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Shin SK, Oh S, Chun SK, Ahn MJ, Lee SM, Kim K, Kang H, Lee J, Shin SP, Lee J, Jung YK. Immune signature and therapeutic approach of natural killer cell in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024. [PMID: 38800890 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the key members of innate immunity that predominantly reside in the liver, potentiating immune responses against viral infections or malignant tumors. It has been reported that changes in cell numbers and function of NK cells are associated with the development and progression of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and chronic viral hepatitis. Also, it is known that the crosstalk between NK cells and hepatic stellate cells plays an important role in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. In particular, the impaired functions of NK cells observed in CLDs consequently contribute to occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic infections by hepatitis B or C viruses counteract the anti-tumor immunity of the host by producing the sheddases. Soluble major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (sMICA), released from the cell surfaces by sheddases, disrupts the interaction and affects the function of NK cells. Recently, the MICA/B-NK stimulatory receptor NK group 2 member D (NKG2D) axis has been extensively studied in HCC. HCC patients with low membrane-bound MICA or high sMICA concentration have been associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, reversing the sMICA-mediated downregulation of NKG2D has been proposed as an attractive strategy to enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses against HCC. This review aims to summarize recent studies on NK cell immune signatures and its roles in CLD and hepatocellular carcinogenesis and discusses the therapeutic approaches of MICA/B-NKG2D-based or NK cell-based immunotherapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kak Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Oh
- Chaum Life Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Chun
- Chaum Life Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Ji Ahn
- Center for Research and Development, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Center for Research and Development, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kayun Kim
- School of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hogyeong Kang
- School of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Lee
- School of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Pyo Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jooho Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Kul Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
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Griesler B, Hölzel M, Oswald J, Fänder J, Fischer T, Büttner M, Quandt D, Bähr I, Jasinski-Bergner S, Bazwinsky-Wutschke I, Kielstein H. Impact of siRNA-Mediated Cofilin-1 Knockdown and Obesity Associated Microenvironment on the Motility of Natural Killer Cells. Immunol Invest 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38721960 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2327327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The anti-tumor capacity of natural killer (NK) cells heavily relies on their ability to migrate towards their target cells. This process is based on dynamic actinrearrangement, so-called actin treadmilling, andis tightly regulated by proteins such as cofilin-1. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of cofilin-1 (CFL-1) in the migratory behavior of NK cells and to investigate a possible impact of an obesity-associated micromilieu on these cells, as it is known that obesity correlates with various impaired NK cell functions. CFL-1 was knocked-down via transfection of NK-92 cells with respective siRNAs. Obesity associated micromilieu was mimicked by incubation of NK-92 cells with adipocyte-conditioned medium from human preadipocyte SGBS cells or leptin. Effects on CFL-1 levels, the degree of phosphorylation to the inactive pCFL-1 as well as NK-92 cell motility were analyzed. Surprisingly, siRNA-mediated CFL-1 knockdown led to a significant increase of migration, as determined by enhanced velocity and accumulated distance of migration. No effect on CFL-1 nor pCFL-1 expression levels, proportion of phosphorylation and cell migratory behavior could be demonstrated under the influence of an obesity-associated microenvironment. In conclusion, the results indicate a significant effect of a CFL-1 knockdown on NK cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Griesler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marijke Hölzel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jana Oswald
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Fänder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Trutz Fischer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maximilian Büttner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Quandt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ivonne Bazwinsky-Wutschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Mylod E, O'Connell F, Donlon NE, Davern M, Marion C, Butler C, Reynolds JV, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Real-time ex vivo monitoring of NK cell migration toward obesity-associated oesophageal adenocarcinoma following modulation of CX3CR1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4017. [PMID: 38369570 PMCID: PMC10874956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oesophagogastric adenocarcinomas (OAC) are poor prognosis, obesity-associated cancers which may benefit from natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapies. Cellular immunotherapies encounter two key challenges to their success in OAC, namely recruitment to extratumoural tissues such as the omentum at the expense of the tumour and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) which can hamper NK cell function. Herein, we examined approaches to overcome the detrimental impact of obesity on NK cells and NK cell-based immunotherapies. We have demonstrated that NK cells migrate preferentially to the chemotactic signals of OAC patient-derived omentum over tumour in an ex vivo model of immune cell migration. We have identified CX3CR1 modulation and/or tumour chemokine profile remodelling as approaches to skew NK cell migration towards tumour. We also report targetable immunosuppressive facets of the obese OAC TME which dampen NK cell function, in particular cytotoxic capabilities. These data provide insights into approaches to therapeutically overcome key challenges presented by obesity and will inform superior design of NK cell-based immunotherapies for OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Mylod
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Connell
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel E Donlon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Davern
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Marion
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine Butler
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Conroy
- Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Yu S, Lian R, Chen C, Chen X, Xu J, Zeng Y, Li Y. Impact of body mass index on peripheral and uterine immune status in the window of implantation in patients with recurrent reproductive failure. HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:1322-1333. [PMID: 36946060 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2023.2189024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether maternal obesity affects the immune status of peripheral blood and endometrium in patients with recurrent reproductive failure classified according to their body mass index (BMI). A total of 228 repeated implantation failure (RIF) and 266 recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients were enrolled in the study and further subdivided into three groups according to their BMI: (i) normal weight (18.5≤ BMI <23); (ii) overweight (23≤ BMI <25); and (iii) obese (BMI ≥25). Peripheral blood and endometrium samples were collected in the mid-luteal phase before IVF treatment or natural pregnancy. Peripheral immunocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry, while uterine immune cells were subjected to immunohistochemistry. In RM patients, significantly increased peripheral helper T cells and decreased cytotoxic T cells, NK cells were observed in the obese group compared with the normal-weight group. Meanwhile, in the endometrium, the percentage of NK cell, macrophage cell, M2 macrophage cell, and Treg cell significantly reduced with increased BMI in RIF patients, and the percentage of NK cell and M2 macrophage cell significantly decreased with increased BMI in RM patients. In conclusion, obesity may cause endometrial immune disorder in recurrent reproductive failure women, but was only associated with the peripheral immune change in RM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuYi Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - RuoChun Lian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - YuYe Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
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De Barra C, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. NK cells vs. obesity: A tale of dysfunction & redemption. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109744. [PMID: 37604354 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical in protecting the body against infection and cancer. NK cells can rapidly respond to these threats by directly targeting the infected or transformed cell using their cytotoxic machinery or by initiating and amplifying the immune response via their production of cytokines. Additionally, NK cells are resident across many tissues including adipose, were their role extends from host protection to tissue homeostasis. Adipose resident NK cells can control macrophage polarization via cytokine production, whilst also regulating stressed adipocyte fate using their cytotoxic machinery. Obesity is strongly associated with increased rates of cancer and a heightened susceptibility to severe infections. This is in part due to significant obesity-related immune dysregulation, including defects in both peripheral and adipose tissue NK cells. In this review, we detail the literature to date on NK cells in the setting of obesity - outlining the consequences, mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.
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Cho AR, Suh E, Oh H, Cho BH, Gil M, Lee YK. Low Muscle and High Fat Percentages Are Associated with Low Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12505. [PMID: 37569879 PMCID: PMC10419953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether body fat and muscle percentages are associated with natural killer cell activity (NKA). This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on 8058 subjects in a medical center in Korea. The association between the muscle and fat percentage tertiles and a low NKA, defined as an interferon-gamma level lower than 500 pg/mL, was assessed. In both men and women, the muscle mass and muscle percentage were significantly low in participants with a low NKA, whereas the fat percentage, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were significantly high in those with a low NKA. Compared with the lowest muscle percentage tertile as a reference, the fully adjusted odd ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for a low NKA were significantly lower in T2 (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.55-0.86) and T3 (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57-0.95) of men, and T3 (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59-0.99) of women. Compared with the lowest fat percentage tertile as a reference, the fully adjusted OR was significantly higher in T3 of men (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.01-1.69). A high muscle percentage was significantly inversely associated with a low NKA in men and women, whereas a high fat percentage was significantly associated with a low NKA in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Ra Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunkyung Suh
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Republic of Korea; (E.S.); (H.O.)
| | - Hyoju Oh
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Republic of Korea; (E.S.); (H.O.)
| | - Baek Hwan Cho
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minchan Gil
- NKMAX Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yun-Kyong Lee
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Republic of Korea; (E.S.); (H.O.)
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De Barra C, Khalil M, Mat A, O'Donnell C, Shaamile F, Brennan K, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Glucagon-like peptide-1 therapy in people with obesity restores natural killer cell metabolism and effector function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023. [PMID: 37157931 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with obesity (PWO) have functionally defective natural killer (NK) cells, with a decreased capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells, underpinned by defective cellular metabolism. It is plausible that the changes in peripheral NK cell activity are contributing to the multimorbidity in PWO, which includes an increased risk of cancer. This study investigated whether therapy with long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, which are an effective treatment for obesity, could restore NK cell functionality in PWO. METHODS In a cohort of 20 PWO, this study investigated whether 6 months of once weekly GLP-1 therapy (semaglutide) could restore human NK cell function and metabolism using multicolor flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS These data demonstrate that PWO who received GLP-1 therapy have improved NK cell function, as measured by cytotoxicity and interferon-γ/granzyme B production. In addition, the study demonstrates increases in a CD98-mTOR-glycolysis metabolic axis, which is critical for NK cell cytokine production. Finally, it shows that the reported improvements in NK cell function appear to be independent of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS The restoration, by GLP-1 therapy, of NK cell functionality in PWO may be contributing to the overall benefits being seen with this class of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Khalil
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Arimin Mat
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Donnell
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ferrah Shaamile
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Donal O'Shea
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
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Zhao J, Lee K, Toh HC, Lam KP, Neo SY. Unravelling the role of obesity and lipids during tumor progression. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1163160. [PMID: 37063269 PMCID: PMC10097918 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1163160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the biochemical pathways in cancer promotes oncogenic transformations and metastatic potential. Recent studies have shed light on how obesity and altered lipid metabolism could be the driving force for tumor progression. Here, in this review, we focus on liver cancer and discuss how obesity and lipid-driven metabolic reprogramming affect tumor, immune, and stroma cells in the tumor microenvironment and, in turn, how alterations in these cells synergize to influence and contribute to tumor growth and dissemination. With increasing evidence on how obesity exacerbates inflammation and immune tolerance, we also touch upon the impact of obesity and altered lipid metabolism on tumor immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Zhao
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keene Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yong Neo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Shi Yong Neo,
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Identification of Smoking-Associated Transcriptome Aberration in Blood with Machine Learning Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5333361. [PMID: 36644165 PMCID: PMC9833906 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5333361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term cigarette smoking causes various human diseases, including respiratory disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Alterations in gene expression and variable splicing processes induced by smoking are associated with the development of diseases. This study applied advanced machine learning methods to identify the isoforms with important roles in distinguishing smokers from former smokers based on the expression profile of isoforms from current and former smokers collected in one previous study. These isoforms were deemed as features, which were first analyzed by the Boruta to select features highly correlated with the target variables. Then, the selected features were evaluated by four feature ranking algorithms, resulting in four feature lists. The incremental feature selection method was applied to each list for obtaining the optimal feature subsets and building high-performance classification models. Furthermore, a series of classification rules were accessed by decision tree with the highest performance. Eventually, the rationality of the mined isoforms (features) and classification rules was verified by reviewing previous research. Features such as isoforms ENST00000464835 (expressed by LRRN3), ENST00000622663 (expressed by SASH1), and ENST00000284311 (expressed by GPR15), and pathways (cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cell and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction) revealed by the enrichment analysis, were highly relevant to smoking response, suggesting the robustness of our analysis pipeline.
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Berishvili AI, Kedrova AG, Greyan TA, Zaitseva OV. Obesity and breast cancer. TUMORS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2022. [DOI: 10.17650/1994-4098-2022-18-3-40-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of the latest literature data on the problem of obesity and breast cancer (BC). This review presents modern approaches to the diagnosis of BC in obese patients, new molecular methods of breast imaging, analyzes the features of the course of BC with obesity depending on menstrual status, molecular biological subtypes of the tumor, the mechanisms of the development of BC against the background of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. I. Berishvili
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academy of Postgraduate Education, Federal Research and Clinical Center, Federal Biomedical Agency; Department of Oncology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation
| | - A. G. Kedrova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academy of Postgraduate Education, Federal Research and Clinical Center, Federal Biomedical Agency; Department of Oncology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation; Institute of Oncology and Neurosurgery, E. N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T. A. Greyan
- Department of Oncology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation
| | - O. V. Zaitseva
- Department of Oncology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation
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Nedunchezhiyan U, Varughese I, Sun AR, Wu X, Crawford R, Prasadam I. Obesity, Inflammation, and Immune System in Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907750. [PMID: 35860250 PMCID: PMC9289681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains the most important risk factor for the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The leading cause of OA was believed to be overloading the joints due to excess weight which in turn leads to the destruction of articular cartilage. However, recent studies have proved otherwise, various other factors like adipose deposition, insulin resistance, and especially the improper coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses may lead to the initiation and progression of obesity-associated OA. It is becoming increasingly evident that multiple inflammatory cells are recruited into the synovial joint that serves an important role in pathological changes in the synovial joint. Polarization of macrophages and macrophage-produced mediators are extensively studied and linked to the inflammatory and destructive responses in the OA synovium and cartilage. However, the role of other major innate immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of OA has not been fully evaluated. Although cells of the adaptive immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced OA is still under exploration, a quantity of literature indicates OA synovium has an enriched population of T cells and B cells compared with healthy control. The interplay between a variety of immune cells and other cells that reside in the articular joints may constitute a vicious cycle, leading to pathological changes of the articular joint in obese individuals. This review addresses obesity and the role of all the immune cells that are involved in OA and summarised animal studies and human trials and knowledge gaps between the studies have been highlighted. The review also touches base on the interventions currently in clinical trials, different stages of the testing, and their shortcomings are also discussed to understand the future direction which could help in understanding the multifactorial aspects of OA where inflammation has a significant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Nedunchezhiyan
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ibin Varughese
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Orthopedic Department, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Indira Prasadam,
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Boland L, Bitterlich LM, Hogan AE, Ankrum JA, English K. Translating MSC Therapy in the Age of Obesity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943333. [PMID: 35860241 PMCID: PMC9289617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy has seen increased attention as a possible option to treat a number of inflammatory conditions including COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As rates of obesity and metabolic disease continue to rise worldwide, increasing proportions of patients treated with MSC therapy will be living with obesity. The obese environment poses critical challenges for immunomodulatory therapies that should be accounted for during development and testing of MSCs. In this review, we look to cancer immunotherapy as a model for the challenges MSCs may face in obese environments. We then outline current evidence that obesity alters MSC immunomodulatory function, drastically modifies the host immune system, and therefore reshapes interactions between MSCs and immune cells. Finally, we argue that obese environments may alter essential features of allogeneic MSCs and offer potential strategies for licensing of MSCs to enhance their efficacy in the obese microenvironment. Our aim is to combine insights from basic research in MSC biology and clinical trials to inform new strategies to ensure MSC therapy is effective for a broad range of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Boland
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura Melanie Bitterlich
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - James A. Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: James A. Ankrum, ; Karen English,
| | - Karen English
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth, Ireland
- *Correspondence: James A. Ankrum, ; Karen English,
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Huang C, Chen H, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liu J, Yu H, He Y, Liu Z. A Nomogram to Predict Critical Weight Loss in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma During (Chemo) Radiotherapy. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022; 16:11795549221103730. [PMID: 35754926 PMCID: PMC9218896 DOI: 10.1177/11795549221103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Weight loss is an important side effect of long-term anticancer treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. The decline in body function will cause many adverse effects, such as local recurrence and distant metastasis, and reduce the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, this study developed a predictive model for the probability of critical weight loss to provide timely appropriate nutritional interventions and prevent serious side effects. Methods: A 20-week prospective follow-up study of 137 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in West China Hospital of Sichuan University undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy from February 2018 to March 2020 was conducted to collect relevant clinical data. The clinical usefulness and calibration of the prediction model were assessed using the C-index, calibration plot, receiver operating curve, and decision curve analysis. Internal validation was assessed using bootstrapping validation. Results: The nomogram consisted of sex, smoking status, physical status, chemotherapy regimen, and body mass index. Good calibration was observed for the cohort, with an area under the curve of 0.924. Five independent prognostic factors were included in the nomogram, which showed a high C-index value of 0.815 in the interval validation. Decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram was clinically useful when the intervention was decided at the critical weight loss possibility threshold in the 0% to 97% range. Conclusions: We constructed and validated a nomogram for predicting the incidence of critical weight loss in nasopharyngeal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxiu Chen
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Department of Postgraduate Students, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqin Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinbo He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jin YN, Xia TL, Mai DM, Yao JJ, Jiang C, He WZ, Xia LP. The prognostic value of weight loss during radiotherapy among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a large-scale cohort study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:505. [PMID: 35524225 PMCID: PMC9074330 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to investigate the prognostic value of weight loss during radiotherapy (RT) among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS A total of 1149 NPC patients who received radical RT were retrospectively analyzed. Patients' weight were measured at initiation of RT (WPre-RT) and every week during RT (WRT1,2,3,4,5,6,7). Percentage of weight loss (PWL) at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th week of RT (RT-PWL1,2,3,4,5,6,7) were calculated using the following equation: (WPre-RT -WRT1,2,3,4,5,6,7)/WPre-RT × 100%. The optimal threshold of RT-PWL7 was determined by recursive partitioning analyses (RPAs). Our endpoints included disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS). RESULTS The median RT-PWLs were 0, 0, 1.5, 2.9, 4.1, 5.5, 6.6% at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th week of RT, respectively. RT-PWL7 optimal threshold with respect to DFS was 5.3% based on RPAs. Therefore, a consistent threshold of 5% (<5% vs > ≥5%) was selected to classify NPC patients into low RT-PWL7 and high RT-PWL7 groups for survival analysis. Compared to high RT-PWL7 (≥5%), patients with low RT-PWL7 (< 5%) had significantly better ten-year DFS (61.2% vs 78.8%; P < 0.001), OS (70.1% vs 86.6%; P < 0.001), and DMFS (80.2% vs 88.5%; P = 0.007). However, no difference was observed between LRRFS groups (91.7% vs 94.3%; P = 0.173). In multivariate analysis, high RT-PWL7 was an independent risk factor for DFS (HR, 1.56; 95%CI, 1.19-2.03; P = 0.001), OS (HR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.11-2.15; P = 0.011), and DMFS (HR, 1.47; 95%CI, 1.03-2.10; P = 0.033) in patients with NPC. In addition, treatment strategy, plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA, and N stage were associated with weight loss. CONCLUSIONS High RT-PWL7 was significantly associated with decreased DFS, OS, and DMFS for NPC patients. Clinicians should continuously inform patients on the health impact of minimizing RT-PWL7 under 5% during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Jin
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.,The Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Zhuhai, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Liang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Mei Mai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Jin Yao
- The Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Zhuhai, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Zhuo He
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
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Mylod E, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Natural killer cell therapy: A new frontier for obesity-associated cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 535:215620. [PMID: 35283210 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of solid tumours is associated with better outcomes, placing augmentation of NK cell abundance in tumours as an attractive immunotherapeutic approach. The unique ability of NK cells to target cancer cells without antigen specificity increases their versatility and applicability as an immunotherapeutic tool. However, successful utilisation of NK cell-based therapies in solid tumours is still at an early stage. Obesity has become a global health epidemic, and the prevalence of obesity-associated cancers has significantly increased. Obesity-associated malignancies provide a unique challenge for the successful application of cell-based immunotherapies including NK cell-based therapies because significant numbers of NK and T cells are recruited to the visceral adipose tissue at the expense of successful tumour infiltration and eradication. As such, immunotherapy efficacy has been disappointing for obesity-associated malignancies such as oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma. Therefore, immunotherapies for obesity-associated cancers warrant our further attention. Indeed, it is becoming ever more obvious that more innovative approaches are needed to re-invigorate anti-tumour immunity and overcome immune exclusion in such tumours. In this review, we briefly summarise the dysfunctionality of NK cells in obesity-associated cancer. We outline the NK cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches which hold promise as effective treatments in this disease space, including CAR-NK cells. Furthermore, we suggest future avenues which possess the potential to transform immunotherapy and specifically NK cell therapy efficacy for obesity-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Mylod
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Conroy
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 8, Ireland; Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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Keilen J, Gar C, Rottenkolber M, Fueessl L, Joseph AT, Draenert R, Seissler J, Lechner A. No association of natural killer cell number and function in peripheral blood with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome in a cohort of young women. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15148. [PMID: 35179822 PMCID: PMC8855889 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To reexamine the associations of NK cell number and function in the peripheral blood with overweight/obesity and the metabolic syndrome in a large, well-phenotyped human cohort. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 273 women in the PPSDiab Study; measurement of absolute and relative number of NK cells in peripheral blood, and of functional parameters CD69 positivity and cytotoxicity against K562 cells; group comparison of NK cell characteristics between lean, overweight, and obese participants, as well as metabolic syndrome scores of 0, 1, 2, and ≥3; Spearman correlation analyses to clinical parameters related to the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS We found no differences in NK cell number and function between lean, overweight, and obese women (relative NK cell number (median (Q1-Q3), [%]) 5.1(2.6-9.4) vs. 4.8 (2.9-8.4) vs. 3.8 (1.7-7.8), p = 0.187; absolute NK cell number [106 /L]: 86.9 (44.6-188.8) vs. 92.6 (52.5-154.6) vs. 85.9 (44-153.8), p = 0.632; CD69+ [%]: 27.2 (12.9-44.3) vs. 37.6 (13.2-52.8) vs. 33.6 (16.3-45), p = 0.136; cytotoxicity [%]: 11.0 (7.1-14.5) vs. 8.5 (6.4-13.2) vs. 11.3 (8.7-14.2), p = 0.094), as well as between different metabolic syndrome scores. Nonesterified fatty acids correlated with absolute and relative NK cell number and cytotoxicity (ρ [p-value]: 0.142 [0.021], 0.119 [0.049], and 0.131 [0.035], respectively). Relative NK cell number further correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.144 [0.018]) and cytotoxicity with 2 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance testing (0.132 [0.034]). CD69 positivity correlated with body fat (0.141 [0.021]), triglycerides (0.129 [0.033]), and plasma leptin (0.155 [0.010]). After correction for multiple testing, none of the associations remained significant. CONCLUSION In the present study, we observed no associations of NK cell number and function in the peripheral blood with overweight/obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Extreme phenotypes of obesity and the metabolic syndrome might have caused differing results in previous studies. Further analyses with a focus on compartments other than peripheral blood may help to clarify the relation between NK cells and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Keilen
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Christina Gar
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Marietta Rottenkolber
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Louise U. Fueessl
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Anna T. Joseph
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Rika Draenert
- Stabsstelle Antibiotic StewardshipLMU Klinikum MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Andreas Lechner
- Diabetes Research GroupDepartment of Medicine IVUniversity HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
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Cytokine-induced natural killer cell training is dependent on cellular metabolism and is defective in obesity. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4447-4455. [PMID: 34607345 PMCID: PMC8579258 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell cytokine training is dependent on glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the metabolic regulator Srebp. NK cell cytokine training is defective in PWO.
Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of innate immune cells that can rapidly kill cancer cells and produce cytokines such as interferon-γ. A key feature of NK cells is their ability to respond without prior sensitization; however, it is now well established that NK cells can possess memory-like features. After activation with cytokines, NK cells demonstrate enhanced effector functions upon restimulation days or weeks later. This demonstrates that NK cells may be trained to be more effective killers and harnessed as more potent cancer immunotherapy agents. We have previously demonstrated that cellular metabolism is essential for NK cell responses, with NK cells upregulating both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation upon cytokine stimulation. Limiting NK cell metabolism results in reduced cytotoxicity and cytokine production. We have also demonstrated that defective NK cell responses in obesity are linked to defective cellular metabolism. In the current study, we investigated if cellular metabolism is required during the initial period of NK cell cytokine training and if NK cells from people with obesity (PWO) can be effectively trained. We show that increased flux through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during the initial cytokine activation period is essential for NK cell training, as is the metabolic signaling factor Srebp. We show that NK cells from PWO, which are metabolically defective, display impaired NK cell training, which may have implications for immunotherapy in this particularly vulnerable group.
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18
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Carranza-Trejo AM, Vetvicka V, Vistejnova L, Kralickova M, Montufar EB. Hepatocyte and immune cell crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:783-796. [PMID: 33557653 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1887730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most widespread chronic liver disease in the world. It can evolve into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) where inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning are key participants in the determination of this steatotic state.Areas covered: To provide a systematic overview and current understanding of the role of inflammation in NAFLD and its progression to NASH, the function of the cells involved, and the activation pathways of the innate immunity and cell death; resulting in inflammation and chronic liver disease. A PubMed search was made with relevant articles together with relevant references were included for the writing of this review.Expert opinion: Innate and adaptive immunity are the key players in the NAFLD progression; some of the markers presented during NAFLD are also known to be immunity biomarkers. All cells involved in NAFLD and NASH are known to have immunoregulatory properties and their imbalance will completely change the cytokine profile and form a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. It is necessary to fully answer the question of what initiators and metabolic imbalances are particularly important, considering sterile inflammation as the architect of the disease. Due to the shortage of elucidation of NASH progression, we discuss in this review, how inflammation is a key part of this development and we presume the targets should lead to inflammation and oxidative stress treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lucie Vistejnova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Biomedical Centre, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Poles J, Karhu E, McGill M, McDaniel HR, Lewis JE. The effects of twenty-four nutrients and phytonutrients on immune system function and inflammation: A narrative review. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:333-376. [PMID: 34239993 PMCID: PMC8259612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recently, optimal immune function has become a primary focus of worldwide attention not only in the prevention of chronic disease but also as one strategy to reduce the severity of acute illness. Inflammation, a process largely controlled by the immune system, has long been studied and recognized for its role in chronic disease. Optimizing immune function or managing inflammation using individual nutrients and phytonutrients is not well understood by the average person. Thus, this narrative literature review summarizes many of the more recent findings about how certain nutrients and phytonutrients affect immune function and inflammation, and how they may best be utilized considering the growing worldwide interest in this topic. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was performed to find clinical trials in humans that assessed the effect of nutrients and phytonutrients on immune function and inflammation, in individuals with acute and chronic health conditions, published in English between 2000 and 2020. Two independent reviewers evaluated the articles for their inclusion. RESULTS Eighty-seven articles were summarized in this narrative review. In total 24 nutrients and phytonutrients were included in the study, that is, acetyl-L-carnitine, Aloe vera polysaccharides, beta-glucans, bilberry, black seed oil, coenzyme Q10, curcumin (turmeric), frankincense, garlic, ginger, hydrolyzed rice bran, isoflavones, lipoic acid, mistletoe, N-acetyl cysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, selenium, shiitake mushroom and its derivatives, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (d-alpha- and gamma-tocopherol), and zinc. Some of the noteworthy immune function and anti-inflammatory responses to these interventions included modulation of nuclear factor-Kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-a, interferon-g, interleukin-6, and CD4+ T cells, among others. These findings are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health status. CONCLUSIONS Based on this review, many nutrients and phytonutrients are capable of significantly modulating immune function and reducing inflammation, according to multiple biomarkers in clinical trials in different populations of adults with varying health statuses. Thus, dietary supplementation may serve as an adjunct to conventional pharmaceutical or medical therapies, but evaluation of risks and benefits for each person and health status is necessary. Additional larger studies are also needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of nutritional compounds in various health conditions, with emphases on potential drug-supplement interactions and clinical endpoints. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS As demonstrated in the reviewed clinical trials, patients of various health challenges with a wide range of severity may benefit from select nutrients and phytonutrients to improve their immune function and reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Poles
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisa Karhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Megan McGill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - John E. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Kaul K, Misri S, Ramaswamy B, Ganju RK. Contribution of the tumor and obese microenvironment to triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 509:115-120. [PMID: 33798632 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing burden of obesity and incidence of the aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a challenge, especially amongst vulnerable populations with unmet medical needs and higher mortality from breast cancer. While some mechanisms linking obesity and TNBC have been identified, the complex nature of pathogenesis, in both obesity as well as TNBC poses a real challenge in establishing a causative role of obesity in risk of TNBC. In this review article, we discuss pathological mechanisms identified in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as the obese microenvironment (OME), such as inflammation, insulin resistance and survival pathways that contribute to the development and progression of TNBC. Insights into the cross-talk between TME and OME, and their contribution to TNBC development and progression, may pave the way for personalized therapies against TNBC progression, relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Kaul
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Department of Pathology, USA
| | | | | | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Department of Pathology, USA.
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21
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Sakamoto Y, Yoshio S, Doi H, Mori T, Matsuda M, Kawai H, Shimagaki T, Yoshikawa S, Aoki Y, Osawa Y, Yoshida Y, Arai T, Itokawa N, Atsukawa M, Ito T, Honda T, Mise Y, Ono Y, Takahashi Y, Saiura A, Taketomi A, Kanto T. Increased Frequency of Dysfunctional Siglec-7 -CD57 +PD-1 + Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:603133. [PMID: 33692781 PMCID: PMC7938755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.603133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disorder that can develop into liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to protect against liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis, suggesting that they may also play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of inhibitory and activating receptors expressed by many cell types, including NK cells. Here, we investigated the phenotypic profiles of peripheral blood and intrahepatic NK cells, including expression of Siglecs and immune checkpoint molecules, and their association with NK cell function in patients with NAFLD. Immune cells in the peripheral blood of 42 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 13 healthy volunteers (HVs) were identified by mass cytometry. The function of various NK cell subpopulations was assessed by flow cytometric detection of intracellular IFN-γ and CD107a/LAMP-1, a degranulation marker, after in vitro stimulation. We found that peripheral blood from NAFLD patients, regardless of fibrosis stage, contained significantly fewer total CD56+ NK cell and CD56dim NK cell populations compared with HVs, and the CD56dim cells from NAFLD patients were functionally impaired. Among the Siglecs examined, NK cells predominantly expressed Siglec-7 and Siglec-9, and both the expression levels of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on NK cells and the frequencies of Siglec-7+CD56dim NK cells were reduced in NAFLD patients. Notably, Siglec-7 levels on CD56dim NK cells were inversely correlated with PD-1, CD57, and ILT2 levels and positively correlated with NKp30 and NKp46 levels. Further subtyping of NK cells identified a highly dysfunctional Siglec-7-CD57+PD-1+CD56dim NK cell subset that was increased in patients with NAFLD, even those with mild liver fibrosis. Intrahepatic NK cells from NAFLD patients expressed elevated levels of NKG2D and CD69, suggesting a more activated phenotype than normal liver NK cells. These data identify a close association between NK cell function and expression of Siglec-7, CD57, and PD-1 that could potentially be therapeutically targeted in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sakamoto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastoenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Doi
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Kawai
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Shimagaki
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Yoshikawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Aoki
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeang Arai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Itokawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mise
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ono
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Saiura
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastoenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Martínez-Chantar ML, Delgado TC, Beraza N. Revisiting the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640869. [PMID: 33679803 PMCID: PMC7930075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease. The histological spectrum of NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to chronic inflammation and liver fibrosis during Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). The current view is that innate immune mechanisms represent a key element in supporting hepatic inflammation in NASH. Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphoid cells and a component of the innate immune system known to be involved in NASH progression. Increasing evidence has shed light on the differential function of circulating and tissue-resident NK cells, as well as on the relevance of metabolism and the microenvironment in regulating their activity. Here, we revisit the complex role of NK cells as regulators of NASH progression as well as potential therapeutic approaches based on their modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Spain
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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23
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Cicuéndez B, Ruiz-Garrido I, Mora A, Sabio G. Stress kinases in the development of liver steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101190. [PMID: 33588102 PMCID: PMC8324677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important component of metabolic syndrome and one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. This disorder is closely linked to hepatic insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, and inflammation. Although the mechanisms that cause steatosis and chronic liver injury in NAFLD remain unclear, a key component of this process is the activation of stress-activated kinases (SAPKs), including p38 and JNK in the liver and immune system. This review summarizes findings which indicate that the dysregulation of stress kinases plays a fundamental role in the development of steatosis and are important players in inducing liver fibrosis. To avoid the development of steatohepatitis and liver cancer, SAPK activity must be tightly regulated not only in the hepatocytes but also in other tissues, including cells of the immune system. Possible cellular mechanisms of SAPK actions are discussed. Hepatic JNK triggers steatosis and insulin resistance, decreasing lipid oxidation and ketogenesis in HFD-fed mice. Decreased liver expression of p38α/β in HFD increases lipogenesis. Hepatic p38γ/δ drive insulin resistance and inhibit autophagy, which may lead to steatosis. Macrophage p38α/β promote cytokine production and M1 polarization, leading to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Myeloid p38γ/δ contribute to cytokine production and neutrophil migration, protecting against steatosis, diabetes and NAFLD. JNK1 and p38γ induce HCC while p38α blocks it. However, deletion of hepatic JNK1/2 induces cholangiocarcinoma. SAPK are potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders, steatohepatitis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cicuéndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ruiz-Garrido
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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De Bandt JP, Monin C. Obesity, Nutrients and the Immune System in the Era of COVID-19. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020610. [PMID: 33668493 PMCID: PMC7917599 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past year has shown that obesity is a risk factor for severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Excess fat mass during obesity is known to be a risk factor for chronic diseases but also for severe infections and infectious complications. We have focused here on the elements responsible for this particular susceptibility to infections and more specifically to COVID-19. Excess fat is, in itself, responsible for alterations of the immune system by disrupting the production and function of immune cells. Indeed, hypertrophic adipocytes produce more pro-inflammatory adipokines (including cytokines). The increase in their apoptosis induces a release of pro-inflammatory compounds into the circulation and a recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages into the adipose tissue. A chronic systemic inflammatory state is then observed. In addition, diet, apart from its role in the development of adipose tissue, can also affect the immune system, with excess simple sugars and saturated fats exerting pro-inflammatory effects. This inflammation, the adipokines released by the adipocytes, and the infiltration of lipids into the lymphoid organs affects the production of immune cells and, directly, the functions of these cells. The alteration of the immune system increases the risk of infection as well as complications, including secondary bacterial infections and septic states, and increases infection-related mortality. During COVID-19, the chronic inflammatory state promotes the cytokine shock, characteristic of severe forms, caused in particular by excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, in obese subjects, the already present endothelial dysfunction will render endothelial inflammation (endotheliitis) due to viral infiltration all the more severe. Added to this is a state of hypercoagulability and a decrease in respiratory capacity, leading to a risk of severe COVID-19 with cardiovascular complications, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which can lead to multiple organ failure and even death.
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25
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Lipid Metabolism in Tumor-Associated Natural Killer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:71-85. [PMID: 33740244 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulative data demonstrate that during the initiation and progression of tumors, several types of cellular components in tumor microenvironment, including tumor cells and immune cells, exhibit malfunctions in cellular energy metabolism. For instance, lipid metabolism impairments in immune cells are crucial in coordinating immunosuppression and tumor immune escape. In particular, excessive lipids have been shown to exhibit negative effects on innate immunity. Previous studies on lipid metabolism in immune cells are mainly focused on macrophages and T lymphocytes. Although natural killer (NK) cells are major players in the innate elimination of virus, bacteria, and tumor cells, available literature reports related with lipid metabolism in NK cells and tumor-associated NK (TANK) cells are very sparse. Despite these, the importance and clinical relevance of the crosstalk among lipid metabolism, NK/TANK cells, and tumors have been clearly indicated. In this chapter, following a general description of NK and TANK cells, our knowledge on the regulation of lipid metabolism in NK cells is reviewed, with an emphasis on the roles of mTOR and SREBP signaling. Then the interactions between lipid metabolism and NK/TANK cells under pathological conditions, e.g., obesity and cancer, were carefully introduced. As there is an urgent need to reveal more regulators and to clarify detailed molecular mechanisms by which lipid metabolism interacts with NK/TANK cells, several categories of potential regulators/pathways, as well as the challenges and perspectives in this emerging field, are discussed.
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26
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Huang J, Kaur B, Farooqi A, Miah T, McGrath E, Seth D, Secord E, Poowuttikul P. Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Reduced Antibody Responses to Vaccinations in Children. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2020; 33:193-198. [PMID: 35921562 PMCID: PMC9353988 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2020.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Childhood obesity is a major health concern, and it is associated with an increased risk of infectious morbidity. Previous studies found a decrease in protective antibody titers in obese adults after hepatitis B, influenza, and tetanus vaccination. Objective: We aimed at determining whether obesity or abnormal hemoglobin A1C (HBA1C) levels are associated with altered antibody responses in children. Methods: Children (8-18 years) who have completed routine childhood immunization were recruited. Serum samples were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for antibody levels to Diphtheria, Tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB), and Streptococcus pneumoniae, along with serum HBA1C levels. An electronic medical record review on the frequency of emergency visits for infection was conducted. Spearman rank correlation, Fisher-exact, and Pearson's Chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was an overall negative correlation between body mass index (BMI) percentile and the majority of pneumococcal subtypes, Diphtheria and Tetanus titers, although not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between HBA1C level and the S. pneumoniae serotype P9N (P = 0.037), P4 (P = 0.017), P12 (P = 0.023), P19F (P = 0.050), and HIB (P = 0.001). On average, individuals with elevated HBA1C levels had more frequent emergency room visits for infection (P = 0.029) and more viral infections (P = 0.023) as compared with children with normal HBA1C. Conclusion: Children with higher HBA1C levels were more likely to have lower pneumococcal and HIB titers and increased rates of emergency room visits for infection in a prospective, population-based cohort study. Although not statistically significant, there was an overall negative correlation between BMI percentile and titers for routine childhood vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bani Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ahmad Farooqi
- Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tayaba Miah
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric McGrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Divya Seth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Secord
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pavadee Poowuttikul
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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27
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Spielmann J, Naujoks W, Emde M, Allweyer M, Kielstein H, Quandt D, Bähr I. High-Fat Diet and Feeding Regime Impairs Number, Phenotype, and Cytotoxicity of Natural Killer Cells in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Nutr 2020; 7:585693. [PMID: 33330585 PMCID: PMC7728990 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.585693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are major public health challenges worldwide. Obesity is associated with a higher risk for the development of several cancer types, but specific mechanisms underlying the link of obesity and cancer are still unclear. Natural killer (NK) cells are circulating lymphoid cells promoting the elimination of virus-infected and tumor cells. Previous investigations demonstrated conflicting results concerning the influence of obesity on functional NK cell parameters in small animal models. The aim of the present study was to clarify potential obesity-associated alterations of murine NK cells in vivo, implementing different feeding regimes. Therefore, C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal-fat diet (NFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) under restrictive and ad libitum feeding regimes. Results showed diet and feeding-regime dependent differences in body weight, visceral fat mass and plasma cytokine concentrations. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated significant changes in total cell counts as well as frequencies of immune cell populations in peripheral blood comparing mice fed NFD or HFD in an ad libitum or restrictive manner. Mice fed the HFD showed significantly decreased frequencies of total NK cells and the mature CD11b+CD27+ NK cell subset compared to mice fed the NFD. Feeding HFD resulted in significant changes in the expression of the maturation markers KLRG1 and CD127 in NK cells. Furthermore, real-time PCR analyses of NK-cell related functional parameters in adipose tissue revealed significant diet and feeding-regime dependent differences. Most notable, real-time cytotoxicity assays demonstrated an impaired cytolytic activity of splenic NK cells toward murine colon cancer cells in HFD-fed mice compared to NFD-fed mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that feeding a high-fat diet influences the frequency, phenotype and function of NK cells in C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, restricted feeding of HFD compared to ad libitum feeding resulted in a partial prevention of the obesity-associated alterations on immune cells and especially on NK cells, nicely fitting with the current concept of an advantage for interval fasting for improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spielmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wiebke Naujoks
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Emde
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Allweyer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Quandt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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28
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Abstract
SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19 has created panic around the world since its first origin in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 46.4 million people, with 1,199,727 deaths. The immune system plays a crucial role in the severity of COVID-19 and the development of pneumonia-induced acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Along with providing protection, both innate and T cell-based adaptive immune response dysregulate during severe SARS-CoV2 infection. This dysregulation is more pronounced in older population and patients with comorbidities (Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, other pulmonary and autoimmune diseases). However, COVID-19 patients develop protective antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV2, but they do not long for last. The induction of the immune response against the pathogen also requires metabolic energy that generates through the process of immunometabolism. The change in the metabolic stage of immune cells from homeostasis to an inflammatory or infectious environment is called immunometabolic reprogramming. The article describes the cellular immunology (macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells and pulmonary epithelial cells (PEC) and vascular endothelial cells) and the associated immune response during COVID-19. Immunometabolism may serve as a cell-specific therapeutic approach to target COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Dushnicky MJ, Nazarali S, Mir A, Portwine C, Samaan MC. Is There A Causal Relationship between Childhood Obesity and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia? A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113082. [PMID: 33105727 PMCID: PMC7690432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The childhood obesity epidemic is impacting tens of millions of children globally. While obesity causes several cancers in adults, its potential role in causing pediatric cancers remains unclear. In this review, we assess the potential contribution of obesity to the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common pediatric cancer. We review the possible mechanisms by which the adipose tissue attracts and protects leukemia cells and how it interferes with the actions of chemotherapies used in ALL treatment. We also examine adipose tissue-secreted molecules and fuels that may support leukemia development. While there are no current definite causal links between obesity and ALL, there are plausible mechanisms that need further investigation to explore the impact of obesity on causing ALL and on impacting treatment outcomes. Abstract Childhood obesity is a growing epidemic with numerous global health implications. Over the past few years, novel insights have emerged about the contribution of adult obesity to cancer risk, but the evidence base is far more limited in children. While pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk of obesity, it is unclear if there are potential causal mechanisms by which obesity leads to ALL development. This review explores the endocrine, metabolic and immune dysregulation triggered by obesity and its potential role in pediatric ALL’s genesis. We describe possible mechanisms, including adipose tissue attraction and protection of lymphoblasts, and their impact on ALL chemotherapies’ pharmacokinetics. We also explore the potential contribution of cytokines, growth factors, natural killer cells and adipose stem cells to ALL initiation and propagation. While there are no current definite causal links between obesity and ALL, critical questions persist as to whether the adipose tissue microenvironment and endocrine actions can play a causal role in childhood ALL, and there is a need for more research to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly J. Dushnicky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.J.D.); (S.N.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Samina Nazarali
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.J.D.); (S.N.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. De Groote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Adhora Mir
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.J.D.); (S.N.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. De Groote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Carol Portwine
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.J.D.); (S.N.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Muder Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.J.D.); (S.N.); (A.M.); (C.P.)
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. De Groote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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30
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Choi C, Finlay DK. Diverse Immunoregulatory Roles of Oxysterols-The Oxidized Cholesterol Metabolites. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100384. [PMID: 32998240 PMCID: PMC7601797 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediates of both cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol metabolism can have diverse roles in the control of cellular processes that go beyond the control of cholesterol homeostasis. For example, oxidized forms of cholesterol, called oxysterols have functions ranging from the control of gene expression, signal transduction and cell migration. This is of particular interest in the context of immunology and immunometabolism where we now know that metabolic processes are key towards shaping the nature of immune responses. Equally, aberrant metabolic processes including altered cholesterol homeostasis contribute to immune dysregulation and dysfunction in pathological situations. This review article brings together our current understanding of how oxysterols affect the control of immune responses in diverse immunological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Choi
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street 152-160, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (D.K.F.); Tel.: +353-1-896-3564 (D.K.F.)
| | - David K. Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street 152-160, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street 152-160, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (D.K.F.); Tel.: +353-1-896-3564 (D.K.F.)
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31
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Naujoks W, Quandt D, Hauffe A, Kielstein H, Bähr I, Spielmann J. Characterization of Surface Receptor Expression and Cytotoxicity of Human NK Cells and NK Cell Subsets in Overweight and Obese Humans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573200. [PMID: 33101297 PMCID: PMC7546782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for several cancer types and an altered phenotype and functionality of natural killer (NK) cells. This study aimed to investigate the association of overweight and obesity with NK cell functions and receptor expression profiles in humans. Therefore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from normal weight, overweight, and obese healthy blood donors. In depth analysis of immune cell populations and 23 different surface markers, including NK cell receptors, NK-cell-related markers as well as functional intracellular markers on total NK cells and NK subgroups were performed by multicolor flow cytometry. The data revealed a decreased expression of the activating NK cell receptors KIR2DS4 and NKp46 as well as an increased expression of the inhibitory NK cell receptors NKG2A and Siglec-7 in overweight and obese compared to normal weight individuals. Additionally, the expression of the adhesion molecule CD62L and the maturation and differentiation marker CD27 was downregulated in NK cells of overweight and obese subjects. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of NK cells against colorectal cancer cells was decreased in overweight and obese subjects. Investigations on underlying killing mechanisms demonstrated a reduced TRAIL expression on NK cells of obese subjects suggesting an impaired death receptor pathway in obesity. The present study gives new insights into an impaired functionality and phenotype of NK cells and NK cell subsets in overweight and obesity. These phenotypic alterations and dysfunction of NK cells might be an explanation for the increased cancer risk in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Naujoks
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Quandt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anja Hauffe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Spielmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Bähr I, Pörtner OJ, Glass M, Doberstein H, Goritz V, Hiller GGR, Spielmann J, Kielstein H. Characterization of natural killer cells in colorectal tumor tissue of rats fed a control diet or a high-fat diet. Ann Anat 2020; 233:151586. [PMID: 32916268 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major public health problem with an increasing prevalence reaching pandemic levels. The incidence and mortality for colorectal cancer is augmented in overweight and obese individuals. Previous studies demonstrated an impaired number, phenotype and functionality of natural killer (NK) cells under obese conditions. So far, the influence of obesity on NK cells in colorectal cancer tissue remained unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence and localization of NK cells in colorectal tumors of normal weight and diet-induced obese rats. METHODS Wistar rats were fed a normal-fat diet (control) or a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. In half of the experimental groups azoxymethane (AOM) was injected to induce colorectal cancer. Tumors in colon and rectum were histopathologically classified in adenomas and adenocarcinomas and immunohistologically stained with the rat NK cell marker CD161. Occurrence and localization of NK cells were analyzed and quantified in the tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa of colorectal adenomas and the tunica submucosa of colorectal adenocarcinomas. RESULTS NK cells are localized in the tunica mucosa and the tunica submucosa of colorectal tumors with NK cell accumulations as follicle-like aggregates especially in regions of the lamina muscularis mucosae and the lamina propria mucosae of the tunica mucosa as well as in regions of the tunica submucosa adjacent to the lamina muscularis mucosae. Although not statistically significant, the CD161 staining was clearly reduced in the tunica mucosa of colorectal tumors of rats fed a HFD compared to rats fed a control diet. Moreover, the CD161 staining in the tunica mucosa was positively correlated with the final body weight of AOM-treated rats independent of the supplied diet. DISCUSSION For the first time, these results provide information about the localization and quantity of NK cells in colorectal tumor tissue of rats fed a control diet or high-fat diet. The slight reduction of NK cell number in colorectal tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet may contribute to an impaired tumor defense and the increased colorectal tumor outcome in diet-induced obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - O J Pörtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Glass
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Henriette Doberstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Vincent Goritz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Grit Gesine Ruth Hiller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Spielmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Weihe P, Spielmann J, Kielstein H, Henning-Klusmann J, Weihrauch-Blüher S. Childhood Obesity and Cancer Risk in Adulthood. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:204-212. [PMID: 32519271 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the association between childhood obesity and cancer risk later in life. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue secrets a variety of adipocytokines, and expression and/or secretion rate of most of them seems to be increased or dysregulated in obesity. In addition, obesity leads to increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which promotes an infiltration of inflammatory immune cells into adipose tissue. This process may facilitate a state of "subclinical inflammation" (metaflammation) and may lead to the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), starting as early as during childhood. In addition, several oncogenes have been linked to inflammation and cancer development via different pathways, and several types of tumors need an inflammatory environment before a malignant change occurs. An inflammatory environment seems to promote the proliferation and survival of malignant cells as well as angiogenesis. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in this process, as they are able to kill transformed cells without prior sensitization and coordinate subsequent immune responses by producing distinct cytokines, thus providing antitumor immunity. First studies in children have suggested that NK cells from obese children are activated, metabolically stressed, and functionally deficient. This may lead to a suppression of antitumor immunity as early as during childhood, probably many years before the development of cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between higher body mass index (BMI) during childhood and adolescence and increased risk for several malignancies in adulthood, including leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, but several adipocytokines and inflammatory markers including NK cells seem to be "key players" in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Weihe
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Spielmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan Henning-Klusmann
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susann Weihrauch-Blüher
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Abstract
Immunosenescence is defined as the changes in the immune system associated with age. It is a progressive and irreversible process involving a decrease in the number of naïve T and B cells, NK cells cytotoxic and activity, and disruption of pro and anti-inflammatory balance by altering the production of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -10, TNF-α, interferon γ and others. With age there is an increase in autoimmunity and generalized inflammation with simultaneous immunodeficiency, which results in greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, a decrease in reactivity to prophylactic vaccinations, the incidence of autoimmune diseases, and increased risk of infectious injury complications, exacerbation of symptoms of chronic diseases and an insufficient response to the presence of cells cancer. For years, based on the analysis of the frequency of viral and bacterial infections, immunological indicators and inflammation, attempts have been made to develop the immune risk profile (IRP) and effective methods of preventing disorders of the immune system and prolonging the functional capacity of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tylutka
- Katedra Fizjologii Stosowanej i Klinicznej, Collegium Medicum, Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
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Jung YS, Park JH, Park DI, Sohn CI, Lee JM, Kim TI. Impact of Smoking on Human Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Large Cohort Study. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:13-20. [PMID: 32266175 PMCID: PMC7113411 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported a decrease in the natural killer (NK) cell activity in smokers. However, large-scale data on the relationship between NK cell activity and smoking are unavailable. A cross-sectional study was performed on 12,249 asymptomatic examinees who underwent an NK cell activity test, between January 2016 and May 2017. The test quantitated the amount of interferon-γ secreted into the plasma by NK cells, using a patented stimulatory cytokine. The mean age of the study population was 39.1 years, and the proportions of “never”, “former”, and “current” smokers were 65.5%, 20.9%, and 13.6%, respectively. Current smokers (1,422 pg/mL) had a lower median level of NK cell activity than never smokers (1,504 pg/mL, P = 0.039) and former smokers (1,791 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Among current smokers, NK cell activity decreased with increase in the number of cigarettes smoked among current smokers (median, 1,537, 1,429, and 1,175 pg/mL at <10, 10-19, and ≥ 20 pack-years, respectively; P < 0.001). Additionally, it decreased linearly with increasing quartiles of cotinine levels (median, 1,707, 1,636, 1,348, and 1,292 pg/mL at cotinine levels < 292, 292-879, 880-1,509, and ≥ 1,510 ng/mL, respectively; r = –0.122, P < 0.001). NK cell activity was lower in current smokers. It also decreased with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked, and it was negatively correlated with cotinine levels among current smokers. Our findings indicate a clear relationship between smoking and decreased NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Suk Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Il Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Il Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 1 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei Cancer Prevention Center, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bähr I, Spielmann J, Quandt D, Kielstein H. Obesity-Associated Alterations of Natural Killer Cells and Immunosurveillance of Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:245. [PMID: 32231659 PMCID: PMC7082404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is accompanied by a systemic chronic low-grade inflammation as well as dysfunctions of several innate and adaptive immune cells. Recent findings emphasize an impaired functionality and phenotype of natural killer (NK) cells under obese conditions. This review provides a detailed overview on research related to overweight and obesity with a particular focus on NK cells. We discuss obesity-associated alterations in subsets, distribution, phenotype, cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and signaling cascades of NK cells investigated in vitro as well as in animal and human studies. In addition, we provide recent insights into the effects of physical activity and obesity-associated nutritional factors as well as the reduction of body weight and fat mass on NK cell functions of obese individuals. Finally, we highlight the impact of impaired NK cell physiology on obesity-associated diseases, focusing on the elevated susceptibility for viral infections and increased risk for cancer development and impaired treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Spielmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Quandt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Donohoe F, Wilkinson M, Baxter E, Brennan DJ. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Obesity-Related Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041241. [PMID: 32069845 PMCID: PMC7072904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide. The increased risk of certain types of cancer is now an established deleterious consequence of obesity, although the molecular mechanisms of this are not completely understood. In this review, we aim to explore the links between MAPK signalling and obesity-related cancer. We focus mostly on p38 and JNK MAPK, as the role of ERK remains unclear. These links are seen through the implication of MAPK in obesity-related immune paralysis as well as through effects on the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and activation of aromatase. By way of example, we highlight areas of interest and possibilities for future research in endometrioid endometrial cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionán Donohoe
- Ireland East Hospital Gynaeoncology Group, UCD School of Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University, D07R2WY Dublin 7, Ireland; (F.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wilkinson
- Ireland East Hospital Gynaeoncology Group, UCD School of Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University, D07R2WY Dublin 7, Ireland; (F.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Eva Baxter
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia;
| | - Donal J. Brennan
- Ireland East Hospital Gynaeoncology Group, UCD School of Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University, D07R2WY Dublin 7, Ireland; (F.D.); (M.W.)
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, Belfield, D04V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-7164567
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Exploratory examination of inflammation state, immune response and blood cell composition in a human obese cohort to identify potential markers predicting cancer risk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228633. [PMID: 32027700 PMCID: PMC7004330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is often accompanied by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote many chronic diseases, including cancer. However, not all obese people develop these diseases and it would be very helpful to identify those at high risk early on so that preventative measures can be instituted. We performed an extensive evaluation of the effects of obesity on inflammatory markers, on innate and adaptive immune responses, and on blood cell composition to identify markers that might be useful in distinguishing those at elevated risk of cancer. Plasma samples from 42 volunteers with a BMI>35 had significantly higher CRP, PGE2, IL-1RA, IL-6 and IL-17 levels than 34 volunteers with normal BMIs. Of the cytokines and chemokines tested, only IL-17 was significantly higher in men with a BMI>35 than women with a BMI>35. As well, only IL-17 was significantly higher in those with a BMI>35 that had type 2 diabetes versus those without type 2 diabetes. Whole blood samples from participants with a BMI>35, when challenged with E. coli, produced significantly higher levels of IL-1RA while HSV-1 challenge resulted in significantly elevated IL-1RA and VEGF, and a non-significant increase in G-CSF and IL-8 levels. T cell activation of PBMCs, via anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28, resulted in significantly higher IFNγ production from volunteers with a BMI>35. In terms of blood cells, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), monocytes, granulocytes, CD4+T cells and Tregs were all significantly higher while, natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells were all significantly lower in the BMI>35 cohort, suggesting that obesity may reduce the ability to kill nascent tumor cells. Importantly, however, there was considerable person-to-person variation amongst participants with a BMI>35, with some volunteers showing markedly different values from controls and others showing normal levels of many parameters measured. These person-to-person variations may prove useful in identifying those at high risk of developing cancer.
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Martins VD, Silva FC, Caixeta F, Carneiro MB, Goes GR, Torres L, Barbosa SC, Vaz L, Paiva NC, Carneiro CM, Vieira LQ, Faria AMC, Maioli TU. Obesity impairs resistance to Leishmania major infection in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0006596. [PMID: 31923234 PMCID: PMC6953764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and obesity has been described as a result of impaired immunity in obese individuals. It is not clear whether a similar linkage can be drawn between obesity and parasitic diseases. To evaluate the effect of obesity in the immune response to cutaneous Leishmania major infection, we studied the ability of C57BL/6 mice fed a hypercaloric diet (HSB) to control leishmaniasis. Mice with diet-induced obesity presented thicker lesions with higher parasite burden and a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the infected ear after infection with L. major. There was no difference between control and obese mice in IFN-gamma or IL-4 production by auricular draining lymph node cells, but obese mice produced higher levels of IgG1 and IL-17. Peritoneal macrophages from obese mice were less efficient to kill L. major when infected in vitro than macrophages from control mice. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with IL-17 decreased their capacity to kill the parasite. Moreover, macrophages from obese mice presented higher arginase activity. To confirm the role of IL-17 in the context of obesity and infection, we studied lesion development in obese IL-17R-/- mice infected with L. major and found no difference in skin lesions and the leukocyte accumulation in the draining lymph node is redcuced in knockout mice compared between obese and lean animals. Our results indicate that diet-induced obesity impairs resistance to L. major in C57BL/6 mice and that IL-17 is involved in lesion development. Obesity is a serious and increasing public health problem, and also induces a spectrum of metabolic disorders. Some diseases are known to be more severe in the presence of obesity. However, the interactions of obesity with the immune response to infectious agents have not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated the response of obese mice to infection with Leishmania major. C57BL/6 mice were fed a hypercaloric diet (HSB) and infected afterward with L. major. In obese mice, lesions were ticker and more ulcerative, and cells from draining lymph nodes produced more IL-17 when compared with cells from lean mice fed a control diet. Macrophages from obese and lean mice were infected in vitro and stimulated with IL-17 to test the role of this cytokine in effect produced by obesity. Macrophages from obese mice were more infected by L. major than the macrophages from control mice and the number of parasites was increased by treatment with IL-17. IL-17R deficient mice treated with hypercaloric diet showed no difference in lesion size when compared to mice fed control diet. Our findings suggest that diet-induced obesity decrease the resistance to L. major infection of C57BL/6 mice and the IL-17 cytokine may be involved in the lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Dantas Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Franciele Carolina Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Caixeta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Batista Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graziele Ribeiro Goes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lícia Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sara Cândida Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nivea Carolina Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Leda Quercia Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sehgal R, Kaur S, Shasthry SM, Agrawal T, Dwivedi V, Seth D, Ramakrishna G, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Natural Killer Cells Contribute to Pathogenesis of Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis by Inducing Lysis of Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:78-86. [PMID: 31746472 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) help in neovascularization and endothelial repair during injury. Patients with cirrhosis show increased number and function of EPCs in circulation. METHODS Since natural killer (NK) cells regulate EPCs, we investigated the relationship between the 2 in alcoholic cirrhosis (AC, n = 50) and severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH, n = 18) patients and compared with nonalcoholic cirrhosis (n = 15) and healthy controls (HC, n = 30). Levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines were measured, and coculture assays were performed between EPCs and NK cells in contact-dependent and contact-independent manner. NK cell-mediated killing of EPCs was evaluated, and expression of receptors including fractalkine (FKN) on EPCs and its cognate receptor CX3CR1 on NK cells was studied by RT-PCR assays. RESULTS Patients with SAH had higher regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (p = 0.01), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p = 0.04), IL-1β (p = 0.04), and IL-6 (p = 0.00) growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines as compared to AC and HC. Distinct populations of CD31+ CD34+ EPCs with low and high expression of CD45 were significantly lower in SAH than HC (CD45low , p = 0.03; CD45hi , p = 0.04) and AC (CD45low , p = 0.05; CD45hi , p = 0.02). SAH patients, however, showed increased functional capacity of EPCs including colony formation and LDL uptake. NK cells were reduced in SAH compared with AC (p = 0.002), however with higher granzyme ability (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively). In SAH, EPC-NK cell interaction assays showed that NK cells lysed the EPCs in both contact-dependent and contact-independent assays. Expression of interaction receptor CX3CR1 was significantly higher on NK cells (p = 0.0005), while its cognate receptor, FKN, was increased on EPCs in SAH patients as compared to HC (p = 0.0055). CONCLUSION We conclude that in SAH, NK cells induce killing of EPCs via CX3CR1/FKN axis that may be one of the key events contributing to disease severity and proinflammatory responses in SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Sehgal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Tanvi Agrawal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Dwivedi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cuff AO, Sillito F, Dertschnig S, Hall A, Luong TV, Chakraverty R, Male V. The Obese Liver Environment Mediates Conversion of NK Cells to a Less Cytotoxic ILC1-Like Phenotype. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2180. [PMID: 31572388 PMCID: PMC6749082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver contains both NK cells and their less cytotoxic relatives, ILC1. Here, we investigate the role of NK cells and ILC1 in the obesity-associated condition, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the livers of mice suffering from NAFLD, NK cells are less able to degranulate, express lower levels of perforin and are less able to kill cancerous target cells than those from healthy animals. This is associated with a decreased ability to kill cancer cells in vivo. On the other hand, we find that perforin-deficient mice suffer from less severe NAFLD, suggesting that this reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity may be protective in the obese liver, albeit at the cost of increased susceptibility to cancer. The decrease in cytotoxicity is associated with a shift toward a transcriptional profile characteristic of ILC1, increased expression of the ILC1-associated proteins CD200R1 and CD49a, and an altered metabolic profile mimicking that of ILC1. We show that the conversion of NK cells to this less cytotoxic phenotype is at least partially mediated by TGFβ, which is expressed at high levels in the obese liver. Finally, we show that reduced cytotoxicity is also a feature of NK cells in the livers of human NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia O. Cuff
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Sillito
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dertschnig
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hall
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Male
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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O'Brien A, Loftus RM, Pisarska MM, Tobin LM, Bergin R, Wood NAW, Foley C, Mat A, Tinley FC, Bannan C, Sommerville G, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Sinclair LV, Moynagh PN, Lynch L, Finlay DK, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Obesity Reduces mTORC1 Activity in Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells, Driving Defective Metabolic and Functional Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3404-3411. [PMID: 31076528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity underpins the development of numerous chronic diseases, such as type II diabetes mellitus. It is well established that obesity negatively alters immune cell frequencies and functions. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate T cells, which we have previously reported are dysregulated in obesity, with altered circulating and adipose tissue frequencies and a reduction in their IFN-γ production, which is a critical effector function of MAIT cells in host defense. Hence, there is increased urgency to characterize the key molecular mechanisms that drive MAIT cell effector functions and to identify those which are impaired in the obesity setting. In this study, we found that MAIT cells significantly upregulate their rates of glycolysis upon activation in an mTORC1-dependent manner, and this is essential for MAIT cell IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we show that mTORC1 activation is dependent on amino acid transport via SLC7A5. In obese patients, using RNA sequencing, Seahorse analysis, and a series of in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that MAIT cells isolated from obese adults display defective glycolytic metabolism, mTORC1 signaling, and SLC7A5 aa transport. Collectively, our data detail the intrinsic metabolic pathways controlling MAIT cell cytokine production and highlight mTORC1 as an important metabolic regulator that is impaired in obesity, leading to altered MAIT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling O'Brien
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roisin M Loftus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marta M Pisarska
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Laura M Tobin
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Ronan Bergin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Nicole A W Wood
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Cathriona Foley
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Arimin Mat
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Frances C Tinley
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Bannan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gary Sommerville
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; .,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
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43
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Rao M, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism and Pulmonary Infections: Implications for Protective Immune Responses and Host-Directed Therapies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31134013 PMCID: PMC6514247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical efficacy of immune cells from patients with infectious diseases or cancer are associated with metabolic programming. Host immune- and stromal-cell genetic and epigenetic signatures in response to the invading pathogen shape disease pathophysiology and disease outcomes. Directly linked to the immunometabolic axis is the role of the host microbiome, which is also discussed here in the context of productive immune responses to lung infections. We also present host-directed therapies (HDT) as a clinically viable strategy to refocus dysregulated immunometabolism in patients with infectious diseases, which requires validation in early phase clinical trials as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial therapy. These efforts are expected to be continuously supported by newly generated basic and translational research data to gain a better understanding of disease pathology while devising new molecularly defined platforms and therapeutic options to improve the treatment of patients with pulmonary infections, particularly in relation to multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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Guerrero-Ros I, Clement CC, Reynolds CA, Patel B, Santambrogio L, Cuervo AM, Macian F. The negative effect of lipid challenge on autophagy inhibits T cell responses. Autophagy 2019; 16:223-238. [PMID: 30982401 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1606635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with changes in the immune system that significantly hinder its ability to mount efficient immune responses. Previous studies have reported a dysregulation of immune responses caused by lipid challenge; however, the mechanisms underlying that dysregulation are still not completely understood. Autophagy is an essential catabolic process through which cellular components are degraded by the lysosomal machinery. In T cells, autophagy is an actively regulated process necessary to sustain homeostasis and activation. Here, we report that CD4+ T cell responses are inhibited when cells are challenged with increasing concentrations of fatty acids. Furthermore, analysis of T cells from diet-induced obese mice confirms that high lipid load inhibits activation-induced responses in T cells. We have found that autophagy is inhibited in CD4+ T cells exposed in vitro or in vivo to lipid stress, which causes decreased autophagosome formation and degradation. Supporting that inhibition of autophagy caused by high lipid load is a key mechanism that accounts for the effects on T cell function of lipid stress, we found that ATG7 (autophagy-related 7)-deficient T cells, unable to activate autophagy, did not show additional inhibitory effects on their responses to activation when subjected to lipid challenge. Our results indicate, thus, that increased lipid load can dysregulate autophagy and cause defective T cell responses, and suggest that inhibition of autophagy may underlie some of the characteristic obesity-associated defects in the T cell compartment.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; ATG: autophagy-related; CDKN1B: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; HFD: high-fat diet; IFNG: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; LC3-I: non-conjugated form of MAP1LC3B; LC3-II: phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form of MAP1LC3B; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MS: mass spectrometry; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFATC2: nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin dependent 2; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; OA: oleic acid; PI: propidium iodide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; STAT5A: signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A; TCR: T cell receptor; TH1: T helper cell type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina C Clement
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cara A Reynolds
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bindi Patel
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana M Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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45
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Dysregulation of Natural Killer Cells in Obesity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040573. [PMID: 31018563 PMCID: PMC6521109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of lymphocytes which classically form part of the innate immune system. They are defined as innate lymphocytes, due to their ability to kill infected or transformed cells without prior activation. In addition to their cytotoxic abilities, NK cells are also rapid producers of inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and are therefore a critical component of early immune responses. Due to these unique abilities, NK cells are a very important component of host protection, especially anti-tumour and anti-viral immunity. Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with over 600 million adults and 124 million children now classified as obese. It is well established that individuals who are obese are at a higher risk of many acute and chronic conditions, including cancer and viral infections. Over the past 10 years, many studies have investigated the impact of obesity on NK cell biology, detailing systemic dysregulation of NK cell functions. More recently, several studies have investigated the role of NK cells in the homeostasis of adipose tissue and the pathophysiology of obesity. In this review, we will discuss in detail these studies and focus on emerging data detailing the metabolic mechanisms altering NK cells in obesity.
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47
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Metabolic reprogramming of natural killer cells in obesity limits antitumor responses. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1330-1340. [PMID: 30420624 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Up to 49% of certain types of cancer are attributed to obesity, and potential mechanisms include overproduction of hormones, adipokines, and insulin. Cytotoxic immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells, are important in tumor surveillance, but little is known about the impact of obesity on immunosurveillance. Here, we show that obesity induces robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-driven lipid accumulation in NK cells, causing complete 'paralysis' of their cellular metabolism and trafficking. Fatty acid administration, and PPARα and PPARδ (PPARα/δ) agonists, mimicked obesity and inhibited mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated glycolysis. This prevented trafficking of the cytotoxic machinery to the NK cell-tumor synapse. Inhibiting PPARα/δ or blocking the transport of lipids into mitochondria reversed NK cell metabolic paralysis and restored cytotoxicity. In vivo, NK cells had blunted antitumor responses and failed to reduce tumor growth in obesity. Our results demonstrate that the lipotoxic obese environment impairs immunosurveillance and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of NK cells may improve cancer outcomes in obesity.
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48
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Natural Killer Cells in Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1206737. [PMID: 30255103 PMCID: PMC6142725 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1206737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature killer (NK) cells play a critical role in host innate and adaptive immune defense against viral infections and tumors. NK cells are enriched in liver hematopoietic cells with unique NK repertories and functions to safeguard liver cells against hepatitis virus infection or malignancy transformation. However, accumulating evidences were found that the NK cells were modulated by liver diseases and liver cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and showed impaired functions failing to activate the elimination of the viral-infected cells or tumor cells and were further involved in the pathogenesis of liver injury and inflammation. The full characterization of circulation and intrahepatic NK cell phenotype and function in liver disease and liver cancer has not only provided new insight into the disease pathogenesis but has also discovered new targets for developing new NK cell-based therapeutic strategies. This review will discuss and summarize the NK cell phenotypic and functional changes in liver disease and HCC, and the NK cell-based immunotherapy approaches and progresses for cancers including HCC will also be reviewed.
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49
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Jung YS, Park JH, Park DI, Sohn CI, Lee JM, Kim TI. Physical Inactivity and Unhealthy Metabolic Status Are Associated with Decreased Natural Killer Cell Activity. Yonsei Med J 2018; 59:554-562. [PMID: 29749139 PMCID: PMC5949298 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.4.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have reported relationships among physical activity, healthy metabolic status, and increased natural killer (NK) cell activity. However, large-scale data thereon are lacking. Thus, the present study aimed to assess NK cell activity according to physical activity and metabolic status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on 12014 asymptomatic examinees. Using a patented stimulatory cytokine, NK cell activity was quantitated by the amount of interferon-γ secreted into the plasma by NK cells. Physical activity levels were assessed using the validated Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form. RESULTS The physically inactive group showed lower NK cell activity than the minimally active group (median, 1461 vs. 1592 pg/mL, p<0.001) and health-enhancing physically active group (median, 1461 vs. 1712 pg/mL, p=0.001). Compared to women with a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-27.5 kg/m², those with a BMI <18.5 kg/m² had significantly lower NK cell activity (1356 vs. 1024 g/mL, p<0.001), and those with a BMI ≥27.5 kg/m² tended to have lower NK cell activity (1356 vs. 1119 g/mL, p=0.070). Subjects with high hemoglobin A1c levels and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as men with high blood pressure and women with high triglyceride levels, exhibited lower NK cell activity. Moreover, physical inactivity and metabolic abnormalities were independently associated with low NK cell activity, even after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION Physical inactivity and metabolic abnormalities are associated with reduced NK cell activity. Immune systems may become altered depending on physical activity and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Suk Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Il Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Il Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei Cancer Prevention Center, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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50
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Lee GY, Park CY, Cha KS, Lee SE, Pae M, Han SN. Differential effect of dietary vitamin D supplementation on natural killer cell activity in lean and obese mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 55:178-184. [PMID: 29525609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has an immunoregulatory effect on both innate and adaptive immunity. Contradictory results regarding vitamin D and natural killer (NK) cell functions have been reported with in vitro studies, but little is known about this in vivo. We investigated whether vitamin D levels (50, 1000 or 10,000 IU/kg of diet: DD, DC or DS) affect NK cell functions in mice fed a control or high-fat diet (10% or 45% kcal fat: CD or HFD) for 12 weeks. The splenic NK cell activity was significantly higher in the CD-DS group than the HFD-DS group, and the CD-DS group showed significantly higher NK cell activity compared with the CD-DD and CD-DC groups. However, no difference in NK cell activity was observed among the HFD groups fed different levels of vitamin D. The splenic population of NK cells was significantly higher in the CD-DS group than the HFD-DS group. There was no difference in the intracellular expression of IFN-γ and the surface expression of NKG2D and CD107a in NK cells by both dietary fat and vitamin D content. The splenic mRNA expression of Ifng and Ccl5 was significantly lower in the HFD groups compared with the CD groups, but there was no difference in the mRNA levels of Vdup1 and Vdr among the groups. Taken together, these results suggest that dietary vitamin D supplementation can modulate innate immunity by increasing NK activity in control mice but not in obese mice. This effect might be mediated through alternation of the splenic NK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Chan Yoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kyeong Sun Cha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Munkyong Pae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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