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Lee SY, Li SC, Yang CY, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Wang LJ. Gut Leakage Markers and Cognitive Functions in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030513. [PMID: 36980071 PMCID: PMC10047799 DOI: 10.3390/children10030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a commonly seen mental disorder in children. Intestinal permeability may be associated with the pathogenesis of ADHD. The study herein investigated the role of gut leakage biomarkers in the susceptibility of ADHD. A total of 130 children with ADHD and 73 healthy controls (HC) individuals were recruited. Serum concentrations of zonulin, occludin, and defensin (DEFA1) were determined. Visual attention was assessed with Conners’ continuous performance test (CPT). In order to rate participants’ ADHD core symptoms at home and school, their parents and teachers completed the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham—Version IV Scale (SNAP-IV), respectively. We found significantly lower DEFA1 levels in the ADHD group compared to that in the HC group (p = 0.008), but not serum levels of zonulin and occludin. The serum levels of DEFA1 showed an inverse correlation with the inattention scores in the SNAP-IV parent form (p = 0.042) and teacher form (p = 0.010), and the hyperactivity/impulsivity scores in the SNAP-IV teacher form (p = 0.014). The serum levels of occludin showed a positive correlation with the subtest of detectability in the CPT (p = 0.020). Our study provides new reference into the relation between gut leakage markers and cognition, which may advance research of the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chou Li
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8753); Fax: +886-7-7326817
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Yang M, Liu S, Zhang C. Antimicrobial peptides with antiviral and anticancer properties and their modification and nanodelivery systems. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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Li G, Wang Q, Feng J, Wang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Shao T, Deng X, Cao Y, Zhou M, Zhao C. Recent insights into the role of defensins in diabetic wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113694. [PMID: 36099789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wound, one of the most common serious complications of diabetic patients, is an important factor in disability and death. Much of the research on the pathophysiology of diabetic wound healing has long focused on mechanisms mediated by hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, microcirculatory and macrocirculatory dysfunction. However, recent evidence suggests that defensins may play a crucial role in the development and perpetuation of diabetic wound healing. The available findings suggest that defensins exert a beneficial influence on diabetic wound healing through antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, tissue regenerator effects, and insulin resistance improvement. Therefore, summarizing the existing research progress on defensins in the diabetic wound may present a promising strategy for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiawei Feng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tengteng Shao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yemin Cao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
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Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Parthasarathy S, Moreno de Lara L, Borchers A, Ochsenbauer C, Panda A, Rodriguez-Garcia M. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Impair Neutrophil Antiviral Function in an Age-Dependent Manner. Cells 2022; 11:2515. [PMID: 36010593 PMCID: PMC9406757 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of the people living with HIV are women. Younger women remain disproportionally affected in endemic areas, but infection rates in older women are rising worldwide. The vaginal microbiome influences genital inflammation and HIV infection risk. Multiple factors, including age, induce vaginal microbial alterations, characterized by high microbial diversity that generate high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), known to modulate neutrophil function. However, how SCFAs may modulate innate anti-HIV protection by neutrophils is unknown. To investigate SCFA-mediated alterations of neutrophil function, blood neutrophils from younger and older women were treated with SCFAs (acetate, butyrate and propionate) at concentrations within the range reported during bacterial vaginosis, and phenotype, migration and anti-HIV responses were evaluated. SCFA induced phenotypical changes preferentially in neutrophils from older women. Butyrate decreased CD66b and increased CD16 and CD62L expression, indicating low activation and prolonged survival, while propionate increased CD54 and CXCR4 expression, indicating a mature aged phenotype. Furthermore, acetate and butyrate significantly inhibited neutrophil migration in vitro and specifically reduced α-defensin release in older women, molecules with anti-HIV activity. Following HIV stimulation, SCFA treatment delayed NET release and dampened chemokine secretion compared to untreated neutrophils in younger and older women. Our results demonstrate that SCFAs can impair neutrophil-mediated anti-HIV responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth Parthasarathy
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Immunology Program, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Laura Moreno de Lara
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Anna Borchers
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc & CFAR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Alexander Panda
- Tufts Medical Center/Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (PCCM), Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI), Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Immunology Program, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Gonzalez SM, Taborda NA, Correa LA, Castro GA, Hernandez JC, Montoya CJ, Rugeles MT. Particular activation phenotype of T cells expressing HLA-DR but not CD38 in GALT from HIV-controllers is associated with immune regulation and delayed progression to AIDS. Immunol Res 2017; 64:765-74. [PMID: 26724942 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous control of HIV replication in HIV-controllers underlines the importance of these subjects for exploring factors related to delayed progression. Several studies have revealed fewer immune alterations and effector mechanisms related to viral control, mainly in peripheral blood, in these individuals compared to normal progressors. However, immune characterization of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the major target of infection, has not been thoroughly explored in these subjects. We evaluated the following parameters in GALT samples from 11 HIV-controllers and 15 HIV-progressors: (i) frequency and activation phenotype of T cells; (ii) expression of transcription factors associated with immune response profiles; and (iii) frequency of apoptotic cells. Interestingly, HIV-controllers exhibited a particular activation phenotype, with predominance of T cells expressing HLA-DR but not CD38 in GALT. This phenotype, previously associated with better control of infection, was correlated with low viral load and higher CD4(+) T cell count. Furthermore, a positive correlation of this activation phenotype with higher expression of Foxp3 and RORγT transcription factors suggested a key role for Treg and Th17 cells in the control of the immune activation and in the maintenance of gut mucosal integrity. Although we evaluated apoptosis by measuring expression of cleaved caspase-3 in GALT, we did not find differences between HIV-controllers and HIV-progressors. Taken together, our findings suggest that predominance of HLA-DR(+) T cells, along with lower immune activation and higher expression of transcription factors required for the development of Treg and Th17 cells, is associated with better viral control and delayed progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Gonzalez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Familiar y Comunitaria (GISAFACO), Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis A Correa
- Sección de Dermatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Patología, Laboratorio Clínico VID, Obra de la Congregación Mariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Castro
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos J Montoya
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
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Rodriguez-Garcia M, Shen Z, Barr FD, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, Wira CR. Dendritic cells from the human female reproductive tract rapidly capture and respond to HIV. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:531-544. [PMID: 27579858 PMCID: PMC5332537 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) throughout the female reproductive tract (FRT) were examined for phenotype, HIV capture ability and innate anti-HIV responses. Two main CD11c+ DC subsets were identified: CD11b+ and CD11blow DCs. CD11b+CD14+ DCs were the most abundant throughout the tract. A majority of CD11c+CD14+ cells corresponded to CD1c+ myeloid DCs, whereas the rest lacked CD1c and CD163 expression (macrophage marker) and may represent monocyte-derived cells. In addition, we identified CD103+ DCs, located exclusively in the endometrium, whereas DC-SIGN+ DCs were broadly distributed throughout the FRT. Following exposure to GFP-labeled HIV particles, CD14+ DC-SIGN+ as well as CD14+ DC-SIGN- cells captured virus, with ∼30% of these cells representing CD1c+ myeloid DCs. CD103+ DCs lacked HIV capture ability. Exposure of FRT DCs to HIV induced secretion of CCL2, CCR5 ligands, interleukin (IL)-8, elafin, and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) within 3 h of exposure, whereas classical pro-inflammatory molecules did not change and interferon-α2 and IL-10 were undetectable. Furthermore, elafin and SLPI upregulation, but not CCL5, were suppressed by estradiol pre-treatment. Our results suggest that specific DC subsets in the FRT have the potential for capture and dissemination of HIV, exert antiviral responses and likely contribute to the recruitment of HIV-target cells through the secretion of innate immune molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA,Corresponding author. Address correspondence to Dr. Marta Rodriguez-Garcia, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756. Fax number: 603-6507717. Telephone number: 603-6502583.
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Fiona D. Barr
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine and UAB Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service Birmingham, AL
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine and UAB Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Mehlotra RK, Zimmerman PA, Weinberg A. Defensin gene variation and HIV/AIDS: a comprehensive perspective needed. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:687-92. [PMID: 26957215 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6ru1215-560r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both α- and β-defensins have anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. These defensins achieve human immunodeficiency virus inhibition through a variety of mechanisms, including direct binding with virions, binding to and modulation of host cell-surface receptors with disruption of intracellular signaling, and functioning as chemokines or cytokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses. Polymorphisms in the defensin genes have been associated with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection and disease progression. However, the roles that these defensins and their genetic polymorphisms have in influencing human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome outcomes are not straightforward and, at times, appear contradictory. Differences in populations, study designs, and techniques for genotyping defensin gene polymorphisms may have contributed to this lack of clarity. In addition, a comprehensive approach, where both subfamilies of defensins and their all-inclusive genetic polymorphism profiles are analyzed, is lacking. Such an approach may reveal whether the human immunodeficiency virus inhibitory activities of α- and β-defensins are based on parallel or divergent mechanisms and may provide further insights into how the genetic predisposition for susceptibility or resistance to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is orchestrated between these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Sphingolipids as Regulators of the Phagocytic Response to Fungal Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:640540. [PMID: 26688618 PMCID: PMC4673356 DOI: 10.1155/2015/640540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a significant risk for the increasing population of individuals who are immunocompromised. Phagocytes play an important role in immune defense against fungal pathogens, but the interactions between host and fungi are still not well understood. Sphingolipids have been shown to play an important role in many cell functions, including the function of phagocytes. In this review, we discuss major findings that relate to the importance of sphingolipids in macrophage and neutrophil function and the role of macrophages and neutrophils in the most common types of fungal infections, as well as studies that have linked these three concepts to show the importance of sphingolipid signaling in immune response to fungal infections.
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Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Chan WY. Proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, and nucleotides with inhibitory activity on human immunodeficiency virus and its enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10399-414. [PMID: 26411457 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, has claimed innumerable lives in the past. Many biomolecules which suppress HIV replication and also other biomolecules that inhibit enzymes essential to HIV replication have been reported. Proteins including a variety of milk proteins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, ribonucleases, antifungal proteins, and trypsin inhibitors; peptides comprising cathelicidins, defensins, synthetic peptides, and others; polysaccharides and polysaccharopeptides; nucleosides, nucleotides, and ribozymes, demonstrated anti-HIV activity. In many cases, the mechanism of anti-HIV action has been elucidated. Strategies have been devised to augment the anti-HIV potency of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, New Territories, China.
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Innate activation of MDC and NK cells in high-risk HIV-1-exposed seronegative IV-drug users who share needles when compared with low-risk nonsharing IV-drug user controls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:264-73. [PMID: 25514793 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have described increased innate immune activation in HIV-1-exposed seronegative intravenous drug users (HESN-IDU), but have not addressed the independent role of injected drugs and/or repeated injections in driving immune activation. METHODS In this study, we investigated innate [natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells] and adaptive (HIV-specific antibody and CD8 T cell) immune parameters among a high-risk cohort of needle-sharing HESN-IDU subjects and compared them with low-risk nonsharing IDU subjects (NS-IDU) and non-drug-user controls. RESULTS We observed that HIV-specific antibody and CD8 T-cell responses were not detected in HESN-IDU subjects, yet innate immune cell activation was found to be significantly increased on NK cells (CD69 and CD107a upregulation) and myeloid dendritic cells (CD40 and CD83 upregulation) when compared with NS-IDU subjects or non-drug-user controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). HESN-IDU subjects maintained strong NK-cell CD107a degranulation and cytokine (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1 beta) production after target cell incubation suggesting that constitutive innate activation does not induce functional exhaustion of innate cells in HESN-IDU subjects. NK activation in HESN-IDU subjects was independent of drug use patterns but was durable over time and correlated with plasma levels of IP-10 by Luminex analysis (ρ = 0.5073, P = 0.0059, n = 28). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that heightened innate immune cell activation in HESN-IDU subjects is not the result of the IV drugs and repeated injection practice itself, but to repeated exposure to factors intrinsic to sharing needles (ie, exposure to pathogens or heterologous cells among donor blood).
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Rodriguez-Garcia M, Barr FD, Crist SG, Fahey JV, Wira CR. Phenotype and susceptibility to HIV infection of CD4+ Th17 cells in the human female reproductive tract. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1375-85. [PMID: 24759207 PMCID: PMC4205172 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of sexual acquisition of HIV in women requires a substantial increase in our knowledge about HIV-target cell availability and regulation in the female reproductive tract (FRT). In this study, we analyzed the phenotype and susceptibility to HIV infection of CD4(+) T cell in the endometrium (EM), endocervix (END), and ectocervix (ECT) of the FRT. We found that T helper type 17 (Th17) cells represent a major subset in FRT tissues analyzed and that Th17 cells were the main CD4(+) T-cell population expressing C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CD90. In premenopausal women, CD4(+) T cells and Th17 cells, in particular, were significantly lower in EM relative to END and ECT. Th17 cells were elevated in EM from postmenopausal women relative to premenopausal tissues but not changed in END and ECT. Susceptibility of CD4(+) T cells to HIV infection measured as intracellular p24 was lowest in the EM and highest in the ECT. Additionally, we found that Th17 cells co-expressing CCR5 and CD90 were the most susceptible to HIV infection. Our results provide valuable information for designing preventive strategies directed at targeting highly susceptible target cells in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Fiona D. Barr
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sarah G. Crist
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - John V. Fahey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Climent N, Munier S, Piqué N, García F, Pavot V, Primard C, Casanova V, Gatell JM, Verrier B, Gallart T. Loading dendritic cells with PLA-p24 nanoparticles or MVA expressing HIV genes induces HIV-1-specific T cell responses. Vaccine 2014; 32:6266-76. [PMID: 25240755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since recent data suggest that nanoparticles and modified vaccinia ankara (MVA) vectors could play a pivotal role in HIV-1 therapeutics and vaccine design, in an ex vivo model of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), we compared two different loading strategies with HIV-1 vaccine vehicles, either viral or synthetic derived. We used polylactic acid (PLA) colloidal biodegradable particles, coated with HIV Gag antigens (p24), and MVA expressing Gag (rMVA-gag and rMVA-gag/trans membrane) or Tat, Nef and Rev genes (rMVA tat+rev and rMVA nef). PLA-p24 captured by MDDCs from HIV-1 individuals induced a slight degree of MDDC maturation, cytokine and chemokine secretion and migration towards a gradient of CCL19 chemokine and highly increased HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation compared with p24 alone. After complete maturation induction of PLA-p24-pulsed MDDCs, maximal migration towards a gradient of CCL19 chemokine and induction of HIV-specific T-cell proliferation (two-fold higher for CD4(+) than CD8(+)) and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ and IL-2) in the co-culture were observed. Upon exposure to MVA-gag, MDDCs produced cytokines and chemokines and maintained their capacity to migrate to a gradient of CCL19. MDDCs infected with MVA-gag and MVA-gag trans-membrane were able to induce HIV-specific CD8(+) proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α. We conclude that both HIV antigens loading strategies (PLA-p24 nanoparticles or MVA expressing HIV genes) induce HIV-1-specific T-cell responses, which are able to kill autologous gag-expressing cells. Thus, they are plausible candidates for the development of anti-HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Climent
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Séverine Munier
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Núria Piqué
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases and AIDS Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Pavot
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Charlotte Primard
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Victor Casanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Gatell
- AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases and AIDS Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biology et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5305, UCBL, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Teresa Gallart
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; AIDS Research Group, and Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT), Barcelona, Spain
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Egaña-Gorroño L, Escribà T, Boulanger N, Guardo AC, León A, Bargalló ME, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Plana M, Arnedo M. Differential microRNA expression profile between stimulated PBMCs from HIV-1 infected elite controllers and viremic progressors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106360. [PMID: 25225963 PMCID: PMC4165582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emerging relationship between microRNAs (miRNA) and viral-control is a topic of interest in the field of HIV. Host-genome might play an important role in the control of viremia. The aim of this study was to assess the specific miRNA profile that could contribute to the control of HIV replication in Elite Controllers Results After adequate normalization, expression profile of 286 human miRNAs (hsa-miR) was evaluated in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated PBMCs from 29 individuals classified in 4 groups: 8 elite controllers (EC; viral load <50 cp/ml without treatment), 8 viremic progressors (VP; VL>5000 cp/ml without treatment), 8 patients under antiretroviral treatment (ART; VL<200 cp/ml) and 5 uninfected individuals (HIV-) through TaqMan Array Human microRNA Cards v3.0. A differential expression pattern consisting of 23 miRNAs became significantly different when comparing EC and VP. Profiling analysis segregated the population in two different blocks: while EC and HIV- clustered together in the same block (EC/HIV-_block 1), VP and ART individuals clustered together in a second block (VP/ART_block 2). Two inversely expressed miRNA patterns were determined within those two blocks: a set of 4 miRNAs (hsa-miR-221, -27a, -27b and -29b) was up-expressed in EC/HIV-_block and down-expressed in VP/ART_block while 19 miRNAs were down-expressed in block 1 and up-expressed in block 2. Differential miRNAs were successfully validated through individual RT-qPCR assays. Conclusions Profile in EC resembled HIV- and differentially clusters with VP and ART. Therefore, differential clustering does not rely on undetectable viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Egaña-Gorroño
- Group of Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuixent Escribà
- Group of Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Boulanger
- Group of Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Crespo Guardo
- Immunopathology and Cellular Immunology, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agathe León
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Enric Bargalló
- Immunopathology and Cellular Immunology, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Gatell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Immunopathology and Cellular Immunology, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Arnedo
- Group of Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, AIDS Research Group, Catalan project for the development of an HIV vaccine (HIVACAT), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Mucosal immunity in the female genital tract, HIV/AIDS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:350195. [PMID: 25313360 PMCID: PMC4181941 DOI: 10.1155/2014/350195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs.
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15
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Sidharthan S, Kim CW, Murphy AA, Zhang X, Yang J, Lempicki RA, Sneller MC, Kottilil S. Hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis induces differential gene expression in peripheral mononuclear cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:248. [PMID: 24904592 PMCID: PMC4034044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the distinct gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and mixed cryoglobulinemic (MC) vasculitis. Our DNA microarray analysis indicates that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated MC vasculitis is characterized by compromised neutrophil function, impaired chemotaxis, and increased interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, contributing to overall MC pathogenesis and end-organ damage. Increased ISG expression is suggestive of an enhanced endogenous interferon gene signature. PBMC depletion assays demonstrate that this increased expression is likely due to an activation of monocytes and not a direct result of B cell expansion. Notably, this monocyte activation of ISG expression in HCV-associated MC vasculitis suggests a poor predictor status of interferon-based treatment. Further analysis of PBMC gene expression profiles before and after in vivo B cell depletion therapy is critical to completely understanding the mechanisms of MC vasculitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreetha Sidharthan
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Cheol-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Alison A Murphy
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, MD , USA
| | - Richard A Lempicki
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick, MD , USA
| | - Michael C Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Wilson SS, Wiens ME, Smith JG. Antiviral mechanisms of human defensins. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4965-80. [PMID: 24095897 PMCID: PMC3842434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are an effector component of the innate immune system with broad antimicrobial activity. Humans express two types of defensins, α- and β-defensins, which have antiviral activity against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The diversity of defensin-sensitive viral species reflects a multitude of antiviral mechanisms. These include direct defensin targeting of viral envelopes, glycoproteins, and capsids in addition to inhibition of viral fusion and post-entry neutralization. Binding and modulation of host cell surface receptors and disruption of intracellular signaling by defensins can also inhibit viral replication. In addition, defensins can function as chemokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses, revealing an indirect antiviral mechanism. Nonetheless, many questions regarding the antiviral activities of defensins remain. Although significant mechanistic data are known for α-defensins, molecular details for β-defensin inhibition are mostly lacking. Importantly, the role of defensin antiviral activity in vivo has not been addressed due to the lack of a complete defensin knockout model. Overall, the antiviral activity of defensins is well established as are the variety of mechanisms by which defensins achieve this inhibition; however, additional research is needed to fully understand the role of defensins in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason G. Smith
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357735, 1705 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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García F, Plana M, Climent N, León A, Gatell JM, Gallart T. Dendritic cell based vaccines for HIV infection: the way ahead. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2445-52. [PMID: 23912672 PMCID: PMC3981855 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells have a central role in HIV infection. On one hand, they are essential to induce strong HIV-specific CD4⁺ helper T-cell responses that are crucial to achieve a sustained and effective HIV-specific CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte able to control HIV replication. On the other hand, DCs contribute to virus dissemination and HIV itself could avoid a correct antigen presentation. As the efficacy of immune therapy and therapeutic vaccines against HIV infection has been modest in the best of cases, it has been hypothesized that ex vivo generated DC therapeutic vaccines aimed to induce effective specific HIV immune responses might overcome some of these problems. In fact, DC-based vaccine clinical trials have yielded the best results in this field. However, despite these encouraging results, functional cure has not been reached with this strategy in any patient. In this Commentary, we discuss new approaches to improve the efficacy and feasibility of this type of therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García
- Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Climent
- Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agathe León
- Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Gatell
- Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Gallart
- Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Effect of tenofovir on nucleotidases and cytokines in HIV-1 target cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78814. [PMID: 24205323 PMCID: PMC3808279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) has been widely used for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV-1 infection with mixed results. While the use of TFV in uninfected individuals for prevention of HIV-1 acquisition is actively being investigated, the possible consequences of TFV exposure for the HIV-target cells and the mucosal microenvironment are unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of TFV treatment on blood-derived CD4⁺ T cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Purified HIV-target cells were treated with different concentrations of TFV (0.001-1.0 mg/ml) for 2 to 24 hr. RNA was isolated and RT-PCR was performed to compare the levels of mRNA expression of nucleotidases and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (MIP3α, IL-8 and TNFα) in the presence or absence of TFV. We found that TFV increases 5'-ecto-nucleotidase (NT5E) and inhibits mitochondrial nucleotidase (NT5M) gene expression and increases 5' nucleotidase activity in macrophages. We also observed that TFV stimulates the expression and secretion of IL-8 by macrophages, DC, and activated CD4⁺ T cells and increases the expression and secretion of MIP3α by macrophages. In contrast, TFV had no effect on TNFα secretion from macrophages, DC and CD4⁺ T cells. Our results demonstrate that TFV alters innate immune responses in HIV-target cells with potential implications for increased inflammation at mucosal surfaces. As new preventive trials are designed, these findings should provide a foundation for understanding the effects of TFV on HIV-target cells in microbicide trials.
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19
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Khan FF, Carpenter D, Mitchell L, Mansouri O, Black HA, Tyson J, Armour JAL. Accurate measurement of gene copy number for human alpha-defensin DEFA1A3. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:719. [PMID: 24138543 PMCID: PMC4046698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-allelic copy number variants include examples of extensive variation between individuals in the copy number of important genes, most notably genes involved in immune function. The definition of this variation, and analysis of its impact on function, has been hampered by the technical difficulty of large-scale but accurate typing of genomic copy number. The copy-variable alpha-defensin locus DEFA1A3 on human chromosome 8 commonly varies between 4 and 10 copies per diploid genome, and presents considerable challenges for accurate high-throughput typing. Results In this study, we developed two paralogue ratio tests and three allelic ratio measurements that, in combination, provide an accurate and scalable method for measurement of DEFA1A3 gene number. We combined information from different measurements in a maximum-likelihood framework which suggests that most samples can be assigned to an integer copy number with high confidence, and applied it to typing 589 unrelated European DNA samples. Typing the members of three-generation pedigrees provided further reassurance that correct integer copy numbers had been assigned. Our results have allowed us to discover that the SNP rs4300027 is strongly associated with DEFA1A3 gene copy number in European samples. Conclusions We have developed an accurate and robust method for measurement of DEFA1A3 copy number. Interrogation of rs4300027 and associated SNPs in Genome-Wide Association Study SNP data provides no evidence that alpha-defensin copy number is a strong risk factor for phenotypes such as Crohn’s disease, type I diabetes, HIV progression and multiple sclerosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-719) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John A L Armour
- School of Biology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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20
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Lucero CM, Fallert Junecko B, Klamar CR, Sciullo LA, Berendam SJ, Cillo AR, Qin S, Sui Y, Sanghavi S, Murphey-Corb MA, Reinhart TA. Macaque paneth cells express lymphoid chemokine CXCL13 and other antimicrobial peptides not previously described as expressed in intestinal crypts. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1320-8. [PMID: 23803902 PMCID: PMC3754526 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00651-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CXCL13 is a constitutively expressed chemokine that controls migration of immune cells to lymphoid follicles. Previously, we found CXCL13 mRNA levels increased in rhesus macaque spleen tissues during AIDS. This led us to examine the levels and locations of CXCL13 by detailed in situ methods in cynomolgus macaque lymphoid and intestinal tissues. Our results revealed that there were distinct localization patterns of CXCL13 mRNA compared to protein in germinal centers. These patterns shifted during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, with increased mRNA expression within and around follicles during AIDS compared to uninfected or acutely infected animals. Unexpectedly, CXCL13 expression was also found in abundance in Paneth cells in crypts throughout the small intestine. Therefore, we expanded our analyses to include chemokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) not previously demonstrated to be expressed by Paneth cells in intestinal tissues. We examined the expression patterns of multiple chemokines, including CCL25, as well as α-defensin 6 (DEFA6), β-defensin 2 (BDEF2), rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1), and Reg3γ in situ in intestinal tissues. Of the 10 chemokines examined, CXCL13 was unique in its expression by Paneth cells. BDEF2, RTD-1, and Reg3γ were also expressed by Paneth cells. BDEF2 and RTD-1 previously have not been shown to be expressed by Paneth cells. These findings expand our understanding of mucosal immunology, innate antimicrobial defenses, homeostatic chemokine function, and host protective mechanisms against microbial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M. Lucero
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth Fallert Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia R. Klamar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren A. Sciullo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stella J. Berendam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R. Cillo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shulin Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yongjun Sui
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonali Sanghavi
- King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune, India
| | - Michael A. Murphey-Corb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd A. Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Preet S, Virdi JS, Rishi P. Anti-Yersinia Activity of Cryptdin-2: A Paneth Cell Peptide. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS-INDIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-013-0114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rodriguez-Garcia M, Biswas N, Patel MV, Barr FD, Crist SG, Ochsenbauer C, Fahey JV, Wira CR. Estradiol reduces susceptibility of CD4+ T cells and macrophages to HIV-infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62069. [PMID: 23614015 PMCID: PMC3629151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of the HIV epidemic in women requires urgent efforts to find effective preventive methods. Even though sex hormones have been described to influence HIV infection in epidemiological studies and regulate different immune responses that may affect HIV infection, the direct role that female sex hormones play in altering the susceptibility of target cells to HIV-infection is largely unknown. Here we evaluated the direct effect of 17-β-estradiol (E2) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) in HIV-infection of CD4+ T-cells and macrophages. Purified CD4+ T-cells and monocyte-derived macrophages were generated in vitro from peripheral blood and infected with R5 and X4 viruses. Treatment of CD4+ T-cells and macrophages with E2 prior to viral challenge reduced their susceptibility to HIV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of E2 2 h after viral challenge however did not result in reduced infection. In contrast, EE reduced infection in macrophages to a lesser extent than E2 and had no effect on CD4+ T-cell infection. Reduction of HIV-infection induced by E2 in CD4+ T-cells was not due to CCR5 down-regulation, but was an entry-mediated mechanism since infection with VSV-G pseudotyped HIV was not modified by E2. In macrophages, despite the lack of an effect of E2 on CCR5 expression, E2–treatment reduced viral entry 2 h after challenge and increased MIP-1β secretion. These results demonstrate the direct effect of E2 on susceptibility of HIV-target cells to infection and indicate that inhibition of target cell infection involves cell-entry related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America.
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Genovese L, Nebuloni M, Alfano M. Cell-Mediated Immunity in Elite Controllers Naturally Controlling HIV Viral Load. Front Immunol 2013; 4:86. [PMID: 23577012 PMCID: PMC3620550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by high viral load, depletion of immune cells, and immunodeficiency, ultimately leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome phase and the occurrence of opportunistic infections and diseases. Since the discovery of HIV in the early 1980s a naturally selected population of infected individuals has been emerged in the last years, characterized by being infected for many years, with viremia constantly below detectable level and poor depletion of immune cells. These individuals are classified as “elite controllers (EC) or suppressors” and do not develop disease in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy. Unveiling host factors and immune responses responsible for the elite status will likely provide clues for the design of therapeutic vaccines and functional cures. Scope of this review was to examine and discuss differences of the cell-mediated immune responses between HIV+ individuals with disease progression and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Genovese
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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Rodriguez-Garcia M, Patel MV, Wira CR. Innate and adaptive anti-HIV immune responses in the female reproductive tract. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 97:74-84. [PMID: 23432874 PMCID: PMC3581821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is the primary site of transmission for a plethora of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that represent a significant burden upon womens' health worldwide. However, fundamental aspects of innate and adaptive immune protection against HIV infection in the FRT are poorly understood. The FRT immune system is regulated by the cyclical changes of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone across the menstrual cycle, which as we have hypothesized, leads to the creation of a window of vulnerability during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle, when the risk of HIV transmission is increased. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple levels of protection against HIV infection in the FRT, the contribution of different cell types including epithelial cells, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells to this, and their regulation by estradiol and progesterone. Understanding the unique immune environment in the FRT will allow for the potential development of novel therapeutic interventions such as vaccines and microbicides that may reduce or prevent HIV transmission in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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25
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Adenosine deaminase enhances the immunogenicity of human dendritic cells from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51287. [PMID: 23240012 PMCID: PMC3519778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADA is an enzyme implicated in purine metabolism, and is critical to ensure normal immune function. Its congenital deficit leads to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). ADA binding to adenosine receptors on dendritic cell surface enables T-cell costimulation through CD26 crosslinking, which enhances T-cell activation and proliferation. Despite a large body of work on the actions of the ecto-enzyme ADA on T-cell activation, questions arise on whether ADA can also modulate dendritic cell maturation. To this end we investigated the effects of ADA on human monocyte derived dendritic cell biology. Our results show that both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of ADA are implicated in the enhancement of CD80, CD83, CD86, CD40 and CCR7 expression on immature dendritic cells from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. These ADA-mediated increases in CD83 and costimulatory molecule expression is concomitant to an enhanced IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL8(IL-8), CCL3(MIP1-α), CCL4(MIP-1β) and CCL5(RANTES) cytokine/chemokine secretion both in healthy and HIV-infected individuals and to an altered apoptotic death in cells from HIV-infected individuals. Consistently, ADA-mediated actions on iDCs are able to enhance allogeneic CD4 and CD8-T-cell proliferation, globally yielding increased iDC immunogenicity. Taken together, these findings suggest that ADA would promote enhanced and correctly polarized T-cell responses in strategies targeting asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.
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Ghosh M, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Wira CR. Immunobiology of genital tract trauma: endocrine regulation of HIV acquisition in women following sexual assault or genital tract mutilation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 69 Suppl 1:51-60. [PMID: 23034063 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on HIV acquisition and transmission in women exposed to sexual trauma throughout their life cycle are lacking, but some findings suggest that rates of HIV acquisition through coercive sex are significantly higher than that seen in consensual sex. Sexual trauma can also occur as a result of female genital mutilation, which makes sex extremely painful and can cause increased abrasions, lacerations, and inflammation, which enhances the risk of HIV acquisition. This review presents an overview of the immune system in the human female reproductive tract (FRT) from adolescence, through puberty to pregnancy and menopause. What is clear is that the foundation of information on immune protection in the FRT throughout the life cycle of women is extremely limited and at some stages such as adolescence and menopause are grossly lacking. Against this backdrop, forced or coercive sexual intercourse as well as genital mutilation further complicates our understanding of the biological risk factors that can result in transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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27
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Higher SLPI expression, lower immune activation, and increased frequency of immune cells in a cohort of Colombian HIV-1 controllers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60:12-9. [PMID: 22240462 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31824876ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are 2 new phenotypes of HIV-1-positive individuals who exhibit a spontaneous and sustained control of viral replication at least for 1 year without antiretroviral therapy (elite controllers <50 copies/mL and viremic controllers <2000 copies/mL). Mechanisms related to this spontaneous control of viral replication are poorly understood. METHODS The study included HIV-1 controllers (patients with at least 1 year of HIV-1 diagnosis, highly active antiretroviral therapy naive, and with viral loads less than 2000 copies/mL) and HIV-1 progressors without antiretroviral therapy (viral load >2500 copies/mL, and CD4 T-cell count >250 cells/μL at the time of sampling). The expression of soluble factors, leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and human α-defensins-1 (HAD-1), was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction from neutrophil cultures with or without HIV stimulation; the frequency and phenotype of innate and adaptive immune cells were determined by flow cytometry, and frequency of human leukocyte antigen alleles was determined by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide typing. RESULTS As expected, HIV-1 controllers had higher CD4 T-cell counts and lower viral load when compared with HIV-1 progressor individuals; in addition, they exhibited lower expression of activation markers, higher frequency of myeloid dendritic cell, lower percentage of regulatory T cells and natural killer cells, and higher expression of SLPI. CONCLUSIONS All together, these findings suggest that the control of the immune activation status and the production of antiviral proteins by innate immune cells could be associated to the mechanisms involved in the control of HIV-1 replication and better preservation of the CD4 T-cell count.
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Wang G. Natural antimicrobial peptides as promising anti-HIV candidates. CURRENT TOPICS IN PEPTIDE & PROTEIN RESEARCH 2012; 13:93-110. [PMID: 26834391 PMCID: PMC4730921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains to be one of the major global health problems. It is thus necessary to identify novel therapeutic molecules to combat HIV-1. Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been recognized as promising templates for developing topical microbicides. This review systematically discusses over 80 anti-HIV peptides annotated in the antimicrobial peptide database (http://aps.unmc.edu/AP). Such peptides have been discovered from bacteria, plants, and animals. Examples include gramicidin and bacteriocins from bacteria, cyclotides from plants, melittins and cecropins from insects, piscidins from fish, ascaphins, caerins, dermaseptins, esculentins, and maximins from amphibians, and cathelicidins and defensins from vertebrates. These peptides appear to work by different mechanisms and could block viral entry in multiple ways. As additional advantages, such anti-HIV peptides may possess other desired features such as antibacterial, antiparasital, spermicidal, and anticancer activity. With continued optimization of peptide stability, production, formulation and delivery methods, it is anticipated that some of these compounds may eventually become new anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
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Escribese MM, Rodríguez-García M, Sperling R, Engel SM, Gallart T, Moran TM. Alpha-defensins 1-3 release by dendritic cells is reduced by estrogen. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:118. [PMID: 21861873 PMCID: PMC3175176 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy the immune system of the mother must protect any activation that may negatively affect the fetus. Changes in susceptibility to infection as well as resolution of some autoimmune disorders represent empirical evidence for pregnancy related alterations in immunity. Sex hormones reach extremely high levels during pregnancy and have been shown to have direct effects on many immune functions including the antiviral response of dendritic cells. Among the immunologically active proteins secreted by monocyte derived DCs (MDDC) are the alpha-defensins 1-3. This family of cationic antimicrobial peptides has a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity and has also been shown to link innate to adaptive immunity by attracting T cells and immature DCs, which are essential for initiating and polarizing the immune response. METHODS We compare culture-generated monocyte derived DCs (MDDCs) with directly isolated myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and measure their alpha-defensins 1-3 secretion by ELISA both, in basal situations and after hormone (E2 or PG) treatments. Moreover, using a cohort of pregnant women we isolated mDCs from blood and also measure the levels of these anti-microbial peptides along pregnancy. RESULTS We show that mDCs and pDCs constitutively produce alpha-defensins 1-3 and at much higher levels than MDDCs. Alpha-defensins 1-3 production from mDCs and MDDCs but not pDCs is inhibited by E2. PG does not affect alpha-defensins 1-3 in any of the populations. Moreover, alpha-defensins 1-3 production by mDCs was reduced in the later stages of pregnancy in 40% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that mDCs and pDCs secrete alpha-defensins 1-3 and present a novel effect of E2 on the secretion of alpha-defensins 1-3 by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Escribese
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Infections Biology, CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-García
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rhoda Sperling
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School, of Medicine, New York, NY,USA
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Gallart
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas M Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Alcamí J, Coiras M. [Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29:216-26. [PMID: 21388715 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Killing of CD4 lymphocytes and systemic immune suppression are the hallmarks of HIV infection. These milestones are produced by different mechanisms that draw a complex picture of AIDS immunopathogenesis. The role of the GALT system as a preferential target for HIV, chronic activation of the immune system and viral escape mechanisms are recent challenges that have changed our current view on the mechanisms leading to immune destruction and development of AIDS. In this article, the mechanisms of immune suppression, the evolution of immune response throughout the infection and the mechanisms of viral escape are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alcamí
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del Sida, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
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31
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Climent N, Guerra S, García F, Rovira C, Miralles L, Gómez CE, Piqué N, Gil C, Gatell JM, Esteban M, Gallart T. Dendritic cells exposed to MVA-based HIV-1 vaccine induce highly functional HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in HIV-1-infected individuals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19644. [PMID: 21625608 PMCID: PMC3097254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, MVA virus vectors carrying HIV-1 genes are being developed as HIV-1/AIDS prophylactic/therapeutic vaccines. Nevertheless, little is known about the impact of these vectors on human dendritic cells (DC) and their capacity to present HIV-1 antigens to human HIV-specific T cells. This study aimed to characterize the interaction of MVA and MVA expressing the HIV-1 genes Env-Gag-Pol-Nef of clade B (referred to as MVA-B) in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) and the subsequent processes of HIV-1 antigen presentation and activation of memory HIV-1-specific T lymphocytes. For these purposes, we performed ex vivo assays with MDDC and autologous lymphocytes from asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Infection of MDDC with MVA-B or MVA, at the optimal dose of 0.3 PFU/MDDC, induced by itself a moderate degree of maturation of MDDC, involving secretion of cytokines and chemokines (IL1-ra, IL-7, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, IP-10, MIG, and IFN-α). MDDC infected with MVA or MVA-B and following a period of 48 h or 72 h of maturation were able to migrate toward CCL19 or CCL21 chemokine gradients. MVA-B infection induced apoptosis of the infected cells and the resulting apoptotic bodies were engulfed by the uninfected MDDC, which cross-presented HIV-1 antigens to autologous CD8+ T lymphocytes. MVA-B-infected MDDC co-cultured with autologous T lymphocytes induced a highly functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cell response including proliferation, secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, MIP-1β, MIP-1α, RANTES and IL-6, and strong cytotoxic activity against autologous HIV-1-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes. These results evidence the adjuvant role of the vector itself (MVA) and support the clinical development of prophylactic and therapeutic anti-HIV vaccines based on MVA-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Climent
- Service of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Taborda-Vanegas N, Zapata W, Rugeles MT. Genetic and Immunological Factors Involved in Natural Resistance to HIV-1 Infection. Open Virol J 2011; 5:35-43. [PMID: 21660188 PMCID: PMC3109745 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901105010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) induces severe alterations of the immune system leading to an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignancies. However, exposure to the virus does not always results in infection. Indeed, there exist individuals who have been repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 but do not exhibit clinical or serological evidence of infection, known as exposed seronegative individuals. Many studies have focused on the different mechanisms involved in natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, and have reported several factors associated with this phenomenon, including the presence of genetic polymorphisms in the viral coreceptors, innate and adaptive immune cells with particular phenotypic and functional features, and molecules such as antibodies and soluble factors that play an important role in defense against infection by HIV-1. The study of these factors could be the key for controlling this viral infection. This review summarizes the main mechanisms involved in resistance to HIV-1 infection.
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Tomescu C, Abdulhaqq S, Montaner LJ. Evidence for the innate immune response as a correlate of protection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 highly exposed seronegative subjects (HESN). Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:158-69. [PMID: 21413945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of highly exposed individuals who remain seronegative (HESN) despite repeated exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 has heightened interest in identifying potential mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance. HIV-specific humoral and T cell-mediated responses have been identified routinely in HESN subjects, although it remains unknown if these responses are a definitive cause of protection or merely a marker for exposure. Approximately half of HESN lack any detectible HIV-specific adaptive immune responses, suggesting that other mechanisms of protection from HIV-1 infection also probably exist. In support of the innate immune response as a mechanism of resistance, increased natural killer (NK) cell activity has been correlated with protection from infection in several high-risk cohorts of HESN subjects, including intravenous drug users, HIV-1 discordant couples and perinatally exposed infants. Inheritance of protective NK KIR3DL1(high) and KIR3DS1 receptor alleles have also been observed to be over-represented in a high-risk cohort of HESN intravenous drug users and HESN partners of HIV-1-infected subjects. Other intrinsic mechanisms of innate immune protection correlated with resistance in HESN subjects include heightened dendritic cell responses and increased secretion of anti-viral factors such as β-chemokines, small anti-viral factors and defensins. This review will highlight the most current evidence in HESN subjects supporting the role of epithelial microenvironment and the innate immune system in sustaining resistance against HIV-1 infection. We will argue that as a front-line defence the innate immune response determines the threshold of infectivity that HIV-1 must overcome to establish a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tomescu
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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García F, Climent N, Assoumou L, Gil C, González N, Alcamí J, León A, Romeu J, Dalmau J, Martínez-Picado J, Lifson J, Autran B, Costagliola D, Clotet B, Gatell JM, Plana M, Gallart T. A therapeutic dendritic cell-based vaccine for HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:473-8. [PMID: 21233310 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A double-blinded, controlled study of vaccination of untreated patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with 3 doses of autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs) pulsed with heat inactivated autologous HIV-1 was performed. Therapeutic vaccinations were feasible, safe, and well tolerated. At week 24 after first vaccination (primary end point), a modest significant decrease in plasma viral load was observed in vaccine recipients, compared with control subjects (P = .03). In addition, the change in plasma viral load after vaccination tended to be inversely associated with the increase in HIV-specific T cell responses in vaccinated patients but tended to be directly correlated with HIV-specific T cell responses in control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic - HIV Development Program in Catalonia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Riepl B, Grässel S, Wiest R, Fleck M, Straub RH. Tumor necrosis factor and norepinephrine lower the levels of human neutrophil peptides 1-3 secretion by mixed synovial tissue cultures in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R110. [PMID: 20525314 PMCID: PMC2911901 DOI: 10.1186/ar3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophils and monocytes play an important role in overt inflammation in chronic inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) inhibits many neutrophil/monocyte functions and macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but because of the loss of sympathetic nerve fibers in inflamed tissue, sympathetic control is attenuated. In this study, we focused on noradrenergic and TNF regulation of human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3), which are proinflammatory bactericidal alpha-defensins. METHODS Synovial tissue and cells were obtained from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). By using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, HNP1-3 were tracked in the tissue. With synovial cell-culture experiments and ELISA, effects of norepinephrine, TNF, and cortisol on HNP1-3 were detected. RESULTS HNP1-3 were abundantly expressed in the synovial lining and adjacent sublining area but not in deeper layers of synovial tissue. The human beta-defensin-2, used as control, was hardly detectable in the tissue and in supernatants. HNP1-3 double-stained with neutrophils but not with macrophages, fibroblasts, T/B lymphocytes, and mast cells. Norepinephrine dose-dependently decreased HNP1-3 levels from RA and OA cells. TNF also inhibited HNP1-3 levels from OA but not from RA cells. Cortisol inhibited HNP1-3 levels only in OA patients. A combination of norepinephrine and cortisol did not show additive or synergistic effects. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an inhibitory effect of norepinephrine on HNP1-3 of mixed synovial cells. In light of these findings, the loss of sympathetic nerve fibers with low resting norepinephrine levels might also augment the inflammatory process through HNP1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Riepl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, F,J, Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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