1
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Yu CH, Yu Y, Adsit LM, Chang JT, Barchini J, Moberly AH, Benisty H, Kim J, Young BK, Heng K, Farinella DM, Leikvoll A, Pavan R, Vistein R, Nanfito BR, Hildebrand DGC, Otero-Coronel S, Vaziri A, Goldberg JL, Ricci AJ, Fitzpatrick D, Cardin JA, Higley MJ, Smith GB, Kara P, Nielsen KJ, Smith IT, Smith SL. The Cousa objective: a long-working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo. Nat Methods 2024; 21:132-141. [PMID: 38129618 PMCID: PMC10776402 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy can resolve fluorescent structures and dynamics deep in scattering tissue and has transformed neural imaging, but applying this technique in vivo can be limited by the mechanical and optical constraints of conventional objectives. Short working distance objectives can collide with compact surgical windows or other instrumentation and preclude imaging. Here we present an ultra-long working distance (20 mm) air objective called the Cousa objective. It is optimized for performance across multiphoton imaging wavelengths, offers a more than 4 mm2 field of view with submicrometer lateral resolution and is compatible with commonly used multiphoton imaging systems. A novel mechanical design, wider than typical microscope objectives, enabled this combination of specifications. We share the full optical prescription, and report performance including in vivo two-photon and three-photon imaging in an array of species and preparations, including nonhuman primates. The Cousa objective can enable a range of experiments in neuroscience and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Yiyi Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Liam M Adsit
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy T Chang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jad Barchini
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Hadas Benisty
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jinkyung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brent K Young
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Heng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deano M Farinella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Austin Leikvoll
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rishaab Pavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon R Nanfito
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Santiago Otero-Coronel
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alipasha Vaziri
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gordon B Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Prakash Kara
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristina J Nielsen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ikuko T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Spencer LaVere Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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2
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Lee CH, Park YK, Lee K. Recent strategies for neural dynamics observation at a larger scale and wider scope. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 240:115638. [PMID: 37647685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous technical progress in neuroscience offers opportunities to observe a more minor or/and broader dynamic picture of the brain. Moreover, the large-scale neural activity of individual neurons enables the dissection of detailed mechanistic links between neural populations and behaviors. To measure neural activity in-vivo, multi-neuron recording, and neuroimaging techniques are employed and developed to acquire more neurons. The tools introduced concurrently recorded dozens to hundreds of neurons in the coordinated brain regions and elucidated the neuronal ensembles from a massive population perspective of diverse neurons at cellular resolution. In particular, the increasing spatiotemporal resolution of neuronal monitoring across the whole brain dramatically facilitates our understanding of additional nervous system functions in health and disease. Here, we will introduce state-of-the-art neuroscience tools involving large-scale neural population recording and the long-range connections spanning multiple brain regions. Their synergic effects provide to clarify the controversial circuitry underlying neuroscience. These challenging neural tools present a promising outlook for the fundamental dynamic interplay across levels of synaptic cellular, circuit organization, and brain-wide. Hence, more observations of neural dynamics will provide more clues to elucidate brain functions and push forward innovative technology at the intersection of neural engineering disciplines. We hope this review will provide insight into the use or development of recent neural techniques considering spatiotemporal scales of brain observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hak Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young Kwon Park
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwang Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea.
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3
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Li L, Liu Z. Genetic Approaches for Neural Circuits Dissection in Non-human Primates. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1561-1576. [PMID: 37258795 PMCID: PMC10533465 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic tools, which can be used for the morphology study of specific neurons, pathway-selective connectome mapping, neuronal activity monitoring, and manipulation with a spatiotemporal resolution, have been widely applied to the understanding of complex neural circuit formation, interactions, and functions in rodents. Recently, similar genetic approaches have been tried in non-human primates (NHPs) in neuroscience studies for dissecting the neural circuits involved in sophisticated behaviors and clinical brain disorders, although they are still very preliminary. In this review, we introduce the progress made in the development and application of genetic tools for brain studies on NHPs. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each approach and provide a perspective for using genetic tools to study the neural circuits of NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Ushakov DS, Finke S. Tissue optical clearing and 3D imaging of virus infections. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:89-121. [PMID: 37524483 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Imaging pathogens within 3D environment of biological tissues provides spatial information about their localization and interactions with the host. Technological advances in fluorescence microscopy and 3D image analysis now permit visualization and quantification of pathogens directly in large tissue volumes and in great detail. In recent years large volume imaging became an important tool in virology research helping to understand the properties of viruses and the host response to infection. In this chapter we give a review of fluorescence microscopy modalities and tissue optical clearing methods used for large volume tissue imaging. A summary of recent applications for virus research is provided with particular emphasis on studies using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We describe the challenges and approaches for volumetric image analysis. Practical examples of volumetric imaging implemented in virology laboratories and addressing specialized research questions, such as virus tropism and immune host response are described. We conclude with an overview of the emerging technologies and their potential for virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Ushakov
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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5
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Large-scale multimodal surface neural interfaces for primates. iScience 2022; 26:105866. [PMID: 36647381 PMCID: PMC9840154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the function of neural circuits can help with the understanding of brain function and treating neurological disorders. Progress toward this goal relies on the development of chronically stable neural interfaces capable of recording and modulating neural circuits with high spatial and temporal precision across large areas of the brain. Advanced innovations in designing high-density neural interfaces for small animal models have enabled breakthrough discoveries in neuroscience research. Developing similar neurotechnology for larger animal models such as nonhuman primates (NHPs) is critical to gain significant insights for translation to humans, yet still it remains elusive due to the challenges in design, fabrication, and system-level integration of such devices. This review focuses on implantable surface neural interfaces with electrical and optical functionalities with emphasis on the required technological features to realize scalable multimodal and chronically stable implants to address the unique challenges associated with nonhuman primate studies.
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6
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Brondi M, Bruzzone M, Lodovichi C, dal Maschio M. Optogenetic Methods to Investigate Brain Alterations in Preclinical Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111848. [PMID: 35681542 PMCID: PMC9180859 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the neuronal dynamics supporting brain functions and understanding how the alterations in these mechanisms result in pathological conditions represents a fundamental challenge. Preclinical research on model organisms allows for a multiscale and multiparametric analysis in vivo of the neuronal mechanisms and holds the potential for better linking the symptoms of a neurological disorder to the underlying cellular and circuit alterations, eventually leading to the identification of therapeutic/rescue strategies. In recent years, brain research in model organisms has taken advantage, along with other techniques, of the development and continuous refinement of methods that use light and optical approaches to reconstruct the activity of brain circuits at the cellular and system levels, and to probe the impact of the different neuronal components in the observed dynamics. These tools, combining low-invasiveness of optical approaches with the power of genetic engineering, are currently revolutionizing the way, the scale and the perspective of investigating brain diseases. The aim of this review is to describe how brain functions can be investigated with optical approaches currently available and to illustrate how these techniques have been adopted to study pathological alterations of brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brondi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council-CNR, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.L.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bruzzone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council-CNR, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.L.)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco dal Maschio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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7
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Fluorescence imaging of large-scale neural ensemble dynamics. Cell 2022; 185:9-41. [PMID: 34995519 PMCID: PMC8849612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across multiple brain areas and for extended durations in awake behaving mammals. We discuss advances in fluorescent indicators of neural activity, viral and genetic methods to express these indicators, chronic animal preparations for long-term imaging studies, and microscopes to monitor and manipulate the activity of large neural ensembles. Ca2+ imaging studies of neural activity can track brain area interactions and distributed information processing at cellular resolution. Across smaller spatial scales, high-speed voltage imaging reveals the distinctive spiking patterns and coding properties of targeted neuron types. Collectively, these innovations will propel studies of brain function and dovetail with ongoing neuroscience initiatives to identify new neuron types and develop widely applicable, non-human primate models. The optical toolkit's growing sophistication also suggests that "brain observatory" facilities would be useful open resources for future brain-imaging studies.
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8
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Scott JT, Bourne JA. Modelling behaviors relevant to brain disorders in the nonhuman primate: Are we there yet? Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102183. [PMID: 34728308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a profound resurgence of activity with nonhuman primates (NHPs) to model human brain disorders. From marmosets to macaques, the study of NHP species offers a unique window into the function of primate-specific neural circuits that are impossible to examine in other models. Examining how these circuits manifest into the complex behaviors of primates, such as advanced cognitive and social functions, has provided enormous insights to date into the mechanisms underlying symptoms of numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric illnesses. With the recent optimization of modern techniques to manipulate and measure neural activity in vivo, such as optogenetics and calcium imaging, NHP research is more well-equipped than ever to probe the neural mechanisms underlying pathological behavior. However, methods for behavioral experimentation and analysis in NHPs have noticeably failed to keep pace with these advances. As behavior ultimately lies at the junction between preclinical findings and its translation to clinical outcomes for brain disorders, approaches to improve the integrity, reproducibility, and translatability of behavioral experiments in NHPs requires critical evaluation. In this review, we provide a unifying account of existing brain disorder models using NHPs, and provide insights into the present and emerging contributions of behavioral studies to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Scott
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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9
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D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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10
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Oguchi M, Jiasen J, Yoshioka TW, Tanaka YR, Inoue K, Takada M, Kikusui T, Nomoto K, Sakagami M. Microendoscopic calcium imaging of the primary visual cortex of behaving macaques. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17021. [PMID: 34426639 PMCID: PMC8382832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo calcium imaging with genetically encoded indicators has recently been applied to macaque brains to monitor neural activities from a large population of cells simultaneously. Microendoscopic calcium imaging combined with implantable gradient index lenses captures neural activities from deep brain areas with a compact and convenient setup; however, this has been limited to rodents and marmosets. Here, we developed miniature fluorescent microscopy to image neural activities from the primary visual cortex of behaving macaques. We found tens of clear fluorescent signals from three of the six brain hemispheres. A subset of these neurons showed clear retinotopy and orientation tuning. Moreover, we successfully decoded the stimulus orientation and tracked the cells across days. These results indicate that microendoscopic calcium imaging is feasible and reasonable for investigating neural circuits in the macaque brain by monitoring fluorescent signals from a large number of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Oguchi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jiang Jiasen
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenichi Inoue
- Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensaku Nomoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Yamamori T. Functional visualization and manipulation in the marmoset brain using viral vectors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:11-16. [PMID: 34280704 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset, a New World monkey, has a primate-specific cortex with approximately 40 Brodmann areas. Genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) techniques have been applied to study the functional organization of the marmoset cortex. The success of GCaMP (a green fluorescent of GECI) imaging and other advances, including optogenetic approaches, provide an interesting and exciting opportunity to study the primate brain at the molecular and cellular levels, leading to an understanding of primate neural circuits. These approaches will help advance our knowledge on cognition in primates, including humans, and therapy for human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamamori
- Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
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12
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Trautmann EM, O'Shea DJ, Sun X, Marshel JH, Crow A, Hsueh B, Vesuna S, Cofer L, Bohner G, Allen W, Kauvar I, Quirin S, MacDougall M, Chen Y, Whitmire MP, Ramakrishnan C, Sahani M, Seidemann E, Ryu SI, Deisseroth K, Shenoy KV. Dendritic calcium signals in rhesus macaque motor cortex drive an optical brain-computer interface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3689. [PMID: 34140486 PMCID: PMC8211867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium imaging is a powerful tool for recording from large populations of neurons in vivo. Imaging in rhesus macaque motor cortex can enable the discovery of fundamental principles of motor cortical function and can inform the design of next generation brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Surface two-photon imaging, however, cannot presently access somatic calcium signals of neurons from all layers of macaque motor cortex due to photon scattering. Here, we demonstrate an implant and imaging system capable of chronic, motion-stabilized two-photon imaging of neuronal calcium signals from macaques engaged in a motor task. By imaging apical dendrites, we achieved optical access to large populations of deep and superficial cortical neurons across dorsal premotor (PMd) and gyral primary motor (M1) cortices. Dendritic signals from individual neurons displayed tuning for different directions of arm movement. Combining several technical advances, we developed an optical BCI (oBCI) driven by these dendritic signalswhich successfully decoded movement direction online. By fusing two-photon functional imaging with CLARITY volumetric imaging, we verified that many imaged dendrites which contributed to oBCI decoding originated from layer 5 output neurons, including a putative Betz cell. This approach establishes new opportunities for studying motor control and designing BCIs via two photon imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Trautmann
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Xulu Sun
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - James H Marshel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ailey Crow
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Hsueh
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Vesuna
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Cofer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gergő Bohner
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Will Allen
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Kauvar
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean Quirin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuzhi Chen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew P Whitmire
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Maneesh Sahani
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Wang Y, Xi L. Chronic cranial window for photoacoustic imaging: a mini review. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2021; 4:15. [PMID: 34037873 PMCID: PMC8155166 DOI: 10.1186/s42492-021-00081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy is being increasingly used to visualize the microcirculation of the brain cortex at the micron level in living rodents. By combining it with long-term cranial window techniques, vasculature can be monitored over a period of days extending to months through a field of view. To fulfill the requirements of long-term in vivo PA imaging, the cranial window must involve a simple and rapid surgical procedure, biological compatibility, and sufficient optical-acoustic transparency, which are major challenges. Recently, several cranial window techniques have been reported for longitudinal PA imaging. Here, the development of chronic cranial windows for PA imaging is reviewed and its technical details are discussed, including window installation, imaging quality, and longitudinal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Wang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Wang Y, Liang G, Liu F, Chen Q, Xi L. A Long-Term Cranial Window for High-Resolution Photoacoustic Imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:706-711. [PMID: 32746074 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3012663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we introduce the design, fabrication, and assessment of an optically and acoustically transparent, long-term and biocompatible cranial window for high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy of rat cerebral cortex. METHODS The cranial window is fabricated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer bonded with a glass ring (outer diameter: 8 mm, inner diameter: 5 mm) via air plasma cleaning. A detailed comparison of image quality was performed with the implantation of cranial windows using different thicknesses of the PDMS film, and the cover glass. In addition, long-term in vivo monitoring of rat cerebral cortex was conducted to evaluate the stability of the cranial window. Furthermore, we successfully applied this window for longitudinal photoacoustic imaging in freely moving rats. RESULTS Based on a detailed evaluation, the cranial window fabricated with PDMS has a better imaging quality compared with a conventional cover-glass-based cranial window. The optimal film thickness is 50 μm considering the elastic deforming capability of PDMS. The cranial window maintained good quality for 21 and 12 days in anesthetized and free moving rats, respectively. CONCLUSION The cranial window has a good imaging quality for both anesthetized and behaving rats, enabling long-term, high-resolution, and steady photoacoustic imaging of cerebral vasculatures. SIGNIFICANCE Based on the studies of both anesthetized and behaving rats, the proposed cranial window has the potential to be used in the longitudinal in vivo study of chronic brain diseases in freely moving rodents.
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15
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Fredericks JM, Dash KE, Jaskot EM, Bennett TW, Lerchner W, Dold G, Ide D, Cummins AC, Der Minassian VH, Turchi JN, Richmond BJ, Eldridge MAG. Methods for mechanical delivery of viral vectors into rhesus monkey brain. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108730. [PMID: 32302596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern molecular tools make it possible to manipulate neural activity in a reversible and cell-type specific manner. For rhesus monkey research, molecular tools are generally introduced via viral vectors. New instruments designed specifically for use in monkey research are needed to enhance the efficiency and reliability of vector delivery. NEW METHOD A suite of multi-channel injection devices was developed to permit efficient and uniform vector delivery to cortical regions of the monkey brain. Manganese was co-infused with virus to allow rapid post-surgical confirmation of targeting accuracy using MRI. A needle guide was designed to increase the accuracy of sub-cortical targeting using stereotaxic co-ordinates. RESULTS The multi-channel injection devices produced dense, uniform coverage of dorsal surface cortex, ventral surface cortex, and intra-sulcal cortex, respectively. Co-infusion of manganese with the viral vector allowed for immediate verification of injection accuracy. The needle guide improved accuracy of targeting sub-cortical structures by preventing needle deflection. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The current methods, hand-held injections or single slow mechanical injection, for surface cortex transduction do not, in our hands, produce the density and uniformity of coverage provided by the injector arrays and associated infusion protocol. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency and reliability of vector delivery has been considerably improved by the development of new methods and instruments. This development should facilitate the translation of chemo- and optogenetic studies performed in smaller animals to larger animals such as rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Megan Fredericks
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Kiana E Dash
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emilia M Jaskot
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Walter Lerchner
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Dold
- Section on Instrumentation, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Ide
- Section on Instrumentation, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Janita N Turchi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Kalaska JF. Emerging ideas and tools to study the emergent properties of the cortical neural circuits for voluntary motor control in non-human primates. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31275561 PMCID: PMC6544130 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17161.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, neurophysiological studies of the cerebral cortical mechanisms of voluntary motor control were limited to single-electrode recordings of the activity of one or a few neurons at a time. This approach was supported by the widely accepted belief that single neurons were the fundamental computational units of the brain (the “neuron doctrine”). Experiments were guided by motor-control models that proposed that the motor system attempted to plan and control specific parameters of a desired action, such as the direction, speed or causal forces of a reaching movement in specific coordinate frameworks, and that assumed that the controlled parameters would be expressed in the task-related activity of single neurons. The advent of chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays about 20 years ago permitted the simultaneous recording of the activity of many neurons. This greatly enhanced the ability to study neural control mechanisms at the population level. It has also shifted the focus of the analysis of neural activity from quantifying single-neuron correlates with different movement parameters to probing the structure of multi-neuron activity patterns to identify the emergent computational properties of cortical neural circuits. In particular, recent advances in “dimension reduction” algorithms have attempted to identify specific covariance patterns in multi-neuron activity which are presumed to reflect the underlying computational processes by which neural circuits convert the intention to perform a particular movement into the required causal descending motor commands. These analyses have led to many new perspectives and insights on how cortical motor circuits covertly plan and prepare to initiate a movement without causing muscle contractions, transition from preparation to overt execution of the desired movement, generate muscle-centered motor output commands, and learn new motor skills. Progress is also being made to import optical-imaging and optogenetic toolboxes from rodents to non-human primates to overcome some technical limitations of multi-electrode recording technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Kalaska
- Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
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17
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Two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in motor cortex of marmosets during upper-limb movement tasks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1879. [PMID: 29760466 PMCID: PMC5951821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging in behaving animals has revealed neuronal activities related to behavioral and cognitive function at single-cell resolution. However, marmosets have posed a challenge due to limited success in training on motor tasks. Here we report the development of protocols to train head-fixed common marmosets to perform upper-limb movement tasks and simultaneously perform two-photon imaging. After 2–5 months of training sessions, head-fixed marmosets can control a manipulandum to move a cursor to a target on a screen. We conduct two-photon calcium imaging of layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex during this motor task performance, and detect task-relevant activity from multiple neurons at cellular and subcellular resolutions. In a two-target reaching task, some neurons show direction-selective activity over the training days. In a short-term force-field adaptation task, some neurons change their activity when the force field is on. Two-photon calcium imaging in behaving marmosets may become a fundamental technique for determining the spatial organization of the cortical dynamics underlying action and cognition. Marmosets are an important model organism in neuroscience but there has only been limited success in training them on behavioral tasks. Here the authors report their ability to train marmosets in various motor tasks and simultaneously image neural dynamics in motor cortex with 2-photon imaging.
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18
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Weiler S, Bauer J, Hübener M, Bonhoeffer T, Rose T, Scheuss V. High-yield in vitro recordings from neurons functionally characterized in vivo. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1275-1293. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2018.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Wright PW, Brier LM, Bauer AQ, Baxter GA, Kraft AW, Reisman MD, Bice AR, Snyder AZ, Lee JM, Culver JP. Functional connectivity structure of cortical calcium dynamics in anesthetized and awake mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185759. [PMID: 29049297 PMCID: PMC5648115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between hemodynamic-based markers of cortical activity (e.g. fMRI and optical intrinsic signal imaging), which are an indirect and relatively slow report of neural activity, and underlying synaptic electrical and metabolic activity through neurovascular coupling is a topic of ongoing research and debate. As application of resting state functional connectivity measures is extended further into topics such as brain development, aging and disease, the importance of understanding the fundamental physiological basis for functional connectivity will grow. Here we extend functional connectivity analysis from hemodynamic- to calcium-based imaging. Transgenic mice (n = 7) expressing a fluorescent calcium indicator (GCaMP6) driven by the Thy1 promoter in glutamatergic neurons were imaged transcranially in both anesthetized (using ketamine/xylazine) and awake states. Sequential LED illumination (λ = 454, 523, 595, 640nm) enabled concurrent imaging of both GCaMP6 fluorescence emission (corrected for hemoglobin absorption) and hemodynamics. Functional connectivity network maps were constructed for infraslow (0.009–0.08Hz), intermediate (0.08–0.4Hz), and high (0.4–4.0Hz) frequency bands. At infraslow and intermediate frequencies, commonly used in BOLD fMRI and fcOIS studies of functional connectivity and implicated in neurovascular coupling mechanisms, GCaMP6 and HbO2 functional connectivity structures were in high agreement, both qualitatively and also quantitatively through a measure of spatial similarity. The spontaneous dynamics of both contrasts had the highest correlation when the GCaMP6 signal was delayed with a ~0.6–1.5s temporal offset. Within the higher-frequency delta band, sensitive to slow wave sleep oscillations in non-REM sleep and anesthesia, we evaluate the speed with which the connectivity analysis stabilized and found that the functional connectivity maps captured putative network structure within time window lengths as short as 30 seconds. Homotopic GCaMP6 functional connectivity maps at 0.4–4.0Hz in the anesthetized states show a striking correlated and anti-correlated structure along the anterior to posterior axis. This structure is potentially explained in part by observed propagation of delta-band activity from frontal somatomotor regions to visuoparietal areas. During awake imaging, this spatio-temporal quality is altered, and a more complex and detailed functional connectivity structure is observed. The combined calcium/hemoglobin imaging technique described here will enable the dissociation of changes in ionic and hemodynamic functional structure and neurovascular coupling and provide a framework for subsequent studies of neurological disease such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Wright
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Brier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Adam Q. Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Grant A. Baxter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Kraft
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Reisman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Annie R. Bice
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ding R, Liao X, Li J, Zhang J, Wang M, Guang Y, Qin H, Li X, Zhang K, Liang S, Guan J, Lou J, Jia H, Chen B, Shen H, Chen X. Targeted Patching and Dendritic Ca 2+ Imaging in Nonhuman Primate Brain in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2873. [PMID: 28588297 PMCID: PMC5460116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates provide an important model not only for understanding human brain but also for translational research in neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, many high-resolution techniques for recording neural activity in vivo that were initially established for rodents have not been yet applied to the nonhuman primate brain. Here, we introduce a combination of two-photon targeted patching and dendritic Ca2+ imaging to the neocortex of adult common marmoset, an invaluable primate model for neuroscience research. Using targeted patching, we show both spontaneous and sensory-evoked intracellular dynamics of visually identified neurons in the marmoset cortex. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging and intracellular pharmacological manipulation, we report both action-potential-associated global and synaptically-evoked NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated local Ca2+ signals in dendrites and spines of the superficial-layer cortical neurons. Therefore, we demonstrate the presence of synaptic Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites in living nonhuman primates. This work represents a proof-of-principle for exploring the primate brain functions in vivo by monitoring neural activity and morphology at a subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Guang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Qin
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangheng Guan
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Lou
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingbo Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hui Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Long-Term Two-Photon Imaging in Awake Macaque Monkey. Neuron 2017; 93:1049-1057.e3. [PMID: 28215557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Successful application of two-photon imaging with genetic tools in awake macaque monkeys will enable fundamental advances in our understanding of higher cognitive function at the level of molecular and neuronal circuits. Here we report techniques for long-term two-photon imaging in awake macaque monkeys. Using genetically encoded indicators including GCaMP5 and GCaMP6s delivered by AAV2/1 into the visual cortex, we demonstrate that high-quality two-photon imaging of large neuronal populations can be achieved and maintained in awake monkeys for months. Simultaneous intracellular recording and two-photon calcium imaging confirm that fluorescence activity is linearly proportional to neuronal spiking activity across a wide range of firing rates (10 Hz to 150 Hz). By providing two-photon imaging access to cortical neuronal populations at single-cell or single dendritic spine resolution in awake monkeys, the techniques reported can help bridge the use of modern genetic and molecular tools and the study of higher cognitive function.
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22
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O'Shea DJ, Trautmann E, Chandrasekaran C, Stavisky S, Kao JC, Sahani M, Ryu S, Deisseroth K, Shenoy KV. The need for calcium imaging in nonhuman primates: New motor neuroscience and brain-machine interfaces. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:437-451. [PMID: 27511294 PMCID: PMC5154795 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how populations of neurons coordinate and cooperate in order to give rise to perception, cognition, and action. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an attractive model with which to understand these mechanisms in humans, primarily due to the strong homology of their brains and the cognitively sophisticated behaviors they can be trained to perform. Using electrode recordings, the activity of one to a few hundred individual neurons may be measured electrically, which has enabled many scientific findings and the development of brain-machine interfaces. Despite these successes, electrophysiology samples sparsely from neural populations and provides little information about the genetic identity and spatial micro-organization of recorded neurons. These limitations have spurred the development of all-optical methods for neural circuit interrogation. Fluorescent calcium signals serve as a reporter of neuronal responses, and when combined with post-mortem optical clearing techniques such as CLARITY, provide dense recordings of neuronal populations, spatially organized and annotated with genetic and anatomical information. Here, we advocate that this methodology, which has been of tremendous utility in smaller animal models, can and should be developed for use with NHPs. We review here several of the key opportunities and challenges for calcium-based optical imaging in NHPs. We focus on motor neuroscience and brain-machine interface design as representative domains of opportunity within the larger field of NHP neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J O'Shea
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Eric Trautmann
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | | | - Sergey Stavisky
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan C Kao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Maneesh Sahani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London W1T 4JG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Deparment of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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23
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Watakabe A, Sadakane O, Hata K, Ohtsuka M, Takaji M, Yamamori T. Application of viral vectors to the study of neural connectivities and neural circuits in the marmoset brain. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:354-372. [PMID: 27706918 PMCID: PMC5324647 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is important to study the neural connectivities and functions in primates. For this purpose, it is critical to be able to transfer genes to certain neurons in the primate brain so that we can image the neuronal signals and analyze the function of the transferred gene. Toward this end, our team has been developing gene transfer systems using viral vectors. In this review, we summarize our current achievements as follows. 1) We compared the features of gene transfer using five different AAV serotypes in combination with three different promoters, namely, CMV, mouse CaMKII (CaMKII), and human synapsin 1 (hSyn1), in the marmoset cortex with those in the mouse and macaque cortices. 2) We used target‐specific double‐infection techniques in combination with TET‐ON and TET‐OFF using lentiviral retrograde vectors for enhanced visualization of neural connections. 3) We used an AAV‐mediated gene transfer method to study the transcriptional control for amplifying fluorescent signals using the TET/TRE system in the primate neocortex. We also established systems for shRNA mediated gene targeting in a neocortical region where a gene is significantly expressed and for expressing the gene using the CMV promoter for an unexpressed neocortical area in the primate cortex using AAV vectors to understand the regulation of downstream genes. Our findings have demonstrated the feasibility of using viral vector mediated gene transfer systems for the study of primate cortical circuits using the marmoset as an animal model. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 354–372, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Osamu Sadakane
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Katsusuke Hata
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanari Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takaji
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Rao HM, Mayo JP, Sommer MA. Circuits for presaccadic visual remapping. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2624-2636. [PMID: 27655962 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00182.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements rapidly displace the image of the world that is projected onto the retinas. In anticipation of each saccade, many neurons in the visual system shift their receptive fields. This presaccadic change in visual sensitivity, known as remapping, was first documented in the parietal cortex and has been studied in many other brain regions. Remapping requires information about upcoming saccades via corollary discharge. Analyses of neurons in a corollary discharge pathway that targets the frontal eye field (FEF) suggest that remapping may be assembled in the FEF's local microcircuitry. Complementary data from reversible inactivation, neural recording, and modeling studies provide evidence that remapping contributes to transsaccadic continuity of action and perception. Multiple forms of remapping have been reported in the FEF and other brain areas, however, and questions remain about the reasons for these differences. In this review of recent progress, we identify three hypotheses that may help to guide further investigations into the structure and function of circuits for remapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh M Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;
| | - J Patrick Mayo
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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25
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Trautmann E, O'Shea DJ, Shrestha S, Lin S, Ryu S, Shenoy K. Design of an implantable artificial dural window for chronic two-photon optical imaging in non-human primates. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:7554-7. [PMID: 26738040 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Optical functional imaging methods such as calcium imaging have become a powerful tool for investigating neural activity in-vivo. Here, we present a design for a titanium implantable chamber with transparent silicone artificial dura which enables two-photon calcium imaging in non-human primates. This chamber accommodates imaging with high numerical aperture multiphoton objective lenses, and remains sealed, protecting the brain from the surrounding environment. In addition, we describe a tunable tissue stabilization system to apply gentle mechanical pressure to stabilize tissue during imaging. Our results suggest that two-photon calcium imaging may soon facilitate a new class of circuit and systems neuroscience experiments in non-human primates.
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Seidemann E, Chen Y, Bai Y, Chen SC, Mehta P, Kajs BL, Geisler WS, Zemelman BV. Calcium imaging with genetically encoded indicators in behaving primates. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27441501 PMCID: PMC4956408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of behaviour requires studying brain activity in behaving subjects using complementary techniques that measure neural responses at multiple spatial scales, and developing computational tools for understanding the mapping between these measurements. Here we report the first results of widefield imaging of genetically encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP6f) signals from V1 of behaving macaques. This technique provides a robust readout of visual population responses at the columnar scale over multiple mm2 and over several months. To determine the quantitative relation between the widefield GCaMP signals and the locally pooled spiking activity, we developed a computational model that sums the responses of V1 neurons characterized by prior single unit measurements. The measured tuning properties of the GCaMP signals to stimulus contrast, orientation and spatial position closely match the predictions of the model, suggesting that widefield GCaMP signals are linearly related to the summed local spiking activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16178.001 An important question in brain research is how neurons and the circuits they form process information to produce behavior. To understand what happens in a human brain, it is necessary to study a brain of similar complexity, such as that of a primate. Examining how the neurons in a brain region called the visual cortex process information about what we see is especially informative. This is because animals can be taught to perform different visual tasks, and because the visual cortex is relatively easy to access. In principle, therefore, it should be possible to use modern genetic and imaging techniques to study the primate visual system, but, until now, that has not been the case. Like much of the brain, the visual cortex consists of different classes of neurons that can excite, inhibit or modulate the activity of neighboring neurons. One way to study how these different classes of neurons interact with each other is to alter the animal’s DNA, such that only one cell type stands out during the experiment, allowing its role in the brain to be closely monitored. This technique has been used to study the interactions among neurons in the rodent brain, because rodent DNA is easy to alter. However, it is not easy to manipulate primate DNA. Seidemann et al. have, therefore, developed a new technique that can target a specific class of neurons, allowing the activity of just these cells to be distinguished from the rest. The method uses specially designed harmless viruses to produce foreign proteins in the excitatory neurons of the visual cortex in an adult macaque. The optical properties of the proteins change when the neuron they are in is active, allowing the activity of the excitatory neurons to be detected and tracked in awake animals while they perform a visual task. Previously, the activity of neurons in the primate visual cortex could only be measured using dyes that indiscriminately reported the activity of all the neurons present. Seidemann et al. found that, in addition to being more selective than the dye-based method, the new technique also more accurately depicted neuronal action potentials, which are the primary units of information in the brain. Seidemann et al. now plan to use a similar method to study the activity of the inhibitory neurons of the primate visual cortex. Further examination of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons at much higher magnification, using a different microscopy technique, will also reveal more subtle features of their responses during visual tasks. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16178.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Seidemann
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Yoon Bai
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Spencer C Chen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Preeti Mehta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Bridget L Kajs
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Wilson S Geisler
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Boris V Zemelman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, United States.,Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas, Austin, United States
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Huang L, Merson TD, Bourne JA. In vivo whole brain, cellular and molecular imaging in nonhuman primate models of neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:104-18. [PMID: 27151822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rodents have been the principal model to study brain anatomy and function due to their well-mapped brain architecture, rapid reproduction and amenability to genetic modification. However, there are clear limitations, for example their simpler neocortex, necessitating the need to adopt a model that is closer to humans in order to understand human cognition and brain conditions. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are ideally suited as they are our closest relatives in the animal kingdom but in vivo imaging technologies to study brain structure and function in these species can be challenging. With the surge in NHP research in recent years, scientists have begun adapting imaging technologies, such as two-photon microscopy, for these species. Here we review the various NHP models that exist as well as their use in advanced microscopic and mesoscopic studies. We discuss the challenges in the field and investigate the opportunities that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Huang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tobias D Merson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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28
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Sadakane O, Masamizu Y, Watakabe A, Terada SI, Ohtsuka M, Takaji M, Mizukami H, Ozawa K, Kawasaki H, Matsuzaki M, Yamamori T. Long-Term Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Populations with Subcellular Resolution in Adult Non-human Primates. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1989-99. [PMID: 26655910 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) enables long-term observation of neuronal activity in vivo. However, there are very few studies of GECIs in primates. Here, we report a method for long-term imaging of a GECI, GCaMP6f, expressed from adeno-associated virus vectors in cortical neurons of the adult common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate. We used a tetracycline-inducible expression system to robustly amplify neuronal GCaMP6f expression and up- and downregulate it for more than 100 days. We succeeded in monitoring spontaneous activity not only from hundreds of neurons three-dimensionally distributed in layers 2 and 3 but also from single dendrites and axons in layer 1. Furthermore, we detected selective activities from somata, dendrites, and axons in the somatosensory cortex responding to specific tactile stimuli. Our results provide a way to investigate the organization and plasticity of cortical microcircuits at subcellular resolution in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Sadakane
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshito Masamizu
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Terada
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masanari Ohtsuka
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takaji
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keiya Ozawa
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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29
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Itthipuripat S, Serences JT. Integrating Levels of Analysis in Systems and Cognitive Neurosciences: Selective Attention as a Case Study. Neuroscientist 2015; 22:225-37. [PMID: 26307043 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415603312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscience is inherently interdisciplinary, rapidly expanding beyond its roots in biological sciences to many areas of the social and physical sciences. This expansion has led to more sophisticated ways of thinking about the links between brains and behavior and has inspired the development of increasingly advanced tools to characterize the activity of large populations of neurons. However, along with these advances comes a heightened risk of fostering confusion unless efforts are made to better integrate findings across different model systems and to develop a better understanding about how different measurement techniques provide mutually constraining information. Here we use selective visuospatial attention as a case study to highlight the importance of these issues, and we suggest that exploiting multiple measures can better constrain models that relate neural activity to animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawaj Itthipuripat
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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30
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Jang MJ, Nam Y. NeuroCa: integrated framework for systematic analysis of spatiotemporal neuronal activity patterns from large-scale optical recording data. NEUROPHOTONICS 2015; 2:035003. [PMID: 26229973 PMCID: PMC4516777 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.3.035003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical recording facilitates monitoring the activity of a large neural network at the cellular scale, but the analysis and interpretation of the collected data remain challenging. Here, we present a MATLAB-based toolbox, named NeuroCa, for the automated processing and quantitative analysis of large-scale calcium imaging data. Our tool includes several computational algorithms to extract the calcium spike trains of individual neurons from the calcium imaging data in an automatic fashion. Two algorithms were developed to decompose the imaging data into the activity of individual cells and subsequently detect calcium spikes from each neuronal signal. Applying our method to dense networks in dissociated cultures, we were able to obtain the calcium spike trains of [Formula: see text] neurons in a few minutes. Further analyses using these data permitted the quantification of neuronal responses to chemical stimuli as well as functional mapping of spatiotemporal patterns in neuronal firing within the spontaneous, synchronous activity of a large network. These results demonstrate that our method not only automates time-consuming, labor-intensive tasks in the analysis of neural data obtained using optical recording techniques but also provides a systematic way to visualize and quantify the collective dynamics of a network in terms of its cellular elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jee Jang
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Address all correspondence to: Yoonkey Nam, E-mail:
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31
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Broussard GJ, Liang R, Tian L. Monitoring activity in neural circuits with genetically encoded indicators. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:97. [PMID: 25538558 PMCID: PMC4256991 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in genetically encoded indicators of neural activity (GINAs) have greatly advanced the field of systems neuroscience. As they are encoded by DNA, GINAs can be targeted to genetically defined cellular populations. Combined with fluorescence microscopy, most notably multi-photon imaging, GINAs allow chronic simultaneous optical recordings from large populations of neurons or glial cells in awake, behaving mammals, particularly rodents. This large-scale recording of neural activity at multiple temporal and spatial scales has greatly advanced our understanding of the dynamics of neural circuitry underlying behavior—a critical first step toward understanding the complexities of brain function, such as sensorimotor integration and learning. Here, we summarize the recent development and applications of the major classes of GINAs. In particular, we take an in-depth look at the design of available GINA families with a particular focus on genetically encoded calcium indicators (GCaMPs), sensors probing synaptic activity, and genetically encoded voltage indicators. Using the family of the GCaMP as an example, we review established sensor optimization pipelines. We also discuss practical considerations for end users of GINAs about experimental methods including approaches for gene delivery, imaging system requirements, and data analysis techniques. With the growing toolbox of GINAs and with new microscopy techniques pushing beyond their current limits, the age of light can finally achieve the goal of broad and dense sampling of neuronal activity across time and brain structures to obtain a dynamic picture of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA
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32
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Rosenegger DG, Tran CHT, LeDue J, Zhou N, Gordon GR. A high performance, cost-effective, open-source microscope for scanning two-photon microscopy that is modular and readily adaptable. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110475. [PMID: 25333934 PMCID: PMC4204885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon laser scanning microscopy has revolutionized the ability to delineate cellular and physiological function in acutely isolated tissue and in vivo. However, there exist barriers for many laboratories to acquire two-photon microscopes. Additionally, if owned, typical systems are difficult to modify to rapidly evolving methodologies. A potential solution to these problems is to enable scientists to build their own high-performance and adaptable system by overcoming a resource insufficiency. Here we present a detailed hardware resource and protocol for building an upright, highly modular and adaptable two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscope that can be used for in vitro or in vivo applications. The microscope is comprised of high-end componentry on a skeleton of off-the-shelf compatible opto-mechanical parts. The dedicated design enabled imaging depths close to 1 mm into mouse brain tissue and a signal-to-noise ratio that exceeded all commercial two-photon systems tested. In addition to a detailed parts list, instructions for assembly, testing and troubleshooting, our plan includes complete three dimensional computer models that greatly reduce the knowledge base required for the non-expert user. This open-source resource lowers barriers in order to equip more laboratories with high-performance two-photon imaging and to help progress our understanding of the cellular and physiological function of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Rosenegger
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cam Ha T Tran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffery LeDue
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Brain Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ning Zhou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Translational Medicine Research Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Grant R Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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33
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Karkhanis AN, Heider B, Silva FM, Siegel RM. Spatial effects of shifting prisms on properties of posterior parietal cortex neurons. J Physiol 2014; 592:3625-46. [PMID: 24928956 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.270942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex contains neurons that respond to visual stimulation and motor behaviour. The objective of the current study was to test short-term adaptation in neurons in macaque area 7a and the dorsal prelunate during visually guided reaching using Fresnel prisms that displaced the visual field. The visual perturbation shifted the eye position and created a mismatch between perceived and actual reach location. Two non-human primates were trained to reach to visual targets before, during and after prism exposure while fixating the reach target in different locations. They were required to reach to the physical location of the reach target and not the perceived, displaced location. While behavioural adaptation to the prisms occurred within a few trials, the majority of neurons responded to the distortion either with substantial changes in spatial eye position tuning or changes in overall firing rate. These changes persisted even after prism removal. The spatial changes were not correlated with the direction of induced prism shift. The transformation of gain fields between conditions was estimated by calculating the translation and rotation in Euler angles. Rotations and translations of the horizontal and vertical spatial components occurred in a systematic manner for the population of neurons suggesting that the posterior parietal cortex retains a constant representation of the visual field remapping between experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree N Karkhanis
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Barbara Heider
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Fabian Muñoz Silva
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ralph M Siegel
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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34
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Cayce JM, Friedman RM, Chen G, Jansen ED, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Roe AW. Infrared neural stimulation of primary visual cortex in non-human primates. Neuroimage 2013; 84:181-90. [PMID: 23994125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is an alternative neurostimulation modality that uses pulsed infrared light to evoke spatially precise neural activity that does not require direct contact with neural tissue. With these advantages INS has the potential to increase our understanding of specific neural pathways and impact current diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. In order to develop this technique, we investigate the feasibility of INS (λ=1.875μm, fiber diameter=100-400μm) to activate and modulate neural activity in primary visual cortex (V1) of Macaque monkeys. Infrared neural stimulation was found to evoke localized neural responses as evidenced by both electrophysiology and intrinsic signal optical imaging (OIS). Single unit recordings acquired during INS indicated statistically significant increases in neuron firing rates that demonstrate INS evoked excitatory neural activity. Consistent with this, INS stimulation led to focal intensity-dependent reflectance changes recorded with OIS. We also asked whether INS is capable of stimulating functionally specific domains in visual cortex and of modulating visually evoked activity in visual cortex. We found that application of INS via 100μm or 200μm fiber optics produced enhancement of visually evoked OIS response confined to the eye column where INS was applied and relative suppression of the other eye column. Stimulating the cortex with a 400μm fiber, exceeding the ocular dominance width, led to relative suppression, consistent with involvement of inhibitory surrounds. This study is the first to demonstrate that INS can be used to either enhance or diminish visual cortical response and that this can be done in a functional domain specific manner. INS thus holds great potential for use as a safe, non-contact, focally specific brain stimulation technology in primate brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cayce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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35
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Gerits A, Vanduffel W. Optogenetics in primates: a shining future? Trends Genet 2013; 29:403-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Heider B, Siegel RM. Optical imaging of visually guided reaching in macaque posterior parietal cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:495-509. [PMID: 23392845 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor transformation for reaching movements in primates requires a large network of visual, parietal, and frontal cortical areas. We performed intrinsic optical imaging over posterior parietal cortex including areas 7a and the dorsal perilunate in macaque monkeys during visually guided hand movements. Reaching was performed while foveating one of nine static reach targets; thus eye-position-varied concurrently with reach position. The hemodynamic reflectance signal was analyzed during specific phases of the task including pre-reach, reach, and touch epochs. The eye position maps changed substantially as the task progressed: First, direction of spatial tuning shifted from a weak preference close to the center to the lower eye positions in both cortical areas. Overall tuning strength was greater in area 7a. Second, strength of spatial tuning increased from the early pre-reach to the later touch epoch. These consistent temporal changes suggest that dynamic properties of the reflectance signal were modulated by task parameters. The peak amplitude and peak delay of the reflectance signal showed considerable differences between eye position but were similar between areas. Compared with a detection task using a lever response, the reach task yielded higher amplitudes and longer delays. These findings demonstrate a spatially tuned topographical representation for reaching in both areas and suggest a strong synergistic combination of various feedback signals that result in a spatially tuned amplification of the hemodynamic response in posterior parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Heider
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA,
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37
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Nielsen KJ, Callaway EM, Krauzlis RJ. Viral vector-based reversible neuronal inactivation and behavioral manipulation in the macaque monkey. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6:48. [PMID: 22723770 PMCID: PMC3378014 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising tools for the dissection of neural circuits. In principle, they can manipulate neurons at a level of specificity not otherwise achievable. While many studies have used viral vector-based approaches in the rodent brain, only a few have employed this technique in the non-human primate, despite the importance of this animal model for neuroscience research. Here, we report evidence that a viral vector-based approach can be used to manipulate a monkey's behavior in a task. For this purpose, we used the allatostatin receptor/allatostatin (AlstR/AL) system, which has previously been shown to allow inactivation of neurons in vivo. The AlstR was expressed in neurons in monkey V1 by injection of an adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV1) vector. Two monkeys were trained in a detection task, in which they had to make a saccade to a faint peripheral target. Injection of AL caused a retinotopic deficit in the detection task in one monkey. Specifically, the monkey showed marked impairment for detection targets placed at the visual field location represented at the virus injection site, but not for targets shown elsewhere. We confirmed that these deficits indeed were due to the interaction of AlstR and AL by injecting saline, or AL at a V1 location without AlstR expression. Post-mortem histology confirmed AlstR expression in this monkey. We failed to replicate the behavioral results in a second monkey, as AL injection did not impair the second monkey's performance in the detection task. However, post-mortem histology revealed a very low level of AlstR expression in this monkey. Our results demonstrate that viral vector-based approaches can produce effects strong enough to influence a monkey's performance in a behavioral task, supporting the further development of this approach for studying how neuronal circuits control complex behaviors in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Nielsen
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla CA, USA
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38
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Ahrens KF, Heider B, Lee H, Isacoff EY, Siegel RM. Two-photon scanning microscopy of in vivo sensory responses of cortical neurons genetically encoded with a fluorescent voltage sensor in rat. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:15. [PMID: 22461770 PMCID: PMC3310150 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent voltage sensor protein “Flare” was created from a Kv1.4 potassium channel with YFP situated to report voltage-induced conformational changes in vivo. The RNA virus Sindbis introduced Flare into neurons in the binocular region of visual cortex in rat. Injection sites were selected based on intrinsic optical imaging. Expression of Flare occurred in the cell bodies and dendritic processes. Neurons imaged in vivo using two-photon scanning microscopy typically revealed the soma best, discernable against the background labeling of the neuropil. Somatic fluorescence changes were correlated with flashed visual stimuli; however, averaging was essential to observe these changes. This study demonstrates that the genetic modification of single neurons to express a fluorescent voltage sensor can be used to assess neuronal activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Ahrens
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark NJ, USA
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40
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Abstract
The nonhuman primate brain, the model system closest to the human brain, plays a critical role in our understanding of neural computation, cognition, and behavior. The continued quest to crack the neural codes in the monkey brain would be greatly enhanced with new tools and technologies that can rapidly and reversibly control the activities of desired cells at precise times during specific behavioral states. Recent advances in adapting optogenetic technologies to monkeys have enabled precise control of specific cells or brain regions at the millisecond timescale, allowing for the investigation of the causal role of these neural circuits in this model system. Validation of optogenetic technologies in monkeys also represents a critical preclinical step on the translational path of new generation cell-type-specific neural modulation therapies. Here, I discuss the current state of the application of optogenetics in the nonhuman primate model system, highlighting the available genetic, optical and electrical technologies, and their limitations and potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Langer D, Helmchen F. Post hoc immunostaining of GABAergic neuronal subtypes following in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mouse neocortex. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:339-54. [PMID: 22134770 PMCID: PMC3261390 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic neurons in the neocortex are diverse with regard to morphology, physiology, and axonal targeting pattern, indicating functional specializations within the cortical microcircuitry. Little information is available, however, about functional properties of distinct subtypes of GABAergic neurons in the intact brain. Here, we combined in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in supragranular layers of the mouse neocortex with post hoc immunohistochemistry against the three calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin in order to assign subtype marker profiles to neuronal activity. Following coronal sectioning of fixed brains, we matched cells in corresponding volumes of image stacks acquired in vivo and in fixed brain slices. In GAD67-GFP mice, more than 95% of the GABAergic cells could be unambiguously matched, even in large volumes comprising more than a thousand interneurons. Triple immunostaining revealed a depth-dependent distribution of interneuron subtypes with increasing abundance of PV-positive neurons with depth. Most importantly, the triple-labeling approach was compatible with previous in vivo calcium imaging following bulk loading of Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1, which allowed us to classify spontaneous calcium transients recorded in vivo according to the neurochemically defined GABAergic subtypes. Moreover, we demonstrate that post hoc immunostaining can also be applied to wild-type mice expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator Yellow Cameleon 3.60 in cortical neurons. Our approach is a general and flexible method to distinguish GABAergic subtypes in cell populations previously imaged in the living animal. It should thus facilitate dissecting the functional roles of these subtypes in neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Microscopes using non-linear excitation of chromophores with pulsed near-IR light can generate highly localized foci of molecules in the electronic singlet state that are concentrated in volumes of less than one femtoliter. The three-dimensional confinement of excitation arises from the simultaneous absorption of two IR photons of approximately half the energy required for linear excitation. Two-photon microscopy is especially useful for two types of interrogation of neural processes. First, uncaging of signaling molecules such as glutamate, as stimulation is so refined it can be used to mimic normal unitary synaptic levels. In addition, uncaging allows complete control of the timing and position of stimulation, so the two-photon light beam provides the chemical neuroscientist with an "optical conductor's baton" which can command synaptic activity at will. A second powerful feature of two-photon microscopy is that when used for fluorescence imaging it enables the visualization of cellular structure and function in living animals at depths far beyond that possible with normal confocal microscopes. In this review I provide a survey of the many important applications of two-photon microscopy in these two fields of neuroscience, and suggest some areas for future technical development.
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Pavlov AM, Sapelkin AV, Huang X, P'ng KMY, Bushby AJ, Sukhorukov GB, Skirtach AG. Neuron Cells Uptake of Polymeric Microcapsules and Subsequent Intracellular Release. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:848-54. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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