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Huang S, Qin Z, Wang F, Kang Y, Ren B. A potential mechanism of tumor immune escape: Regulation and application of soluble natural killer group 2 member D ligands (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 52:137. [PMID: 39155864 PMCID: PMC11358674 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is integral to the surveillance and eradication of tumor cells. Interactions between the natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor and its ligands (NKG2DLs) are vital for activating NKG2D receptor‑positive immune cells, such as natural killer cells. This activation enables these cells to identify and destroy tumor cells presenting with NKG2DLs, which is an essential aspect of tumor immunity. However, tumor immune escape is facilitated by soluble NKG2DL (sNKG2DL) shed from the surface of tumor cells. The production of sNKG2DL is predominantly regulated by metalloproteinases [a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) families] and exosomes. sNKG2DL not only diminish immune recognition on the tumor cell surface but also suppress the function of immune cells, such as NK cells, and reduce the expression of the NKG2D receptor. This process promotes immune evasion, progression, and metastasis of tumors. In this review, an in‑depth summary of the mechanisms and factors that influence sNKG2DL production and their contribution to immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment are provided. Furthermore, due to the significant link between sNKG2DLs and tumor progression and metastasis, they have great potential as novel biomarkers. Detectable via liquid biopsies, sNKG2DLs could assess tumor malignancy and prognosis, and act as pivotal targets for immunotherapy. This could lead to the discovery of new drugs or the enhancement of existing treatments. Thus, the application of sNKG2DLs in clinical oncology was explored, offering substantial theoretical support for the development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies for sNKG2DLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Huang
- Hunan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Qin
- Hunan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Feiyang Wang
- Hunan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Kang
- Hunan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Biqiong Ren
- Hunan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
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Das Gupta A, Park J, Sorrells JE, Kim H, Krawczynska N, Pradeep D, Wang Y, Vidana Gamage HE, Nelczyk AT, Boppart SA, Boppart MD, Nelson ER. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Enhances Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles by ROS-Induced Dysregulation of Lysosomes. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae127. [PMID: 39298675 PMCID: PMC11448339 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as crucial mediators of cell-to-cell communication in normal physiology as well as in diseased states; they have been largely studied in regard to their role in cancer progression. However, the mechanisms by which their biogenesis and secretion are regulated by metabolic or endocrine factors remain unknown. Here, we delineate a mechanism by which EV secretion is regulated by a cholesterol metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), where treatment of myeloid immune cells (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1) with 27HC impairs lysosomal homeostasis, leading to shunting of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) away from lysosomal degradation, toward secretion as EVs. This altered lysosomal function is likely caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, cotreatment with a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant rescued the lysosomal impairment and attenuated the 27HC-mediated increase in EV secretion. Overall, our findings establish how a cholesterol metabolite regulates EV secretion and paves the way for the development of strategies to regulate cancer progression by controlling EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janet E Sorrells
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dhanya Pradeep
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hashni Epa Vidana Gamage
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam T Nelczyk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multi-scale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology- Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Björk E, Israelsson P, Nagaev I, Nagaeva O, Lundin E, Ottander U, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Endometriotic Tissue-derived Exosomes Downregulate NKG2D-mediated Cytotoxicity and Promote Apoptosis: Mechanisms for Survival of Ectopic Endometrial Tissue in Endometriosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:567-576. [PMID: 38984872 PMCID: PMC11335327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Endometriosis, affecting 10% of women, is defined as implantation, survival, and growth of endometrium-like/endometriotic tissue outside the uterine cavity, causing inflammation, infertility, pain, and susceptibility to ovarian cancer. Despite extensive studies, its etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood and largely unknown. The prevailing view is that the immune system of endometriosis patients fails to clear ectopically disseminated endometrium from retrograde menstruation. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that exhibit immunomodulatory properties. We studied the role of endometriotic tissue-secreted exosomes in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Two exosome-mediated mechanisms known to impair the immune response were investigated: 1) downregulation of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and 2) FasL- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis of activated immune cells. We showed that secreted endometriotic exosomes isolated from supernatants of short-term explant cultures carry the NKG2D ligands MICA/B and ULBP1-3 and the proapoptotic molecules FasL and TRAIL on their surface, i.e., signature molecules of exosome-mediated immune suppression. Acting as decoys, these exosomes downregulate the NKG2D receptor, impair NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity, and induce apoptosis of activated PBMCs and Jurkat cells through the FasL- and TRAIL pathway. The secreted endometriotic exosomes create an immunosuppressive gradient at the ectopic site, forming a "protective shield" around the endometriotic lesions. This gradient guards the endometriotic lesions against clearance by a cytotoxic attack and creates immunologic privilege by induction of apoptosis in activated immune cells. Taken together, our results provide a plausible, exosome-based mechanistic explanation for the immune dysfunction and the compromised immune surveillance in endometriosis and contribute novel insights into the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Björk
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Örnsköldsvik Hospital, Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Israelsson
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention/Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nagaev
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olga Nagaeva
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Lundin
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ottander
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Johnston J, Jeon H, Choi YY, Kim G, Shi T, Khong C, Chang HC, Myung NV, Wang Y. Stimulative piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced small extracellular vesicle production in 3D cultures. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589114. [PMID: 38659930 PMCID: PMC11042190 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have great promise as effective carriers for drug delivery. However, the challenges associated with the efficient production of sEVs hinder their clinical applications. Herein, we report a stimulative 3D culture platform for enhanced sEV production. The proposed platform consists of a piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffold (PES) coupled with acoustic stimulation to enhance sEV production of cells in a 3D biomimetic microenvironment. Combining cell stimulation with a 3D culture platform in this stimulative PES enables a 15.7-fold increase in the production rate per cell with minimal deviations in particle size and protein composition compared with standard 2D cultures. We find that the enhanced sEV production is attributable to the activation and upregulation of crucial sEV production steps through the synergistic effect of stimulation and the 3D microenvironment. Moreover, changes in cell morphology lead to cytoskeleton redistribution through cell-matrix interactions in the 3D cultures. This in turn facilitates intracellular EV trafficking, which impacts the production rate. Overall, our work provides a promising 3D cell culture platform based on piezoelectric biomaterials for enhanced sEV production. This platform is expected to accelerate the potential use of sEVs for drug delivery and broad biomedical applications.
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Jin H, Liu J, Wang D. Antioxidant Potential of Exosomes in Animal Nutrition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:964. [PMID: 39199210 PMCID: PMC11351667 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the advantages of exosomes as novel antioxidants in animal nutrition and their potential for regulating oxidative stress. Although traditional nutritional approaches promote oxidative stress defense systems in mammalian animals, several issues remain to be solved, such as low bioavailability, targeted tissue efficiency, and high-dose by-effect. As an important candidate offering regulation opportunities concerned with cellular communication, disease prevention, and physiology regulation in multiple biological systems, the potential of exosomes in mediating redox status in biological systems has not been well described. A previously reported relationship between redox system regulation and circulating exosomes suggested exosomes as a fundamental candidate for both a regulator and biomarker for a redox system. Herein, we review the effects of oxidative stress on exosomes in animals and the potential application of exosomes as antioxidants in animal nutrition. Then, we highlight the advantages of exosomes as redox regulators due to their higher bioavailability and physiological heterogeneity-targeted properties, providing a theoretical foundation and feed industry application. Therefore, exosomes have shown great potential as novel antioxidants in the field of animal nutrition. They can overcome the limitations of traditional antioxidants in terms of dosage and side effects, which will provide unprecedented opportunities in nutritional management and disease prevention, and may become a major breakthrough in the field of animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.L.)
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Malik S, Sureka N, Ahuja S, Aden D, Zaheer S, Zaheer S. Tumor-associated macrophages: A sentinel of innate immune system in tumor microenvironment gone haywire. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 39054741 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical determinant in the initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes of various cancers. Comprising of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), immune cells, blood vessels, and signaling molecules, the TME is often likened to the soil supporting the seed (tumor). Among its constituents, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role, exhibiting a dual nature as both promoters and inhibitors of tumor growth. This review explores the intricate relationship between TAMs and the TME, emphasizing their diverse functions, from phagocytosis and tissue repair to modulating immune responses. The plasticity of TAMs is highlighted, showcasing their ability to adopt either protumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes based on environmental cues. In the context of cancer, TAMs' pro-tumorigenic activities include promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting immune responses, and fostering metastasis. The manuscript delves into therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs, emphasizing the challenges faced in depleting or inhibiting TAMs due to their multifaceted roles. The focus shifts towards reprogramming TAMs to an anti-tumorigenic M1-like phenotype, exploring interventions such as interferons, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and small molecule modulators. Noteworthy advancements include the use of CSF1R inhibitors, CD40 agonists, and CD47 blockade, demonstrating promising results in preclinical and clinical settings. A significant section is dedicated to Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) technology in macrophages (CAR-M cells). While CAR-T cells have shown success in hematological malignancies, their efficacy in solid tumors has been limited. CAR-M cells, engineered to infiltrate solid tumors, are presented as a potential breakthrough, with a focus on their development, challenges, and promising outcomes. The manuscript concludes with the exploration of third-generation CAR-M technology, offering insight into in-vivo reprogramming and nonviral vector approaches. In conclusion, understanding the complex and dynamic role of TAMs in cancer is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. While early-stage TAM-targeted therapies show promise, further extensive research and larger clinical trials are warranted to optimize their targeting and improve overall cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaivy Malik
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Niti Sureka
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Durre Aden
- Department of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Samreen Zaheer
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Peppicelli S, Calorini L, Bianchini F, Papucci L, Magnelli L, Andreucci E. Acidity and hypoxia of tumor microenvironment, a positive interplay in extracellular vesicle release by tumor cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00969-z. [PMID: 39023664 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex and continuously evolving features of the tumor microenvironment, varying between tumor histotypes, are characterized by the presence of host cells and tumor cells embedded in a milieu shaped by hypoxia and low pH, resulting from the frequent imbalance between vascularity and tumor cell proliferation. These microenvironmental metabolic stressors play a crucial role in remodeling host cells and tumor cells, contributing to the stimulation of cancer cell heterogeneity, clonal evolution, and multidrug resistance, ultimately leading to progression and metastasis. The extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-enclosed structures released into the extracellular milieu by tumor/host cells, are now recognized as critical drivers in the complex intercellular communication between tumor cells and the local cellular components in a hypoxic/acidic microenvironment. Understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms governing the interactions between tumor and host cells within a hypoxic and acidic microenvironment, triggered by the release of EVs, could pave the way for innovative strategies to disrupt the complex interplay of cancer cells with their microenvironment. This approach may contribute to the development of an efficient and safe therapeutic strategy to combat cancer progression. Therefore, we review the major findings on the release of EVs in a hypoxic/acidic tumor microenvironment to appreciate their role in tumor progression toward metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peppicelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy.
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Laura Papucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Lucia Magnelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Elena Andreucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
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Bobo TA, Robinson M, Tofade C, Sokolski‐Papkov M, Nichols P, Vorobiov S, Fu H. AAV gene replacement therapy for treating MPS IIIC: Facilitating bystander effects via EV-mRNA cargo. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12464. [PMID: 38961538 PMCID: PMC11222166 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
MPS IIIC is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT), for which no treatment is available. Because HGSNAT is a trans-lysosomal-membrane protein, gene therapy for MPS IIIC needs to transduce as many cells as possible for maximal benefits. All cells continuously release extracellular vesicles (EVs) and communicate by exchanging biomolecules via EV trafficking. To address the unmet need, we developed a rAAV-hHGSNATEV vector with an EV-mRNA-packaging signal in the 3'UTR to facilitate bystander effects, and tested it in an in vitro MPS IIIC model. In human MPS IIIC cells, rAAV-hHGSNATEV enhanced HGSNAT mRNA and protein expression, EV-hHGSNAT-mRNA packaging, and cleared GAG storage. Importantly, incubation with EVs led to hHGSNAT protein expression and GAG contents clearance in recipient MPS IIIC cells. Further, rAAV-hHGSNATEV transduction led to the reduction of pathological EVs in MPS IIIC cells to normal levels, suggesting broader therapeutic benefits. These data demonstrate that incorporating the EV-mRNA-packaging signal into a rAAV-hHGSNAT vector enhances EV packaging of hHGSNAT-mRNA, which can be transported to non-transduced cells and translated into functional rHGSNAT protein, facilitating cross-correction of disease pathology. This study supports the therapeutic potential of rAAVEV for MPS IIIC, and broad diseases, without having to transduce every cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra A. Bobo
- Gene Therapy CenterChapel HillUSA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineChapel HillUSA
| | | | | | - Marina Sokolski‐Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUSA
| | | | | | - Haiyan Fu
- Gene Therapy CenterChapel HillUSA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineChapel HillUSA
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Brown SR, Radcliffe ME, Danner JT, Andújar Cruz WJ, Lackey KH, Park HA, Weinman ST, Kim Y. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Modulation of Stem-like Phenotype in Breast Cancer Cells under Fluid Shear Stress. Biomolecules 2024; 14:757. [PMID: 39062471 PMCID: PMC11274421 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are some of the key culprits that cause cancer metastasis and metastasis-related deaths. These cells exist in a dynamic microenvironment where they experience fluid shear stress (FSS), and the CTCs that survive FSS are considered to be highly metastatic and stem cell-like. Biophysical stresses such as FSS are also known to cause the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can facilitate cell-cell communication by carrying biomolecular cargos such as microRNAs. Here, we hypothesized that physiological FSS will impact the yield of EV production, and that these EVs will have biomolecules that transform the recipient cells. The EVs were isolated using direct flow filtration with and without FSS from the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line, and the expression of key stemness-related genes and microRNAs was characterized. There was a significantly increased yield of EVs under FSS. These EVs also contained significantly increased levels of miR-21, which was previously implicated to promote metastatic progression and chemotherapeutic resistance. When these EVs from FSS were introduced to MCF-7 cancer cells, the recipient cells had a significant increase in their stem-like gene expression and CD44+/CD24- cancer stem cell-like subpopulation. There was also a correlated increased proliferation along with an increased ATP production. Together, these findings indicate that the presence of physiological FSS can directly influence the EVs' production and their contents, and that the EV-mediated transfer of miR-21 can have an important role in FSS-existing contexts, such as in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser R. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (S.T.W.)
| | - Margaret E. Radcliffe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (S.T.W.)
| | - Joseph T. Danner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (S.T.W.)
| | - Wilmer J. Andújar Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (S.T.W.)
| | - Kimberly H. Lackey
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Han-A Park
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Steven T. Weinman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (S.T.W.)
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA (S.T.W.)
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Sun M, Chen Z. Unveiling the Complex Role of Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3921-3948. [PMID: 38911990 PMCID: PMC11193473 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s466821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative illness, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. AD is characterized by senile plaques made up of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein linked with microtubules, and neuronal loss. Currently, therapeutic treatments and nanotechnological developments are effective in treating the symptoms of AD, but a cure for the illness has not yet been found. Recently, the increased study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has led to a growing awareness of their significant involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that transport various components including messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNA, and other bioactive compounds from one cell to another, facilitating information transmission and material movement. There is growing evidence indicating that exosomes have complex functions in AD. Exosomes may have a dual role in Alzheimer's disease by contributing to neuronal death and also helping to alleviate the pathological progression of the disease. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to outline the updated understandings on exosomes biogenesis and many functions of exosomes in the generation, conveyance, distribution, and elimination of hazardous proteins related to Alzheimer's disease. This review is intended to provide novel insights for understanding the development, specific treatment, and early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Yun J, Saddawi-Konefka R, Goldenson B, Al-Msari R, Bernareggi D, Thangaraj JL, Tang S, Patel SH, Luna SM, Gutkind JS, Kaufman D. CHMP2A regulates broad immune cell-mediated antitumor activity in an immunocompetent in vivo head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007187. [PMID: 38702144 PMCID: PMC11086353 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are key effector cells of antitumor immunity. However, tumors can acquire resistance programs to escape NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Identifying mechanisms that mediate this resistance enables us to define approaches to improve immune-mediate antitumor activity. In previous studies from our group, a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen identified Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 2A (CHMP2A) as a novel mechanism that mediates tumor intrinsic resistance to NK cell activity. METHODS Here, we use an immunocompetent mouse model to demonstrate that CHMP2A serves as a targetable regulator of not only NK cell-mediated immunity but also other immune cell populations. Using the recently characterized murine 4MOSC model system, a syngeneic, tobacco-signature murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model, we deleted mCHMP2A using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out (KO), following orthotopic transplantation into immunocompetent hosts. RESULTS We found that mCHMP2A KO in 4MOSC1 cells leads to more potent NK-mediated tumor cell killing in vitro in these tumor cells. Moreover, following orthotopic transplantation, KO of mCHMP2A in 4MOSC1 cells, but not the more immune-resistant 4MOSC2 cells enables both T cells and NK cells to better mediate antitumor activity compared with wild type (WT) tumors. However, there was no difference in tumor development between WT and mCHMP2A KO 4MOSC1 or 4MOSC2 tumors when implanted in immunodeficient mice. Mechanistically, we find that mCHMP2A KO 4MOSC1 tumors transplanted into the immunocompetent mice had significantly increased CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells. NK cell, as well as fewer myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies demonstrate that CHMP2A is a targetable inhibitor of cellular antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Yun
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Saddawi-Konefka
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldenson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Riyam Al-Msari
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Davide Bernareggi
- Dept. of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jaya L Thangaraj
- Dept. of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shiqi Tang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sonam H Patel
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Luna
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of California School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dan Kaufman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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12
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Das Gupta A, Park J, Sorrells JE, Kim H, Krawczynska N, Gamage HEV, Nelczyk AT, Boppart SA, Boppart MD, Nelson ER. Cholesterol Metabolite 27-Hydroxycholesterol Enhances the Secretion of Cancer Promoting Extracellular Vesicles by a Mitochondrial ROS-Induced Impairment of Lysosomal Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.591500. [PMID: 38746134 PMCID: PMC11092642 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.591500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as crucial mediators of cell-to-cell communication in normal physiology as well as in diseased states, and have been largely studied in regard to their role in cancer progression. However, the mechanisms by which their biogenesis and secretion are regulated by metabolic or endocrine factors remain unknown. Here, we delineate a mechanism by which EV secretion is regulated by a cholesterol metabolite, 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC), where treatment of myeloid immune cells (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1) with 27HC impairs lysosomal homeostasis, leading to shunting of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) away from lysosomal degradation, towards secretion as EVs. This impairment of lysosomal function is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, cotreatment with a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant rescued the lysosomal impairment and attenuated the 27HC-mediated increase in EV secretion. Overall, our findings establish how a cholesterol metabolite regulates EV secretion and paves the way for the development of strategies to regulate cancer progression by controlling EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Janet E. Sorrells
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Hashni Epa Vidana Gamage
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Adam T. Nelczyk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multi-scale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801 USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Erik R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology-Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
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13
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Cappe B, Vandenabeele P, Riquet FB. A guide to the expanding field of extracellular vesicles and their release in regulated cell death programs. FEBS J 2024; 291:2068-2090. [PMID: 37872002 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis disruption is visible at the molecular and cellular levels and may often lead to cell death. This vital process allows us to maintain the more extensive system's integrity by keeping the different features (genetic, metabolic, physiologic, and individual) intact. Interestingly, while cells can die in different manners, dying cells still communicate with their environment. This communication was, for a long time, perceived as only driven by the release of soluble factors. However, it has now been reconsidered with the increasing interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are discovered to be released during different regulated cell death programs, with the observation of specific effects. EVs are game changers in the paradigm of cell-cell communication with tremendous implications in fundamental research with regard to noncell autonomous functions, as well as in biomarkers research, all of which are geared toward diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review is composed of two main parts. The first is a comprehensive presentation of the state of the art of the EV field at large. In the second part, we focus on EVs discovered to be released during different regulated cell death programs, also known as cell death EVs (cdEVs), and EV-associated specific effects on recipient cells in the context of cell death and inflammation/inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cappe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Franck B Riquet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, France
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14
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Dellar ER, Hill C, Carter DRF, Baena‐Lopez LA. Oxidative stress-induced changes in the transcriptomic profile of extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e150. [PMID: 38938847 PMCID: PMC11080704 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to play dual roles in cellular homeostasis, functioning both to remove unwanted intracellular molecules, and to enable communication between cells as a means of modulating cellular responses in different physiological and pathological scenarios. EVs contain a broad range of cargoes, including multiple biotypes of RNA, which can vary depending on the cell status, and may function as signalling molecules. In this study, we carried out comparative transcriptomic analysis of Drosophila EVs and cells, demonstrating that the RNA profile of EVs is distinct from cells and shows dose-dependent changes in response to oxidative stress. We identified a high abundance of snoRNAs in EVs, alongside an enrichment of intronic and untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs under stress. We also observed an increase in the relative abundance of either aberrant or modified mRNAs under stress. These findings suggest that EVs may function both for the elimination of specific cellular RNAs, and for the incorporation of RNAs that may hold signalling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Dellar
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Claire Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Public HealthQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - David R. F. Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxford Science ParkOxfordUK
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15
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Zhou Z, Shi L, Chen B, Qian H. Regulation of regulated cell death by extracellular vesicles in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:99-111. [PMID: 38182464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The imbalance between proliferation and death of kidney resident cells is a crucial factor in the development of acute or chronic renal dysfunction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often associated with the rapid loss of tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Sustained injury leads to the loss of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) and podocytes, which is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases. This irreversible damage resulting from progressive cell loss eventually leads to deterioration of renal function characterized by glomerular compensatory hypertrophy, tubular degeneration, and renal fibrosis. Regulated cell death (RCD), which involves a cascade of gene expression events with tight structures, plays a certain role in regulating kidney health by determining the fate of kidney resident cells. Under pathological conditions, cells in the nephron have been demonstrated to constitutively release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which act as messengers that specifically interact with recipient cells to regulate their cell death process. For therapeutic intervention, exogenous EVs have exhibited great potential for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease by modulating RCD, with enhanced effects through engineering modification. Based on the functional role of EVs, this review comprehensively explores the regulation of RCD by EVs in AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD), with emphasis on pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linru Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binghai Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Kirian RD, Steinman D, Jewell CM, Zierden HC. Extracellular vesicles as carriers of mRNA: Opportunities and challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Theranostics 2024; 14:2265-2289. [PMID: 38505610 PMCID: PMC10945352 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all cells in the body. These biological nanoparticles facilitate cellular communication through the transport of diverse cargoes, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids. mRNA cargoes have gained particular interest given their role in the translation of functional proteins. As a biomarker platform, EVs can be found in nearly all biofluids-blood, mucus, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva-providing real-time insight into parent cell and tissue function. mRNAs carried by EVs are protected from degradation, resulting in improved detection compared to free mRNA, and recent work demonstrates promising results in using these mRNA cargoes as biomarkers for cancer, neurological diseases, infectious diseases, and gynecologic and obstetric outcomes. Furthermore, given the innate cargo carrying, targeting, and barrier crossing abilities of EVs, these structures have been proposed as therapeutic carriers of mRNA. Recent advances demonstrate methods for loading mRNAs into EVs for a range of disease indications. Here, we review recent studies using EVs and their mRNA cargoes as diagnostics and therapeutics. We discuss challenges associated with EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic applications and highlight opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Kirian
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Darby Steinman
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hannah C. Zierden
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201
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17
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Keysberg C, Hertel O, Hoffrogge R, Reich S, Hornung N, Holzmann K, Otte K. Hyperthermic shift and cell engineering increase small extracellular vesicle production in HEK293F cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:942-958. [PMID: 38037755 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Although small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have promising features as an emerging therapeutic format for a broad spectrum of applications, for example, blood-brain-barrier permeability, low immunogenicity, and targeted delivery, economic manufacturability will be a crucial factor for the therapeutic applicability of sEVs. In the past, bioprocess optimization and cell line engineering improved titers of classical biologics multifold. We therefore performed a design of experiments (DoE) screening to identify beneficial bioprocess conditions for sEV production in HEK293F suspension cells. Short-term hyperthermia at 40°C elevated volumetric productivity 5.4-fold while sEVs displayed improved exosomal characteristics and cells retained >90% viability. Investigating the effects of hyperthermia via transcriptomics and proteomics analyses, an expectable, cellular heat-shock response was found together with an upregulation of many exosome biogenesis and vesicle trafficking related molecules, which could cause the productivity boost in tandem with heat shock proteins (HSPs), like HSP90 and HSC70. Because of these findings, a selection of 44 genes associated with exosome biogenesis, vesicle secretion machinery, or heat-shock response was screened for their influence on sEV production. Overexpression of six genes, CHMP1A, CHMP3, CHMP5, VPS28, CD82, and EZR, significantly increased both sEV secretion and titer, making them suitable targets for cell line engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Keysberg
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology (IAB), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine (IGradU), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Hertel
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Cell Culture Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Raimund Hoffrogge
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Cell Culture Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sibylle Reich
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology (IAB), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nadine Hornung
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology (IAB), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology (IAB), University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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18
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Zheng X, Ai H, Qian K, Li G, Zhang S, Zou Y, Lei C, Fu W, Hu S. Small extracellular vesicles purification and scale-up. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344681. [PMID: 38469310 PMCID: PMC10925713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by cells. With advances in the study of sEVs, they have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, sEV therapy usually requires a certain dose and purity of sEVs to achieve the therapeutic effect, but the existing sEV purification technology exists in the form of low yield, low purity, time-consuming, complex operation and many other problems, which greatly limits the application of sEVs. Therefore, how to obtain high-purity and high-quality sEVs quickly and efficiently, and make them realize large-scale production is a major problem in current sEV research. This paper discusses how to improve the purity and yield of sEVs from the whole production process of sEVs, including the upstream cell line selection and cell culture process, to the downstream isolation and purification, quality testing and the final storage technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongru Ai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitan Zou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Fahe Life Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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19
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Kumar A, Nader MA, Deep G. Emergence of Extracellular Vesicles as "Liquid Biopsy" for Neurological Disorders: Boom or Bust. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:199-227. [PMID: 38351075 PMCID: PMC10877757 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple diseases and disorders. The feasibility of enriching specific subpopulations of EVs from biofluids based on their unique surface markers has opened novel opportunities to gain molecular insight from various tissues and organs, including the brain. Over the past decade, EVs in bodily fluids have been extensively studied for biomarkers associated with various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders, substance use disorders, human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cancer/treatment-induced neurodegeneration. These studies have focused on the isolation and cargo characterization of either total EVs or brain cells, such as neuron-, astrocyte-, microglia-, oligodendrocyte-, pericyte-, and endothelial-derived EVs from biofluids to achieve early diagnosis and molecular characterization and to predict the treatment and intervention outcomes. The findings of these studies have demonstrated that EVs could serve as a repetitive and less invasive source of valuable molecular information for these neurological disorders, supplementing existing costly neuroimaging techniques and relatively invasive measures, like lumbar puncture. However, the initial excitement surrounding blood-based biomarkers for brain-related diseases has been tempered by challenges, such as lack of central nervous system specificity in EV markers, lengthy protocols, and the absence of standardized procedures for biological sample collection, EV isolation, and characterization. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in the EV field, supported by improved isolation methods and sensitive assays for cargo characterization, brain cell-derived EVs continue to offer unparallel opportunities with significant translational implications for various neurological disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extracellular vesicles present a less invasive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neurological disorders. Characterizing these vesicles in biofluids holds the potential to yield valuable molecular information, thereby significantly impacting the development of novel biomarkers for various neurological disorders. This paper has reviewed the methodology employed to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from various brain cells in biofluids, their utility in enhancing the molecular understanding of neurodegeneration, and the potential challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Michael A Nader
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
| | - Gagan Deep
- Departments of Cancer Biology (A.K., G.D.), Physiology and Pharmacology (M.A.N.), Radiology (M.A.N.), and Center for Addiction Research (M.A.N., G.D.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.); and Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (G.D.)
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20
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Zhang N, Shu L, Liu Z, Shi A, Zhao L, Huang S, Sheng G, Yan Z, Song Y, Huang F, Tang Y, Zhang Z. The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1336685. [PMID: 38269274 PMCID: PMC10805838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1336685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that originates from the biliary system. With restricted treatment options at hand, the challenging aspect of early CCA diagnosis leads to a bleak prognosis. Besides the intrinsic characteristics of tumor cells, the generation and progression of CCA are profoundly influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which engages in intricate interactions with cholangiocarcinoma cells. Of notable significance is the role of extracellular vesicles as key carriers in enabling communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research examining the interplay between extracellular vesicles and the tumor microenvironment in the context of CCA. Specifically, we will emphasize the significant contributions of extracellular vesicles in molding the CCA microenvironment and explore their potential applications in the diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and therapeutic strategies for this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhuang Shu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Anda Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoli Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangdi Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongchang Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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21
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Lee J, Lee JH, Lee SY, Park SA, Kim JH, Hwang D, Kim KA, Kim HS. Antioxidant Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Their Biocompatibility and Bioactive Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15901. [PMID: 37958885 PMCID: PMC10649306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A lot of nanomaterials have been applied to various nano-biotechnological fields, such as contrast agents, drug or gene delivery systems, cosmetics, and so on. Despite the expanding usage of nanomaterials, concerns persist regarding their potential toxicity. To address this issue, many scientists have tried to develop biocompatible nanomaterials containing phytochemicals as a promising solution. In this study, we synthesized biocompatible nanomaterials by using gallic acid (GA), which is a phytochemical, and coating it onto the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Importantly, the GA-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (GA-IONPs) were successfully prepared through environmentally friendly methods, avoiding the use of harmful reagents and extreme conditions. The presence of GA on the surface of IONPs improved their stability and bioactive properties. In addition, cell viability assays proved that GA-IONPs possessed excellent biocompatibility in human dermal papilla cells (HDPCs). Additionally, GA-IONPs showed antioxidant activity, which reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in an oxidative stress model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To investigate the impact of GA-IONPs on exosome secretions from oxidative stress-induced cells, we analyzed the number and characteristics of exosomes in the culture media of HDPCs after H2O2 stimulation or GA-IONP treatment. Our analysis revealed that both the number and proportions of tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, and CD63) in exosomes were similar in the control group and the GA-IONP-treated groups. In contrast, exosome secretion was increased, and the proportion of tetraspanin was changed in the H2O2-treated group compared to the control group. It demonstrated that treatment with GA-IONPs effectively attenuated exosome secretion induced by H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, this GA-IONP exhibited outstanding promise for applications in the field of nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Lee
- Research Institute for Biomolecular Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Heon Lee
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute (National Key Technology Institute in University), Korea National University of Transportation, Jungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeul Lee
- Genomictree, Inc., 44-6 10-ro Techno, Daejeon 34027, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin A Park
- Genomictree, Inc., 44-6 10-ro Techno, Daejeon 34027, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Kim
- Genomictree, Inc., 44-6 10-ro Techno, Daejeon 34027, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul 30722, Republic of Korea (H.S.K.)
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul 30722, Republic of Korea (H.S.K.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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22
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Jia H, Yang H, Xiong H, Luo KQ. NK cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1303605. [PMID: 38022646 PMCID: PMC10653587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill mutant cells through death receptors and cytotoxic granules, playing an essential role in controlling cancer progression. However, in the tumor microenvironment (TME), NK cells frequently exhibit an exhausted status, which impairs their immunosurveillance function and contributes to tumor immune evasion. Emerging studies are ongoing to reveal the properties and mechanisms of NK cell exhaustion in the TME. In this review, we will briefly introduce the maturation, localization, homeostasis, and cytotoxicity of NK cells. We will then summarize the current understanding of the main mechanisms underlying NK cell exhaustion in the TME in four aspects: dysregulation of inhibitory and activating signaling, tumor cell-derived factors, immunosuppressive cells, and metabolism and exhaustion. We will also discuss the therapeutic approaches currently being developed to reverse NK cell exhaustion and enhance NK cell cytotoxicity in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Huaxing Xiong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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23
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Lisi V, Senesi G, Balbi C. Converging protective pathways: Exploring the linkage between physical exercise, extracellular vesicles and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:718-727. [PMID: 37739138 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Physical Exercise (EXR) has been shown to have numerous beneficial effects on various systems in the human body. It leads to a decrease in the risk of mortality from chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic and central nervous system disorders. EXR results in improving cardiovascular fitness, cognitive function, immune activity, endocrine action, and musculoskeletal health. These positive effects make EXR a valuable intervention for promoting overall health and well-being in individuals of all ages. These beneficial effects are partially mediated by the role of the regular EXR in the adaptation to redox homeostasis counteracting the sudden increase of ROS, the hallmark of many chronic diseases. EXR can trigger the release of numerous humoral factors, e.g. protein, microRNA (miRs), and DNA, that can be shuttled as cargo of Extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs show different cargo modification after oxidative stress stimuli as well as after EXR. In this review, we aim to highlight the main studies on the role of EVs released during EXR and oxidative stress conditions in enhancing the antioxidant enzymes pathway and in the decrease of oxidative stress environment mediated by their cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lisi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Senesi
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Balbi
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Lee DY, Amirthalingam S, Lee C, Rajendran AK, Ahn YH, Hwang NS. Strategies for targeted gene delivery using lipid nanoparticles and cell-derived nanovesicles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3834-3856. [PMID: 37496613 PMCID: PMC10368001 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of many diseases. However, the effective delivery of the cargo without degradation in vivo is one of the major hurdles. With the advent of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs), gene delivery holds a very promising future. The targeting of these nanosystems is a prerequisite for effective transfection with minimal side-effects. In this review, we highlight the emerging strategies utilized for the effective targeting of LNPs and CDNs, and we summarize the preparation methodologies for LNPs and CDNs. We have also highlighted the non-ligand targeting of LNPs toward certain organs based on their composition. It is highly expected that continuing the developments in the targeting approaches of LNPs and CDNs for the delivery system will further promote them in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sivashanmugam Amirthalingam
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Changyub Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Arun Kumar Rajendran
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bio-Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bio-Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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25
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Tsunedomi R, Shindo Y, Nakajima M, Yoshimura K, Nagano H. The tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and its potential in the identification of immunotherapy biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:1121-1134. [PMID: 37947389 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2281482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer (PC) has an extremely poor prognosis, even with surgical resection and triplet chemotherapy treatment. Cancer immunotherapy has been recently approved for tumor-agnostic treatment with genome analysis, including in PC. However, it has limited efficacy. AREAS COVERED In addition to the low tumor mutation burden, one of the difficulties of immunotherapy in PC is the presence of abundant stromal cells in its microenvironment. Among stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a major role in immunotherapy resistance, and CAF-targeted therapies are currently under development, including those in combination with immunotherapies. Meanwhile, microbiomes and tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) have been shown to alter the behavior of distant receptor cells in PC. This review discusses the role of CAFs, microbiomes, and TDEs in PC tumor immunity. EXPERT OPINION Elucidating the mechanisms by which CAFs, microbiomes, and TDEs are involved in the tumorigenesis of PC will be helpful for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies and identifying companion biomarkers for immunotherapy. Spatial single-cell analysis of the tumor microenvironment will be useful for identifying biomarkers of PC immunity. Furthermore, given the complexity of immune mechanisms, artificial intelligence models will be beneficial for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Immuno-Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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26
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Pincela Lins PM, Pirlet E, Szymonik M, Bronckaers A, Nelissen I. Manufacture of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:965-981. [PMID: 36750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for various diseases ranging from ischemic stroke to wound healing and cancer. Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by secretome-derived paracrine factors, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) proven to play a key role. This has led to promising research on the potential of MSC-EVs as regenerative, off-the-shelf therapeutic agents. However, the translation of MSC-EVs into the clinic is hampered by the poor scalability of their production. Recently, new advanced methods have been developed to upscale MSC cultivation and EV production yields, ranging from new cell culture devices to priming procedures. This review gives an overview of these innovative strategies for manufacturing MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Pincela Lins
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Elke Pirlet
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Szymonik
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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27
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Crewe C. Energetic Stress-Induced Metabolic Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:5051-5068. [PMID: 37358503 PMCID: PMC10414774 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve powerful and complex functions in metabolic regulation and metabolic-associated disease, although this field of research is still in its infancy. EVs are released into the extracellular space from all cells and carry a wide range of cargo including miRNAs, mRNA, DNA, proteins, and metabolites that have robust signaling effects in receiving cells. EV production is stimulated by all major stress pathways and, as such, has a role in both restoring homeostasis during stress and perpetuating disease. In metabolic regulation, the dominant stress signal is a lack of energy due to either nutrient deficits or damaged mitochondria from nutrient excess. This stress signal is termed "energetic stress," which triggers a robust and evolutionarily conserved response that engages major cellular stress pathways, the ER unfolded protein response, the hypoxia response, the antioxidant response, and autophagy. This article proposes the model that energetic stress is the dominant stimulator of EV release with a focus on metabolically important cells such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, and pancreatic β-cells. Furthermore, this article will discuss how the cargo in stress-stimulated EVs regulates metabolism in receiving cells in both beneficial and detrimental ways. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5051-5068, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Crewe
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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28
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Ralhan I, Chang J, Moulton MJ, Goodman LD, Lee NY, Plummer G, Pasolli HA, Matthies D, Bellen HJ, Ioannou MS. Autolysosomal exocytosis of lipids protect neurons from ferroptosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207130. [PMID: 37036445 PMCID: PMC10098143 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During oxidative stress neurons release lipids that are internalized by glia. Defects in this coordinated process play an important role in several neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the mechanisms of lipid release and its consequences on neuronal health are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that lipid-protein particle release by autolysosome exocytosis protects neurons from ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. We show that during oxidative stress, peroxidated lipids and iron are released from neurons by autolysosomal exocytosis which requires the exocytic machinery VAMP7 and syntaxin 4. We observe membrane-bound lipid-protein particles by TEM and demonstrate that these particles are released from neurons using cryoEM. Failure to release these lipid-protein particles causes lipid hydroperoxide and iron accumulation and sensitizes neurons to ferroptosis. Our results reveal how neurons protect themselves from peroxidated lipids. Given the number of brain pathologies that involve ferroptosis, defects in this pathway likely play a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jinlan Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey D. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathanael Y.J. Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Greg Plummer
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry Cell Imaging Core, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria S. Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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29
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Paccosi E, Proietti-De-Santis L. Parkinson's Disease: From Genetics and Epigenetics to Treatment, a miRNA-Based Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119547. [PMID: 37298496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by an initial and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta via a potentially substantial contribution from protein aggregates, the Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-Synuclein among other factors. Distinguishing symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, unstable posture and gait, hypokinetic movement disorder and resting tremor. Currently, there is no cure for PD, and palliative treatments, such as Levodopa administration, are directed to relieve the motor symptoms but induce severe side effects over time. Therefore, there is an urgency for discovering new drugs in order to design more effective therapeutic approaches. The evidence of epigenetic alterations, such as the dysregulation of different miRNAs that may stimulate many aspects of PD pathogenesis, opened a new scenario in the research for a successful treatment. Along this line, a promising strategy for PD treatment comes from the potential exploitation of modified exosomes, which can be loaded with bioactive molecules, such as therapeutic compounds and RNAs, and can allow their delivery to the appropriate location in the brain, overcoming the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, the transfer of miRNAs within Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes has yet to demonstrate successful results both in vitro and in vivo. This review, besides providing a systematic overview of both the genetic and epigenetic basis of the disease, aims to explore the exosomes/miRNAs network and its clinical potential for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paccosi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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30
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Das K, Mukherjee T, Shankar P. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Hematological Malignancies: Interaction with Tumor Microenvironment; a Potential Biomarker and Targeted Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:897. [PMID: 37371477 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the development and progression of hematological malignancies. In recent years, studies have focused on understanding how tumor cells communicate within the TME. In addition to several factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, etc., a growing body of evidence has indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the communication of tumor cells within the TME, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. The present review focuses on how EVs derived from tumor cells interact with the cells in the TME, such as immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and ECM components, and vice versa, in the context of various hematological malignancies. EVs recovered from the body fluids of cancer patients often carry the bioactive molecules of the originating cells and hence can be considered new predictive biomarkers for specific types of cancer, thereby also acting as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss how EVs influence hematological tumor progression via tumor-host crosstalk and their use as biomarkers for hematological malignancies, thereby benefiting the development of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Prem Shankar
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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31
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Hill C, Dellar ER, Baena‐Lopez LA. Caspases help to spread the message via extracellular vesicles. FEBS J 2023; 290:1954-1972. [PMID: 35246932 PMCID: PMC10952732 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is an essential aspect of multicellular life, key for coordinating cell proliferation, growth, and death in response to environmental changes. Whilst caspases are well-known for facilitating apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death, several recent investigations are uncovering new roles for these enzymes in biological scenarios requiring long-range intercellular signalling mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are small membrane-bound nanoparticles released from cells that may carry and deliver cargo between distant cells, thus helping to coordinate their behaviour. Intriguingly, there is emerging evidence indicating a key contribution of caspases in the biogenesis of EVs, the selection of their cargo content, and EV uptake/function in recipient cells. Here, we discuss the latest findings supporting the interplay between caspases and EVs, and the biological relevance of this molecular convergence for cellular signalling, principally in non-apoptotic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Elizabeth R. Dellar
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordUK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordUK
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32
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Pattabiraman PP, Feinstein V, Beit-Yannai E. Profiling the miRNA from Exosomes of Non-Pigmented Ciliary Epithelium-Derived Identifies Key Gene Targets Relevant to Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020405. [PMID: 36829964 PMCID: PMC9952153 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) on tissues is a major pathological insult leading to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Aqueous humor (AH) produced by the non-pigmentary ciliary epithelium (NPCE) drains out via the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway in the anterior chamber. The exosomes are major constituents of AH, and exosomes can modulate the signaling events, as well as the responses of their target TM tissue. Despite the presence of molecular mechanisms to negate OS, oxidative damage directly, as well as indirectly, influences TM health, AH drainage, and IOP. We proposed that the expression of microRNA (miRNAs) carried by exosomes in the AH can be affected by OS, and this can modulate the pathways in target cells. To assess this, we subjected NPCE to acute and chronic OS (A-OS and C-OS), enriched miRNAs, performed miRNA microarray chip analyses, and miRNA-based gene targeting pathway prediction analysis. We found that various miRNA families, including miR27, miR199, miR23, miR130b, and miR200, changed significantly. Based on pathway prediction analysis, we found that these miRNAs can regulate the genes including Nrf2, Keap1, GSK3B, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase2A (PP2A). We propose that OS on the NPCE exosomal miRNA cargo can modulate the functionality of the TM tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Paranji Pattabiraman
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA
- Correspondence: (P.P.P.); (E.B.-Y.)
| | - Valeria Feinstein
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Elie Beit-Yannai
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: (P.P.P.); (E.B.-Y.)
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Makita K, Otsuka N, Tomaru U, Taniguchi K, Kasahara M. NKG2D Ligand Expression Induced by Oxidative Stress Mitigates Cutaneous Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:61-72. [PMID: 36762536 PMCID: PMC10088101 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221147582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure ulcers represent a crucial clinical problem, especially in hospitalized patients. Ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) is an important cause of these lesions. Natural killer (NK), invariant NK T (iNKT), and dendritic epidermal T-cells, which express the natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor, have been reported to have physiological roles in skin tissue repair and wound healing. However, a role for NKG2D-NKG2D ligand interactions in I-R-induced skin injury has not been determined. Using a murine pressure ulcer model, we demonstrated that I-R-induced ulcers in NKG2D-deficient mice were larger than those in wild-type or T-cell receptor δ knockout mice. Histopathological evaluation revealed that accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils at the peripheral deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the ulcers was enhanced in NKG2D-deficient mice. Rae-1 mRNA, which encodes an NKG2D ligand, was induced, and RAE-1 protein was detected immunohistochemically in fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in the dermis after reperfusion. RAE-1 expression was also increased in primary mouse fibroblasts treated with sodium arsenite. These results suggested that NKG2D ligand expression was induced by oxidative stress after I-R injury and support a putative role for this ligand in wound repair. Furthermore, the influx of NKG2D-positive cells at I-R sites may mitigate pressure ulcers via NKG2D-NKG2D ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Makita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and
Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital,
Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Otsuka
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and
Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University
Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and
Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University
Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and
Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and
Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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34
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Hao R, Hu S, Zhang H, Chen X, Yu Z, Ren J, Guo H, Yang H. Mechanical stimulation on a microfluidic device to highly enhance small extracellular vesicle secretion of mesenchymal stem cells. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100527. [PMID: 36619203 PMCID: PMC9816961 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are recognized as promising detection biomarkers and attractive delivery vehicles, showing great potential in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, the applications of sEVs are usually restricted by their poor secretion amount from donor cells under routine cell culture conditions, which is especially true for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their limited expansion and early senescence. Here, a microfluidic device is proposed for boosting sEV secretion from MSCs derived from human fetal bone marrow (BM-MSCs). As the cells rapidly pass through a microfluidic channel with a series of narrow squeezing ridges, mechanical stimulation permeabilizes the cell membrane, thus promoting them to secrete more sEVs into extracellular space. In this study, the microfluidic device demonstrates that mechanical-squeezing effect could increase the secretion amount of sEVs from the BM-MSCs by approximately 4-fold, while maintaining cellular growth state of the stem cells. Further, the secreted sEVs are efficiently taken up by immortalized human corneal epithelial cells and accelerate corneal epithelial wound healing in vitro, indicating that this technique wound not affect the functionality of sEVs and demonstrating the application potentials of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huitao Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zitong Yu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingyi Ren
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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35
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Akbar S, Raza A, Mohsin R, Kanbour A, Qadri S, Parray A, Zar Gul AR, Philip A, Vijayakumar S, Merhi M, Hydrose S, Inchakalody VP, Al-Abdulla R, Abualainin W, Sirriya SA, Al-Bozom I, Uddin S, Khan OM, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Al Homsi U, Dermime S. Circulating exosomal immuno-oncological checkpoints and cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor tumor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1097117. [PMID: 36741391 PMCID: PMC9890181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1097117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies, have significantly changed the treatment outcomes of NSCLC patients with better overall survival. However, 15-40% of the patients still fail to respond to ICIs therapy. Identification of biomarkers associated with responses are mandated in order to increase the efficacy of such therapy. In this study we evaluated 27 serum-derived exosomal immuno-oncological proteins and 44 cytokines/chemokines before and after ICIs therapy in 17 NSCLC patients to identify surrogate biomarkers for treatment/monitoring patient stratification for maximum therapeutic benefit. We first confirmed the identity of the isolated exosomes to have their specific markers (CD63, CD81, HSP70 and CD91). We have demonstrated that baseline concentration of exosomal-PD-L1 (p<0.0001), exosomal-PD-L2 (p=0.0413) and exosomal-PD-1 (p=0.0131) from NSCLC patients were significantly higher than their soluble-free forms. Furthermore, the exosomal-PD-L1 was present in all the patients (100%), while only 71% of patients expressed tissue PD-L1. This indicates that exosomal-PD-L1 is a more reliable diagnostic biomarker. Interestingly, exosomal-PD-L2 expression was significantly higher (p=0.0193) in tissue PD-L1-negative patients compared to tissue PD-L1-positive patients. We have also shown that immuno-oncological proteins isolated from pre-ICIs treated patients were significantly higher in exosomes compared to their soluble-free counterparts (CD152, p=0.0008; CD80, p=0.0182; IDO, p=0.0443; Arginase, p<0.0001; Nectin-2, p<0.0001; NT5E, p<0.0001; Siglec-7, p<0.0001; Siglec-9, p=0.0335; CD28, p=0.0092; GITR, p<0.0001; MICA, p<0.0001). Finally, the changes in the expression levels of exosomal immuno-oncological proteins/cytokines and their correlation with tumor response to ICIs treatment were assessed. There was a significant downregulation of exosomal PD-L1 (p=0.0156), E-Cadherin (p=0.0312), ULBP1 (p=0.0156), ULBP3 (p=0.0391), MICA (p=0.0391), MICB (p=0.0469), Siglec7 (p=0.0078) and significant upregulation of exosomal PD-1 (p=0.0156) and IFN- γ (p=0.0156) in responding patients. Non-responding patients showed a significant increase in exosomal-PD-L1 (p=0.0078). Furthermore, responding-patients without liver-metastasis showed significant-upregulation of PD-1 (p=0.0070), and downregulation of ULBP1 (p=0.0137) and Siglec-7 (p=0.0037). Non-responding patients had significant-downregulation of ULBP3 (p=0.0317) in patient without brain-metastasis and significant-upregulation/downregulation of PD-L1 and ULBP3 (p=0.0262/0.0286) in patients with pulmonary-metastasis. We demonstrated for the first time that exosomal immuno-oncological proteins/cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor response to ICIs therapy and can predict the clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayista Akbar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Reyad Mohsin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aladdin Kanbour
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahnaz Qadri
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, United States
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rehman Zar Gul
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anite Philip
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suma Vijayakumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shereena Hydrose
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Rajaa Al-Abdulla
- Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wafa Abualainin
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Solid Tumor Section, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaza Abu Sirriya
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Issam Al-Bozom
- Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Muhammad Khan
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ussama Al Homsi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar,*Correspondence: Said Dermime,
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36
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Gong X, Chi H, Strohmer DF, Teichmann AT, Xia Z, Wang Q. Exosomes: A potential tool for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089410. [PMID: 36741380 PMCID: PMC9889675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, with a very poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common treatments for ovarian cancer, with unsatisfactory results. Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, which have a diameter of approximately 30-100 nm and are secreted by many different types of cells in various body fluids. Exosomes are highly stable and are effective carriers of immunotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in various cellular responses in the tumor microenvironment, influencing the development and therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer, and exhibiting dual roles in inhibiting and promoting tumor development. Exosomes also contain a variety of genes related to ovarian cancer immunotherapy that could be potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Undoubtedly, exosomes have great therapeutic potential in the field of ovarian cancer immunotherapy. However, translation of this idea to the clinic has not occurred. Therefore, it is important to understand how exosomes could be used in ovarian cancer immunotherapy to regulate tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the biomarkers of exosomes in different body fluids related to immunotherapy in ovarian cancer and the potential mechanisms by which exosomes influence immunotherapeutic response. We also discuss the prospects for clinical application of exosome-based immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dorothee Franziska Strohmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tobias Teichmann
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
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37
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Li B, Li W, Liu T, Zha L. Extracellular vesicles regulate the transmission of insulin resistance and redefine noncommunicable diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1024786. [PMID: 36699697 PMCID: PMC9868246 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1024786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes and related neurological disorders, are considered to not be directly transmissible from one person to another. However, NCDs may be transmissible in vivo through extracellular vesicles (EVs). A long-term high-fat diet (HFD) can induce a series of health issues like hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) due to insulin resistance. Multiple molecular signaling changes can stimulate insulin resistance, especially blocking insulin signaling by increased insulin resistance inducer (phosphorylation of negative regulatory sites of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins) and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (phosphorylation of positive regulatory sites of IRS), thus leading to reduced phosphorylation of AKT enzymes. Current efforts to treat T2DM and prevent its complications mainly focus on improving insulin sensitivity, enhancing insulin secretion, or supplementing exogenous insulin based on a common assumption that insulin resistance is noncommunicable. However, insulin resistance is transmissible within multiple tissues or organs throughout the body. Exploring the regulatory roles of EVs in developing insulin resistance may provide novel and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory of Cosmetic Safety Evaluation, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan Li
- School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Tiancai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longying Zha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory of Cosmetic Safety Evaluation, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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38
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Basak M, Chaudhary DK, Takahashi RU, Yamamoto Y, Tiwari S, Tahara H, Mittal A. Immunocyte Derived Exosomes: Insight into the Potential Chemo-immunotherapeutic Nanocarrier Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:20-39. [PMID: 36524837 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
"Cancer" is a dreadful immune-pathological condition that is characterized by anti-inflammatory and tumorigenic responses, elicited by the infiltrating immune cells in the vicinity of an uncontrollably proliferative tumor in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME offers a conducive microenvironment that supports cancer cell survival by modulating the host immune defense. Recent advancement in exosomal research has shown exosomes, originating from immune cells as well as the cancer cells, have immense potential for suppressing cancer progression and survival in the TME. Additionally, exosomes, irrespective of their diverse sources, have been reported to be efficient nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics with the ability for targeted delivery due to their biogenic nature, ease of cellular uptake, and scope for functionalization with biomolecules like peptides, aptamers, targeting ligands, etc. Immune cell-derived exosomes per se have been found efficacious against cancer owing to their immune-stimulant properties (in either naive or antigen primed form) even without loading any of cancer therapeutics or targeting ligand conjugation. Nevertheless, exosomes are being primarily explored as nanovesicular carriers for therapeutic molecules with different loading and targeting strategies, and the synergism between immunotherapeutic behavior of exosomes and the anticancer effect of the therapeutic molecules is yet to be explored. Hence, this review focuses specifically on the possible strategies to modulate the immunological nature of the source immune cells to obtain immune stimulant exosomes and bring these into the spotlight as chemo-immunotherapeutic nanovesicles, that can easily target and modulate the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Basak
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Chaudhary
- Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Division, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Ryou-U Takahashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Division, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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39
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Israelsson P, Björk E, Nagaev I, Nagaeva O, Lundin E, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Ottander U. NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity improves after primary surgery for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13647. [PMID: 36335434 PMCID: PMC10077899 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Tumors compromise the patients' immune system to promote their own survival. We have previously reported that HGSC exosomes play a central role, downregulating NKG2D cytotoxicity. Primary surgery's effect on tumor exosomes and NKG2D cytotoxicity in HGSC patients has not been studied before. The overall objective of this study was to explore the effect of surgery on the exosome-induced impairment of NKG2D cytotoxicity in HGSC. METHOD OF STUDY Paired pre- and post-operative blood samples were subjected to cell and exosome analyses regarding the NKG2D receptor and ligands, and NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity. Lymphocytes were phenotyped by immunoflow cytometry. Exosomes, isolated by ultracentrifugation, and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission and immune electron microscopy and western blot were used in functional cytotoxic experiments. HGSC explant culture-derived exosomes, previously studied by us, were used for comparison. RESULTS HGSC exosomes from patients' sera downregulated NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity in NK cells of healthy donors. In a subgroup of subjects, NKG2D expression on CTLs and NK cells was upregulated after surgery, correlating to a decrease in the concentration of exosomes in postoperative sera. An overall significantly improved NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic response of the HGSC patients' own NK cells in postoperative compared to preoperative samples was noted. CONCLUSIONS Surgical removal of the primary tumor has a beneficial effect, relieving the exosome-mediated suppression of NKG2D cytotoxicity in HGSC patients, thus boostering their ability to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Israelsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Björk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nagaev
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olga Nagaeva
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Lundin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ottander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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40
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Pando A, Schorl C, Fast LD, Reagan JL. Tumor Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gene Expression in T cells. Gene 2023; 850:146920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Liu S, Ortiz A, Stavrou A, Talusan AR, Costa M. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Nickel-Induced Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416111. [PMID: 36555753 PMCID: PMC9785150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which represent a crucial mode of intercellular communication, play important roles in cancer progression by transferring oncogenic materials. Nickel (Ni) has been identified as a human group I carcinogen; however, the underlying mechanisms governing Ni-induced carcinogenesis are still being elucidated. Here, we present data demonstrating that Ni exposure generates EVs that contribute to Ni-mediated carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK293) cells were chronically exposed to Ni to generate Ni-treated cells (Ni-6W), Ni-transformed BEAS-2B cells (Ni-3) and Ni-transformed HEK293 cells (HNi-4). The signatures of EVs isolated from Ni-6W, Ni-3, HNi-4, BEAS-2B, and HEK293 were analyzed. Compared to their respective untreated cells, Ni-6W, Ni-3, and HNi-4 released more EVs. This change in EV release coincided with increased transcription of the EV biogenesis markers CD82, CD63, and flotillin-1 (FLOT). Additionally, EVs from Ni-transformed cells had enriched protein and RNA, a phenotype also observed in other studies characterizing EVs from cancer cells. Interestingly, both epithelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells showed a preference for taking up Ni-altered EVs compared to EVs released from the untreated cells. Moreover, these Ni-altered EVs induced inflammatory responses in both epithelial and endothelial cells and increased the expression of coagulation markers in endothelial cells. Prolonged treatment of Ni-alerted EVs for two weeks induced the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in BEAS-2B cells. This study is the first to characterize the effect of Ni on EVs and suggests the potential role of EVs in Ni-induced cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Max Costa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-646-754-9443
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42
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Graphene Oxide Enhances Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5697-5731. [PMID: 36466784 PMCID: PMC9717435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, which are nanovesicles secreted by almost all the cells, mediate intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and characterized by various analytical techniques. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Graphene oxide (10-50 μg/mL), cisplatin (2-10 μg/mL), and C6-ceramide (5-25 μM) inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that graphene oxide (GO), cisplatin (CIS), and C6-Ceramide (C6-Cer) stimulated acetylcholine esterase and neutral sphingomyelinase activity, total exosome protein concentration, and exosome counts associated with increased level of apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, GW4869 treatment inhibits biogenesis and release of exosomes. We observed that the human ovarian cancer cells secreted exosomes with typical cup-shaped morphology and surface protein biomarkers. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in GO-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from GO-treated SKOV3 cells than in those isolated from control cells. SKOV3 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 displayed a significant reduction in GO-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Furthermore, endocytic inhibitors decrease exosome biogenesis and release by impairing endocytic pathways. CONCLUSION This study identifies GO as a potential tool for targeting the exosome pathway and stimulating exosome biogenesis and release. We believe that the knowledge acquired in this study can be potentially extended to other exosome-dominated pathologies and model systems. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can provide a promising means to enhance exosome production in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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Jin Y, Ma L, Zhang W, Yang W, Feng Q, Wang H. Extracellular signals regulate the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. Biol Res 2022; 55:35. [PMID: 36435789 PMCID: PMC9701380 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released membrane vesicles that act as carriers of proteins and RNAs for intercellular communication. With various biomolecules and specific ligands, EV has represented a novel form of information transfer, which possesses extremely outstanding efficiency and specificity compared to the classical signal transduction. In addition, EV has extended the concept of signal transduction to intercellular aspect by working as the collection of extracellular information. Therefore, the functions of EVs have been extensively characterized and EVs exhibit an exciting prospect for clinical applications. However, the biogenesis of EVs and, in particular, the regulation of this process by extracellular signals, which are essential to conduct further studies and support optimal utility, remain unclear. Here, we review the current understanding of the biogenesis of EVs, focus on the regulation of this process by extracellular signals and discuss their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Ma
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 20815, China
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China. .,National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 20815, China.
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Wang S, Sun J, Dastgheyb RM, Li Z. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles modulate innate immune responses to affect tumor progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1045624. [PMID: 36405712 PMCID: PMC9667034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are capable of influencing tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Meanwhile, one mechanism by which tumor modulate immune cells function is through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are cell-derived extracellular membrane vesicles. EVs can act as mediators of intercellular communication and can deliver nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other signaling molecules between cells. In recent years, studies have found that EVs play a crucial role in the communication between tumor cells and immune cells. Innate immunity is the first-line response of the immune system against tumor progression. Therefore, tumor cell-derived EVs (TDEVs) which modulate the functional change of innate immune cells serve important functions in the context of tumor progression. Emerging evidence has shown that TDEVs dually enhance or suppress innate immunity through various pathways. This review aims to summarize the influence of TDEVs on macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. We also summarize their further effects on the progression of tumors, which may provide new ideas for developing novel tumor therapies targeting EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raha M. Dastgheyb
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Jurgec S, Jezernik G, Gorenjak M, Büdefeld T, Potočnik U. Meta-Analytic Comparison of Global RNA Transcriptomes of Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells Reveals Novel Gene Candidates Governing Myeloid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194681. [PMID: 36230605 PMCID: PMC9562668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite advances in the understanding of genetic risk factors and molecular mechanisms underlying acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), clinical outcomes of current therapies in terms of disease relapse and mortality rate pose a great economic and social burden. To overcome this, the identification of new molecular prognostic biomarkers and pharmacological targets is crucial. Recent studies have suggested that AML and CML may share common pathogenic mechanisms and cellular substrates. To this end, in the present study, global transcriptome profiles of AML and CML at the molecular and cellular level were directly compared using a combination of meta-analysis and modern statistics, and novel candidate genes and specific biological processes associated with the pathogenesis of AML and CML were characterized. Our study significantly improves our current understanding of myeloid leukemia and will help develop new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for disease progression, management and treatment response. Abstract Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) represent a group of hematological malignancies characterized by the pathogenic clonal expansion of leukemic myeloid cells. The diagnosis and clinical outcome of AML and CML are complicated by genetic heterogeneity of disease; therefore, the identification of novel molecular biomarkers and pharmacological targets is of paramount importance. Methods: RNA-seq-based transcriptome data from a total of five studies were extracted from NCBI GEO repository and subjected to an in-depth bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AML and CML. A systemic literature survey and functional gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed for the top 100 DEGs to identify novel candidate genes and biological processes associated with AML and CML. Results: LINC01554, PTMAP12, LOC644936, RPS27AP20 and FAM133CP were identified as novel risk genes for AML and CML. GO enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly associated with pre-RNA splicing, reactive oxygen species and glycoprotein metabolism, the cellular endomembrane system, neutrophil migration and antimicrobial immune response. Conclusions: Our study revealed novel biomarkers and specific biological processes associated with AML and CML. Further studies are required to evaluate their value as molecular targets for managing and treating the myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staša Jurgec
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jezernik
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mario Gorenjak
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Büdefeld
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department for Science and Research, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-2345-854
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Sun G, Gu Q, Zheng J, Cheng H, Cheng T. Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:160840. [PMID: 36106632 PMCID: PMC9479752 DOI: 10.1172/jci160840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells, regulated by their microenvironment (or “niche”), sustain the production of mature blood and immune cells. Leukemia cells remodel the microenvironment to enhance their survival, which is accompanied by the loss of support for normal hematopoiesis in hematologic malignancies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication in physiological and pathological conditions, and deciphering their functions in cell-cell interactions in the ecosystem can highlight potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, we illustrate the utility of EVs derived from various cell types, focusing on the biological molecules they contain and the behavioral alterations they can induce in recipient cells. We also discuss the potential for clinical application in hematologic malignancies, including EV-based therapeutic regimens, drug delivery via EVs, and the use of EVs (or their cargoes) as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Junke Zheng
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Syromiatnikova V, Prokopeva A, Gomzikova M. Methods of the Large-Scale Production of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810522. [PMID: 36142433 PMCID: PMC9506336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively investigated as potential substitutes for cell therapy. Research has suggested their ability to overcome serious risks associated with the application of these cells. Although, the translation of EVs into clinical practice is hampered by the lack of a cheap reasonable way to obtain a clinically relevant number of EVs, an available method for the large-scale production of EVs ensures vesicles’ integrity, preserves their biological activity, and ensures they are well reproducible, providing homogeneity of the product from batch to batch. In this review, advances in the development of methods to increase EVs production are discussed. The existing approaches can be divided into the following: (1) those based on increasing the production of natural EVs by creating and using high capacity “cell factories”, (2) those based on the induction of EVs secretion under various cell stressors, and (3) those based on cell fragmentation with the creation of biomimetic vesicles. The aim of this review is to stimulate the introduction of EVs into clinical practice and to draw attention to the development of new methods of EVs production on a large scale.
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Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Exosomes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3553617. [PMID: 36082080 PMCID: PMC9448575 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3553617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have several organs comprising various cells with different functions. Furthermore, eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into functionally distinct organelles. Thus, for good organismal health, exosomes, which play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, interact closely with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which is recognized as a type of intracellular second signal, is aggravated by reactive species. As a subtype of reactive species, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane by NADPH oxidases, via the mitochondrial electron transport chain, in peroxisomes, and in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The scavenging of ROS is mainly dependent on peroxiredoxins, including GSH peroxidases, peroxiredoxins 3 and 5, and thioredoxin reductase. Intracellular ROS increase the number of intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs) by restraining their degradation in lysosomes, thereby enhancing the release of exosomes under the synergy of the depletion of exofacial GSH, which can be regulated by oxidative stress. In contrast, higher ROS levels can decrease the yield of exosomes by activating cellular autophagy to degrade MVBs. Moreover, exosomes can transfer the characteristics of parent cells to recipient cells. Here, we review the interaction between oxidative stress and exosomes in the hope of providing insights into their interplay.
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Ng CY, Kee LT, Al-Masawa ME, Lee QH, Subramaniam T, Kok D, Ng MH, Law JX. Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Therapeutic Values: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7986. [PMID: 35887332 PMCID: PMC9315612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes. EVs are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Recently, EVs have received much attention, as they are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. In addition, EVs can be developed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, as the vesicle membrane has an abundance of antigenic determinants and virulent factors. EVs for therapeutic applications are typically collected from conditioned media of cultured cells. However, the number of EVs secreted by the cells is limited. Thus, it is critical to devise new strategies for the large-scale production of EVs. Here, we discussed the strategies utilized by researchers for the scalable production of EVs. Techniques such as bioreactors, mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation, thermal stimulation, magnetic field stimulation, topographic clue, hypoxia, serum deprivation, pH modification, exposure to small molecules, exposure to nanoparticles, increasing the intracellular calcium concentration, and genetic modification have been used to improve the secretion of EVs by cultured cells. In addition, nitrogen cavitation, porous membrane extrusion, and sonication have been utilized to prepare EV-mimetic nanovesicles that share many characteristics with naturally secreted EVs. Apart from inducing EV production, these upscaling interventions have also been reported to modify the EVs' cargo and thus their functionality and therapeutic potential. In summary, it is imperative to identify a reliable upscaling technique that can produce large quantities of EVs consistently. Ideally, the produced EVs should also possess cargo with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiew Yong Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Li Ting Kee
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Maimonah Eissa Al-Masawa
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Qian Hui Lee
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Thayaalini Subramaniam
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
| | - David Kok
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading No. 1, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.N.); (L.T.K.); (M.E.A.-M.); (Q.H.L.); (T.S.); (D.K.); (M.H.N.)
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Papak I, Chruściel E, Dziubek K, Kurkowiak M, Urban-Wójciuk Z, Marjański T, Rzyman W, Marek-Trzonkowska N. What Inhibits Natural Killers’ Performance in Tumour. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137030. [PMID: 35806034 PMCID: PMC9266640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells are innate lymphocytes with the ability to lyse tumour cells depending on the balance of their activating and inhibiting receptors. Growing numbers of clinical trials show promising results of NK cell-based immunotherapies. Unlike T cells, NK cells can lyse tumour cells independent of antigen presentation, based simply on their activation and inhibition receptors. Various strategies to improve NK cell-based therapies are being developed, all with one goal: to shift the balance to activation. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of ways NK cells can lyse tumour cells and all the inhibitory signals stopping their cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Papak
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (E.C.); (K.D.); (M.K.); (Z.U.-W.)
| | - Elżbieta Chruściel
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (E.C.); (K.D.); (M.K.); (Z.U.-W.)
| | - Katarzyna Dziubek
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (E.C.); (K.D.); (M.K.); (Z.U.-W.)
| | - Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (E.C.); (K.D.); (M.K.); (Z.U.-W.)
| | - Zuzanna Urban-Wójciuk
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (E.C.); (K.D.); (M.K.); (Z.U.-W.)
| | - Tomasz Marjański
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (T.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Witold Rzyman
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (T.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Natalia Marek-Trzonkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (I.P.); (E.C.); (K.D.); (M.K.); (Z.U.-W.)
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence:
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