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Park CS, Shastri N. The Role of T Cells in Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Metabolic Disease. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e13. [PMID: 35291655 PMCID: PMC8901709 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. Obesity alters the microenvironment of adipose tissue and the intestines from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory, which promotes low grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. Various T cell subsets either help maintain metabolic homeostasis in healthy states or contribute to obesity-associated metabolic syndromes. In this review, we will discuss the T cell subsets that reside in adipose tissue and intestines and their role in the development of obesity-induced systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Su Park
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Petrelli A, Giovenzana A, Insalaco V, Phillips BE, Pietropaolo M, Giannoukakis N. Autoimmune Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Hallmarks So Far and Yet So Close to Explain Diabetes Endotypes. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 34902055 PMCID: PMC8668851 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes mellitus can be categorized into two major variants, type 1 and type 2. A number of traits such as clinical phenotype, age at disease onset, genetic background, and underlying pathogenesis distinguish the two forms. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence indicates that type 1 diabetes can be accompanied by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exhibits self-reactivity. These two previously unknown conditions can influence the progression and outcome of the disease. Unlike most conventional considerations, diabetes appears to consist of a spectrum of intermediate phenotypes that includes monogenic and polygenic loci linked to inflammatory processes including autoimmunity, beta cell impairment, and insulin resistance. Here we discuss why a shift of the classical bi-modal view of diabetes (autoimmune vs. non-autoimmune) is necessary in favor of a model of an immunological continuum of endotypes lying between the two extreme "insulin-resistant" and "autoimmune beta cell targeting," shaped by environmental and genetic factors which contribute to determine specific immune-conditioned outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Petrelli
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Giovenzana
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Insalaco
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Brett E. Phillips
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDivision of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Wang L, Sun P, Wu Y, Wang L. Metabolic tissue-resident CD8 + T cells: A key player in obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13133. [PMID: 32935464 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-induced low-grade chronic inflammation in the metabolic tissues, such as adipose tissue (AT) and liver tissue, in individuals with obesity is a major etiological factor for several diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular problems, as well as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have revealed that tissue-resident macrophages play a crucial role in this process. However, the mechanisms responsible for recruiting and activating macrophages and initiating chronic inflammation in the metabolic tissues have not yet been clearly elucidated. In the most recent decade, there has been a growing emphasis on the critical role of the adaptive CD8+ T cells in obesity-induced chronic inflammation and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the relevant studies in both mice and human regarding the role of metabolic tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in obesity-related inflammation and diseases, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the regulation of CD8+ T cell recruitment, activation and function in the metabolic tissues, and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and the resultant metabolic dysfunction, which can lead to hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance and their downstream sequelae of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. While macrophages are the most abundant immune cell type in adipose tissue, other immune cells are also present, such as B cells, which play important roles in regulating adipose tissue inflammation. This brief review will overview B-cell subsets, describe their localization in various adipose depots and summarize our knowledge about the function of these B-cell subsets in regulating adipose tissue inflammation, obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Srikakulapu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Vazquez T, Strbo N, Romero L, McCormack RM, Podack ER, Blomberg BB. Impaired B Cell Function in Mice Lacking Perforin-2. Front Immunol 2020; 11:328. [PMID: 32180773 PMCID: PMC7057857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (P2) is a pore-forming protein with cytotoxic activity against intracellular bacterial pathogens. P2 knockout (P2KO) mice are unable to control infections and die from normally non-lethal bacterial infections. Here we show that P2KO mice as compared to WT mice show significantly higher levels of systemic inflammation, measured by inflammatory markers in serum, due to continuous microbial translocation from the gut which cannot be controlled as these mice lack P2. Systemic inflammation in young and old P2KO mice induces intrinsic B cell inflammation. Systemic and B cell intrinsic inflammation are negatively associated with in vivo and in vitro antibody responses. Chronic inflammation leads to class switch recombination defects, which are at least in part responsible for the reduced in vivo and in vitro antibody responses in young and old P2KO vs. WT mice. These defects include the reduced expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), the enzyme for class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation and IgG production and of its transcriptional activators E47 and Pax5. Of note, the response of young P2KO mice is not different from the one observed in old WT mice, suggesting that the chronic inflammatory status of mice lacking P2 may accelerate, or be equivalent, to that seen in old mice. The inflammatory status of the splenic B cells is associated with increased frequencies and numbers of the pro-inflammatory B cell subset called Age-associated B Cells (ABCs) in the spleen and the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of P2KO old mice. We show that B cells differentiate into ABCs in the VAT following interaction with the adipocytes and their products, and this occurs more in the VAT of P2KO mice as compared to WT controls. This is to our knowledge the first study on B cell function and antibody responses in mice lacking P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas Vazquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laura Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ryan M McCormack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Liu R, Nikolajczyk BS. Tissue Immune Cells Fuel Obesity-Associated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue and Beyond. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1587. [PMID: 31379820 PMCID: PMC6653202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation stems from a combination of cell-intrinsic changes of individual immune cell subsets and the dynamic crosstalk amongst a broad array of immune cells. Although much of the focus of immune cell contributions to metabolic disease has focused on adipose tissue-associated cells, these potent sources of inflammation inhabit other metabolic regulatory tissues, including liver and gut, and recirculate to promote systemic inflammation and thus obesity comorbidities. Tissue-associated immune cells, especially T cell subpopulations, have become a hotspot of inquiry based on their contributions to obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and certain types of cancers. The cell-cell interactions that take place under the stress of obesity are mediated by intracellular contact and cytokine production, and constitute a complicated network that drives the phenotypic alterations of immune cells and perpetuates a feed-forward loop of metabolic decline. Herein we discuss immune cell functions in various tissues and obesity-associated cancers from the viewpoint of inflammation. We also emphasize recent advances in the understanding of crosstalk amongst immune cell subsets under obese conditions, and suggest future directions for focused investigations with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Aboura I, Nani A, Belarbi M, Murtaza B, Fluckiger A, Dumont A, Benammar C, Tounsi MS, Ghiringhelli F, Rialland M, Khan NA, Hichami A. Protective effects of polyphenol-rich infusions from carob (Ceratonia siliqua) leaves and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica against inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity and DSS-induced colitis in Swiss mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1022-1035. [PMID: 29221725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich infusions from carob leaves and OFI-cladodes on inflammation associated with obesity and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in Swiss mice. In vitro studies revealed that aqueous extracts of carob leaves and OFI-cladodes exhibited anti-inflammatory properties marked by the inhibition of IL-6, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells concomitant with NF-κβ nucleus translocation inhibition. For in vivo investigations, Swiss male mice were subjected to control or high fat diet (HFD). At the 8th week after the start of study, animals received or not 1% infusion of either carob leaves or OFI-cladode for 4 weeks and were subjected to 2% DSS administration in drinking water over last 7 days. After sacrifice, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in plasma and their mRNA expression in different organs were determined. Results showed that carob leaf and OFI-cladode infusions reduced inflammation severity associated with HFD-induced obesity and DSS-induced acute colitis indicated by decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (as such TNF-α, IL1b and IL-6) in colon, adipose tissue and spleen. In addition, plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were also curtailed in response to infusions treatment. Thus, carob leaf and OFI-cladode infusions prevented intestinal permeability through the restoration of tight junction proteins (Zo1, occludins) and immune homeostasis. Hence, the anti-inflammatory effect of carob leaves and OFI-cladodes could be attributed to their polyphenols which might alleviate inflammation severity associated with obesity and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Aboura
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Abdelhafid Nani
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria; Department of Natural and Life Sciences, African University Ahmed Draia, Adrar, Algeria.
| | - Meriem Belarbi
- Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Babar Murtaza
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Fluckiger
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adélie Dumont
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Chahid Benammar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Moufida Saidani Tounsi
- Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | | | - Mickaël Rialland
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aziz Hichami
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Winer DA, Winer S, Dranse HJ, Lam TKT. Immunologic impact of the intestine in metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:33-42. [PMID: 28045403 DOI: 10.1172/jci88879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are associated with increased chronic low-grade inflammation and elevated plasma glucose levels. Although inflammation in the fat and liver are established features of obesity-associated insulin resistance, the intestine is emerging as a new site for immunologic changes that affect whole-body metabolism. Specifically, microbial and dietary factors incurred by diet-induced obesity influence underlying innate and adaptive responses of the intestinal immune system. These responses affect the maintenance of the intestinal barrier, systemic inflammation, and glucose metabolism. In this Review we propose that an understanding of the changes to the intestinal immune system, and how these changes influence systemic immunity and glucose metabolism in a whole-body integrative and a neuronal-dependent network, will unveil novel intestinal pathologic and therapeutic targets for diabetes and obesity.
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McLaughlin T, Ackerman SE, Shen L, Engleman E. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:5-13. [PMID: 28045397 DOI: 10.1172/jci88876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, possibly related to adipose cell hypertrophy, hypoxia, and/or intestinal leakage of bacteria and their metabolic products, likely plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR). Cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system residing in adipose tissues, as well as in the intestine, participate in this process. Thus, M1 macrophages, IFN-γ-secreting Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells promote IR, in part through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, eosinophils, Th2 T cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and possibly Foxp3+ Tregs protect against IR through local control of inflammation.
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Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver. Recently, growing evidence has implicated the intestinal immune system as an important contributor to metabolic disease. Obesity predisposes to altered intestinal immunity and is associated with changes to the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, gut-residing innate and adaptive immune cells, and oral tolerance to luminal antigens. Accordingly, the gut immune system may represent a novel therapeutic target for systemic inflammation in insulin resistance. This review discusses the emerging field of intestinal immunity in obesity-related insulin resistance and how it affects metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Helen Luck
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Olson NC, Doyle MF, de Boer IH, Huber SA, Jenny NS, Kronmal RA, Psaty BM, Tracy RP. Associations of Circulating Lymphocyte Subpopulations with Type 2 Diabetes: Cross-Sectional Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139962. [PMID: 26458065 PMCID: PMC4601795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distinct lymphocyte subpopulations have been implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and obesity-associated inflammation in mouse models of insulin resistance. Information on the relationships of lymphocyte subpopulations with type 2 diabetes remain limited in human population-based cohort studies. METHODS Circulating levels of innate (γδ T, natural killer (NK)) and adaptive immune (CD4+ naive, CD4+ memory, Th1, and Th2) lymphocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of 929 free-living participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Cross-sectional relationships of lymphocyte subpopulations with type 2 diabetes (n = 154) and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were evaluated by generalized linear models. RESULTS Each standard deviation (SD) higher CD4+ memory cells was associated with a 21% higher odds of type 2 diabetes (95% CI: 1-47%) and each SD higher naive cells was associated with a 22% lower odds (95% CI: 4-36%) (adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and BMI). Among participants not using diabetes medication, higher memory and lower naive CD4+ cells were associated with higher fasting glucose concentrations (p<0.05, adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity). There were no associations of γδ T, NK, Th1, or Th2 cells with type 2 diabetes, glucose, or insulin. CONCLUSIONS A higher degree of chronic adaptive immune activation, reflected by higher memory and lower naive CD4+ cells, was positively associated with type 2 diabetes. These results are consistent with a role of chronic immune activation and exhaustion augmenting chronic inflammatory diseases, and support the importance of prospective studies evaluating adaptive immune activation and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nels C. Olson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Margaret F. Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Ian H. de Boer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Nancy Swords Jenny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Kronmal
- Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, Health Services, and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593075. [PMID: 26146464 PMCID: PMC4471324 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease that is strongly tied to obesity and often preceded by insulin resistance (IR). It has been established that chronic inflammation of hypertrophic adipose tissue depots in obese individuals leads to obesity-associated IR and is mediated by cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages. More recently, cells of the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes, have also emerged as important regulators of glucose homeostasis, raising the intriguing possibility that antigen-driven immune responses play a role in disease. In this review, we critically evaluate the roles that various B and T cell subsets play in IR, and then we examine the data suggesting that antigen-driven mechanisms, such as antigen presentation and costimulation, may drive the activity of these lymphocytes.
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Tsai S, Clemente-Casares X, Revelo XS, Winer S, Winer DA. Are obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes autoimmune diseases? Diabetes 2015; 64:1886-97. [PMID: 25999531 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and associated insulin resistance predispose individuals to develop chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although these disorders affect a significant proportion of the global population, the underlying mechanisms of disease remain poorly understood. The discovery of elevated tumor necrosis factor-α in adipose tissue as an inducer of obesity-associated insulin resistance marked a new era of understanding that a subclinical inflammatory process underlies the insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction that precedes type 2 diabetes. Advances in the field identified components of both the innate and adaptive immune response as key players in regulating such inflammatory processes. As antigen specificity is a hallmark of an adaptive immune response, its role in modulating the chronic inflammation that accompanies obesity and type 2 diabetes begs the question of whether insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes can have autoimmune components. In this Perspective, we summarize current data that pertain to the activation and perpetuation of adaptive immune responses during obesity and discuss key missing links and potential mechanisms for obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes to be considered as potential autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Luck H, Tsai S, Chung J, Clemente-Casares X, Ghazarian M, Revelo XS, Lei H, Luk CT, Shi SY, Surendra A, Copeland JK, Ahn J, Prescott D, Rasmussen BA, Chng MHY, Engleman EG, Girardin SE, Lam TKT, Croitoru K, Dunn S, Philpott DJ, Guttman DS, Woo M, Winer S, Winer DA. Regulation of obesity-related insulin resistance with gut anti-inflammatory agents. Cell Metab 2015; 21:527-42. [PMID: 25863246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, but little is known about its influence on the intestinal immune system. Here we show that the gut immune system is altered during high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and is a functional regulator of obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) that can be exploited therapeutically. Obesity induces a chronic phenotypic pro-inflammatory shift in bowel lamina propria immune cell populations. Reduction of the gut immune system, using beta7 integrin-deficient mice (Beta7(null)), decreases HFD-induced IR. Treatment of wild-type HFD C57BL/6 mice with the local gut anti-inflammatory, 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), reverses bowel inflammation and improves metabolic parameters. These beneficial effects are dependent on adaptive and gut immunity and are associated with reduced gut permeability and endotoxemia, decreased visceral adipose tissue inflammation, and improved antigen-specific tolerance to luminal antigens. Thus, the mucosal immune system affects multiple pathways associated with systemic IR and represents a novel therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jason Chung
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magar Ghazarian
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anuradha Surendra
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Julia K Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Prescott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brittany A Rasmussen
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shannon Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, 33 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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15
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Miller JD. An evolutionary perspective on intestinal lymphatic fat absorption, the industrialization of food, and allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 113:339-42. [PMID: 25256027 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; Department of Pediatrics, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut; Mission: Allergy Inc, Hawleyville, Connecticut.
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16
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Hoffmanová I, Sánchez D, Hábová V, Anděl M, Tučková L, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. Serological markers of enterocyte damage and apoptosis in patients with celiac disease, autoimmune diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus type 2. Physiol Res 2014; 64:537-46. [PMID: 25470519 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of mucosal barrier integrity of small intestine might be causative in immune-mediated gastrointestinal diseases. We tested the markers of epithelial apoptosis - cytokeratin 18 caspase-cleaved fragment (cCK-18), and enterocyte damage - intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) in sera of patients with untreated celiac disease (CLD), those on gluten-free diet (CLD-GFD), patients with autoimmune diabetes mellitus (T1D), T1D with insulitis (T1D/INS), and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D). We found elevated levels of cCK-18 (P<0.001), I-FABP (P<0.01) and sCD14 (P<0.05) in CLD when compared to healthy controls. However, the levels of cCK-18 (P<0.01) and I-FABP (P<0.01) in CLD-GFD were higher when compared with controls. Interestingly, elevated levels of cCK-18 and I-FABP were found in T2D and T1D (P<0.001), and T1D/INS (P<0.01, P<0.001). Twenty-two out of 43 CLD patients were seropositive for cCK-18, 19/43 for I-FABP and 11/43 for sCD14; 9/30 of T2D patients were positive for cCK-18 and 5/20 of T1D/INS for sCD14, while in controls only 3/41 were positive for cCK-18, 3/41 for I-FABP and 1/41 for sCD14. We documented for the first time seropositivity for sCD14 in CLD and potential usefulness of serum cCK-18 and I-FABP as markers of gut damage in CLD, CLD-GFD, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hoffmanová
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Abstract
Radiant skin and hair are universal indicators of good health. It was recently shown that feeding of probiotic bacteria to aged mice rapidly induced youthful vitality characterised by thick lustrous skin and hair, and enhanced reproductive fitness, not seen in untreated controls. Probiotic-treated animals displayed integrated immune and hypothalamic-pituitary outputs that were isolated mechanistically to microbe-induced anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and neuropeptide hormone oxytocin. In this way, probiotic microbes interface with mammalian physiological underpinnings to impart superb physical and reproductive fitness displayed as radiant and resilient skin and mucosae, unveiling novel strategies for integumentary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Egg intake during carbohydrate restriction alters peripheral blood mononuclear cell inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 2014; 6:2650-67. [PMID: 25045936 PMCID: PMC4113762 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg yolk contains bioactive components that improve plasma inflammatory markers and HDL profiles in metabolic syndrome (MetS) under carbohydrate restriction. We further sought to determine whether egg yolk intake affects peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in MetS, as HDL and its associated lipid transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) reduce the inflammatory potential of leukocytes through modulation of cellular cholesterol content and distribution. Thirty-seven men and women classified with MetS consumed a moderate carbohydrate-restricted diet (25%–30% of energy) for 12 weeks, in addition to consuming either three whole eggs per day (EGG) or the equivalent amount of yolk-free egg substitute (SUB). Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide-induced PBMC IL-1β and TNFα secretion increased from baseline to week 12 in the SUB group only, despite increases in PBMC toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression in the EGG group. Compared to baseline, ABCA1 and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase mRNA expression increased by week 12 in the EGG group only, whereas changes in PBMC total cholesterol positively correlated with changes in lipid raft content. Together, these findings suggest that intake of whole eggs during carbohydrate restriction alters PBMC inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in MetS.
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19
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. The possible role of antimicrobial proteins in obesity-associated immunologic alterations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:855-66. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.911088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Coppieters KT, von Herrath MG. Metabolic syndrome - Removing roadblocks to therapy: Antigenic immunotherapies. Mol Metab 2014; 3:275-83. [PMID: 24749057 PMCID: PMC3986497 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 25 per cent of the world׳s adult population may have the metabolic syndrome, a condition closely associated with central obesity. The metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and therefore represents an important worldwide health problem. In addition to metabolic abnormalities such as raised fasting plasma glucose, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, there is consensus that obese subjects develop a state of low-grade chronic immune activation. This sustained pro-inflammatory response in fat tissue is thought to worsen insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Likewise, the immune system contributes to the detrimental cascade of events leading to plaque formation in atherosclerosis. It has long been assumed that the innate arm of the immune system was the only key player, but emerging evidence suggests that there is in fact a sizeable adaptive immune component to obesity and cardiovascular disease. From a therapeutic perspective, it could be envisioned that immune modulation drugs such as cytokine inhibitors, co-stimulation blockers or anti-T cell agents could offer benefit. It is questionable, however, whether chronic treatment with for instance biologicals will have a favorable risk/benefit profile in a silent condition such as the metabolic syndrome. An attractive alternative could be the development of antigen-specific T cell therapies, not unlike those currently in various phases of development for type 1 diabetes. In this article, we will give an overview of antigen-specific treatment modalities in type 1 diabetes, followed by a review of the evidence for T cell involvement in obesity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias G. von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 858 752 6817; fax: +1 858 752 6993.
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21
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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22
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Winer DA, Winer S, Chng MHY, Shen L, Engleman EG. B Lymphocytes in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1033-43. [PMID: 24127133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related insulin resistance is a chronic inflammatory condition that often gives rise to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Much evidence supports a role for pro-inflammatory T cells and macrophages in promoting local inflammation in tissues such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT) leading to insulin resistance. More recently, B cells have emerged as an additional critical player in orchestrating these processes. B cells infiltrate VAT and display functional and phenotypic changes in response to diet-induced obesity. B cells contribute to insulin resistance by presenting antigens to T cells, secreting inflammatory cytokines, and producing pathogenic antibodies. B cell manipulation represents a novel approach to the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and potentially to the prevention of T2D. This review summarizes the roles of B cells in governing VAT inflammation and the mechanisms by which these cells contribute to altered glucose homeostasis in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Winer
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Eaton Wing, 11E - 424A, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
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23
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Han JM, Levings MK. Immune regulation in obesity-associated adipose inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:527-32. [PMID: 23825387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is often a consequence of obesity and is characterized by infiltration and activation of immune cells that overproduce cytokines and chemokines. This apparent loss of immune regulation in obese adipose tissue contributes to the ongoing chronic inflammation that is thought to promote the degradation of metabolic parameters in obesity. Much recent work has sought to identify the immune cell subsets that are involved in adipose tissue inflammation, understand the mechanisms by which adipose tissue inflammation develops, and develop immunotherapeutic strategies to reverse this process. In this review, we describe the known mechanisms that underlie the loss of immune regulation in obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation and set the stage for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Han
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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24
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Xiao L, Yang X, Lin Y, Li S, Jiang J, Qian S, Tang Q, He R, Li X. Large adipocytes function as antigen-presenting cells to activate CD4(+) T cells via upregulating MHCII in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 40:112-20. [PMID: 26248660 PMCID: PMC4722243 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Although obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders, clinical studies suggested some obese people were metabolically healthy with smaller adipocyte size compared with metabolically abnormal obese (MAO). This indicated adipocyte size may be an important predictor underlay the distinction between MAO and metabolically healthy obese. As recent study has shown that adipocytes expressed class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII), which functioned as APCs during obesity. However, the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and MHCII expression was not involved. Here we hypothesize that hypertrophic adipocytes could be associated with upregulating MHCII to influence adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS Adipocytes were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) according to the cell size from MAO mice. The activation of MHCII, T cells and related signaling molecules were examined by FACS, ELISA and western blotting. 3T3-L1 cell line and primary adipocytes were used to examine the effect of free fatty acids (FFA) on adipocytes enlargement and MHCII expression. RESULTS MAO mice had a significant increase in adipocytes size and FFA concentration. The large adipocytes from both obese and non-obese mice expressed higher levels of MHCII than small adipocytes. Importantly, large adipocytes from obese mice stimulated CD4(+) T cells to secrete more interferon (IFN)-γ. Furthermore, the activation of the JNK-STAT1 pathway was involved in upregulation of MHCII in large adipocytes. In vitro FFA treatment promoted adipocyte hypertrophy and expression of MHCII-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that large adipocytes highly express MHCII and function as APC to stimulate IFN-γ-expressing CD4(+) T cells, in which FFA may have important roles before IFN-γ elevated. These findings suggest that adipocyte hypertrophy, rather than overall obesity, is the major contributor to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - X Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Department of Immunology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Y Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Department of Immunology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - S Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - J Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - S Qian
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Q Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - R He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Department of Immunology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - X Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Basic Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
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25
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Poutahidis T, Kleinewietfeld M, Smillie C, Levkovich T, Perrotta A, Bhela S, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Lakritz JR, Kearney SM, Chatzigiagkos A, Hafler DA, Alm EJ, Erdman SE. Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68596. [PMID: 23874682 PMCID: PMC3707834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent epidemiological study showed that eating ‘fast food’ items such as potato chips increased likelihood of obesity, whereas eating yogurt prevented age-associated weight gain in humans. It was demonstrated previously in animal models of obesity that the immune system plays a critical role in this process. Here we examined human subjects and mouse models consuming Westernized ‘fast food’ diet, and found CD4+ T helper (Th)17-biased immunity and changes in microbial communities and abdominal fat with obesity after eating the Western chow. In striking contrast, eating probiotic yogurt together with Western chow inhibited age-associated weight gain. We went on to test whether a bacteria found in yogurt may serve to lessen fat pathology by using purified Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 in drinking water. Surprisingly, we discovered that oral L. reuteri therapy alone was sufficient to change the pro-inflammatory immune cell profile and prevent abdominal fat pathology and age-associated weight gain in mice regardless of their baseline diet. These beneficial microbe effects were transferable into naïve recipient animals by purified CD4+ T cells alone. Specifically, bacterial effects depended upon active immune tolerance by induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin (Il)-10, without significantly changing the gut microbial ecology or reducing ad libitum caloric intake. Our finding that microbial targeting restored CD4+ T cell balance and yielded significantly leaner animals regardless of their dietary ‘fast food’ indiscretions suggests population-based approaches for weight management and enhancing public health in industrialized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Smillie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Levkovich
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison Perrotta
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Siddheshvar Bhela
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bernard J. Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yassin M. Ibrahim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Lakritz
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Kearney
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonis Chatzigiagkos
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David A. Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (DAH); (SEE)
| | - Eric J. Alm
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (DAH); (SEE)
| | - Susan E. Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (DAH); (SEE)
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26
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Xie Y, Matsumoto H, Nalbantoglu ILK, Kerr TA, Luo J, Rubin DC, Kennedy S, Davidson NO. Intestine-Specific Mttp Deletion Increases the Severity of Experimental Colitis and Leads to Greater Tumor Burden in a Model of Colitis Associated Cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67819. [PMID: 23805328 PMCID: PMC3689718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut derived lipid factors have been implicated in systemic injury and inflammation but the precise pathways involved are unknown. In addition, dietary fat intake and obesity are independent risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer. Here we studied the severity of experimental colitis and the development of colitis associated cancer (CAC) in mice with an inducible block in chylomicron secretion and fat malabsorption, following intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-IKO). Methodology/Principal Findings Mttp-IKO mice exhibited more severe injury with ∼90% mortality following dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis, compared to <20% in controls. Intestinal permeability was increased in Mttp-IKO mice compared to controls, both at baseline and after DSS administration, in association with increased circulating levels of TNFα. DSS treatment increased colonic mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-17A as well as inflammasome expression in both genotypes, but the abundance of TNFα was selectively increased in DSS treated Mttp-IKO mice. There was a 2-fold increase in colonic tumor burden in Mttp-IKO mice following azoxymethane/DSS treatment, which was associated with increased colonic inflammation as well as alterations in cytokine expression. To examine the pathways by which alterations in fatty acid abundance might interact with cytokine signaling to regulate colonic epithelial growth, we used primary murine myofibroblasts to demonstrate that palmitate induced expression of amphiregulin and epiregulin and augmented the increase in both of these growth mediators when added to IL-1βor to TNFα. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that Mttp-IKO mice, despite absorbing virtually no dietary fat, exhibit augmented fatty acid dependent signaling that in turn exacerbates colonic injury and increases tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - ILKe Nalbantoglu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kerr
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jianyang Luo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Faria AMC, Gomes-Santos AC, Gonçalves JL, Moreira TG, Medeiros SR, Dourado LPA, Cara DC. Food components and the immune system: from tonic agents to allergens. Front Immunol 2013; 4:102. [PMID: 23730302 PMCID: PMC3656403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is the major site of contact with antigens, and it houses the largest lymphoid tissue in the body. In physiological conditions, microbiota and dietary antigens are the natural sources of stimulation for the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and for the immune system as a whole. Germ-free models have provided some insights on the immunological role of gut antigens. However, most of the GALT is not located in the large intestine, where gut microbiota is prominent. It is concentrated in the small intestine where protein absorption takes place. In this review, we will address the involvement of food components in the development and the function of the immune system. Studies in mice have already shown that dietary proteins are critical elements for the developmental shift of the immature neonatal immune profile into a fully developed immune system. The immunological effects of other food components (such as vitamins and lipids) will also be addressed. Most of the cells in the GALT are activated and local pro-inflammatory mediators are abundant. Regulatory elements are known to provide a delicate yet robust balance that maintains gut homeostasis. Usually antigenic contact in the gut induces two major immune responses, oral tolerance and production of secretory IgA. However, under pathological conditions mucosal homeostasis is disturbed resulting in inflammatory reactions such as food hypersensitivity. Food allergy development depends on many factors such as genetic predisposition, biochemical features of allergens, and a growing array of environmental elements. Neuroimmune interactions are also implicated in food allergy and they are examples of the high complexity of the phenomenon. Recent findings on the gut circuits triggered by food components will be reviewed to show that, far beyond their role as nutrients, they are critical players in the operation of the immune system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii) São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Obesity is the hallmark of the metabolic syndrome and predisposes patients to the development of major chronic metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity is characterized by increasing infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells into adipose tissue causing chronic, low-grade inflammation. Phenotypic switching of macrophages is an important mechanism of adipose tissue inflammation, and there is involvement of cells from the adaptive immune system in this process. T-cell phenotype changes and recruitment of B cells and T cells precedes macrophage infiltration. Cytokines and chemokines produced by immune cells influence localized and systemic inflammation, which is a pathogenic link between obesity and insulin resistance. Antigens absorbed from the gut might contribute to T-cell activation and recruitment into visceral adipose tissue in obesity. This Review summarizes, in the context of obesity, the evidence for infiltration of adipose tissue by cells of the adaptive immune system, how adaptive system cells affect innate cell populations and the influence of adaptive immune cells on the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Sell
- Paul-Langerhans Group, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dominguez JA, Xie Y, Dunne WM, Yoseph BP, Burd EM, Coopersmith CM, Davidson NO. Intestine-specific Mttp deletion decreases mortality and prevents sepsis-induced intestinal injury in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49159. [PMID: 23145105 PMCID: PMC3493497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small intestine plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and has been referred to as the "motor" of the systemic inflammatory response. One proposed mechanism is that toxic gut-derived lipid factors, transported in mesenteric lymph, induce systemic injury and distant organ failure. However, the pathways involved are yet to be defined and the role of intestinal chylomicron assembly and secretion in transporting these lipid factors is unknown. Here we studied the outcome of sepsis in mice with conditional, intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-IKO), which exhibit a block in chylomicron assembly together with lipid malabsorption. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mttp-IKO mice and controls underwent intratracheal injection with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or sterile saline. Mttp-IKO mice exhibited decreased seven-day mortality, with 0/20 (0%) dying compared to 5/17 (29%) control mice (p<0.05). This survival advantage in Mttp-IKO mice, however, was not associated with improvements in pulmonary bacterial clearance or neutrophil infiltration. Rather, Mttp-IKO mice exhibited protection against sepsis-associated decreases in villus length and intestinal proliferation and were also protected against increased intestinal apoptosis, both central features in control septic mice. Serum IL-6 levels, a major predictor of mortality in human and mouse models of sepsis, were elevated 8-fold in septic control mice but remained unaltered in septic Mttp-IKO mice. Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were reduced in septic control mice but were increased in septic Mttp-IKO mice. The decreased levels of HDL were associated with decreased hepatic expression of apolipoprotein A1 in septic control mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These studies suggest that strategies directed at blocking intestinal chylomicron secretion may attenuate the progression and improve the outcome of sepsis through effects mediated by metabolic and physiological adaptations in both intestinal and hepatic lipid flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Dominguez
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - W. Michael Dunne
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Benyam P. Yoseph
- Emory Center for Critical Care and Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen M. Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- Emory Center for Critical Care and Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hagman DK, Kuzma JN, Larson I, Foster-Schubert KE, Kuan LY, Cignarella A, Geamanu E, Makar KW, Gottlieb JR, Kratz M. Characterizing and quantifying leukocyte populations in human adipose tissue: impact of enzymatic tissue processing. J Immunol Methods 2012; 386:50-9. [PMID: 22974837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is a major mechanistic link between obesity and chronic disease. To isolate and characterize specific leukocyte populations, e.g. by flow cytometry, tissue needs to be processed to digest the extracellular matrix. We have systematically compared the impact of different commonly used collagenase preparations, digestion times, and normalization strategies on the reproducibility of flow cytometric phenotyping of adipose tissue leukocyte populations. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from 11 anonymous donors undergoing elective procedures at a plastic surgery clinic in Seattle, WA. We found that collagenase alone consistently produced better cell yields (p=0.007) than when combined with additional proteases such as the commercially available liberases. Moreover, liberase significantly degraded the cell surface expression of CD4 (p<0.001) on T cells and to a lesser extent CD16 (p=0.058) on neutrophils. Extension of the digestion interval from 30 to 120 min did not significantly impact cell viability (p=0.319) or yield (p=0.247). Normalization by either 'live-gate' or percentage of CD45(pos) leukocytes exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation for tissue digests between 60 and 75 min, compared to normalization per gram of tissue, which consistently exhibited the greatest variability. Our data suggest that digestion of adipose tissue using pure collagenase for 60-75 min provides the best cell yield and viability, with minimal degradation of cell surface markers used to identify immune cell subpopulations, and best reproducibility independent of the normalization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Hagman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109–1024, USA
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Abstract
Obesity and related type 2 diabetes are increasing at epidemic proportions globally. It is now recognized that inflammatory responses mediated within the adipose tissue in obesity are central to the development of disease. Once initiated, chronic inflammation associated with obesity leads to the modulation of immune cell function. This review will focus specifically on the impact of obesity on γδ T cells, a T-cell subset that is found in high concentrations in epithelial tissues such as the skin, intestine, and lung. Epithelial γδ T cell function is of particular concern in obesity as they are the guardians of the epithelial barrier and mediate repair. A breakdown in their function, and subsequently the deterioration of the epithelium can result in dire consequences for the host. Obese patients are more prone to non-healing injuries, infection, and disease. The resulting inflammation from these pathologies further perpetuates the disease condition already present in obese hosts. Here we will provide insight into the immunomodulation of γδ T cells that occurs in the epithelial barrier during obesity and discuss current therapeutic options.
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32
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Teixeira LG, Leonel AJ, Aguilar EC, Batista NV, Alves AC, Coimbra CC, Ferreira AVM, de Faria AMC, Cara DC, Alvarez Leite JI. The combination of high-fat diet-induced obesity and chronic ulcerative colitis reciprocally exacerbates adipose tissue and colon inflammation. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:204. [PMID: 22073943 PMCID: PMC3254137 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the relationship between ulcerative colitis and obesity, which are both chronic diseases characterized by inflammation and increases in immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods Mice with chronic ulcerative colitis induced by 2 cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the first and fourth week of the experiment were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity by 8 weeks. The animals were divided into 4 \ groups (control, colitis, HFD and colitis + HFD). Results Obesity alone did not raise histopathology scores, but the combination of obesity and colitis worsened the scores in the colon compared to colitis group. Despite the reduction in weight gain, there was increased inflammatory infiltrate in both the colon and visceral adipose tissue of colitis + HFD mice due to increased infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Intravital microscopy of VAT microvasculature showed an increase in leukocyte adhesion and rolling and overexpression of adhesion molecules compared to other groups. Moreover, circulating lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in the spleen and cecal lymph nodes were increased in the colitis + HFD group. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the relationship between ulcerative colitis and obesity as aggravating factors for each disease, with increased inflammation in the colon and adipose tissue and systemic alterations observed in the spleen, lymph nodes and bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian G Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Institute of Biological Sciences -Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
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Lolmède K, Duffaut C, Zakaroff-Girard A, Bouloumié A. Immune cells in adipose tissue: key players in metabolic disorders. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2011; 37:283-90. [PMID: 21507694 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as the excess development of adipose tissue, is an important risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Over the past few years, metabolic inflammation has emerged as a major process underlying the link between obesity and its associated pathologies. Adipose tissue appears to play a primary and crucial role as a source and site of inflammation. Accumulation of immune cells within adipose tissue occurs in obese conditions. The present review focuses on the relationship between adipose tissue and immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, in both the physiological state and under obese conditions. The factors involved in the accumulation of both myeloid and lymphoid cells in adipose tissue are also described. In addition, the role of adipose-tissue immune cells on adipocyte metabolism and cells of the adipose tissue stromal-vascular fraction are discussed, with particular emphasis on the cross-talk between macrophages and adipocytes, together with recent reports of T lymphocytes in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lolmède
- Inserm/UPS UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, équipe 1, Université Paul-Sabatier, 1, avenue Jean-Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 04, France.
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Experimental food allergy leads to adipose tissue inflammation, systemic metabolic alterations and weight loss in mice. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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