of concurrent MRD with standard-of-care definitive RT in adults with any non-skin cancer malignancy. The MRD extended from 2 wk before RT initiation, through 2 wk beyond RT completion. The primary endpoint of safety was assessed as rate of grade 3 or higher acute and late toxicities. Feasibility was assessed with quantitative plasma amino acid panel every 2 wk during the MRD (target plasma methionine 13 μM). Nine patients were accrued over a two-year period, with five able to complete the treatment course. The trial was closed due to slow accrual and subjects' difficulty maintaining the diet. No grade 3 or higher adverse events were observed. Subjects' average methionine level was 18.8 μM during treatment, with average nadir 16.8 μM. These findings suggest the safety of concurrent MRD with RT, with toxicities comparable to those expected with RT alone. However, the diet was challenging, and unacceptable to most patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm D Mattes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Calvin N Leung
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Geraldine M Jacobson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Neves RPD, Chagoyen M, Martinez-Lorente A, Iñiguez C, Calatrava A, Calabuig J, Iborra FJ. Each Cellular Compartment Has a Characteristic Protein Reactive Cysteine Ratio Determining Its Sensitivity to Oxidation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1274. [PMID: 37372004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling and detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are important patho-physiologcal processes. Despite this, we lack comprehensive information on individual cells and cellular structures and functions affected by ROS, which is essential to build quantitative models of the effects of ROS. The thiol groups from cysteines (Cys) in proteins play a major role in redox defense, signaling, and protein function. In this study, we show that the proteins in each subcellular compartment contain a characteristic Cys amount. Using a fluorescent assay for -SH in thiolate form and amino groups in proteins, we show that the thiolate content correlates with ROS sensitivity and signaling properties of each compartment. The highest absolute thiolate concentration was found in the nucleolus, followed by the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm whereas protein thiolate groups per protein showed an inverse pattern. In the nucleoplasm, protein reactive thiols concentrated in SC35 speckles, SMN, and the IBODY that accumulated oxidized RNA. Our findings have important functional consequences, and explain differential sensitivity to ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pires das Neves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Chagoyen
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez-Lorente
- Unidad de Investigación, Innovación y Docencia Médica, Hospital Universitario Vinalopó, 03293 Elx, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotecnology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Iñiguez
- Department of Biotecnology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Calatrava
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Iborra
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
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5
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione: A Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1007816. [PMID: 36386929 PMCID: PMC9664149 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1007816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many local and systemic diseases especially diseases that are leading causes of death globally like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis with ischemic heart disease and stroke, cancer and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), involve both, (1) oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels, and (2) inflammation. The GSH tripeptide (γ- L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), the most abundant water-soluble non-protein thiol in the cell (1-10 mM) is fundamental for life by (a) sustaining the adequate redox cell signaling needed to maintain physiologic levels of oxidative stress fundamental to control life processes, and (b) limiting excessive oxidative stress that causes cell and tissue damage. GSH activity is facilitated by activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 that regulates expression of genes controlling antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced (>98% of total GSH) and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms, and the concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell. GSH depletion may play a central role in inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue these diseases. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against systemic inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. In this review, we emphasize on (1) GSH depletion as a fundamental risk factor for diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis (ischemic heart disease and stroke), (2) importance of oxidative stress and antioxidants in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease, (3) significance of GSH to counteract persistent damaging inflammation, inflammaging and early (premature) inflammaging associated with cell and tissue damage caused by excessive oxidative stress and lack of adequate antioxidant defenses in younger individuals, and (4) new therapies that include antioxidant defenses restoration.
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Corteselli E, Aboushousha R, Janssen-Heininger Y. S-Glutathionylation-Controlled Apoptosis of Lung Epithelial Cells; Potential Implications for Lung Fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091789. [PMID: 36139863 PMCID: PMC9495907 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant in mammalian cells, regulates several vital cellular processes, such as nutrient metabolism, protein synthesis, and immune responses. In addition to its role in antioxidant defense, GSH controls biological processes through its conjugation to reactive protein cysteines in a post-translational modification known as protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG). PSSG has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Hallmarks of IPF include repeated injury to the alveolar epithelium with aberrant tissue repair, epithelial cell apoptosis and fibroblast resistance to apoptosis, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix and distortion of normal lung architecture. Several studies have linked oxidative stress and PSSG to the development and progression of IPF. Additionally, it has been suggested that the loss of epithelial cell homeostasis and increased apoptosis, accompanied by the release of various metabolites, creates a vicious cycle that aggravates disease progression. In this short review, we highlight some recent studies that link PSSG to epithelial cell apoptosis and highlight the potential implication of metabolites secreted by apoptotic cells.
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7
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Moral-Sanz J, Fernandez-Rojo MA, Colmenarejo G, Kurdyukov S, Brust A, Ragnarsson L, Andersson Å, Vila SF, Cabezas-Sainz P, Wilhelm P, Vela-Sebastian A, Fernández-Carrasco I, Chin YKY, López-Mancheño Y, Smallwood TB, Clark RJ, Fry BG, King GF, Ramm GA, Alewood PF, Lewis RJ, Mulvenna JP, Boyle GM, Sanchez LE, Neely GG, Miles JJ, Ikonomopoulou MP. The structural conformation of the tachykinin domain drives the anti-tumoral activity of an octopus peptide in melanoma BRAF V600E. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4878-4896. [PMID: 35818835 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Over the past decades, targeted therapies and immunotherapy have vastly improved survival and reduced the morbidity of patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma. However, drug resistance and relapse hinder overall success. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel compounds with therapeutic efficacy against BRAF- melanoma. This prompted us to investigate the antiproliferative profile of a tachykinin-peptide from the Octopus kaurna, Octpep-1 in melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the cytotoxicity of Octpep-1 by MTT assay. Mechanistic insights on viability and cellular damage caused by Octpep-1 were gained via flow cytometry and bioenergetics. Structural and pharmacological characterization was conducted by molecular modelling, molecular biology, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, high-throughput mRNA and calcium flux analysis. In-vivo efficacy was validated in two independent xerograph animal models (mice and zebrafish). KEY RESULTS Octpep-1 selectively reduced the proliferative capacity of human melanoma BRAFV600E -mutated cells with minimal effects on fibroblasts. In melanoma-treated cells, Octpep-1 increased ROS with unaltered mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted non-mitochondrial and mitochondrial respiration with inefficient ATP coupling. Despite similarities with tachykinin peptides, knock-out or pharmacological blockade of tachykinin receptors suggested that Octpep-1 acts via a tachykinin-independent mechanism. Molecular modelling revealed that the cytotoxicity of Octpep-1 depends upon the α-helix and polyproline conformation in the C-terminal region of the peptide. Indeed, a truncated form of the C-terminal end of Octpep-1 displayed enhanced potency and efficacy against melanoma. Octpep-1 reduced the progression of tumors in xenograft melanoma mice and zebrafish, confirming its therapeutic potential in human BRAF-mutated melanoma. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We unravel the intrinsic anti-tumoral properties of a tachykinin peptide, possessing a pharmacology independent of tachykinin-receptors. This peptide mediates the selective cytotoxicity in BRAF-mutated melanoma in-vitro and prevents tumor progression in-vivo, providing the foundation for a potential therapy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moral-Sanz
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel A Fernandez-Rojo
- Hepatic Regenerative Medicine Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain.,Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.,Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Unit, Madrid Institute for Advances Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergey Kurdyukov
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Brust
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotten Ragnarsson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sabela F Vila
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Cabezas-Sainz
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrick Wilhelm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ana Vela-Sebastian
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yanni K Y Chin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Yaiza López-Mancheño
- Hepatic Regenerative Medicine Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - Taylor B Smallwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard J Clark
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason P Mulvenna
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura E Sanchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,James Cook University, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics and Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, Cairns, Australia.,The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria P Ikonomopoulou
- Translational Venomics Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Iron-Oxide-Nanoparticles-Doped Polyaniline Composite Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091821. [PMID: 35566991 PMCID: PMC9100357 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-oxide-doped polyaniline (PANI-IO) thin films were obtained by the polymerization of aniline monomers and iron oxide solutions in direct current glow discharge plasma in the absence of a buffer gas for the first time. The PANI-IO thin films were deposited on optical polished Si wafers in order to study surface morphology and evaluate their in vitro biocompatibility. The characterization of the coatings was accomplished using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), metallographic microscopy (MM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In vitro biocompatibility assessments were also conducted on the PANI-IO thin films. It was observed that a uniform distribution of iron oxide particles inside the PANI layers was obtained. The constituent elements of the coatings were uniformly distributed. The Fe-O bonds were associated with magnetite in the XPS studies. The surface morphology of the PANI-IO thin films was assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM topographies revealed that PANI-IO exhibited the morphology of a uniformly distributed and continuous layer. The viability of Caco-2 cells cultured on the Si substrate and PANI-IO coating was not significantly modified compared to control cells. Moreover, after 24 h of incubation, we observed no increase in LDH activity in media in comparison to the control. In addition, our results revealed that the NO levels for the Si substrate and PANI-IO coating were similar to those found in the control sample.
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9
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Probing Cell Redox State and Glutathione-Modulating Factors Using a Monochlorobimane-Based Microplate Assay. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020391. [PMID: 35204274 PMCID: PMC8869332 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol compounds including predominantly glutathione (GSH) are key components of redox homeostasis, which are involved in the protection and regulation of mammalian cells. The assessment of cell redox status by means of in situ analysis of GSH in living cells is often preferable over established assays in cell lysates due to fluctuations of the GSH pool. For this purpose, we propose a microplate assay with monochlorobimane (MCB) as an available fluorescent probe for GSH, although poorly detected in the microplate format. In addition to the new procedure for improved MCB-assisted GSH detection in plate-grown cells and its verification with GSH modulators, this study provides a useful methodology for the evaluation of cell redox status probed through relative GSH content and responsiveness to both supplemented thiols and variation in oxygen pressure. The roles of extracellular interactions of thiols and natural variability of cellular glutathione on the assay performance were emphasized and discussed. The results are of broad interest in cell biology research and should be particularly useful for the characterization of pathological cells with decreased GSH status and increased oxidative status as well as redox-modulating factors.
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10
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Rattanawong K, Koiso N, Toda E, Kinoshita A, Tanaka M, Tsuji H, Okamoto T. Regulatory functions of ROS dynamics via glutathione metabolism and glutathione peroxidase activity in developing rice zygote. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1097-1115. [PMID: 34538012 PMCID: PMC9293154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play essential roles in plant development and environmental stress responses. In this study, ROS dynamics, the glutathione redox status, the expression and subcellular localization of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), and the effects of inhibitors of ROS-mediated metabolism were investigated along with fertilization and early zygotic embryogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa). Zygotes and early embryos exhibited developmental arrest upon inhibition of ROS production. Egg cells accumulated high ROS levels, and, after fertilization, intracellular ROS levels progressively declined in zygotes in which de novo expression of GPX1 and 3 was observed through upregulation of the genes. In addition to inhibition of GPX activity, depletion of glutathione impeded early embryonic development and led to failure of the zygote to appropriately decrease H2 O2 levels. Moreover, through monitoring of the glutathione redox status, the developing zygotes exhibited a progressive glutathione oxidation, which became extremely delayed under inhibited GPX activity. Our results provide insights into the importance of ROS dynamics, GPX antioxidant activity, and glutathione redox metabolism during zygotic/embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasidit Rattanawong
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityMinami‐osawaHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Narumi Koiso
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityMinami‐osawaHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Erika Toda
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityMinami‐osawaHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Atsuko Kinoshita
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityMinami‐osawaHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Mari Tanaka
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City UniversityMaiokachoTotsuka‐kuYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City UniversityMaiokachoTotsuka‐kuYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityMinami‐osawaHachioji, TokyoJapan
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García-Giménez JL, Garcés C, Romá-Mateo C, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress-mediated alterations in histone post-translational modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:6-18. [PMID: 33689846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression provides a finely tuned response capacity for cells when undergoing environmental changes. However, in the context of human physiology or disease, any cellular imbalance that modulates homeostasis has the potential to trigger molecular changes that result either in physiological adaptation to a new situation or pathological conditions. These effects are partly due to alterations in the functionality of epigenetic regulators, which cause long-term and often heritable changes in cell lineages. As such, free radicals resulting from unbalanced/extended oxidative stress have been proved to act as modulators of epigenetic agents, resulting in alterations of the epigenetic landscape. In the present review we will focus on the particular effect that oxidative stress and free radicals produce in histone post-translational modifications that contribute to altering the histone code and, consequently, gene expression. The pathological consequences of the changes in this epigenetic layer of regulation of gene expression are thoroughly evidenced by data gathered in many physiological adaptive processes and in human diseases that range from age-related neurodegenerative pathologies to cancer, and that include respiratory syndromes, infertility, and systemic inflammatory conditions like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis García-Giménez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Garcés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Transcriptome analysis of MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND) neural progenitor cells reveals dysregulation of autism-associated genes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11295. [PMID: 34050248 PMCID: PMC8163803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND) is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) characterized by intellectual disability, motor delay, speech impairment and behavioral problems; however, the biological role of methyl-CpG-binding domain 5, MBD5, in neurodevelopment and ASD remains largely undefined. Hence, we created neural progenitor cells (NPC) derived from individuals with chromosome 2q23.1 deletion and conducted RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the biological processes and pathways altered in MAND. Primary skin fibroblasts from three unrelated individuals with MAND and four unrelated controls were converted into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines, followed by directed differentiation of iPSC to NPC. Transcriptome analysis of MAND NPC revealed 468 DEGs (q < 0.05), including 20 ASD-associated genes. Comparison of DEGs in MAND with SFARI syndromic autism genes revealed a striking significant overlap in biological processes commonly altered in neurodevelopmental phenotypes, with TGFβ, Hippo signaling, DNA replication, and cell cycle among the top enriched pathways. Overall, these transcriptome deviations provide potential connections to the overlapping neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with key high-risk ASD genes, including chromatin modifiers and epigenetic modulators, that play significant roles in these disease states.
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Rok J, Rzepka Z, Maszczyk M, Beberok A, Wrześniok D. Minocycline Impact on Redox Homeostasis of Normal Human Melanocytes HEMn-LP Exposed to UVA Radiation and Hydrogen Peroxide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041642. [PMID: 33561995 PMCID: PMC7914767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic. In addition to its antibacterial activity, minocycline shows many non-antibiotic, beneficial effects, including antioxidative action. The property is responsible, e.g., for anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects of the drug. However, long-term pharmacotherapy with minocycline may lead to hyperpigmentation of the skin. The reasons for the pigmentation disorders include the deposition of the drug and its metabolites in melanin-containing cells and the stimulation of melanogenesis. The adverse drug reaction raises a question about the influence of the drug on melanocyte homeostasis. The study aimed to assess the effect of minocycline on redox balance in human normal melanocytes HEMn-LP exposed to hydrogen peroxide and UVA radiation. The obtained results indicate that minocycline induced oxidative stress in epidermal human melanocytes. The drug inhibited cell proliferation, decreased the level of reduced thiols, and stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The described changes were accompanied by an increase in the intracellular level of ROS. On the other hand, pretreatment with minocycline at the same concentrations increased cell viability and significantly attenuated the oxidative stress in melanocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide and UVA radiation. Moreover, the molecular docking analysis revealed that the different influence of minocycline and other tetracyclines on CAT activity can be related to the location of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-364-10-50
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14
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Konno T, Melo EP, Chambers JE, Avezov E. Intracellular Sources of ROS/H 2O 2 in Health and Neurodegeneration: Spotlight on Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cells 2021; 10:233. [PMID: 33504070 PMCID: PMC7912550 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced continuously throughout the cell as products of various redox reactions. Yet these products function as important signal messengers, acting through oxidation of specific target factors. Whilst excess ROS production has the potential to induce oxidative stress, physiological roles of ROS are supported by a spatiotemporal equilibrium between ROS producers and scavengers such as antioxidative enzymes. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a non-radical ROS, is produced through the process of oxidative folding. Utilisation and dysregulation of H2O2, in particular that generated in the ER, affects not only cellular homeostasis but also the longevity of organisms. ROS dysregulation has been implicated in various pathologies including dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases, sanctioning a field of research that strives to better understand cell-intrinsic ROS production. Here we review the organelle-specific ROS-generating and consuming pathways, providing evidence that the ER is a major contributing source of potentially pathologic ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Konno
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Eduardo Pinho Melo
- CCMAR—Centro de Ciências do Mar, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Joseph E. Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK;
| | - Edward Avezov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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15
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Ruiz-Palacios M, Almeida M, Martins MA, Oliveira M, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Establishment of a brain cell line (FuB-1) from mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and its application to fish virology, immunity and nanoplastics toxicology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134821. [PMID: 31791770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The marine fish mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), extensively used as research model, including in ecotoxicology, for over a century has been surpassed by other fish species. This fact may be associated with the lack of cell lines from this species, excellent models for the comprehension of fish physiology, immunology, toxicology and virology, that contribute to the reduction in the number of animals used in research. We have generated, for the first time, a brain-derived cell line from mummichog, FuB-1, and evaluated its application to the fields of fish virology, immunity and toxicology. First, FuB-1 cells show epithelial morphology and neural stem/astroglial origin. Secondly, FuB-1 cells effectively supports the replication of both spring viremia carp (SVCV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPNV) viruses, but not nodavirus (NNV), indicating its potential use for fish virology. Related to this, FuB-1 cells infected with NNV up-regulate the transcription of genes related to the antiviral immune response, leading to cell resistance; while they are unaltered when infected with IPNV and SVCV, facilitating viral replication. Finally, FuB-1 cells were used for toxicological purposes and we demonstrated that exposure to either polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-100) or several human-usage pharmaceuticals are cytotoxic. Additionally, PS-100 particles increase the antioxidant catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities and decrease the total non-protein thiols in FuB-1 cells. However, PS-100 particles are able to reduce the cytotoxic effects induced by the pharmaceuticals. In conclusion, we have generated a cell line from mummichog, which might represent a valuable model for fish studies in the fields of virology, immunology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ruiz-Palacios
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mónica Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Martins
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Li S, Bronnimann MP, Williams SJ, Campos SK. Glutathione contributes to efficient post-Golgi trafficking of incoming HPV16 genome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225496. [PMID: 31743367 PMCID: PMC6863556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in the United States, causing 99% of cervical cancers and 5% of all human cancers worldwide. HPV infection requires transport of the viral genome (vDNA) into the nucleus of basal keratinocytes. During this process, minor capsid protein L2 facilitates subcellular retrograde trafficking of the vDNA from endosomes to the Golgi, and accumulation at host chromosomes during mitosis for nuclear retention and localization during interphase. Here we investigated the relationship between cellular glutathione (GSH) and HPV16 infection. siRNA knockdown of GSH biosynthetic enzymes results in a partial decrease of HPV16 infection. Likewise, infection of HPV16 in GSH depleted keratinocytes is inefficient, an effect that was not seen with adenoviral vectors. Analysis of trafficking revealed no defects in cellular binding, entry, furin cleavage of L2, or retrograde trafficking of HPV16, but GSH depletion hindered post-Golgi trafficking and translocation, decreasing nuclear accumulation of vDNA. Although precise mechanisms have yet to be defined, this work suggests that GSH is required for a specific post-Golgi trafficking step in HPV16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Bronnimann
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Campos
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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17
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Hommel B, Sturny-Leclère A, Volant S, Veluppillai N, Duchateau M, Yu CH, Hourdel V, Varet H, Matondo M, Perfect JR, Casadevall A, Dromer F, Alanio A. Cryptococcus neoformans resists to drastic conditions by switching to viable but non-culturable cell phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007945. [PMID: 31356623 PMCID: PMC6687208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolically quiescent pathogens can persist in a viable non-replicating state for months or even years. For certain infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, latent infection is a corollary of this dormant state, which has the risk for reactivation and clinical disease. During murine cryptococcosis and macrophage uptake, stress and host immunity induce Cryptococcus neoformans heterogeneity with the generation of a sub-population of yeasts that manifests a phenotype compatible with dormancy (low stress response, latency of growth). In this subpopulation, mitochondrial transcriptional activity is regulated and this phenotype has been considered as a hallmark of quiescence in stem cells. Based on these findings, we worked to reproduce this phenotype in vitro and then standardize the experimental conditions to consistently generate this dormancy in C. neoformans. We found that incubation of stationary phase yeasts (STAT) in nutriment limited conditions and hypoxia for 8 days (8D-HYPOx) was able to produced cells that mimic the phenotype obtained in vivo. In these conditions, mortality and/or apoptosis occurred in less than 5% of the yeasts compared to 30-40% of apoptotic or dead yeasts upon incubation in normoxia (8D-NORMOx). Yeasts in 8D-HYPOx harbored a lower stress response, delayed growth and less that 1% of culturability on agar plates, suggesting that these yeasts are viable but non culturable cells (VBNC). These VBNC were able to reactivate in the presence of pantothenic acid, a vitamin that is known to be involved in quorum sensing and a precursor of acetyl-CoA. Global metabolism of 8D-HYPOx cells showed some specific requirements and was globally shut down compared to 8D-NORMOx and STAT conditions. Mitochondrial analyses showed that the mitochondrial mass increased with mitochondria mostly depolarized in 8D-HYPOx compared to 8D-NORMox, with increased expression of mitochondrial genes. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of 8D-HYPOx revealed that the number of secreted proteins and transcripts detected also decreased compared to 8D-NORMOx and STAT, and the proteome, secretome and transcriptome harbored specific profiles that are engaged as soon as four days of incubation. Importantly, acetyl-CoA and the fatty acid pathway involving mitochondria are required for the generation and viability maintenance of VBNC. Altogether, these data show that we were able to generate for the first time VBNC phenotype in C. neoformans. This VBNC state is associated with a specific metabolism that should be further studied to understand dormancy/quiescence in this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hommel
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière, Saint-Louis, Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub - C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Magalie Duchateau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Chen-Hsin Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub - C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur - Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform - Biomics Pole - C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - John R. Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Françoise Dromer
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière, Saint-Louis, Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sengupta R, Coppo L, Mishra P, Holmgren A. Glutathione-glutaredoxin is an efficient electron donor system for mammalian p53R2-R1-dependent ribonucleotide reductase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12708-12716. [PMID: 31266802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleotides are DNA building blocks and are produced de novo by reduction of ribose to deoxyribose. This reduction is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a heterodimeric tetramer enzyme in mammalian cells, having one of two free radical-containing subunits called R2 and p53R2. R2 is S-phase specific and used for DNA replication, whereas p53R2 functions in DNA repair and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. The larger RNR subunit, R1, has catalytically active cysteine thiols in its buried active site and a C-terminal swinging arm, with a Cys-Leu-Met-Cys sequence suggested to act as a shuttle dithiol/disulfide for electron transport. After each catalytic cycle the active site contains a disulfide, which has to be reduced for turnover. Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) systems have been implicated as electron donors for the RNR disulfide reduction via the swinging arm. Using mouse R1-R2 and R1-p53R2 complexes, we found here that the catalytic efficiency of the GSH-Grx system is 4-6 times higher than that of the Trx1 system. For both complexes, the V max values for Grx are strongly depended on GSH concentrations. The GSH disulfide resulting from the Grx reaction was reduced by NADPH and GSH reductase and this enzyme was essential because reaction with GSH alone yielded only little activity. These results indicate that C-terminal shuttle dithiols of mammalian R1 have a crucial catalytic role and that the GSH-Grx system favors the R1-p53R2 enzyme for DNA replication in hypoxic conditions, mitochondrial DNA synthesis, and in DNA repair outside the S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Sengupta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Pradeep Mishra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
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Chen Y, Zheng Q, Jia X, Chen K, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu X, Han Z, Zhang Z, Zhang X. MdGGT1 Impacts Apple miR156 Precursor Levels via Ontogenetic Changes in Subcellular Glutathione Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:994. [PMID: 31417600 PMCID: PMC6684775 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The vegetative phase change in flowering plants is controlled by microRNA156 (miR156) under transcriptional regulation. However, the developmental signals upstream of miR156 are not well understood. The glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratios and GSH levels decline significantly during phase change, which is consistent with miR156 expression in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Here, we found that the content of protein conjugated glutathione was remarkably higher in chloroplasts and nuclei of adult than juvenile phase apple hybrids. The decrease in miR156 expression was most relevant to the activities of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and soluble γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and the expressions of MdGGT1 or MdSATs. Transgenic apples over-expressing MdMIR156 or miR156-mimetic (MIM156) did not alter MdGGT1 expression or the soluble GGT activity. Inhibition of GGT activity with serine-borate complex or acivicin led to significant reduction in GSH content, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the expressions of MdMIR156a5, MdMIR156a12, and miR156. Depletion of GSH with diethyl maleate without altering GGT activity caused a dramatic decrease in the expression of MdMIR156a5, MdMIR156a12, and miR156. Manipulating GGT activity and GSH homeostasis by transgenic over-expressing or RNAi MdGGT1 increased or decreased MdMIR156a5 and MdMIR156a12 levels, respectively. These data provided novel evidence that MdGGT1 participates in transcriptional level of transcription regulation of miR156 precursors during ontogenesis. HIGHLIGHTS - MdGGT1 affects thiol redox status and indirectly participates in the regulation of miR156 expression during vegetative phase change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqin Chen
- Horticulture College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Horticulture College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Zhang,
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xinzhong Zhang,
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20
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Corso CR, Acco A. Glutathione system in animal model of solid tumors: From regulation to therapeutic target. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 128:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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Arabidopsis mutants impaired in glutathione biosynthesis exhibit higher sensitivity towards the glucosinolate hydrolysis product allyl-isothiocyanate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9809. [PMID: 29955088 PMCID: PMC6023892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tissue damage the plant secondary metabolites glucosinolates can generate various hydrolysis products, including isothiocyanates (ITCs). Their role in plant defence against insects and pest and their potential health benefits have been well documented, but our knowledge regarding the endogenous molecular mechanisms of their effect in plants is limited. Here we investigated the effect of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) on Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in homeostasis of the low-molecular weight thiol glutathione. We show that glutathione is important for the AITC-induced physiological responses, since mutants deficient in glutathione biosynthesis displayed a lower biomass and higher root growth inhibition than WT seedlings. These mutants were also more susceptible than WT to another ITC, sulforaphane. Sulforaphane was however more potent in inhibiting root growth than AITC. Combining AITC with the glutathione biosynthesis inhibitor L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) led to an even stronger phenotype than observed for the single treatments. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing the redox-sensitive fluorescent biomarker roGFP2 indicated more oxidative conditions during AITC treatment. Taken together, we provide genetic evidence that glutathione plays an important role in AITC-induced growth inhibition, although further studies need to be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms.
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22
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Bhattacharjee A, Chakraborty K, Shukla A. Cellular copper homeostasis: current concepts on its interplay with glutathione homeostasis and its implication in physiology and human diseases. Metallomics 2018; 9:1376-1388. [PMID: 28675215 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element essential for almost all living organisms. But the level of intracellular copper needs to be tightly regulated. Dysregulation of cellular copper homeostasis leading to various diseases demonstrates the importance of this tight regulation. Copper homeostasis is regulated not only within the cell but also within individual intracellular compartments. Inactivation of export machinery results in excess copper being redistributed into various intracellular organelles. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of glutathione in playing an important role in regulating copper entry and intracellular copper homeostasis. Therefore interplay of both homeostases might play an important role within the cell. Similar to copper, glutathione balance is tightly regulated within individual cellular compartments. This review explores the existing literature on the role of glutathione in regulating cellular copper homeostasis. On the one hand, interplay of glutathione and copper homeostasis performs an important role in normal physiological processes, for example neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, perturbation of the interplay might play a key role in the pathogenesis of copper homeostasis disorders.
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23
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García-Giménez JL, Romá-Mateo C, Pérez-Machado G, Peiró-Chova L, Pallardó FV. Role of glutathione in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:36-48. [PMID: 28705657 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field that studies gene expression modifications not involving changes in the DNA sequence. Histone H3, one of the basic proteins in the nucleosomes that make up chromatin, is S-glutathionylated in mammalian cells and tissues, making Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, glutathione (GSH), a physiological antioxidant and second messenger in cells, a new post-translational modifier of the histone code that alters the structure of the nucleosome. However, the role of GSH in the epigenetic mechanisms likely goes beyond a mere structural function. Evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a link between GSH metabolism and the control of epigenetic mechanisms at different levels (i.e., substrate availability, enzymatic activity for DNA methylation, changes in the expression of microRNAs, and participation in the histone code). However, little is known about the molecular pathways by which GSH can control epigenetic events. Studying mutations in enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and the alterations of the levels of cofactors affecting epigenetic mechanisms appears challenging. However, the number of diseases induced by aberrant epigenetic regulation is growing, so elucidating the intricate network between GSH metabolism, oxidative stress and epigenetics could shed light on how their deregulation contributes to the development of neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic pathologies and many other types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gisselle Pérez-Machado
- Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
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Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Lee J, Diamond G, Deguzman J, Hee Choi C, Yilmaz Ö. Opportunistic Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Modulates Danger Signal ATP-Mediated Antibacterial NOX2 Pathways in Primary Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:291. [PMID: 28725637 PMCID: PMC5495830 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major opportunistic pathogen in the etiology of chronic periodontitis, successfully survives in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). P. gingivalis abrogates the effects of a host danger molecule, extracellular ATP (eATP)/P2X7 signaling, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the mitochondria and NADPH oxidases (NOX) from primary GECs. However, antimicrobial functions of ROS production are thoroughly investigated in myeloid-lineage immune cells and have not been well-understood in epithelial cells. Therefore, this study characterizes antibacterial NOX2 generated ROS and host downstream effects in P. gingivalis infected human primary GECs. We examined the expression of NOX isoforms in the GECs and demonstrate eATP stimulation increased the mRNA expression of NOX2 (p < 0.05). Specific peptide inhibition of NOX2 significantly reduced eATP-mediated ROS as detected by DCFDA probe. The results also showed P. gingivalis infection can temporally modulate NOX2 pathway by reorganizing the localization and activation of cytosolic molecules (p47phox, p67phox, and Rac1) during 24 h of infection. Investigation into downstream biocidal factors of NOX2 revealed an eATP-induced increase in hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in GECs detected by R19-S fluorescent probe, which is significantly reduced by a myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor. MPO activity of the host cells was assayed and found to be positively affected by eATP treatment and/or infection. However, P. gingivalis significantly reduced the MPO product, bactericidal HOCl, in early times of infection upon eATP stimulation. Analysis of the intracellular levels of a major host-antioxidant, glutathione during early infection revealed a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in reduced glutathione indicative of scavenging of HOCl by P. gingivalis infection and eATP treatment. Examination of the mRNA expression of key enzymes in the glutathione synthesis pathway displayed a marked increase (p < 0.05) in glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) subunits GCLc and GCLm, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione reductase during the infection. These suggest P. gingivalis modulates the danger signal eATP-induced NOX2 signaling and also induces host glutathione synthesis to likely avoid HOCl mediated clearance. Thus, we characterize for the first time in epithelial cells, an eATP/NOX2-ROS-antibacterial pathway and demonstrate P. gingivalis can circumvent this important antimicrobial defense system potentially for successful persistence in human epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeff Deguzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
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Čapek J, Hauschke M, Brůčková L, Roušar T. Comparison of glutathione levels measured using optimized monochlorobimane assay with those from ortho-phthalaldehyde assay in intact cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017. [PMID: 28642085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorometric glutathione assays have been generally preferred for their high specificity and sensitivity. An additional advantage offered by fluorescent bimane dyes is their ability to penetrate inside the cell. Their ability to react with glutathione within intact cells is frequently useful in flow cytometry and microscopy. Hence, the aims of our study were to use monochlorobimane for optimizing a spectrofluorometric glutathione assay in cells and then to compare that assay with the frequently used ortho-phthalaldehyde assay. We used glutathione-depleting agents (e.g., cisplatin and diethylmalonate) to induce cell impairment. For glutathione assessment, monochlorobimane (40μM) was added to cells and fluorescence was detected at 394/490nm. In addition to the regularly used calculation of glutathione levels from fluorescence change after 60min, we used an optimized calculation from the linear part of the fluorescence curve after 10min of measurement. We found that 10min treatment of cells with monochlorobimane is sufficient for evaluating cellular glutathione concentration and provides results entirely comparable with those from the standard ortho-phthalaldehyde assay. In contrast, the results obtained by the standardly used evaluation after 60min of monochlorobimane treatment provided higher glutathione values. We conclude that measuring glutathione using monochlorobimane with the here-described optimized evaluation of fluorescence signal could be a simple and useful method for routine and rapid assessment of glutathione within intact cells in large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Čapek
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hauschke
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Brůčková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Roušar
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Miglionico R, Ostuni A, Armentano MF, Milella L, Crescenzi E, Carmosino M, Bisaccia F. ABCC6 knockdown in HepG2 cells induces a senescent-like cell phenotype. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:7. [PMID: 28536638 PMCID: PMC5415800 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is characterized by progressive ectopic mineralization of elastic fibers in dermal, ocular and vascular tissues. No effective treatment exists. It is caused by inactivating mutations in the gene encoding for the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C member 6 transporter (ABCC6), which is mainly expressed in the liver. The ABCC6 substrate (s) and the PXE pathomechanism remain unknown. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of ABCC6 in HEK293 cells results in efflux of ATP, which is rapidly converted into nucleoside monophosphates and pyrophosphate (PPi). Since the latter inhibits mineralization, it was proposed that the absence of circulating PPi in PXE patients results in the characteristic ectopic mineralization. These studies also demonstrated that the presence of ABCC6 modifies cell secretory activity and suggested that ABCC6 can change the cell phenotype. Methods Stable ABCC6 knockdown HepG2 clones were generated using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology. The intracellular glutathione and ROS levels were determined. Experiments using cell cycle analysis, real-time PCR and western blot were performed on genes involved in the senescence phenotype. Results To shed light on the physiological role of ABCC6, we focused on the phenotype of HepG2 cells that lack ABCC6 activity. Interestingly, we found that ABCC6 knockdown HepG2 cells show: 1) intracellular reductive stress; 2) cell cycle arrest in G1 phase; 3) upregulation of p21Cip p53 independent; and 4) downregulation of lamin A/C. Conclusions These findings show that the absence of ABCC6 profoundly changes the HepG2 phenotype, suggesting that the PXE syndrome is a complex metabolic disease that is not exclusively related to the absence of pyrophosphate in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocchina Miglionico
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Elvira Crescenzi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Faustino Bisaccia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Calderón A, Ortiz-Espín A, Iglesias-Fernández R, Carbonero P, Pallardó FV, Sevilla F, Jiménez A. Thioredoxin (Trxo1) interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and its overexpression affects the growth of tobacco cell culture. Redox Biol 2017; 11:688-700. [PMID: 28183062 PMCID: PMC5299145 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), key components of cellular redox regulation, act by controlling the redox status of many target proteins, and have been shown to play an essential role in cell survival and growth. The presence of a Trx system in the nucleus has received little attention in plants, and the nuclear targets of plant Trxs have not been conclusively identified. Thus, very little is known about the function of Trxs in this cellular compartment. Previously, we studied the intracellular localization of PsTrxo1 and confirmed its presence in mitochondria and, interestingly, in the nucleus under standard growth conditions. In investigating the nuclear function of PsTrxo1 we identified proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a PsTrxo1 target by means of affinity chromatography techniques using purified nuclei from pea leaves. Such protein-protein interaction was corroborated by dot-blot and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, which showed that both proteins interact in the nucleus. Moreover, PsTrxo1 showed disulfide reductase activity on previously oxidized recombinant PCNA protein. In parallel, we studied the effects of PsTrxo1 overexpression on Tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (TBY-2) cell cultures. Microscopy and flow-cytometry analysis showed that PsTrxo1 overexpression increases the rate of cell proliferation in the transformed lines, with a higher percentage of the S phase of the cell cycle at the beginning of the cell culture (days 1 and 3) and at the G2/M phase after longer times of culture (day 9), coinciding with an upregulation of PCNA protein. Furthermore, in PsTrxo1 overexpressed cells there is a decrease in the total cellular glutathione content but maintained nuclear GSH accumulation, especially at the end of the culture, which is accompanied by a higher mitotic index, unlike non-overexpressing cells. These results suggest that Trxo1 is involved in the cell cycle progression of TBY-2 cultures, possibly through its link with cellular PCNA and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aingeru Calderón
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Ortiz-Espín
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Iglesias-Fernández
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP; UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, E-28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Carbonero
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP; UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, E-28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico Vicente Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sevilla
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Jiménez
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Yang C, Wang X, Liu H, Ge S, Yu J, Yan M. On–off–on fluorescence sensing of glutathione in food samples based on a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)–Cu2+ strategy. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00098g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence sensor based on a g-C3N4 nanosheet–Cu2+ system has been developed for rapid, sensitive and selective sensing of glutathione (GSH) in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Shenguang Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
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Non-linear impact of glutathione depletion on C. elegans life span and stress resistance. Redox Biol 2016; 11:502-515. [PMID: 28086197 PMCID: PMC5228094 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox environment in cells and organisms is set by low-molecular mass and protein-bound thiols, with glutathione (GSH) representing a major intracellular redox buffer. Subtle thiol oxidation elicits signal transduction processes and adaptive responses to cope with stressors, whereas highly oxidizing conditions may provoke cell death. We here tested how thiol depletion affects life span, stress resistance and stress signaling in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Diethyl maleate (DEM), an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound that conjugates to GSH and other thiols, decreased C. elegans life span at a concentration of 1mM. In contrast, low and moderate doses of DEM (10-100µM) increased mean and maximum life span and improved resistance against oxidative stress. DEM-induced life span extension was not detectable in worms deficient in either the FoxO orthologue, DAF-16, or the Nrf2 orthologue, SKN-1, pointing to a collaborative role of the two transcription factors in life span extension induced by thiol depletion. Cytoprotective target genes of DAF-16 and SKN-1 were upregulated after at least 3 days of exposure to 100µM DEM, but not 1mM DEM, whereas only 1mM DEM caused upregulation of egl-1, a gene controlled by a p53-orthologue, CEP-1. In order to test whether depletion of GSH may elicit effects similar to DEM, we suppressed GSH biosynthesis in worms by attenuating γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gcs-1) expression through RNAi. The decline in GSH levels elicited by gcs-1 knockdown starting at young adult stage did not impair viability, but increased both stress resistance and life expectancy of the worms. In contrast, gcs-1 knockdown commencing right after hatching impaired nematode stress resistance and rendered young adult worms prone to vulval ruptures during egg-laying. Thus, modest decrease in GSH levels in young adult worms may promote stress resistance and life span, whereas depletion of GSH is detrimental to freshly hatched and developing worms.
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Mora-Lorca JA, Sáenz-Narciso B, Gaffney CJ, Naranjo-Galindo FJ, Pedrajas JR, Guerrero-Gómez D, Dobrzynska A, Askjaer P, Szewczyk NJ, Cabello J, Miranda-Vizuete A. Glutathione reductase gsr-1 is an essential gene required for Caenorhabditis elegans early embryonic development. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:446-61. [PMID: 27117030 PMCID: PMC8386055 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the most abundant thiol in the vast majority of organisms and is maintained in its reduced form by the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase. In this work, we describe the genetic and functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans gsr-1 gene that encodes the only glutathione reductase protein in this model organism. By using green fluorescent protein reporters we demonstrate that gsr-1 produces two GSR-1 isoforms, one located in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. gsr-1 loss of function mutants display a fully penetrant embryonic lethal phenotype characterized by a progressive and robust cell division delay accompanied by an aberrant distribution of interphasic chromatin in the periphery of the cell nucleus. Maternally expressed GSR-1 is sufficient to support embryonic development but these animals are short-lived, sensitized to chemical stress, have increased mitochondrial fragmentation and lower mitochondrial DNA content. Furthermore, the embryonic lethality of gsr-1 worms is prevented by restoring GSR-1 activity in the cytoplasm but not in mitochondria. Given the fact that the thioredoxin redox systems are dispensable in C. elegans, our data support a prominent role of the glutathione reductase/glutathione pathway in maintaining redox homeostasis in the nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Mora-Lorca
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Christopher J Gaffney
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham and Medical School Royal Derby Hospital, DE22 3DT Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco José Naranjo-Galindo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Rafael Pedrajas
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Señalización Celular, Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - David Guerrero-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzynska
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC/JA/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Peter Askjaer
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC/JA/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham and Medical School Royal Derby Hospital, DE22 3DT Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Cabello
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Padín-Irizarry V, Colón-Lorenzo EE, Vega-Rodríguez J, Castro MDR, González-Méndez R, Ayala-Peña S, Serrano AE. Glutathione-deficient Plasmodium berghei parasites exhibit growth delay and nuclear DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:43-54. [PMID: 26952808 PMCID: PMC4934901 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are exposed to endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress during their complex life cycle. To minimize oxidative damage, the parasites use glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx) as primary antioxidants. We previously showed that disruption of the Plasmodium berghei gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (pbggcs-ko) or the glutathione reductase (pbgr-ko) genes resulted in a significant reduction of GSH in intraerythrocytic stages, and a defect in growth in the pbggcs-ko parasites. In this report, time course experiments of parasite intraerythrocytic development and morphological studies showed a growth delay during the ring to schizont progression. Morphological analysis shows a significant reduction in size (diameter) of trophozoites and schizonts with increased number of cytoplasmic vacuoles in the pbggcs-ko parasites in comparison to the wild type (WT). Furthermore, the pbggcs-ko mutants exhibited an impaired response to oxidative stress and increased levels of nuclear DNA (nDNA) damage. Reduced GSH levels did not result in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage or protein carbonylations in neither pbggcs-ko nor pbgr-ko parasites. In addition, the pbggcs-ko mutant parasites showed an increase in mRNA expression of genes involved in oxidative stress detoxification and DNA synthesis, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism to allow for parasite proliferation. These results reveal that low GSH levels affect parasite development through the impairment of oxidative stress reduction systems and damage to the nDNA. Our studies provide new insights into the role of the GSH antioxidant system in the intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium parasites, with potential translation into novel pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Padín-Irizarry
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Emilee E Colón-Lorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - María Del R Castro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Ricardo González-Méndez
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Sylvette Ayala-Peña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Adelfa E Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
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Delorme-Hinoux V, Bangash SAK, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Nuclear thiol redox systems in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:84-95. [PMID: 26795153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is essential for many cellular functions in plants. It has major roles in defense mechanisms, maintains the redox status of the cell and plays structural, with regulatory roles for many proteins. Although thiol-based redox regulation has been extensively studied in subcellular organelles such as chloroplasts, it has been much less studied in the nucleus. Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is dependent on the conserved redox proteins, glutathione/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX) systems. We first focus on the functions of glutathione in the nucleus and discuss recent data concerning accumulation of glutathione in the nucleus. We also provide evidence that glutathione reduction is potentially active in the nucleus. Recent data suggests that the nucleus is enriched in specific GRX and TRX isoforms. We discuss the biochemical and molecular characteristics of these isoforms and focus on genetic evidences for their potential nuclear functions. Finally, we make an overview of the different thiol-based redox regulated proteins in the nucleus. These proteins are involved in various pathways including transcriptional regulation, metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delorme-Hinoux
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Diaz-Vivancos P, de Simone A, Kiddle G, Foyer CH. Glutathione--linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1154-64. [PMID: 26546102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The multifaceted functions of reduced glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) continue to fascinate plants and animal scientists, not least because of the dynamic relationships between GSH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin reduction/oxidation (redox) regulation and signalling. Here we consider the respective roles of ROS and GSH in the regulation of plant growth, with a particular focus on regulation of the plant cell cycle. Glutathione is discussed not only as a crucial low molecular weight redox buffer that shields nuclear processes against oxidative challenge but also a flexible regulator of genetic and epigenetic functions. RECENT ADVANCES The intracellular compartmentalization of GSH during the cell cycle is remarkably consistent in plants and animals. Moreover, measurements of in vivo glutathione redox potentials reveal that the cellular environment is much more reducing than predicted from GSH/GSSG ratios measured in tissue extracts. The redox potential of the cytosol and nuclei of non-dividing plant cells is about -300 mV. This relatively low redox potential maintained even in cells experiencing oxidative stress by a number of mechanisms including vacuolar sequestration of GSSG. We propose that regulated ROS production linked to glutathione-mediated signalling events are the hallmark of viable cells within a changing and challenging environment. CRITICAL ISSUES The concept that the cell cycle in animals is subject to redox controls is well established but little is known about how ROS and GSH regulate this process in plants. However, it is increasingly likely that redox controls exist in plants, although possibly through different pathways. Moreover, redox-regulated proteins that function in cell cycle checkpoints remain to be identified in plants. While GSH-responsive genes have now been identified, the mechanisms that mediate and regulate protein glutathionylation in plants remain poorly defined. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The nuclear GSH pool provides an appropriate redox environment for essential nuclear functions. Future work will focus on how this essential thiol interacts with the nuclear thioredoxin system and nitric oxide to regulate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The characterization of redox-regulated cell cycle proteins in plants, and the elucidation of mechanisms that facilitate GSH accumulation in the nucleus are keep steps to unravelling the complexities of nuclear redox controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ambra de Simone
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Guy Kiddle
- Lumora Ltd, Bartholomews Walk, Cambridge Business Park, Cambridge CB7 4EA, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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N-acetylcysteine stimulates protein synthesis in enterocytes independently of glutathione synthesis. Amino Acids 2015; 48:523-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Takemoto H, Miyata K, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Bioresponsive polymer-based nucleic acid carriers. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 88:289-323. [PMID: 25409610 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800148-6.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid carriers need to possess multifunctionality for overcoming biological barriers, such as the stable encapsulation of nucleic acids in extracellular milieu, internalization by target cells, controlled intracellular distribution, and release of nucleic acids at the target site of action. To fulfill these stepwise functionalities, "bioresponsive" polymers that can alter their structure responding to site-specific biological signals are highly useful. Notably, pH, redox potential, and enzymatic activities vary along with microenvironments in the body, and thus, the responsiveness to these signals enables to construct nucleic acid carriers with programmed functionalities. This chapter describes the design of bioresponsive polymers that respond to various biological microenvironments for smart nucleic acids delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Roberts RL, Barclay ML. Update on thiopurine pharmacogenetics in inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:891-903. [PMID: 26067482 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine remain pivotal therapies for the maintenance of disease remission in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. While thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency was the first pharmacogenetic phenomenon to be recognized to influence thiopurine toxicity and reliably predict leukopenia, it does not predict other adverse effects, nor does it explain most cases of thiopurine resistance. In recent years, a number of other genetic polymorphisms have received increasing attention in the literature. In particular, SNPs in NUDT15 and in the class II HLA locus have been shown to predict thiopurine-related leukopenia and pancreatitis. The aim of this review is to provide a concise update of genetic variability which may influence patient response to azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Roberts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Murray L Barclay
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Pelin M, De Iudicibus S, Fusco L, Taboga E, Pellizzari G, Lagatolla C, Martelossi S, Ventura A, Decorti G, Stocco G. Role of oxidative stress mediated by glutathione-s-transferase in thiopurines' toxic effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1186-95. [PMID: 25928802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) are antimetabolite drugs, widely used as immunosuppressants and anticancer agents. Despite their proven efficacy, a high incidence of toxic effects in patients during standard-dose therapy is recorded. The aim of this study is to explain, from a mechanistic point of view, the clinical evidence showing a significant role of glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-M1 genotype on AZA toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease patients. To this aim, the human nontumor IHH and HCEC cell lines were chosen as predictive models of the hepatic and intestinal tissues, respectively. AZA, but not 6-MP and 6-TG, induced a concentration-dependent superoxide anion production that seemed dependent on GSH depletion. N-Acetylcysteine reduced the AZA antiproliferative effect in both cell lines, and GST-M1 overexpression increased both superoxide anion production and cytotoxicity, especially in transfected HCEC cells. In this study, an in vitro model to study thiopurines' metabolism has been set up and helped us to demonstrate, for the first time, a clear role of GST-M1 in modulating AZA cytotoxicity, with a close dependency on superoxide anion production. These results provide the molecular basis to shed light on the clinical evidence suggesting a role of GST-M1 genotype in influencing the toxic effects of AZA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara De Iudicibus
- ‡Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Fusco
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Taboga
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellizzari
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Lagatolla
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Martelossi
- ‡Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ventura
- ‡Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy.,§Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection due to the ubiquitous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. This yeast interacts closely with innate immune cells, leading to various fates, including fungal persistence within cells, making possible the dissemination of the yeast cells with monocytes via a Trojan horse strategy. In humans, the natural history of the infection begins with primoinfection during childhood, which is followed by dormancy and, in some individuals, reactivation upon immunosuppression. To address the question of dormancy, we studied C. neoformans infection at the macrophage level (in vitro H99-macrophage interaction) and at the organ level in a murine model of cryptococcosis. We analyzed the diversity of yeast adaptation to the host by characterizing several C. neoformans populations with new assays based on flow cytometry (quantitative flow cytometry, multispectral imaging flow cytometry, sorting), microscopy (dynamic imaging), and gene expression analysis. On the basis of parameters of multiplication and stress response, various populations of yeast cells were observed over time in vivo and in vitro. Cell sorting allowed the identification of a subpopulation that was less prone to grow under standard conditions than the other populations, with growth enhanced by the addition of serum. Gene expression analysis revealed that this population had specific metabolic characteristics that could reflect dormancy. Our data suggest that dormant yeast cells could exist in vitro and in vivo. C. neoformans exhibits a huge plasticity and adaptation to hosts that deserves further study. In vitro generation of dormant cells is now the main challenge to overcome the limited number of yeast cells recovered in our models. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans is a sugar-coated unicellular fungus that interacts closely with various cells and organisms, including amoebas, nematodes, and immune cells of mammals. This yeast is able to proliferate and survive in the intracellular environment. C. neoformans causes cryptococcosis, and yeast dormancy in humans has been suggested on the basis of epidemiological evidence obtained years ago. By studying an in vitro model of yeast-macrophage interaction and murine models of cryptococcosis, we observed that yeast cells evolve in heterogeneous populations during infection on the basis of global metabolic activity. We compared the growth ability and gene expression of yeast cells belonging to various populations in those two models. We eventually found a population of yeast cells with low metabolism that fit some of the criteria for dormant cells. This paves the way for further characterization of dormancy in C. neoformans.
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Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1479-96. [PMID: 25676896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages. SCOPE OF VIEW The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Weiler S, Ademokun JA, Norton JD. ID helix-loop-helix proteins as determinants of cell survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25644253 PMCID: PMC4320821 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) family of helix-loop-helix proteins have been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of B-cell lineage malignancy, either on the basis of mutation or by altered expression. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders and is the commonest leukaemia type in the Western world. In this study, we have investigated the pathobiological functions of the ID2 and ID3 proteins in this disease with an emphasis on their role in regulating leukemic cell death/survival. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of microarray gene expression data was used to investigate expression of ID2/ID3 in leukemic versus normal B cells, their association with clinical course of disease and molecular sub-type and to reconstruct a gene regulatory network using the 'maximum information coefficient' (MIC) for target gene inference. In vitro cultured primary leukemia cells, either in isolation or co-cultured with accessory vascular endothelial cells, were used to investigate ID2/ID3 protein expression by western blotting and to assess the cytotoxic response of different drugs (fludarabine, chlorambucil, ethacrynic acid) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. ID2/ID3 protein levels in primary leukemia cells and in MEC1 cells were manipulated by transduction with siRNA reagents. RESULTS Datamining showed that the expression profiles of ID2 and ID3 are associated with distinct pathobiological features of disease and implicated both genes in regulating cell death/survival by targeting multiple non-overlapping sets of apoptosis effecter genes. Consistent with microarray data, the overall pattern of ID2/ID3 protein expression in relation to cell death/survival responses of primary leukemia cells was suggestive of a pro-survival function for both ID proteins. This was confirmed by siRNA knock-down experiments in MEC1 cells and in primary leukemia cells, but with variability in the dependence of leukemic cells from different patients on ID protein expression for cell survival. Vascular endothelial cells rescued leukemia cells from spontaneous and cytotoxic drug-induced cell death at least in part, via an ID protein-coupled redox-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for a pro-survival function of the ID2/ID3 proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and also highlights these proteins as potential determinants of the pathobiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weiler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Jolaolu A Ademokun
- Department of Haematology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Heath Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP4 5PD, UK.
| | - John D Norton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Fang SC, Chung CL, Chen CH, Lopez-Paz C, Umen JG. Defects in a new class of sulfate/anion transporter link sulfur acclimation responses to intracellular glutathione levels and cell cycle control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1852-68. [PMID: 25361960 PMCID: PMC4256884 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a mutation, suppressor of mating type locus3 15-1 (smt15-1), that partially suppresses the cell cycle defects caused by loss of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor-related protein encoded by the MAT3 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. smt15-1 single mutants were also found to have a cell cycle defect leading to a small-cell phenotype. SMT15 belongs to a previously uncharacterized subfamily of putative membrane-localized sulfate/anion transporters that contain a sulfate transporter domain and are found in a widely distributed subset of eukaryotes and bacteria. Although we observed that smt15-1 has a defect in acclimation to sulfur-limited growth conditions, sulfur acclimation (sac) mutants, which are more severely defective for acclimation to sulfur limitation, do not have cell cycle defects and cannot suppress mat3. Moreover, we found that smt15-1, but not sac mutants, overaccumulates glutathione. In wild-type cells, glutathione fluctuated during the cell cycle, with highest levels in mid G1 phase and lower levels during S and M phases, while in smt15-1, glutathione levels remained elevated during S and M. In addition to increased total glutathione levels, smt15-1 cells had an increased reduced-to-oxidized glutathione redox ratio throughout the cell cycle. These data suggest a role for SMT15 in maintaining glutathione homeostasis that impacts the cell cycle and sulfur acclimation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Chin-Lin Chung
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - Cristina Lopez-Paz
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
| | - James G Umen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County 741, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan (S.-C.F., C.-L.C., C.-H.C.);Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (C.-L.C.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (C.L.-P., J.G.U.)
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Stan MS, Memet I, Sima C, Popescu T, Teodorescu VS, Hermenean A, Dinischiotu A. Si/SiO2 quantum dots cause cytotoxicity in lung cells through redox homeostasis imbalance. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:102-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Diethyl maleate inhibits MCA+TPA transformed cell growth via modulation of GSH, MAPK, and cancer pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Saha P, Ghosh I, Datta K. Increased hyaluronan levels in HABP1/p32/gC1qR overexpressing HepG2 cells inhibit autophagic vacuolation regulating tumor potency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103208. [PMID: 25061661 PMCID: PMC4111551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and development is influenced by its microenvironment. A major extracellular matrix molecule involved in cancer progression is hyaluronan (HA). Hyaluronan and expression of a number of hyaladherin family proteins are dramatically increased in many cancer malignancies. One such hyaladherin, hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1/p32/gC1qR) has been considered to be a biomarker for tumor progression. Interestingly, overexpression of HABP1 in fibroblast has been shown to increase autophagy via generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletion of HA leading to apoptosis. Cancerous cells are often found to exhibit decreased rate of proteolysis/autophagy in comparison to their normal counterparts. To determine if HABP1 levels alter tumorigenicity of cancerous cells, HepR21, the stable transfectant overexpressing HABP1 in HepG2 cell line was derived. HepR21 has been shown to have increased proliferation rate than HepG2, intracellular HA cable formation and enhanced tumor potency without any significant alteration of intracellular ROS. In this paper we have observed that HepR21 cells containing higher endogenous HA levels, have downregulated expression of the autophagic marker, MAP-LC3, consistent with unaltered levels of endogenous ROS. In fact, HepR21 cells seem to have significant resistance to exogenous ROS stimuli and glutathione depletion. HepR21 cells were also found to be more resilient to nutrient starvation in comparison to its parent cell line. Decline in intracellular HA levels and HA cables in HepR21 cells upon treatment with HAS inhibitor (4-MU), induced a surge in ROS levels leading to increased expression of MAP-LC3 and tumor suppressors Beclin 1 and PTEN. This suggests the importance of HABP1 induced HA cable formation in enhancing tumor potency by maintaining the oxidant levels and subsequent autophagic vacuolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Saha
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ilora Ghosh
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (IG); (KD)
| | - Kasturi Datta
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (IG); (KD)
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Moniliformediquinone Induces In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Activity through Glutathione Involved DNA Damage Response and Mitochondrial Stress in Human Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2014; 191:1429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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The Glutathione System: A New Drug Target in Neuroimmune Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1059-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Krautbauer S, Eisinger K, Hader Y, Neumeier M, Buechler C. Manganese superoxide dismutase knock-down in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes impairs subsequent adipogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:69-76. [PMID: 24740755 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is associated with the upregulation of the antioxidative enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) suggesting a vital function of this enzyme in adipocyte maturation. In the current work, MnSOD was knocked-down with small-interference RNA in preadipocytes to study its role in adipocyte differentiation. In mature adipocytes differentiated from these cells, proteins characteristic for mature adipocytes, which are strongly induced in late adipogenesis like adiponectin and fatty acid-binding protein 4, are markedly reduced. Triglycerides begin to accumulate after about 6 days of the induction of adipogenesis, and are strongly diminished in cells with low MnSOD. Proteins upregulated early during differentiation, like fatty acid synthase and cytochrome C oxidase-4, are not altered. Cell viability, insulin-mediated phosphorylation of Akt, antioxidative capacity (AOC), superoxide levels, and heme oxygenase 1 with the latter being induced upon oxidative stress are not affected. L-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) depletes glutathione and modestly lowers AOC of mature adipocytes. Addition of BSO to 3T3-L1 cells 3 days after the initiation of differentiation impairs triglyceride accumulation and expression of proteins induced in late adipogenesis. Of note, proteins that increased early during adipogenesis are also diminished, suggesting that BSO causes de-differentiation of these cells. Preadipocyte proliferation is not considerably affected by low MnSOD and BSO. These data suggest that glutathione and MnSOD are essential for adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
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Stocco G, Pelin M, Franca R, De Iudicibus S, Cuzzoni E, Favretto D, Martelossi S, Ventura A, Decorti G. Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: A role for glutathione-S-transferase? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3534-3541. [PMID: 24707136 PMCID: PMC3974520 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azathioprine is a purine antimetabolite drug commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In vivo it is active after reaction with reduced glutathione (GSH) and conversion to mercaptopurine. Although this reaction may occur spontaneously, the presence of isoforms M and A of the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) may increase its speed. Indeed, in pediatric patients with IBD, deletion of GST-M1, which determines reduced enzymatic activity, was recently associated with reduced sensitivity to azathioprine and reduced production of azathioprine active metabolites. In addition to increase the activation of azathioprine to mercaptopurine, GSTs may contribute to azathioprine effects even by modulating GSH consumption, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, genetic polymorphisms in genes for GSTs may be useful to predict response to azathioprine even if more in vitro and clinical validation studies are needed.
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Stan MS, Memet I, Fratila C, Krasicka-Cydzik E, Roman I, Dinischiotu A. Effects of titanium-based nanotube films on osteoblast behaviorin vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:48-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miruna-Silvia Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology; University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei; Bucharest 050095 Romania
| | - Indira Memet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology; University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei; Bucharest 050095 Romania
| | - Cornel Fratila
- Research and Development National Institute for Nonferrous and Rare Metals; 102 Biruintei Blvd Pantelimon 077145 Romania
| | - Elzbieta Krasicka-Cydzik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Zielona Gora; ul. Licealna 9 Zielona Góra 65-417 Poland
| | - Ioan Roman
- METAV Research & Development; 31 C.A. Rosetti Bucharest 020011 Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology; University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei; Bucharest 050095 Romania
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Sengupta R, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin-mediated redox regulation of ribonucleotide reductase. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:68-74. [PMID: 24600515 PMCID: PMC3942543 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis, catalyzes reduction of the different ribonucleotides to their corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. The crucial role of RNR in DNA synthesis has made it an important target for the development of antiviral and anticancer drugs. Taking account of the recent developments in this field of research, this review focuses on the role of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in the redox reactions of the RNR catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Sengupta
- Rajib Sengupta, Arne Holmgren, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Rajib Sengupta, Arne Holmgren, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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