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Nithyasree V, Magdalene P, Praveen Kumar PK, Preethi J, Gromiha MM. Role of HSP90 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Liver Diseases. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01251-1. [PMID: 39162909 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are the fatal liver diseases which encompass a spectrum of disease severity associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disorder. Heat shock proteins serve as markers in early prognosis and diagnosis of early stages of liver diseases associated with metabolic disorder. This review aims to comprehensively investigate the significance of HSP90 isoforms in T2DM and liver diseases. Additionally, we explore the collective knowledge on plant-based drug compounds that regulate HSP90 isoform targets, highlighting their potential in treating T2DM-associated liver diseases. Furthermore, this review focuses on the computational systems' biology and next-generation sequencing technology approaches that are used to unravel the potential medicine for the treatment of pleiotropy of these 2 diseases and to further elucidate the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nithyasree
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur Tk, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - P Magdalene
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur Tk, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - P K Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur Tk, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India.
| | - J Preethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur Tk, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Gong N. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling modulates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the aged heart by regulating mitochondrial maintenance. Mol Med 2024; 30:107. [PMID: 39044180 PMCID: PMC11265325 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). With an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary arteriosclerosis in older people, there has been increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms of myocardial IRI to develop therapeutics that can attenuate its damaging effects. Previous studies identified that abnormal mitochondria, involved in cellar senescence and oxidative stress, are the master subcellular organelle that induces IRI. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is also associated with IRI. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is achieved by the activation of ER molecular chaperones and folding enzymes, which provide an important link between ER stress and oxidative stress gene programs. In this review, we outline how these ER stress-related molecules affect myocardial IRI via the crosstalk of ER stress and mitochondrial homeostasis and discuss how these may offer promising novel therapeutic targets and strategies against age-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Nianqiao Gong
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
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3
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Noureddine J, Mu B, Hamidzada H, Mok WL, Bonea D, Nambara E, Zhao R. Knockout of endoplasmic reticulum-localized molecular chaperone HSP90.7 impairs seedling development and cellular auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:218-236. [PMID: 38565312 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum-localized heat shock protein HSP90.7 modulates tissue differentiation and stress responses; however, complete knockout lines have not been previously reported. In this study, we identified and analyzed a mutant allele, hsp90.7-1, which was unable to accumulate the HSP90.7 full-length protein and showed seedling lethality. Microscopic analyses revealed its essential role in male and female fertility, trichomes and root hair development, proper chloroplast function, and apical meristem maintenance and differentiation. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses also revealed the role of the protein in a multitude of cellular processes. Particularly, the auxin-responsive pathway was specifically downregulated in the hsp90.7-1 mutant seedlings. We measured a much-reduced auxin content in both root and shoot tissues. Through comprehensive histological and molecular analyses, we confirmed PIN1 and PIN5 accumulations were dependent on the HSP90 function, and the TAA-YUCCA primary auxin biosynthesis pathway was also downregulated in the mutant seedlings. This study therefore not only fulfilled a gap in understanding the essential role of HSP90 paralogs in eukaryotes but also provided a mechanistic insight on the ER-localized chaperone in regulating plant growth and development via modulating cellular auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenan Noureddine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bona Mu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Homaira Hamidzada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wai Lam Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Bonea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kim DS, Song L, Gou W, Kim J, Liu B, Wei H, Muise-Helmericks RC, Li Z, Wang H. GRP94 is an IGF-1R chaperone and regulates beta cell death in diabetes. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:374. [PMID: 38811543 PMCID: PMC11137047 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
High workload-induced cellular stress can cause pancreatic islet β cell death and dysfunction, or β cell failure, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, activation of molecular chaperones and other stress-response genes prevents β cell failure. To this end, we have shown that deletion of the glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in Pdx1+ pancreatic progenitor cells led to pancreas hypoplasia and reduced β cell mass during pancreas development in mice. Here, we show that GRP94 was involved in β cell adaption and compensation (or failure) in islets from leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice in an age-dependent manner. GRP94-deficient cells were more susceptible to cell death induced by various diabetogenic stress conditions. We also identified a new client of GRP94, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a critical factor for β cell survival and function that may mediate the effect of GRP94 in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study has identified essential functions of GRP94 in β cell failure related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lili Song
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleson, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-James, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robin C Muise-Helmericks
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-James, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Zhang JJ, Xi GS. Estrogen-related receptor functions via the 20-hydroxyecdysone and IIS/TOR signaling pathways to regulate the development and morphology changes of ant Polyrhachis vicina Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 344:114373. [PMID: 37657761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR) is a key regulator of insect growth, development, and metabolic processes in insects; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are not fully understood. We investigated roles of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and insulin/insulin-like signaling/target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) signaling pathways in the effects of PvERR on larval development, metamorphosis, and adult growth in ant Polyrhachis vicina Roger. PvFOXO expression levels depended on caste and developmental stage. PvERR RNAi significantly reduced the expression levels of IIS/TOR signaling pathway genes and 20E signaling pathway genes in fourth-instar larvae, pupae, females, and workers and significantly increased the expression levels of IIS/TOR signaling pathway genes PvFOXO and PvAkt in males. PvFOXO RNAi resulted in developmental defects and increased mortality. After PvFOXO RNAi, the expression of PvERR, 20E signaling pathway genes, and IIS/TOR signaling pathway genes decreased significantly in pupae, females, and workers and increased significantly in fourth-instar larvae. Exogenous 20E attenuated expression changes induced by PvFOXO RNAi in a sex- and stage-specific manner. These results indicate that ERR interacts with 20E and IIS/TOR signaling pathways to regulate caste determination, metamorphosis, and male fertility in P. vicina and that correlations between PvERR and PvFOXO are caste- and stage-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Xi'an International Studies University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710128, PR China; Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, PR China.
| | - Geng-Si Xi
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, PR China
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Koppes EA, Johnson MA, Moresco JJ, Luppi P, Lewis DW, Stolz DB, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Wek RC, Watkins SC, Gollin SM, Park HJ, Drain P, Nicholls RD. Insulin secretion deficits in a Prader-Willi syndrome β-cell model are associated with a concerted downregulation of multiple endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010710. [PMID: 37068109 PMCID: PMC10138222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multisystem disorder with neurobehavioral, metabolic, and hormonal phenotypes, caused by loss of expression of a paternally-expressed imprinted gene cluster. Prior evidence from a PWS mouse model identified abnormal pancreatic islet development with retention of aged insulin and deficient insulin secretion. To determine the collective roles of PWS genes in β-cell biology, we used genome-editing to generate isogenic, clonal INS-1 insulinoma lines having 3.16 Mb deletions of the silent, maternal- (control) and active, paternal-allele (PWS). PWS β-cells demonstrated a significant cell autonomous reduction in basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Further, proteomic analyses revealed reduced levels of cellular and secreted hormones, including all insulin peptides and amylin, concomitant with reduction of at least ten endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, including GRP78 and GRP94. Critically, differentially expressed genes identified by whole transcriptome studies included reductions in levels of mRNAs encoding these secreted peptides and the group of ER chaperones. In contrast to the dosage compensation previously seen for ER chaperones in Grp78 or Grp94 gene knockouts or knockdown, compensation is precluded by the stress-independent deficiency of ER chaperones in PWS β-cells. Consistent with reduced ER chaperones levels, PWS INS-1 β-cells are more sensitive to ER stress, leading to earlier activation of all three arms of the unfolded protein response. Combined, the findings suggest that a chronic shortage of ER chaperones in PWS β-cells leads to a deficiency of protein folding and/or delay in ER transit of insulin and other cargo. In summary, our results illuminate the pathophysiological basis of pancreatic β-cell hormone deficits in PWS, with evolutionary implications for the multigenic PWS-domain, and indicate that PWS-imprinted genes coordinate concerted regulation of ER chaperone biosynthesis and β-cell secretory pathway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Koppes
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie A Johnson
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Luppi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dale W Lewis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Drain
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert D Nicholls
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Podraza-Farhanieh A, Raj D, Kao G, Naredi P. A proinsulin-dependent interaction between ENPL-1 and ASNA-1 in neurons is required to maintain insulin secretion in C. elegans. Development 2023; 150:dev201035. [PMID: 36939052 PMCID: PMC10112894 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides, including insulin, are important regulators of physiological functions of the organisms. Trafficking through the Golgi is crucial for the regulation of secretion of insulin-like peptides. ASNA-1 (TRC40) and ENPL-1 (GRP94) are conserved insulin secretion regulators in Caenorhabditis elegans (and mammals), and mouse Grp94 mutants display type 2 diabetes. ENPL-1/GRP94 binds proinsulin and regulates proinsulin levels in C. elegans and mammalian cells. Here, we have found that ASNA-1 and ENPL-1 cooperate to regulate insulin secretion in worms via a physical interaction that is independent of the insulin-binding site of ENPL-1. The interaction occurs in DAF-28/insulin-expressing neurons and is sensitive to changes in DAF-28 pro-peptide levels. Consistently, ASNA-1 acted in neurons to promote DAF-28/insulin secretion. The chaperone form of ASNA-1 was likely the interaction partner of ENPL-1. Loss of asna-1 disrupted Golgi trafficking pathways. ASNA-1 localization to the Golgi was affected in enpl-1 mutants and ENPL-1 overexpression partially bypassed the ASNA-1 requirement. Taken together, we find a functional interaction between ENPL-1 and ASNA-1 that is necessary to maintain proper insulin secretion in C. elegans and provides insights into how their loss might cause diabetes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Podraza-Farhanieh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dorota Raj
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gautam Kao
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Häfliger J, Schwarzfischer M, Atrott K, Stanzel C, Morsy Y, Wawrzyniak M, Lang S, Valenta T, Basler K, Rogler G, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. Glycoprotein (GP)96 Is Essential for Maintaining Intestinal Epithelial Architecture by Supporting Its Self-Renewal Capacity. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:717-739. [PMID: 36516930 PMCID: PMC9879791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glycoprotein (GP)96 is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident master chaperone for cell surface receptors including the Wnt co-receptors low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 5/6. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of Gp96 is embryonically lethal. However, the role of GP96 in adult intestinal tissue and especially within the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche is unknown. Here, we investigated how GP96 loss interferes with intestinal homeostasis by compromising viability, proliferation, and differentiation of IECs. METHODS Tamoxifen was used to induce Cre-mediated deletion of Gp96 in GP96-VillincreERT2 (Cre recombinase-Estrogen-Receptor Transgene 2) mice and intestinal organoids. With H&E and immunofluorescence staining we assessed alterations in intestinal morphology and the presence and localization of IEC types. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the severe phenotype of Gp96 KO mice and organoids. RESULTS IEC-specific deletion of Gp96 in adult mice resulted in a rapid degeneration of the stem cell niche, followed by complete eradication of the epithelial layer and death within a few days. These effects were owing to severe defects in ISC renewal and premature ISC differentiation, which resulted from defective Wnt and Notch signaling. Furthermore, depletion of GP96 led to massive induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although effects on ISC renewal and adequate differentiation were partly reversed upon activation of Wnt/Notch signaling, viability could not be restored, indicating that reduced viability was mediated by other mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that GP96 plays a fundamental role in regulating ISC fate and epithelial regeneration and therefore is indispensable for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Stanzel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kang S, Kang BH. Structure, Function, and Inhibitors of the Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP1. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16155-16172. [PMID: 36507721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is a mitochondrial molecular chaperone modulating cellular metabolism and signaling pathways by altering the conformation, activity, and stability of numerous substrate proteins called clients. It exerts its chaperone function as an adaptive response to counter cellular stresses instead of maintaining housekeeping protein homeostasis. However, the stress-adaptive machinery becomes dysregulated to support the progression and maintenance of human diseases, such as cancers; therefore, TRAP1 has been proposed as a promising target protein for anticancer drug development. In this review, by collating recent reports on high-resolution TRAP1 structures and structure-activity relationships of inhibitors, we aimed to provide better insights into the chaperoning mechanism of the emerging drug target and to suggest an efficient strategy for the development of potent TRAP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosung Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Heon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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GRP94 Inhabits the Immortalized Porcine Hepatic Stellate Cells Apoptosis under Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through Modulating the Expression of IGF-1 and Ubiquitin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214059. [PMID: 36430538 PMCID: PMC9694842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is closely related to the occurrence and progression of metabolic liver disease. The treatment targeting glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) for liver disease has gotten much attention, but the specific effect of GRP94 on hepatocyte apoptosis is still unclear. So far, all the studies on GRP94 have been conducted in mice or rats, and little study has been reported on pigs, which share more similarities with humans. In this study, we used low-dose (LD) and high-dose (HD) tunicamycin (TM) to establish ERS models on piglet livers and immortalized porcine hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). On the piglet ERS model we found that ERS could significantly (p < 0.01) stimulate the secretion and synthesis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3; however, with the increase in ERS degree, the effect of promoting secretion and synthesis significantly (p < 0.01) decreased. In addition, the ubiquitin protein and ubiquitination-related gene were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the LD group compared with the vehicle group. The protein level of Active-caspase 3 was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the HD group, however, the TUNEL staining showed there was no significant apoptosis in the piglet liver ERS model. To explore the biofunction of ER chaperone GRP94, we used shRNA to knock down the expression of GRP94 in porcine HSCs. Interestingly, on porcine HSCs, the knockdown of GRP94 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the secretion of IGF-1, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 under ERS, but had no significant effect on these under normal condition, and knockdown GRP94 had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on the UBE2E gene and ubiquitin protein from the analysis of two-way ANOVA. On porcine HSCs apoptosis, the knockdown of GRP94 increased the cell apoptosis in TUNEL staining, and the two-way ANOVA analysis shows that knockdown GRP94 had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on the protein levels of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. For CCK-8 assay, ERS had a significant inhibitory(p < 0.05) effect on cell proliferation when treated with ERS for 24 h, and both knockdown GRP94 and ERS had a significant inhibitory(p < 0.05) effect on cell proliferation when treated with ERS for 36 h and 48 h. We concluded that GRP94 can protect the cell from ERS-induced apoptosis by promoting the IGF-1 system and ubiquitin. These results provide valuable information on the adaptive mechanisms of the liver under ERS, and could help identify vital functional genes to be applied as possible diagnostic biomarkers and treatments for diseases induced by ERS in the future.
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11
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Pugh KW, Alnaed M, Brackett CM, Blagg BSJ. The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2007-2024. [PMID: 35861260 PMCID: PMC10003671 DOI: 10.1002/med.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler W. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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12
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Fornasiero F, Scapin C, Vitadello M, Pizzo P, Gorza L. Active nNOS Is Required for Grp94-Induced Antioxidant Cytoprotection: A Lesson from Myogenic to Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062915. [PMID: 35328344 PMCID: PMC8954037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone Grp94/gp96 appears to be involved in cytoprotection without being required for cell survival. This study compared the effects of Grp94 protein levels on Ca2+ homeostasis, antioxidant cytoprotection and protein–protein interactions between two widely studied cell lines, the myogenic C2C12 and the epithelial HeLa, and two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and HS578T. In myogenic cells, but not in HeLa, Grp94 overexpression exerted cytoprotection by reducing ER Ca2+ storage, due to an inhibitory effect on SERCA2. In C2C12 cells, but not in HeLa, Grp94 co-immunoprecipitated with non-client proteins, such as nNOS, SERCA2 and PMCA, which co-fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation in a distinct, medium density, ER vesicular compartment. Active nNOS was also required for Grp94-induced cytoprotection, since its inhibition by L-NNA disrupted the co-immunoprecipitation and co-fractionation of Grp94 with nNOS and SERCA2, and increased apoptosis. Comparably, only the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, which showed Grp94 co-immunoprecipitation with nNOS, SERCA2 and PMCA, increased oxidant-induced apoptosis after nNOS inhibition or Grp94 silencing. These results identify the Grp94-driven multiprotein complex, including active nNOS as mechanistically involved in antioxidant cytoprotection by means of nNOS activity and improved Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fornasiero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Cristina Scapin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Maurizio Vitadello
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luisa Gorza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Sharma S, Ahmad F, Singh A, Rathaur S. Identification of glucose regulated protein94 (GRP94) in filarial parasite S. cervi and its expression under ER stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 258:110683. [PMID: 34744019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GRP94, a member of HSP90 family, is involved in folding and degradation of endoplasmic reticulum proteins. The proteome analysis of Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite showed that a 91 kDa protein was over expressed, after the parasites were maintained in glucose deprived medium. The MALDI- LC/MS analysis of the 91 kDa band confirmed it as endoplasmin precursor (GRP94). Amino acid sequence alignment of S.cervi GRP94 exhibited maximum similarity with human filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Loa loa GRP94. Tunicamycin treatment of S. cervi worms revealed that the expression of GRP94 is associated with ER stress. Transcription of S. cervi grp94 as well as igf is regulated by transcription factors ATF-6 and XBP-1S which was confirmed by Real Time PCR. Moreover, marked alteration in the expression of igf after 3 h and 6 h of drug treatment suggested propagation of survival pathway under ER stress. The activities of ER stress markers protein disulphide isomerase and glycosyltransferase were significantly reduced after 6 h of tunicamycin treatment. The present findings thus indicate that the expression of GRP94 and regulation of its expression is under ER stress in Setaria cervi. To our knowledge this is the first report of identification of GRP94, in any filarial parasite till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Faiyaz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anchal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushma Rathaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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14
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Staicu FD, Martínez-Soto JC, Canovas S, Matás C. Nitric oxide-targeted protein phosphorylation during human sperm capacitation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20979. [PMID: 34697378 PMCID: PMC8546126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many other molecules, nitric oxide insures the correct progress of sperm capacitation by mediating phosphorylation events. For a more comprehensive understanding of how this happens, we capacitated human spermatozoa from healthy men in the presence/absence of S-Nitrosoglutathione, a nitric oxide donor, two nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, NG-Nitro-l-arginine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride and Aminoguanidine Hemisulfate salt and, finally, with/without l-Arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, and/or human follicular fluid. When analyzing the phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates and tyrosine residues, we particularly observed how the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis affects certain protein bands (~ 110, ~ 87, ~ 75 and ~ 62 kD) by lowering their phosphorylation degree, even when spermatozoa were incubated with l-Arginine and/or follicular fluid. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 29 proteins in these species, related to: spermatogenesis, binding to the zona pellucida, energy and metabolism, stress response, motility and structural organization, signaling and protein turnover. Significant changes in the phosphorylation degree of specific proteins could impair their biological activity and result in severe fertility-related phenotypes. These findings provide a deeper understanding of nitric oxide’s role in the capacitation process, and consequently, future studies in infertile patients should determine how nitric oxide mediates phosphorylation events in the species here described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin-Daniel Staicu
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), Calle Campus Universitario, 11, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sebastian Canovas
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Nursery Faculty, University of Murcia, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Matás
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), Calle Campus Universitario, 11, 30100, Murcia, Spain. .,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Yu H, Yang Z, Sui M, Cui C, Hu Y, Hou X, Xing Q, Huang X, Bao Z. Identification and Characterization of HSP90 Gene Family Reveals Involvement of HSP90, GRP94 and Not TRAP1 in Heat Stress Response in Chlamys farreri. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1592. [PMID: 34680986 PMCID: PMC8535295 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 90 (HSP90s) are a class of ubiquitous, highly conserved, and multi-functional molecular chaperones present in all living organisms. They assist protein folding processes to form functional proteins. In the present study, three HSP90 genes, CfHSP90, CfGRP94 and CfTRAP1, were successfully identified in the genome of Chlamys farreri. The length of CfHSP90, CfGRP94 and CfTRAP1 were 7211 bp, 26,457 bp, and 28,699 bp, each containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 2181 bp, 2397 bp, and 2181 bp, and encoding proteins of 726, 798, and 726 amino acids, respectively. A transcriptomic database demonstrated that CfHSP90 and CfGRP94 were the primary functional executors with high expression during larval development and in adult tissues, while CfTRAP1 expression was low. Furthermore, all of the three CfHSP90s showed higher expression in gonads and ganglia as compared with other tissues, which indicated their probable involvement in gametogenesis and nerve signal transmission in C. farreri. In addition, under heat stress, the expressions of CfHSP90 and CfGRP94 were significantly up-regulated in the mantle, gill, and blood, but not in the heart. Nevertheless, the expression of CfTRAP1 did not change significantly in the four tested tissues. Taken together, in coping with heat stress, CfHSP90 and CfGRP94 could help correct protein folding or salvage damaged proteins for cell homeostasis in C. farreri. Collectively, a comprehensive analysis of CfHSP90s in C. farreri was conducted. The study indicates the functional diversity of CfHSP90s in growth, development, and environmental response, and our findings may have implications for the subsequent in-depth exploration of HSP90s in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mingyi Sui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
| | - Chang Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
| | - Yuqing Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
| | - Xiujiang Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.Y.); (Z.Y.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (X.H.); (Q.X.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, SANYA Oceanographic Institution of the Ocean University of CHINA (SOI-OUC), Sanya 572000, China
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16
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Lebeau PF, Wassef H, Byun JH, Platko K, Ason B, Jackson S, Dobroff J, Shetterly S, Richards WG, Al-Hashimi AA, Won KD, Mbikay M, Prat A, Tang A, Paré G, Pasqualini R, Seidah NG, Arap W, Chrétien M, Austin RC. The loss-of-function PCSK9Q152H variant increases ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94 and protects against liver injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:128650. [PMID: 33211673 DOI: 10.1172/jci128650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals harboring the loss-of-function (LOF) proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 Gln152His variation (PCSK9Q152H) have low circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and are therefore protected against cardiovascular disease (CVD). This uncleavable form of proPCSK9, however, is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver hepatocytes, where it would be expected to contribute to ER storage disease (ERSD), a heritable condition known to cause systemic ER stress and liver injury. Here, we examined liver function in members of several French-Canadian families known to carry the PCSK9Q152H variation. We report that PCSK9Q152H carriers exhibited marked hypocholesterolemia and normal liver function despite their lifelong state of ER PCSK9 retention. Mechanistically, hepatic overexpression of PCSK9Q152H using adeno-associated viruses in male mice greatly increased the stability of key ER stress-response chaperones in liver hepatocytes and unexpectedly protected against ER stress and liver injury rather than inducing them. Our findings show that ER retention of PCSK9 not only reduced CVD risk in patients but may also protect against ERSD and other ER stress-driven conditions of the liver. In summary, we have uncovered a cochaperone function for PCSK9Q152H that explains its hepatoprotective effects and generated a translational mouse model for further mechanistic insights into this clinically relevant LOF PCSK9 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Lebeau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanny Wassef
- Laboratory of Functional Endoproteolysis, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, affiliated with the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jae Hyun Byun
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khrystyna Platko
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Ason
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon Jackson
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Susan Shetterly
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ali A Al-Hashimi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Doyoon Won
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Majambu Mbikay
- Laboratory of Functional Endoproteolysis, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, affiliated with the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, affiliated with the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - An Tang
- Department of Radiology at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute and Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, affiliated with the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wadih Arap
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michel Chrétien
- Laboratory of Functional Endoproteolysis, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, affiliated with the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Jin W, Tan E, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Jia Y, Xi G. Expression of 20-hydroxyecdysone-related genes during gonadal development of Teleogryllus emma (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21824. [PMID: 34272758 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect gonads develop under endocrine signals. In this study, we assessed the characters of partial complementary DNAs encoding the Teleogryllus emma orthologs of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E)-related genes (RXR, E75, HR3, Hsc70, and Hsp90) and analyzed their expression patterns in both nymph and adult crickets. 20E treatment suppressed expression of TeEcR, TeRXR, TeE75, TeHR3, TeHsc70, and TeHsp90. Temporal expression analysis demonstrated that TeERR and 20E-related genes were expressed in four stages of gonadal development from the fourth-instar nymph stage to the adult stage. The expression pattern of these genes differed in testicular and ovarian development. TeRXR, HR3, TeHsc70, and TeHsp90 were irregularly expressed in gonads of the same developmental stages, while mRNAs encoding TeERR, TeEcR, and TeE75 accumulated in higher levels in ovaries than in testes. RNA interference (RNAi) of TeEcR expression led to decrease of the expression levels of TeEcR, TeRXR, TeHR3, and TeHsc70, while it enhanced TeE75 and TeHsp90 expressions. These results demonstrate that the TeERR and 20E-related genes help regulate gonadal development, while TeEcR appears to inhibit TeE75 expression, TeE75 inhibits HR3 expression. Hsc70 indirectly regulated the expression of the primary and secondary response genes E74A, E75B, and HR3. Hsp90 regulated Usp expression with no direct regulatory relationship with EcR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - E Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yishu Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gengsi Xi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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18
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Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Kiehlbauch C, Patil S, Searby CC, Levine B, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Autophagy stimulation reduces ocular hypertension in a murine glaucoma model via autophagic degradation of mutant myocilin. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143359. [PMID: 33539326 PMCID: PMC8021112 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) due to trabecular meshwork (TM) damage is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Myocilin mutations resulting in elevated IOP are the most common genetic causes of POAG. We have previously shown that mutant myocilin accumulates in the ER and induces chronic ER stress, leading to TM damage and IOP elevation. However, it is not understood how chronic ER stress leads to TM dysfunction and loss. Here, we report that mutant myocilin activated autophagy but was functionally impaired in cultured human TM cells and in a mouse model of myocilin-associated POAG (Tg-MYOCY437H). Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy worsened mutant myocilin accumulation and exacerbated IOP elevation in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Remarkably, impaired autophagy was associated with chronic ER stress-induced transcriptional factor CHOP. Deletion of CHOP corrected impaired autophagy, enhanced recognition and degradation of mutant myocilin by autophagy, and reduced glaucoma in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Stimulating autophagic flux via tat-beclin 1 peptide or torin 2 promoted autophagic degradation of mutant myocilin and reduced elevated IOP in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Our study provides an alternate treatment strategy for myocilin-associated POAG by correcting impaired autophagy in the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B. Kasetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Charles Kiehlbauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Shruti Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Charles C. Searby
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gulab S. Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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19
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:499-521. [PMID: 33619348 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although specific CVDs and the associated cardiometabolic abnormalities have distinct pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, they often share common traits, including disruption of proteostasis resulting in accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER proteostasis is governed by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signalling pathway that adjusts the protein-folding capacity of the cell to sustain the cell's secretory function. When the adaptive UPR fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis. ER stress functions as a double-edged sword, with long-term ER stress resulting in cellular defects causing disturbed cardiovascular function. In this Review, we discuss the distinct roles of the UPR and ER stress response as both causes and consequences of CVD. We also summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the importance of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of CVD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in CVDs.
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20
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Podraza-Farhanieh A, Natarajan B, Raj D, Kao G, Naredi P. ENPL-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of GRP94, promotes insulin secretion via regulation of proinsulin processing and maturation. Development 2020; 147:dev190082. [PMID: 33037039 PMCID: PMC10666919 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin/IGF signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans is crucial for proper development of the dauer larva and growth control. Mutants disturbing insulin processing, secretion and downstream signaling perturb this process and have helped identify genes that affect progression of type 2 diabetes. Insulin maturation is required for its proper secretion by pancreatic β cells. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones in insulin processing and secretion needs further study. We show that the C. elegans ER chaperone ENPL-1/GRP94 (HSP90B1), acts in dauer development by promoting insulin secretion and signaling. Processing of a proinsulin likely involves binding between the two proteins via a specific domain. We show that, in enpl-1 mutants, an unprocessed insulin exits the ER lumen and is found in dense core vesicles, but is not secreted. The high ER stress in enpl-1 mutants does not cause the secretion defect. Importantly, increased ENPL-1 levels result in increased secretion. Taken together, our work indicates that ENPL-1 operates at the level of insulin availability and is an essential modulator of insulin processing and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Podraza-Farhanieh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Dorota Raj
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gautam Kao
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Identification and Characterization of Three Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Homologs in the Brown Planthopper. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091074. [PMID: 32932648 PMCID: PMC7563703 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) chaperone machinery is considered to be a key regulator of proteostasis under both physiological and stress growth conditions in eukaryotic cells. The high conservation of both the sequence and function of Hsp90 allows for the utilization of various species to explore new phenotypes and mechanisms. In this study, three Hsp90 homologs were identified in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens: cytosolic NlHsp90, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) NlGRP94 and mitochondrial NlTRAP1. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic construction showed that these proteins belonged to distinct classes consistent with the predicted localization and suggested an evolutionary relationship between NlTRAP1 and bacterial HtpG (high-temperature protein G). Temporospatial expression analyses showed that NlHsp90 was inducible under heat stress throughout the developmental stage, while NlGRP94 was only induced at the egg stage. All three genes had a significantly high transcript level in the ovary. The RNA interference-mediated knockdown of NlHsp90 its essential role in nymph development and oogenesis under physiological conditions. NlGRP94 was also required during the early developmental stage and played a crucial role in oogenesis, fecundity and late embryogenesis. Notably, we first found that NlHsp90 and NlGRP94 were likely involved in the cuticle structure of female BPH. Together, our research revealed multifunctional roles of Hsp90s in the BPH.
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Song L, Kim DS, Gou W, Wang J, Wang P, Wei Z, Liu B, Li Z, Gou K, Wang H. GRP94 regulates M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E1004-E1013. [PMID: 32208002 PMCID: PMC7311672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone specialized for folding and quality control of secreted and membrane proteins. To determine the role of GRP94 in macrophage polarization and insulin resistance, macrophage-specific GRP94 conditional knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD). Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and macrophage composition were compared with control mice. KO mice showed better glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissues from HFD-KO mice contained lower numbers of M1 macrophages, with lower expression of M1 macrophage markers, than wild-type (WT) mice. In vitro, WT adipocytes cocultured with KO macrophages retained insulin sensitivity, whereas those cultured with WT macrophages did not. In addition, compared with WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), BMDMs from GRP94 KO mice exhibited lower expression of M1 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ, and exhibited partially increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes following stimulation with interleukin-4. These findings identify GRP94 as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and insulin resistance and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhiguo Wei
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kemian Gou
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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Coleman OI, Haller D. ER Stress and the UPR in Shaping Intestinal Tissue Homeostasis and Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2825. [PMID: 31867005 PMCID: PMC6904315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in the correct protein folding milieu of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can cause ER stress, which leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR constitutes a highly conserved and intricately regulated group of pathways that serve to restore ER homeostasis through adaptation or apoptosis. Numerous studies over the last decade have shown that the UPR plays a critical role in shaping immunity and inflammation, resulting in the recognition of the UPR as a key player in pathological processes including complex inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. The intestinal epithelium, with its many highly secretory cells, forms an important barrier and messenger between the luminal environment and the host immune system. It is not surprising, that numerous studies have associated ER stress and the UPR with intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the roles of ER stress and the UPR in shaping immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, the role played by the UPR in disease, with emphasis on IBD and CRC, is described here. As a key player in immunity and inflammation, the UPR has been increasingly recognized as an important pharmacological target in the development of therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated pathologies. We summarize available strategies targeting the UPR and their therapeutic implications. Understanding the balance between homeostasis and pathophysiology, as well as means of manipulating this balance, provides an important avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia I Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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24
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The Best for the Most Important: Maintaining a Pristine Proteome in Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1608787. [PMID: 31191665 PMCID: PMC6525796 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1608787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells give rise to reproductively enabled offsprings by generating progressively lineage-restricted multipotent stem cells that would differentiate into lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells. These lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells give rise to all adult tissues and organs. Adult stem and progenitor cells are generated as part of the developmental program and play critical roles in tissue and organ maintenance and/or regeneration. The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew, maintain pluripotency, and differentiate into a multicellular organism is highly dependent on sensing and integrating extracellular and extraorganismal cues. Proteins perform and integrate almost all cellular functions including signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, metabolism, and cell division and death. Therefore, maintenance of an appropriate mix of correctly folded proteins, a pristine proteome, is essential for proper stem cell function. The stem cells' proteome must be pristine because unfolded, misfolded, or otherwise damaged proteins would interfere with unlimited self-renewal, maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation into downstream lineages, and consequently with the development of properly functioning tissue and organs. Understanding how various stem cells generate and maintain a pristine proteome is therefore essential for exploiting their potential in regenerative medicine and possibly for the discovery of novel approaches for maintaining, propagating, and differentiating pluripotent, multipotent, and adult stem cells as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will summarize cellular networks used by various stem cells for generation and maintenance of a pristine proteome. We will also explore the coordination of these networks with one another and their integration with the gene regulatory and signaling networks.
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25
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Ghiasi SM, Dahlby T, Hede Andersen C, Haataja L, Petersen S, Omar-Hmeadi M, Yang M, Pihl C, Bresson SE, Khilji MS, Klindt K, Cheta O, Perone MJ, Tyrberg B, Prats C, Barg S, Tengholm A, Arvan P, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Marzec MT. Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Is Essential for Proinsulin Handling. Diabetes 2019; 68:747-760. [PMID: 30670477 PMCID: PMC6425875 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone binding to mutant proinsulin has been reported, the role of protein chaperones in the handling of wild-type proinsulin is underinvestigated. Here, we have explored the importance of glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), a prominent ER chaperone known to fold insulin-like growth factors, in proinsulin handling within β-cells. We found that GRP94 coimmunoprecipitated with proinsulin and that inhibition of GRP94 function and/or expression reduced glucose-dependent insulin secretion, shortened proinsulin half-life, and lowered intracellular proinsulin and insulin levels. This phenotype was accompanied by post-ER proinsulin misprocessing and higher numbers of enlarged insulin granules that contained amorphic material with reduced immunogold staining for mature insulin. Insulin granule exocytosis was accelerated twofold, but the secreted insulin had diminished bioactivity. Moreover, GRP94 knockdown or knockout in β-cells selectively activated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), without increasing apoptosis levels. Finally, GRP94 mRNA was overexpressed in islets from patients with type 2 diabetes. We conclude that GRP94 is a chaperone crucial for proinsulin handling and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Ghiasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Dahlby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sólrun Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mingyu Yang
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Celina Pihl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Muhammad Saad Khilji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Klindt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oana Cheta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcelo J Perone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Polo Científico Tecnológico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clara Prats
- Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Barg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Michal Tomasz Marzec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Wang S, Li X, Li T, Wang H, Zhang X, Lou J, Xing Q, Hu X, Bao Z. The GRP94 gene of Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis): Characterization and expression regulation in response to thermal and bacterial stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:443-451. [PMID: 29894740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) belonging to the HSP90 family is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone. It plays critical roles in ER quality control, and has been implicated as a specialized immune chaperone to regulate both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we identified and characterized a GRP94 gene (PyGRP94) from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis). The protein sequence of PyGRP94 is highly conserved with its homologs in vertebrates, with a signal sequence in N-terminal, an ER retrieval signal sequence in C-terminal and a HATPase_c domain. Expression analysis suggests that PyGRP94 transcripts in early embryos are maternally derived and the zygotic expression is started from D-shaped larvae. This gene is also expressed in almost all the adult tissues examined except smooth muscle, with the highest expression level in hemocytes. Besides, PyGRP94 was demonstrated to be induced by heat shock and both Gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative (Vibrio anguillarum) bacterial infection, with much more dramatic changes being observed after V. anguillarum challenge. Our results suggest the involvement of PyGRP94 in response to thermal stress, and that it might play an important role in the innate immune defense of scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiarun Lou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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27
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Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg H, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD. Hsp90 inhibitors as senolytic drugs to extend healthy aging. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1048-1055. [PMID: 29886783 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1475828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by progressive decay of biological systems and although it is not considered a disease, it is one of the main risk factors for chronic diseases and many types of cancers. The accumulation of senescent cells in various tissues is thought to be a major factor contributing to aging and age-related diseases. Removal of senescent cells during aging by either genetic or therapeutic methods have led to an improvement of several age related disease in mice. In this preview, we highlight the significance of developing senotherapeutic approaches to specifically kill senescent cells (senolytics) or suppress the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that drives sterile inflammation (senomorphics) associated with aging to extend healthspan and potentially lifespan. Also, we provide an overview of the senotherapeutic drugs identified to date. In particular, we discuss and expand upon the recent identification of inhibitors of the HSP90 co-chaperone as a new class of senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and The Center on Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and The Center on Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and The Center on Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
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28
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Wang X, Xu L, Gillette TG, Jiang X, Wang ZV. The unfolded protein response in ischemic heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 117:19-25. [PMID: 29470977 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a severe stress condition that causes extensive pathological alterations and triggers cardiac cell death. Accumulating evidence suggests that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is strongly induced by myocardial ischemia. The UPR is an evolutionarily conserved cellular response to cope with protein-folding stress, from yeast to mammals. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane sensors detect the accumulation of unfolded proteins and stimulate a signaling network to accommodate unfolded and misfolded proteins. Distinct mechanisms participate in the activation of three major signal pathways, viz. protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, inositol-requiring protein 1, and activating transcription factor 6, to transiently suppress protein translation, enhance protein folding capacity of the ER, and augment ER-associated degradation to refold denatured proteins and restore cellular homeostasis. However, if the stress is severe and persistent, the UPR elicits inflammatory and apoptotic pathways to eliminate terminally affected cells. The ER is therefore recognized as a vitally important organelle that determines cell survival or death. Recent studies indicate the UPR plays critical roles in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease. The three signaling branches may elicit distinct but overlapping effects in cardiac response to ischemia. Here, we outline the findings and discuss the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials of the UPR in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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29
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Kim DS, Song L, Wang J, Wu H, Gu G, Sugi Y, Li Z, Wang H. GRP94 Is an Essential Regulator of Pancreatic β-Cell Development, Mass, and Function in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1062-1073. [PMID: 29272356 PMCID: PMC5793778 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in pancreatic β-cell mass contribute to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the role of the glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94, an endoplasmic reticulum protein abundantly expressed in the pancreatic acini and islets, in β-cell development, survival, and function. We used a conditional knockout (KO) mouse in which the GRP94 gene, Hsp90b1, was specifically deleted in pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1)-expressing cells. These Hsp90b1 flox/flox;Pdx1Cre KO mice exhibited pancreatic hypoplasia at embryonic day (E) 16.5 to E18.5 and had significantly reduced β-cell mass at 4 weeks after birth. Further mechanistic studies showed that deletion of GRP94 reduced β-cell proliferation with increased cell apoptosis in both Pdx1+ endocrine progenitor cells and differentiated β cells. Although Hsp90b1 flox/flox;Pdx1Cre KO mice remained euglycemic at 8 weeks of age, they exhibited impaired glucose tolerance. In aggregate, these findings indicate that GRP94 is an essential regulator of pancreatic β-cell development, mass, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Lili Song
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Hongju Wu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Yukiko Sugi
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Zihai Li
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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30
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Glucose-regulated protein 94 deficiency induces squamous cell metaplasia and suppresses PTEN-null driven endometrial epithelial tumor development. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14885-97. [PMID: 26910913 PMCID: PMC4924759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most prevalent gynecologic cancer in the United States. The tumor suppressor gene Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is commonly mutated in the more common type 1 (endometrioid) subtype. The glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is emerging as a novel regulator for cancer development. Here we report that expression profiles from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed significantly increased Grp94 mRNA levels in endometrial tumor versus normal tissues, correlating with highly elevated GRP94 protein expression in patient samples and the requirement of GRP94 for maintaining viability of human endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines. Through generation of uterus-specific knockout mouse models with deletion of Grp94 alone (c94f/f) or in combination with Pten (cPf/f94f/f), we discovered that c94f/f uteri induced squamous cell metaplasia (SCM) and reduced active nuclear β-catenin. The cPf/f94f/f uteri showed accelerated SCM and suppression of PTEN-null driven EAC, with reduced cellular proliferation, attenuated β-catenin signaling and decreased AKT/S6 activation in the SCM. In contrast to single PTEN knockout uteri (cPf/f), cPf/f94f/f uteri showed no decrease in E-cadherin level and no invasive lesion. Collectively, our study implies that GRP94 downregulation induces SCM in EAC and suppresses AKT/S6 signaling, providing a novel mechanism for suppressing EAC progression.
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31
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Cybulsky AV. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and autophagy in kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:681-696. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Vega H, Agellon LB, Michalak M. The rise of proteostasis promoters. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:943-954. [PMID: 27797166 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are specialized proteins essential for facilitating the correct folding, assembly, and disassembly of many cellular proteins and for assuring proteostasis. Genetic mutations or metabolic extremes that cause long-term alteration of cellular homeostasis compromise protein folding efficiency. To maintain proteostasis, cells mobilized stress coping responses that include the unfolded protein response in order to prevent accumulation of improperly folded proteins that forms the basis of many diseases. In recent years, several small molecules commonly referred to as "chemical chaperones" (e.g., 4-phenylbutyric acid or 4-PBA, a modified fatty acid; tauroursodeoxycholic acid or TUDCA, a bile acid) have been identified that function to attenuate cellular stress and enhance protein processing. Here we illustrate that molecular chaperones and the so called "chemical chaperones" are distinct entities. We propose the term "proteostasis promoters" as a more accurate descriptor for a class of compounds that demonstrate ability to promote proteostasis by modulating the UPR and/or the function of chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(12):943-954, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Vega
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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33
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Terayama H, Hirai S, Naito M, Qu N, Katagiri C, Nagahori K, Hayashi S, Sasaki H, Moriya S, Hiramoto M, Miyazawa K, Hatayama N, Li ZL, Sakabe K, Matsushita M, Itoh M. Specific autoantigens identified by sera obtained from mice that are immunized with testicular germ cells alone. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35599. [PMID: 27752123 PMCID: PMC5067510 DOI: 10.1038/srep35599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are various autoimmunogenic antigens (AIs) in testicular germ cells (TGCs) recognized as foreign by the body's immune system. However, there is little information of TGC-specific AIs being available. The aim of this study is to identify TGC-specific AIs. We have previously established that immunization using viable syngeneic TGC can also induce murine experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) without using any adjuvant. This study is to identify TGC-specific AIs by TGC liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis that reacted with serum IgG from EAO mice. In this study, we identified 11 TGC-specific AIs that reacted with serum from EAO mice. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of seven TGC-specific AIs were significantly higher in only mature testis compared to other organs. Moreover, the recombinant proteins of identified 10 (except unnamed protein) TGC-specific AIs were created by using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and these antigencities were reconfirmed by Western blot using EAO serum reaction. These results indicated Atp6v1a, Hsc70t, Fbp1 and Dazap1 were candidates for TGC-specific AIs. Identification of these AIs will facilitate new approaches for understanding infertility and cancer pathogenesis and may provide a basis for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Terayama
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Katagiri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Nagahori
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science, School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Moriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hatayama
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Zhong-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Sakabe
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang Y, Cheung HH, Tu J, Miu KK, Chan WY. New insights into the unfolded protein response in stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54010-54027. [PMID: 27304053 PMCID: PMC5288239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism to increase cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. The UPR is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The vital functions of the UPR in development, metabolism and immunity have been demonstrated in several cell types. UPR dysfunction activates a variety of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease and immune disease. Stem cells with the special ability to self-renew and differentiate into various somatic cells have been demonstrated to be present in multiple tissues. These cells are involved in development, tissue renewal and certain disease processes. Although the role and regulation of the UPR in somatic cells has been widely reported, the function of the UPR in stem cells is not fully known, and the roles and functions of the UPR are dependent on the stem cell type. Therefore, in this article, the potential significances of the UPR in stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells, are comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms associated with stem cell differentiation and cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Hoi Hung Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - JiaJie Tu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kai Kei Miu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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Zhang L, Wang HH. The essential functions of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in hepatic lipid metabolism. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:709-16. [PMID: 27133206 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle for protein and lipid synthesis in hepatocytes. ER homeostasis is vital to maintain normal hepatocyte physiology. Perturbed ER functions causes ER stress associated with accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER that activates a series of adaptive signalling pathways, termed unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR regulates ER chaperone levels to preserve ER protein-folding environment to protect the cell from ER stress. Recent findings reveal an array of ER chaperones that alter the protein-folding environment in the ER of hepatocytes and contribute to dysregulation of hepatocyte lipid metabolism and liver disease. In this review, we will discuss the specific functions of these chaperones in regulation of lipid metabolism, especially de novo lipogenesis and lipid transport and demonstrate their homeostatic role not only for ER-protein synthesis but also for lipid metabolism in hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiChun Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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36
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The role of the endoplasmic reticulum stress in stemness, pluripotency and development. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:115-23. [PMID: 26905505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular machinery of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integrates various intracellular and extracellular cues to maintain homeostasis in diverse physiological or pathological scenarios. ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been found to mediate molecular and biochemical mechanisms that affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although a number of reviews on the ER stress response have been published, comprehensive reviews that broadly summarize ER physiology in the context of pluripotency, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis are lacking. This review complements the current ER literature and provides a summary of the important findings on the role of the ER stress and UPR in embryonic development and pluripotent stem cells.
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37
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Govindaraj V, Rao AJ. Comparative proteomic analysis of primordial follicles from ovaries of immature and aged rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015; 61:367-75. [PMID: 26391928 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1077903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Age related decline in reproductive performance in women is well documented and apoptosis has been considered as one of the reasons for the decline of primordial follicle reserve. Recently we observed a decline in the efficiency of DNA repair ability in aged rat primordial follicles as demonstrated by decreased mRNA levels of DNA repair genes BRCA1 and H2AX. In the present study, a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) proteomic approach was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins in primordial follicles isolated from ovaries of immature (∼20 days) and aged (∼400-450 days) rats. Using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, we identified 13 differentially expressed proteins (p < 0.05) which included seven up-regulated and six down-regulated proteins in aged primordial follicles. These proteins are involved in a wide range of biological functions including apoptosis, DNA repair, and the immune system. Interestingly, the differentially expressed proteins such as FIGNL1 (DNA repair) and BOK (apoptotic protein) have not been previously reported in the rat primordial follicles and these proteins can be related to some common features of ovarian aging such as loss of follicle reserve and genome integrity. The quantitative differences of two important proteins BOK and FIGNL1 observed by the proteomic analysis were correlated with the transcript levels, as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Our results improve the current knowledge about protein factors associated with molecular changes in rat primordial follicles as a function of aging and our understanding of the proteomic processes involved in degenerative changes observed in aging primordial follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Jagannadha Rao
- a Department of Biochemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , India
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38
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Stothert AR, Fontaine SN, Sabbagh JJ, Dickey CA. Targeting the ER-autophagy system in the trabecular meshwork to treat glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2015; 144:38-45. [PMID: 26302411 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major drainage network involved in aqueous humor dynamics is the conventional outflow pathway, which is gated by the trabecular meshwork (TM). The TM acts as a molecular sieve, providing resistance to aqueous outflow, which is responsible for regulating intraocular pressure (IOP). If the TM is damaged, aqueous outflow is impaired, IOP increases and glaucoma can manifest. Mutations in the MYOC gene cause hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by promoting the abnormal amyloidosis of the myocilin protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to ER stress-induced TM cell death. Myocilin accumulation is observed in approximately 70-80% of all glaucoma cases suggesting that environmental or other genetic factors may also promote myocilin toxicity. For example, simply preventing myocilin glycosylation is sufficient to promote its abnormal accretion. These myocilin amyloids are unique as there are no other known pathogenic proteins that accumulate within the ER of TM cells and cause toxicity. Moreover, this pathogenic accumulation only kills TM cells, despite expression of this protein in other cell types, suggesting that another modifier exclusive to the TM participates in the proteotoxicity of myocilin. ER autophagy (reticulophagy) is one of the pathways essential for myocilin clearance that can be impacted dramatically by aging and other environmental factors such as nutrition. This review will discuss the link between myocilin and autophagy, evaluating the role of this degradation pathway in glaucoma as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Stothert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Sarah N Fontaine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Jonathan J Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Chad A Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.
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39
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Nordin BE, Liu Y, Aban A, Brown HE, Wu J, Hainley AK, Rosenblum JS, Nomanbhoy TK, Kozarich JW. ATP Acyl Phosphate Reactivity Reveals Native Conformations of Hsp90 Paralogs and Inhibitor Target Engagement. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3024-36. [PMID: 25905789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is an ATP-dependent chaperone of widespread interest as a drug target. Here, using an LC-MS/MS chemoproteomics platform based on a lysine-reactive ATP acyl phosphate probe, several Hsp90 inhibitors were profiled in native cell lysates. Inhibitor specificities for all four human paralogs of Hsp90 were simultaneously monitored at their endogenous relative abundances. Equipotent inhibition of probe labeling in each paralog occurred at sites both proximal to and distal from bound ATP observed in Hsp90 cocrystal structures, suggesting that the ATP probe is assaying a native conformation not predicted by available structures. Inhibitor profiling against a comprehensive panel of protein kinases and other ATP-binding proteins detected in native cell lysates identified PMS2, a member of the GHKL ATPase superfamily as an off-target of NVP-AUY922 and radicicol. Because of the endogenously high levels of Hsp90 paralogs in typical cell lysates, the measured potency of inhibitors was weaker than published IC₅₀ values. Significant inhibition of Hsp90 required inhibitor concentrations above a threshold where off-target activity was detectable. Direct on- and off-target engagement was measured by profiling lysates derived from cells treated with Hsp90 inhibitors. These studies also assessed the downstream cellular pathway effects of Hsp90 inhibition, including the down regulation of several known Hsp90 client proteins and some previously unknown client proteins. Overall, the ATP probe-based assay methodology enabled a broad characterization of Hsp90 inhibitor activity and specificity in native cell lysates.
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40
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Zhu G, Lee AS. Role of the unfolded protein response, GRP78 and GRP94 in organ homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1413-20. [PMID: 25546813 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle where secretory and membrane proteins, as well as lipids, are synthesized and modified. When cells are subjected to ER stress, an adaptive mechanism referred to as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is triggered to allow the cells to restore homeostasis. Evidence has accumulated that the UPR pathways provide specialized and unique roles in diverse development and metabolic processes. The glucose regulated proteins (GRPs) are traditionally regarded as ER proteins with chaperone and calcium binding properties. The GRPs are constitutively expressed at basal levels in all organs, and as stress-inducible ER chaperones, they are major players in protein folding, assembly and degradation. This conventional concept is augmented by recent discoveries that GRPs can be actively translocated to other cellular locations such as the cell surface, where they assume novel functions that regulate signaling, proliferation, apoptosis and immunity. Recent construction and characterization of mouse models where the gene encoding for the UPR components and the GRPs is genetically altered provide new insights on the physiological contribution of these proteins in vivo. This review highlights recent progress towards the understanding of the role of the UPR and two major GRPs (GRP78 and GRP94) in regulating homeostasis of organs arising from the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. GRP78 and GRP94 exhibit shared and unique functions, and in specific organs their depletion elicits adaptive responses with physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyuan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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41
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Fedeles SV, So JS, Shrikhande A, Lee SH, Gallagher AR, Barkauskas CE, Somlo S, Lee AH. Sec63 and Xbp1 regulate IRE1α activity and polycystic disease severity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1955-67. [PMID: 25844898 DOI: 10.1172/jci78863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The HSP40 cochaperone SEC63 is associated with the SEC61 translocon complex in the ER. Mutations in the gene encoding SEC63 cause polycystic liver disease in humans; however, it is not clear how altered SEC63 influences disease manifestations. In mice, loss of SEC63 induces cyst formation both in liver and kidney as the result of reduced polycystin-1 (PC1). Here we report that inactivation of SEC63 induces an unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway that is protective against cyst formation. Specifically, using murine genetic models, we determined that SEC63 deficiency selectively activates the IRE1α-XBP1 branch of UPR and that SEC63 exists in a complex with PC1. Concomitant inactivation of both SEC63 and XBP1 exacerbated the polycystic kidney phenotype in mice by markedly suppressing cleavage at the G protein-coupled receptor proteolysis site (GPS) in PC1. Enforced expression of spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) enhanced GPS cleavage of PC1 in SEC63-deficient cells, and XBP1 overexpression in vivo ameliorated cystic disease in a murine model with reduced PC1 function that is unrelated to SEC63 inactivation. Collectively, the findings show that SEC63 function regulates IRE1α/XBP1 activation, SEC63 and XBP1 are required for GPS cleavage and maturation of PC1, and activation of XBP1 can protect against polycystic disease in the setting of impaired biogenesis of PC1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- DNA Helicases/deficiency
- DNA Helicases/genetics
- DNA Helicases/physiology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoribonucleases/metabolism
- Female
- Glucosidases/deficiency
- Glucosidases/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Chaperones
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/genetics
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/metabolism
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/genetics
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors
- TRPP Cation Channels/biosynthesis
- TRPP Cation Channels/deficiency
- TRPP Cation Channels/genetics
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transfection
- Unfolded Protein Response/physiology
- X-Box Binding Protein 1
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42
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Seidler PM, Shinsky SA, Hong F, Li Z, Cosgrove MS, Gewirth DT. Characterization of the Grp94/OS-9 chaperone-lectin complex. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3590-605. [PMID: 25193139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Grp94 is a macromolecular chaperone belonging to the hsp90 family and is the most abundant glycoprotein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammals. In addition to its essential role in protein folding, Grp94 was proposed to participate in the ER-associated degradation quality control pathway by interacting with the lectin OS-9, a sensor for terminally misfolded proteins. To understand how OS-9 interacts with ER chaperone proteins, we mapped its interaction with Grp94. Glycosylation of the full-length Grp94 protein was essential for OS-9 binding, although deletion of the Grp94 N-terminal domain relieved this requirement suggesting that the effect was allosteric rather than direct. Although yeast OS-9 is composed of a well-established N-terminal mannose recognition homology lectin domain and a C-terminal dimerization domain, we find that the C-terminal domain of OS-9 in higher eukaryotes contains "mammalian-specific insets" that are specifically recognized by the middle and C-terminal domains of Grp94. Additionally, the Grp94 binding domain in OS-9 was found to be intrinsically disordered. The biochemical analysis of the interacting regions provides insight into the manner by which the two associate and it additionally hints at a plausible biological role for the Grp94/OS-9 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Seidler
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Stephen A Shinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Aveenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Feng Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michael S Cosgrove
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Aveenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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43
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Zhang Y, Gu S, Li C, Sang M, Wu W, Yun X, Hu X, Li B. Identification and characterization of novel ER-based hsp90 gene in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:623-33. [PMID: 24379085 PMCID: PMC4147069 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone found in all species except for Archaea, which is required not only for stress tolerance but also for normal development. Recently, it was reported that HSP83, one member of the cytosolic HSP90 family, contributes to oogenesis and responds to heat resistance in Tribolium castaneum. Here, a novel ER-based HSP90 gene, Tchsp90, has been identified in T. castaneum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that hsp90s and hsp83s evolved separately from a common ancestor but that hsp90s originated earlier. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction illustrated that Tchsp90 is expressed in all developmental stages and is highly expressed at early pupa and late adult stages. Tchsp90 was upregulated in response to heat stress but not to cold stress. Laval RNAi revealed that Tchsp90 is important for larval/pupal development. Meanwhile, parental RNAi indicated that it completely inhibited female fecundity and partially inhibited male fertility once Tchsp90 was knocked down and that it will further shorten the lifespan of T. castaneum. These results suggest that Tchsp90 is essential for development, lifespan, and reproduction in T. castaneum in addition to its response to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Shasha Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Ming Sang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xiaopei Yun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xingxing Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
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44
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Koenig PA, Ploegh HL. Protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:49. [PMID: 25184039 PMCID: PMC4108957 DOI: 10.12703/p6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
THE TOPOLOGICAL BARRIERS DEFINED BY BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES ARE NOT IMPERMEABLE: from small solutes to intact proteins, specialized transport and translocation mechanisms adjust to the cell's needs. Here, we review the removal of unwanted proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and emphasize the need to extend observations from tissue culture models and simple eukaryotes to studies in whole animals. The variation in protein production and composition that characterizes different cell types and tissues requires tailor-made solutions to exert proper control over both protein synthesis and breakdown. The ER is an organelle essential to achieve and maintain such homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Albert Koenig
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Ismaninger Straße22, 81675 MünchenGermany
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, 02142 MAUSA
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45
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Zhu G, Wang M, Spike B, Gray PC, Shen J, Lee SH, Chen SY, Lee AS. Differential requirement of GRP94 and GRP78 in mammary gland development. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5390. [PMID: 24953136 PMCID: PMC4066247 DOI: 10.1038/srep05390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose Regulated Protein (GRP) 94 and GRP78 are critical molecular chaperones and regulators of signaling. Conditional knockout mouse models have revealed tissue specific requirements for GRP94 and GRP78, including selection for allele retention in specific cell types. Here we report the consequences of mammary-targeted knockout of these GRPs. Our studies revealed that MMTV-Cre, Grp94f/f mammary glands, despite GRP94 deficiency, exhibited normal proliferation and ductal morphogenesis. Interestingly, MMTV-Cre, Grp78f/f mammary glands displayed only slightly reduced GRP78 protein levels, associating with the retention of the non-recombined Grp78 floxed alleles in isolated mammary epithelial cells and displayed phenotypes comparable to wild-type glands. In contrast, transduction of isolated Grp78f/f mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells with adenovirus expressing GFP and Cre-recombinase was successful in GRP78 ablation, and the GFP sorted cells failed to give rise to repopulated mammary glands in de-epithelialized recipient mice. These studies imply GRP78, but not GRP94, is required for mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyuan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2]
| | - Benjamin Spike
- Gene Expression Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jieli Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Hyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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46
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Fan Q, Mao H, Wu C, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhong B, Mi Y, Hu C. ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) modulates the transcription initiation of GRP78 and GRP94 in CIK cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:140-148. [PMID: 24636856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
GRP78 and GRP94, belong to GRP (glucose-regulated protein) family of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) chaperone superfamily, are essential for cell survival under ER stress. ATF4 is a protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to ER stress by modulating the transcription of UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) target genes, including GRP78 and GRP94. To understand the molecular mechanism of ATF4 modulates the transcription initiation of CiGRP78 and CiGRP94, we cloned ATF4 ORF cDNA sequences (CiATF4) by homologous cloning techniques. The expression trend of CiATF4 was similar to CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 did under 37 °C thermal stress, namely, the expression of CiATF4 was up-regulated twice at 2 h post-thermal stress and at 18 h post recovery from thermal stress. In this paper, CiATF4 was expressed in BL21 Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography with the Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. On the basis of the cloned CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 cDNA in our laboratory previously, we cloned their promoter sequences by genomic walking approach. In vitro, gel mobility shift assays revealed that CiATF4 could bind to CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 promoter with high affinity. Subsequently, the recombinant plasmid of pGL3-CiGRPs and pcDNA3.1-CiATF4 were constructed and transiently co-transfected into Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells. The impact of CiATF4 on CiGRP promoter sequences were measured by luciferase assays. These results demonstrated that CiATF4 could activate the transcription of CiGRP78 and CiGRP94. What's more, for better understanding the molecular mechanism of CiATF4 modulate the transcription initiation of CiGRP, three mutant fragments of CiGRP78 promoter recombinant plasmids (called CARE-mut/LUC, CRE1-mut/LUC and CRE2-mut/LUC) were constructed and transiently co-transfected with CiATF4 into CIK cells. The results indicated that CRE or CARE elements were the regulatory element for transcription initiation of CiGRP78. Between them, CRE element would play more important role in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Fan
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chuxin Wu
- Nanchang Teachers College, Nanchang 330103, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yousheng Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yichuan Mi
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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47
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Abstract
The glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are stress-inducible chaperones that mostly reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recent advances show that the GRPs have functions that are distinct from those of the related heat shock proteins, and they can be actively translocated to other cellular locations and assume novel functions that control signalling, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation and immunity. Mouse models further identified their specific roles in development, tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. This Review describes their discovery and regulation, as well as their biological functions in cancer. Promising agents that use or target the GRPs are being developed, and their efficacy as anticancer therapeutics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Room 5308, Los Angeles, California 900899176, USA
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48
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Chen WT, Tseng CC, Pfaffenbach K, Kanel G, Luo B, Stiles BL, Lee AS. Liver-specific knockout of GRP94 in mice disrupts cell adhesion, activates liver progenitor cells, and accelerates liver tumorigenesis. Hepatology 2014; 59:947-57. [PMID: 24027047 PMCID: PMC4214272 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver cancer is one of the most common solid tumors, with poor prognosis and high mortality. Mutation or deletion of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is strongly correlated with human liver cancer. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein, but its in vivo function is still emerging. To study the role of GRP94 in maintaining liver homeostasis and tumor development, we created two liver-specific knockout mouse models with the deletion of Grp94 alone, or in combination with Pten, using the albumin-cre system. We demonstrated that while deletion of GRP94 in the liver led to hyperproliferation of liver progenitor cells, deletion of both GRP94 and PTEN accelerated development of liver tumors, including both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC), suggestive of progenitor cell origin. Furthermore, at the premalignant stage we observed disturbance of cell adhesion proteins and minor liver injury. When GRP94 was deleted in PTEN-null livers, ERK was selectively activated. CONCLUSION GRP94 is a novel regulator of cell adhesion, liver homeostasis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kyle Pfaffenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gary Kanel
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Biquan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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49
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Parmar JH, Cook KL, Shajahan-Haq AN, Clarke PAG, Tavassoly I, Clarke R, Tyson JJ, Baumann WT. Modelling the effect of GRP78 on anti-oestrogen sensitivity and resistance in breast cancer. Interface Focus 2014; 3:20130012. [PMID: 24511377 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of resistance to anti-oestrogen drugs is of critical importance to many breast cancer patients. Recent experiments show that knockdown of GRP78, a key gene in the unfolded protein response (UPR), can re-sensitize resistant cells to anti-oestrogens, and overexpression of GRP78 in sensitive cells can cause them to become resistant. These results appear to arise from the operation and interaction of three cellular systems: the UPR, autophagy and apoptosis. To determine whether our current mechanistic understanding of these systems is sufficient to explain the experimental results, we built a mathematical model of the three systems and their interactions. We show that the model is capable of reproducing previously published experimental results and some new data gathered specifically for this paper. The model provides us with a tool to better understand the interactions that bring about anti-oestrogen resistance and the effects of GRP78 on both sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh H Parmar
- Department of Biological Sciences , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA
| | - Katherine L Cook
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC 20057 , USA
| | - Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC 20057 , USA
| | - Pamela A G Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC 20057 , USA
| | - Iman Tavassoly
- Department of Biological Sciences , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC 20057 , USA
| | - John J Tyson
- Department of Biological Sciences , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA
| | - William T Baumann
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA
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50
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Luo B, Tseng CC, Adams GB, Lee AS. Deficiency of GRP94 in the hematopoietic system alters proliferation regulators in hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3062-73. [PMID: 23859598 PMCID: PMC3856911 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that acute inducible knockout of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP94 led to an expansion of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool. Here, we investigated the effectors and mechanisms for this phenomenon. We observed an increase in AKT activation in freshly isolated GRP94-null HSC-enriched Lin(-) Sca-1(+) c-Kit(+) (LSK) cells, corresponding with higher production of PI(3,4,5)P3, indicative of PI3K activation. Treatment of GRP94-null LSK cells with the AKT inhibitor MK2206 compromised cell expansion, suggesting a causal relationship between elevated AKT activation and increased proliferation in GRP94-null HSCs. Microarray analysis demonstrated a 97% reduction in the expression of the hematopoietic cell cycle regulator Ms4a3 in the GRP94-null LSK cells, and real-time quantitative PCR confirmed this down-regulation in the LSK cells but not in the total bone marrow (BM). A further examination comparing freshly isolated BM LSK cells with spleen LSK cells, as well as BM LSK cells cultured in vitro, revealed specific down-regulation of Ms4a3 in freshly isolated BM GRP94-null LSK cells. On examining cell surface proteins that are known to regulate stem cell proliferation, we observed a reduced expression of cell surface connexin 32 (Cx32) plaques in GRP94-null LSK cells. However, suppression of Cx32 hemichannel activity in wild-type LSK cells through mimetic peptides did not lead to increased LSK cell proliferation in vitro. Two other important cell surface proteins that mediate HSC-niche interactions, specifically Tie2 and CXCR4, were not impaired by Grp94 deletion. Collectively, our study uncovers novel and unique roles of GRP94 in regulating HSC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biquan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregor B. Adams
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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