1
|
Yin X, Zhang S, Lee JH, Dong H, Mourgkos G, Terwilliger G, Kraus A, Geraldo LH, Poulet M, Fischer S, Zhou T, Mohammed FS, Zhou J, Wang Y, Malloy S, Rohner N, Sharma L, Salinas I, Eichmann A, Thomas JL, Saltzman WM, Huttner A, Zeiss C, Ring A, Iwasaki A, Song E. Compartmentalized ocular lymphatic system mediates eye-brain immunity. Nature 2024; 628:204-211. [PMID: 38418880 PMCID: PMC10990932 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The eye, an anatomical extension of the central nervous system (CNS), exhibits many molecular and cellular parallels to the brain. Emerging research demonstrates that changes in the brain are often reflected in the eye, particularly in the retina1. Still, the possibility of an immunological nexus between the posterior eye and the rest of the CNS tissues remains unexplored. Here, studying immune responses to herpes simplex virus in the brain, we observed that intravitreal immunization protects mice against intracranial viral challenge. This protection extended to bacteria and even tumours, allowing therapeutic immune responses against glioblastoma through intravitreal immunization. We further show that the anterior and posterior compartments of the eye have distinct lymphatic drainage systems, with the latter draining to the deep cervical lymph nodes through lymphatic vasculature in the optic nerve sheath. This posterior lymphatic drainage, like that of meningeal lymphatics, could be modulated by the lymphatic stimulator VEGFC. Conversely, we show that inhibition of lymphatic signalling on the optic nerve could overcome a major limitation in gene therapy by diminishing the immune response to adeno-associated virus and ensuring continued efficacy after multiple doses. These results reveal a shared lymphatic circuit able to mount a unified immune response between the posterior eye and the brain, highlighting an understudied immunological feature of the eye and opening up the potential for new therapeutic strategies in ocular and CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophia Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ju Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huiping Dong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Mourgkos
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gordon Terwilliger
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aurora Kraus
- Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mathilde Poulet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suzanne Fischer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Farrah Shalima Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Seth Malloy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Leon Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coyle PK, Gocke A, Vignos M, Newsome SD. Vaccine Considerations for Multiple Sclerosis in the COVID-19 Era. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3550-3588. [PMID: 34075554 PMCID: PMC8169434 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at risk for infections that can result in amplification of baseline symptoms and possibly trigger clinical relapses. Vaccination can prevent infection through the activation of humoral and cellular immune responses. This is particularly pertinent in the era of emerging novel vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which affect the immune system, may impact immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in people with MS. The objective of this article is to provide information on immune system responses to vaccinations and review previous studies of vaccine responses in people with MS to support the safety and importance of receiving currently available and emerging COVID-19 vaccines. Immunological studies have shown that coordinated interactions between T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are key to successful generation of immunological memory and production of neutralizing antibodies following recognition of vaccine antigens by innate immune cells. CD4+ T cells are essential to facilitate CD8+ T cell and B cell activation, while B cells drive and sustain T cell memory. Data suggest that some classes of DMT, including type 1 interferons and glatiramer acetate, may not significantly impair the response to vaccination. DMTs-such as sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, which sequester lymphocytes from circulation; alemtuzumab; and anti-CD20 therapies, which rely on depleting populations of immune cells-have been shown to attenuate responses to conventional vaccines. Currently, three COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency use authorization in the USA on the basis of promising interim findings of ongoing trials. Because analyses of these vaccines in people with MS are not available, decisions regarding COVID-19 vaccination and DMT choice should be informed by data and expert consensus, and personalized with considerations for disease burden, risk of infection, and other factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Megan Vignos
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- US Medical MS Franchise and Interferons, Biogen, 133 Boston Post Rd, Weston, MA, 20493, USA.
| | - Scott D Newsome
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Estradiol Enhances Antiviral CD4 + Tissue-Resident Memory T Cell Responses following Mucosal Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Vaccination through an IL-17-Mediated Pathway. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01206-20. [PMID: 33028712 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01206-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is a sex hormone which has been shown to be protective against sexually transmitted infections such as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). However, few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs. Here, we investigated the effect of E2 on the establishment of memory T cells post-intranasal immunization with HSV-2. CD4+ T cell responses first appeared in the upper respiratory tract (URT) within 3 days postimmunization before being detected in the female reproductive tract (FRT) at 7 days. E2 treatment resulted in greater and earlier Th17 responses, which preceded augmented Th1 responses at these sites. The CD4+ T cells persisted in the URT for up to 28 days, and E2 treatment resulted in higher frequencies of memory T cells. Intranasal immunization also led to the establishment of CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) in the FRT, and E2 treatment resulted in increased Th1 and Th17 TRM cells. When the migration of circulating T cells into the FRT was blocked by FTY720, immunized E2-treated mice remained completely protected against subsequent genital HSV-2 challenge compared to non-E2 controls, confirming that TRM cells alone are adequate for protection in these mice. Finally, the enhanced vaginal Th1 TRM cells present in E2-treated mice were found to be modulated through an interleukin 17 (IL-17)-mediated pathway, as E2-treated IL-17A-deficient mice had impaired establishment of Th1 TRM cells. This study describes a novel role for E2 in enhancing CD4+ memory T cells and provides insight on potential strategies for generating optimal immunity during vaccination.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection for which there is currently no vaccine available. Interestingly, the female sex hormone estradiol has been shown to be protective against HSV-2. However, the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs remains relatively unknown. Our study demonstrates that under the influence of estradiol treatment, intranasal immunization with an attenuated strain of HSV-2 leads to enhanced establishment of antiviral memory T cell responses in the upper respiratory tract and female reproductive tract. In these sites, estradiol treatment leads to greater Th17 memory cells, which precede enhanced Th1 memory responses. Consequently, the T cell responses mounted by tissue-resident memory cells in the female reproductive tract of estradiol-treated mice are sufficient to protect mice against vaginal HSV-2 challenge. This study offers important insights regarding the regulation of mucosal immunity by hormones and on potential strategies for generating optimal immunity during vaccination.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sant AJ. The Way Forward: Potentiating Protective Immunity to Novel and Pandemic Influenza Through Engagement of Memory CD4 T Cells. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S30-S37. [PMID: 30715376 PMCID: PMC6452298 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially pandemic strains of influenza pose an undeniable threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential to develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and predict parameters that identify susceptible humans. CD4 T cells are a central component of protective immunity to influenza, delivering direct effector function and potentiating responses of other lymphoid cells. Humans have highly diverse influenza-specific CD4 T-cell populations that vary in stimulation history, specificity, and functionality. These complexities constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting immune responses to pandemic strains of influenza and derivation of optimal vaccine strategies. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors of immunity in the CD4 T-cell compartment will aid in both predicting susceptible hosts and in development of vaccination strategies that will poise most human subjects to respond to pandemic influenza strains with protective immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A role for the CCR5-CCL5 interaction in the preferential migration of HSV-2-specific effector cells to the vaginal mucosa upon nasal immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1391-1403. [PMID: 31551493 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our current study focused on elucidating the role of specific chemokine-receptor interactions in antigen (Ag)-specific immune cell migration from nasal to genital mucosal tissues. This cellular migration is critical to induce effective Ag-specific immune responses against sexually transmitted genital infections. In this study, nasal immunization with live attenuated HSV-2 TK- induced the upregulation of CCR5 expression in effector immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, in Ag-priming sites and vaginal tissue. The CCR5 ligands CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 all showed upregulated expression in vaginal tissue; in particular, CCL5 expression was highly enhanced in the stromal cells of vaginal tissue after nasal immunization. Intravaginal blockade of CCL5 by using neutralizing antibody diminished the number of HSV-2-specific effector cells in the vagina. Furthermore, loss of CCR5, a receptor for CCL5, impaired the migration of nasally primed Ag-specific effector cells from the airway to vagina. Effector cells adoptively transferred from CCR5-deficient mice failed to migrate into vaginal tissue, consequently increasing recipient mice's susceptibility to HSV-2 vaginal infection. These results indicate that the CCR5-CCL5 chemokine pathway is required for the migration and retention of nasally primed Ag-specific effector cells in vagina for providing protective immunity against HSV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tallapaka SB, Karuturi BVK, Yeapuri P, Curran SM, Sonawane YA, Phillips JA, David Smith D, Sanderson SD, Vetro JA. Surface conjugation of EP67 to biodegradable nanoparticles increases the generation of long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells by encapsulated protein vaccine after respiratory immunization and subsequent T-cell-mediated protection against respiratory infection. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:242-257. [PMID: 31077762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of protein vaccines in biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) increases T-cell expansion after mucosal immunization but requires incorporating a suitable immunostimulant to increase long-lived memory T-cells. EP67 is a clinically viable, host-derived peptide agonist of the C5a receptor that selectively activates antigen presenting cells over neutrophils. We previously found that encapsulating EP67-conjugated CTL peptide vaccines in NP increases long-lived memory subsets of CTL after respiratory immunization. Thus, we hypothesized that alternatively conjugating EP67 to the NP surface can increase long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells generated by encapsulated protein vaccines. We found that respiratory immunization of naïve female C57BL/6 mice with LPS-free ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated in PLGA 50:50 NP (∼380 nm diameter) surface-conjugated with ∼0.1 wt% EP67 through 2 kDa PEG linkers (i) increased T-cell expansion and long-lived memory subsets of OVA323-339-specific CD4+ and OVA257-264-specific CD8a+ T-cells in the lungs (CD44HI/CD127/KLRG1) and spleen (CD44HI/CD127/KLRG1/CD62L) and (ii) decreased peak CFU of OVA-expressing L. monocytogenes (LM-OVA) in the lungs, liver, and spleen after respiratory challenge vs. encapsulation in unmodified NP. Thus, conjugating EP67 to the NP surface is one approach to increase the generation of long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells by encapsulated protein vaccines after respiratory immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra B Tallapaka
- DILIsym Services Inc., Six Davis Drive, PO Box 12317, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA(1)
| | - Bala V K Karuturi
- Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., 781 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA(1)
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Stephen M Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, NE 68022, USA
| | - Joy A Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - D David Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Sam D Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Joseph A Vetro
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang S, Agostinis P, Salven P, Garg AD. Decoding cancer cell death-driven immune cell recruitment: An in vivo method for site-of-vaccination analyses. Methods Enzymol 2019; 636:185-207. [PMID: 32178819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer vaccines have recently received renewed attention for immunotherapy of at least a subset of cancer-types. Such vaccines mostly involve either killed cancer or tumor cells alone, or combinations thereof with specific (co-incubated) innate immune cells. In recent years, the immunogenic characteristics of the dead or dying cancer cells have emerged as decisive factors behind the success of anticancer vaccines. This has amplified the importance of accounting for immunology of cell death while preparing anticancer vaccines. This, in turn, has increased the emphasis on the immune reactions at the site-of-vaccination since the therapeutic efficacy of the killed cancer/tumor cell vaccines is contingent upon the nature and characteristics of these reactions at the site-of-injection. In this article, we present a systematic methodology that exploits the murine ear pinna model to study differential immune cell recruitment by dead/dying cancer cells injected in vivo, thereby modeling the site-of-injection relevant for anticancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shentong Fang
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petri Salven
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Aalst S, Jansen MAA, Ludwig IS, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Broere F. Routing dependent immune responses after experimental R848-adjuvated vaccination. Vaccine 2018; 36:1405-1413. [PMID: 29409680 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most traditional vaccines are administered via the intramuscular route. Other routes of administration however, can induce equal or improved protective memory responses and might provide practical advantages such as needle-free immunization, dose sparing and induction of tissue-specific (mucosal) immunity. Here we explored the differences in immunological outcome after immunization with model antigens via two promising immunization routes (intradermal and intranasal) with or without the experimental adjuvant and TLR7/8-agonist R848. Because the adaptive immune response is largely determined by the local innate cells at the site of immunization, the effect of R848-adjuvation on local cellular recruitment, antigenic uptake by antigen-presenting cells and the initiation of the adaptive response were analyzed for the two routes of administration. We show a general immune-stimulating effect of R848 irrespective of the route of administration. This includes influx of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells to the respective draining lymph nodes and an increase in antigen-positive antigen-presenting cells which leads for both intradermal and intranasal immunization to a mainly TH1 response. Furthermore, both intranasal and intradermal R848-adjuvated immunization induces a local shift in DC subsets; frequencies of CD11b+DC increase whereas CD103+DC decrease in relative abundance in the draining lymph node. In spite of these similarities, the outcome of immune responses differs for the respective immunization routes in both magnitude and cytokine profile. Via the intradermal route, the induced T-cell response is higher compared to that after intranasal immunization, which corresponds with the local higher uptake of antigen by antigen-presenting cells after intradermal immunization. Furthermore, R848-adjuvation enhances ex vivo IL-10 and IL-17 production after intranasal, but not intradermal, T-cell activation. Quite the opposite, intradermal immunization leads to a decrease in IL-10 production by the vaccine induced T-cells. This knowledge may lead to a more rational development of novel adjuvanted vaccines administered via non-traditional routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan van Aalst
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Manon A A Jansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Irene S Ludwig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruurd van der Zee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santoro F, Pettini E, Kazmin D, Ciabattini A, Fiorino F, Gilfillan GD, Evenroed IM, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Transcriptomics of the Vaccine Immune Response: Priming With Adjuvant Modulates Recall Innate Responses After Boosting. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1248. [PMID: 29922291 PMCID: PMC5996052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic profiling of the immune response induced by vaccine adjuvants is of critical importance for the rational design of vaccination strategies. In this study, transcriptomics was employed to profile the effect of the vaccine adjuvant used for priming on the immune response following re-exposure to the vaccine antigen alone. Mice were primed with the chimeric vaccine antigen H56 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis administered alone or with the CAF01 adjuvant and boosted with the antigen alone. mRNA sequencing was performed on blood samples collected 1, 2, and 7 days after priming and after boosting. Gene expression analysis at day 2 after priming showed that the CAF01 adjuvanted vaccine induced a stronger upregulation of the innate immunity modules compared with the unadjuvanted formulation. The immunostimulant effect of the CAF01 adjuvant, used in the primary immunization, was clearly seen after a booster immunization with a low dose of antigen alone. One day after boost, we observed a strong upregulation of multiple genes in blood of mice primed with H56 + CAF01 compared with mice primed with the H56 alone. In particular, blood transcription modules related to innate immune response, such as monocyte and neutrophil recruitment, activation of antigen-presenting cells, and interferon response were activated. Seven days after boost, differential expression of innate response genes faded while a moderate differential expression of T cell activation modules was appreciable. Indeed, immunological analysis showed a higher frequency of H56-specific CD4+ T cells and germinal center B cells in draining lymph nodes, a strong H56-specific humoral response and a higher frequency of antibody-secreting cells in spleen of mice primed with H56 + CAF01. Taken together, these data indicate that the adjuvant used for priming strongly reprograms the immune response that, upon boosting, results in a stronger recall innate response essential for shaping the downstream adaptive response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Santoro
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Dmitri Kazmin
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gregor D Gilfillan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida M Evenroed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Fiorino F, Lucchesi S, Pastore G, Brunetti J, Santoro F, Andersen P, Bracci L, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Heterologous Prime-Boost Combinations Highlight the Crucial Role of Adjuvant in Priming the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:380. [PMID: 29593710 PMCID: PMC5857569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction and modulation of the immune response to vaccination can be rationally designed by combining different vaccine formulations for priming and boosting. Here, we investigated the impact of heterologous prime-boost approaches on the vaccine-specific cellular and humoral responses specific for a mycobacterial vaccine antigen. C57BL/6 mice were primed with the chimeric vaccine antigen H56 administered alone or with the CAF01 adjuvant, and boosted with H56 alone, or combined with CAF01 or with the squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant (o/w squalene). A strong secondary H56-specific CD4+ T cell response was recalled by all the booster vaccine formulations when mice had been primed with H56 and CAF01, but not with H56 alone. The polyfunctional nature of T helper cells was analyzed and visualized with the multidimensional flow cytometry FlowSOM software, implemented as a package of the R environment. A similar cytokine profile was detected in groups primed with H56 + CAF01 and boosted with or without adjuvant, except for some clusters of cells expressing high level of IL-17 together with TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ, that were significantly upregulated only in groups boosted with the adjuvants. On the contrary, the comparison between groups primed with or without the adjuvant showed a completely different clusterization of cells, strengthening the impact of the formulation used for primary immunization on the profiling of responding cells. The presence of the CAF01 adjuvant in the priming formulation deeply affected also the secondary humoral response, especially in groups boosted with H56 alone or o/w squalene. In conclusion, the presence of CAF01 adjuvant in the primary immunization is crucial for promoting primary T and B cell responses that can be efficiently reactivated by booster immunization also performed with antigen alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Lucchesi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jlenia Brunetti
- U&E PreMed Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luisa Bracci
- U&E PreMed Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang A, Wang D, Li J, Gao F, Fan X. The effect of aqueous extract of Xinjiang Artemisia rupestris L. (an influenza virus vaccine adjuvant) on enhancing immune responses and reducing antigen dose required for immunity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183720. [PMID: 28841693 PMCID: PMC5571932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent adjuvant can improve the effectiveness of vaccines and reduce the antigen doses required for initiating the protective immunity. In this study, we identified that aqueous extract of Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR) could be employed as an efficient adjuvant for influenza virus vaccine (V) to enhance immune responses and reduce the antigen doses required for initiating immunity, without compromising the immune response. ICR mice were subcutaneously co-administrated with V combined with different concentrations of AEAR demonstrated that 300 μg AEAR could significantly improve hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and increase IgG antibody titers in serum (P<0.05) and the population of CD4+CD44+ and CD8+CD44+ (P<0.05). Next, 300 μg AEAR combined with different doses of V in vivo markedly increased HI and specific IgG antibody level(P<0.05). It also significantly increased the amount of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4+CD44+ and CD8+CD44+ T cells (P<0.05), improved lymphocyte proliferation, the secretion of CD4+IL-4, CD4+IFN-γ and CD8+IFN-γ (P<0.05), and the killing efficacy of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the combination increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) and co-stimulatory molecules including CD40, CD80, and CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs), and downregulated the expression of CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between high-dose V and low-dose AEAR-V (10-fold lower) vaccination group (P>0.05), indicating a 10-fold reduction of antigen required for V vaccine administration. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that AEAR, as an adjuvant for influenza vaccine, could stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce the antigen dose required for effective vaccination, which were mediated by promoting DCs activation and repressing Treg expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Danyang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Urumqi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Xucheng Fan
- Urumqi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choi G, Kim BS, Park YJ, Shim I, Chung Y. Clonal Expansion of Allergen-specific CD4 + T Cell in the Lung in the Absence of Lymph Nodes. Immune Netw 2017; 17:163-170. [PMID: 28680377 PMCID: PMC5484646 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of allergen-specific CD4+ T cells is a critical step in inducing airway inflammation during allergic asthma. Such clonal expansion of T cells is initiated through the interaction between allergen-bearing dendritic cells and allergen-specific naïve T cells in the draining lymph nodes. Whether such T cell clonal expansion also occurs in the lung, the primary organ encountering inhaled allergens, remains unclear. Compared with wild-type mice, we found similar frequencies of CD4+ T cells in the lung of lymph node-deficient Rorgtgfp/gfp mice after repeated exposure to inhaled allergens. In addition, we observed an evident population of CD4+ T cells that underwent clonal expansion in the lung of allergen-challenged mice treated with an S1P antagonist FTY720 in an in vivo proliferation study with CFSE-labeled OT-II T cells. Moreover, the expansion of allergen-specific CD4+ T cells was significantly enhanced in the lungs of Rorgtgfp/gfp mice in comparison to that of wild-type mice. These results together demonstrate that the clonal expansion of allergen-specific CD4+ T cells occurs in the absence of the lymph nodes, indicating that the lung can act as a primary site of the clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells in response to inhaled allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garam Choi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Inbo Shim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Corthésy B, Bioley G. Gas-filled microbubbles: Novel mucosal antigen-delivery system for induction of anti-pathogen's immune responses in the gut. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:511-519. [PMID: 28541767 PMCID: PMC5628650 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1334032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite important success in protecting individuals against many pathogenic infections, parenteral vaccination is not optimal to induce immunity at the site of pathogen entry, i.e. mucosal surfaces. Moreover, designing adequate delivery systems and safe adjuvants to overcome the inherent tolerogenic environment of the mucosal tissue is challenging, in particular in the gastrointestinal tract prone to antigen degradation. We recently demonstrated that intranasal administration of a Salmonella-derived antigen associated with gas-filled microbubbles induced specific Ab and T cell responses in the gut and was associated with a reduction in local and systemic bacterial load after oral Salmonella infection. Building on these promising data, the adequate choice of antigen(s) to be administered and how to make it suitable for possible human application are discussed. We additionally present novel data dealing with oral administration of microbubbles and describe research strategies to direct them to mucosal sampling/inductive sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Bioley
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Epalinges, Switzerland,CONTACT Dr. Gilles Bioley R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), CLE-D2–205, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Galletti JG, Guzmán M, Giordano MN. Mucosal immune tolerance at the ocular surface in health and disease. Immunology 2017; 150:397-407. [PMID: 28108991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is constantly exposed to environmental irritants, allergens and pathogens, against which it can mount a prompt immune response to preserve its integrity. But to avoid unnecessary inflammation, the ocular surface's mucosal immune system must also discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous antigens, a seemingly complicated task. Despite its unique features, the ocular surface is a mucosal lining, and as such, it shares some homeostatic and pathophysiological mechanisms with other mucosal surfaces. The purpose of this review is to explore the mucosal homeostatic immune function of the ocular surface in both the healthy and diseased states, with a special focus on mucosal immunology concepts. The information discussed in this review has been retrieved by PubMed searches for literature published from January 1981 to October 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremías G Galletti
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Guzmán
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta N Giordano
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Fiorino F, Pastore G, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Modulation of Primary Immune Response by Different Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27781036 PMCID: PMC5066114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants contribute to enhancing and shaping the vaccine immune response through different modes of action. Here early biomarkers of adjuvanticity after primary immunization were investigated using four different adjuvants combined with the chimeric tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56. C57BL/6 mice were immunized by the subcutaneous route with different vaccine formulations, and the modulation of primary CD4+ T cell and B cell responses was assessed within draining lymph nodes, blood, and spleen, 7 and 12 days after priming. Vaccine formulations containing the liposome system CAF01 or a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion (o/w squalene), but not aluminum hydroxide (alum) or CpG ODN 1826, elicited a significant primary antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response compared to antigen alone, 7 days after immunization. The effector function of activated CD4+ T cells was skewed toward a Th1/Th17 response by CAF01, while a Th1/Th2 response was elicited by o/w squalene. Differentiation of B cells in short-lived plasma cells, and subsequent early H56-specific IgG secretion, was observed in mice immunized with o/w squalene or CpG adjuvants. Tested adjuvants promoted the germinal center reaction with different magnitude. These results show that the immunological activity of different adjuvants can be characterized by profiling early immunization biomarkers after primary immunization. These data and this approach could give an important contribution to the rational development of heterologous prime–boost vaccine immunization protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Epicutaneous immunotherapy induces gastrointestinal LAP + regulatory T cells and prevents food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:189-201.e4. [PMID: 27417020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The attempt to induce oral tolerance as a treatment for food allergy has been hampered by a lack of sustained clinical protection. Immunotherapy by nonoral routes, such as the skin, may be more effective for the development of maintained tolerance to food allergens. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the efficacy and mechanism of tolerance induced by epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) in a model of food-induced anaphylaxis. METHODS C3H/HeJ mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) orally or through the skin and treated with EPIT using OVA-Viaskin patches or oral immunotherapy using OVA. Mice were orally challenged with OVA to induce anaphylaxis. Antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg)-cell induction was assessed by flow cytometry using a transgenic T-cell transfer model. RESULTS By using an adjuvant-free model of food allergy generated by epicutaneous sensitization and reactions triggered by oral allergen challenge, we found that EPIT induced sustained protection against anaphylaxis. We show that the gastrointestinal tract is deficient in de novo generation of Treg cells in allergic mice. This defect was tissue-specific, and epicutaneous application of antigen generated a population of gastrointestinal-homing LAP+Foxp3- Treg cells. The mechanism of protection was found to be a novel pathway of direct TGF-β-dependent Treg-cell suppression of mast cell activation, in the absence of modulation of T- or B-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the immune communication between skin and gastrointestinal tract, and identifies novel mechanisms by which epicutaneous tolerance can suppress food-induced anaphylaxis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pigny F, Lassus A, Terrettaz J, Tranquart F, Corthésy B, Bioley G. Intranasal Vaccination WithSalmonella-Derived Serodominant Secreted Effector Protein B Associated With Gas-Filled Microbubbles Partially Protects Against Gut Infection in Mice. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:438-46. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
18
|
Prota G, Christensen D, Andersen P, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Peptide-specific T helper cells identified by MHC class II tetramers differentiate into several subtypes upon immunization with CAF01 adjuvanted H56 tuberculosis vaccine formulation. Vaccine 2015; 33:6823-30. [PMID: 26494626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cell priming is an essential step in vaccination due to the key role of T helper cells in driving both effector and memory immune responses. Here we have characterized in C57BL/6 mice the T helper subtype differentiation among tetramer-specific CD4(+) T cells primed by subcutaneous immunization with the tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56 plus the adjuvant CAF01. Peptide-specific population identified by the MHC class II tetramers differentiated into several T helper subtypes upon antigen encounter, and the frequency of subpopulations differed according to their localization. Th1 (CXCR3(+)T-bet(+)), Tfh (CXCR5(+)PD-1(+)Bcl-6(+)) and RORγt(+) cells were induced in the lymph nodes draining the immunization site (dLN), while Th1 cells were the predominant subtype in the spleen. In addition, CD4(+) T cells co-expressing multiple T-cell lineage-specifying transcription factors were also detected. In the lungs, most of the tetramer-binding T cells were RORγt(+), while Tfh and Th1 cells were absent. After boosting, a higher frequency of tetramer-binding cells co-expressing the markers CD44 and CD127 was detected compared to primed cells, and cells showed a prevalent Th1 phenotype in both dLN and spleens, while Tfh cells were significantly reduced. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that parenteral immunization with H56 and CAF01 elicits a distribution of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells in both lymphoid tissues and lungs, and gives rise to multiple T helper subtypes, that differ depending on localization and following reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Prota
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ciabattini A, Prota G, Christensen D, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Characterization of the Antigen-Specific CD4(+) T Cell Response Induced by Prime-Boost Strategies with CAF01 and CpG Adjuvants Administered by the Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes. Front Immunol 2015; 6:430. [PMID: 26379666 PMCID: PMC4551867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of heterologous prime-boost vaccine combinations that optimally shape the immune response is of critical importance for the development of next generation vaccines. Here, we tested different prime-boost combinations using the tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56 with CAF01 or CpG ODN 1826 adjuvants, administered by the parenteral and nasal routes. Using peptide-MHC class II tetramers, antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells were tracked following primary and booster immunizations. Both parenteral priming with H56 plus CAF01 and nasal priming with H56 plus CpG elicited significant expansion of CD4(+) tetramer-positive T cells in the spleen; however, only parenterally primed cells responded to booster immunization. Subcutaneous (SC) priming with H56 and CAF01 followed by nasal boosting with H56 and CpG showed the greater expansion of CD4(+) tetramer-positive T cells in the spleen and lungs compared to all the other homologous and heterologous prime-boost combinations. Nasal boosting exerted a recruitment of primed CD4(+) T cells into lungs that was stronger in subcutaneously than nasally primed mice, in accordance with different chemokine receptor expression induced by primary immunization. These data demonstrate that SC priming is fundamental for eliciting CD4(+) T cells that can be efficiently boosted by the nasal route and results in the recruitment of antigen-experienced cells into the lungs. Combination of different vaccine formulations and routes of delivery for priming and boosting is a strategic approach for improving and directing vaccine-induced immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department for Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department for Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boianelli A, Pettini E, Prota G, Medaglini D, Vicino A. A Stochastic Model for CD4+ T Cell Proliferation and Dissemination Network in Primary Immune Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135787. [PMID: 26301680 PMCID: PMC4547705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the initial phase of the adaptive immune response after first antigen encounter provides essential information on the magnitude and quality of the immune response. This phase is characterized by proliferation and dissemination of T cells in the lymphoid organs. Modeling and identifying the key features of this phenomenon may provide a useful tool for the analysis and prediction of the effects of immunization. This knowledge can be effectively exploited in vaccinology, where it is of interest to evaluate and compare the responses to different vaccine formulations. The objective of this paper is to construct a stochastic model based on branching process theory, for the dissemination network of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. The devised model is validated on in vivo animal experimental data. The model presented has been applied to the vaccine immunization context making references to simple proliferation laws that take into account division, death and quiescence, but it can also be applied to any context where it is of interest to study the dynamic evolution of a population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Boianelli
- Systems Medicine of Infectious Diseases group and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Systems Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Vicino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e Science Matematiche, Università di Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fukasaka M, Asari D, Kiyotoh E, Okazaki A, Gomi Y, Tanimoto T, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Hori M. A Lipopolysaccharide from Pantoea Agglomerans Is a Promising Adjuvant for Sublingual Vaccines to Induce Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice via TLR4 Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126849. [PMID: 25978818 PMCID: PMC4433252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSpa) has been applied to various fields for human use as a Toll-like receptor 4 ligand and its safety has been confirmed. Here, we showed for the first time the application of LPSpa as an effective mucosal adjuvant for activating vaccine-induced antigen specific immune responses. Mice sublingually immunized with influenza vaccine (HA split vaccine) with LPSpa induced both HA-specific IgG (systemic) and IgA (mucosal) antibody responses, which led to a significant increase in survival rate against lethal influenza virus challenge compared with subcutaneous vaccination. After sublingual administration of ovalbumin with LPSpa, ovalbumin-specific mucosal IgA responses were induced at both mucosal surfaces close to the immunized site and at remote mucosal surfaces. Sublingual administration of LPSpa evoked local antigen-uptake by dendritic cells in cervical lymph nodes. LPSpa induced cytokine production and the maturation and proliferation of innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 in dendritic cells. Collectively, these results suggest that LPSpa can be used as an effective mucosal adjuvant to stimulate and activate local innate immune cells to improve and enhance mucosal vaccine potency against various pathogens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Sublingual
- Animals
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pantoea/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fukasaka
- Life Science Research Center, Corporate Research & Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (MF); (MH)
| | - Daisuke Asari
- Life Science Research Center, Corporate Research & Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kiyotoh
- Life Science Research Center, Corporate Research & Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arimichi Okazaki
- Life Science Research Center, Corporate Research & Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gomi
- Research and Production Technology Department, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanimoto
- Research and Production Technology Department, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Hori
- Life Science Research Center, Corporate Research & Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (MF); (MH)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of IBD has undergone a dramatic transformation since the advent of biologic therapies, especially TNF inhibitors. However, 30% of patients are primary nonresponders to biologic therapy and secondary failures are frequent. Due to substantial progress in our understanding of the biology of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and in the pathways of homing to the gastrointestinal tract, novel cell-based therapies for IBD have become possible. For example, although a reductionist view, one could envisage IBD as an imbalance between the proinflammatory effectors (such as Th17 cells) and the anti-inflammatory regulators (like Tregs). Here we focus on the development of ex vivo and in vivo approaches to enhance Tregs in the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, herein we highlight a recently concluded phase 1/2a clinical trial that investigated the safety and efficacy of a single injection of escalating doses of autologous ovalbumin-specific Tregs in patients with active Crohn's disease refractory to conventional therapy. This therapy was well tolerated and demonstrated dose-related efficacy. We also discuss the potential of directing Tregs derived through intranasal as well as epicutaneous immunization to the gastrointestinal tract by enhancing their gut homing signature and their potential to decrease gastrointestinal inflammation. Finally, the strengths and pitfalls of these new therapeutic approaches are discussed as we move forward in this largely uncharted territory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dunkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Institute of Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y., USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Anti‐metastatic immunotherapy based on mucosal administration of flagellin and immunomodulatory P10. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:86-98. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Intranasal administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces superior protection against aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1443-51. [PMID: 25143340 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00394-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), TB remains a global epidemic. To assess whether more direct targeting of the lung mucosa by respiratory immunization would enhance the potency and longevity of BCG-induced anti-TB protective immunity, the long-term impact of intranasal (i.n.) BCG vaccination was compared to conventional subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization by using a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Although significantly improved protection in the lung was seen at early time points (2 and 4 months postvaccination) in i.n. BCG-immunized mice, no differences in pulmonary protection were seen 8 and 10 months postvaccination. In contrast, in all of the study periods, i.n. BCG vaccination induced significantly elevated protective splenic responses relative to s.c. immunization. At five of nine time points, we observed a splenic protective response exceeding 1.9 log10 protection relative to the s.c. route. Furthermore, higher frequencies of CD4 T cells expressing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IFN-γ/tumor necrosis factor alpha, as well as CD8 T cells expressing IFN-γ, were detected in the spleens of i.n. vaccinated mice. Using PCR arrays, significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-9 (IL-9), IL-11, and IL-21 expression were also seen in the spleen at 8 months after respiratory BCG immunization. Overall, while i.n. BCG vaccination provided short-term enhancement of protection in the lung relative to s.c. immunization, potent and extremely persistent splenic protective responses were seen for at least 10 months following respiratory immunization.
Collapse
|
26
|
Škrnjug I, Rueckert C, Libanova R, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Guzmán CA. The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95728. [PMID: 24755640 PMCID: PMC3996008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic di-nucleotide bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a candidate mucosal adjuvant with proven efficacy in preclinical models. It was shown to promote specific humoral and cellular immune responses following mucosal administration. To date, there is only fragmentary knowledge on the cellular and molecular mode of action of c-di-AMP. Here, we report on the identification of dendritic cells and macrophages as target cells of c-di-AMP. We show that c-di-AMP induces the cell surface up-regulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules as well as the production of interferon-β. Those responses were characterized by in vitro experiments with murine and human immune cells and in vivo studies in mice. Analyses of dendritic cell subsets revealed conventional dendritic cells as principal responders to stimulation by c-di-AMP. We discuss the impact of the reported antigen presenting cell activation on the previously observed adjuvant effects of c-di-AMP in mouse immunization studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Škrnjug
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Rueckert
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rimma Libanova
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pettini E, Prota G, Ciabattini A, Boianelli A, Fiorino F, Pozzi G, Vicino A, Medaglini D. Vaginal immunization to elicit primary T-cell activation and dissemination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80545. [PMID: 24349003 PMCID: PMC3857820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary T-cell activation at mucosal sites is of utmost importance for the development of vaccination strategies. T-cell priming after vaginal immunization, with ovalbumin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant as model vaccine formulation, was studied in vivo in hormone-synchronized mice and compared to the one induced by the nasal route. Twenty-four hours after both vaginal or nasal immunization, antigen-loaded dendritic cells were detected within the respective draining lymph nodes. Vaginal immunization elicited a strong recruitment of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells into draining lymph nodes that was more rapid than the one observed following nasal immunization. T-cell clonal expansion was first detected in iliac lymph nodes, draining the genital tract, and proliferated T cells disseminated towards distal lymph nodes and spleen similarly to what observed following nasal immunization. T cells were indeed activated by the antigen encounter and acquired homing molecules essential to disseminate towards distal lymphoid organs as confirmed by the modulation of CD45RB, CD69, CD44 and CD62L marker expression. A multi-type Galton Watson branching process, previously used for in vitro analysis of T-cell proliferation, was applied to model in vivo CFSE proliferation data in draining lymph nodes 57 hours following immunization, in order to calculate the probabilistic decision of a cell to enter in division, rest in quiescence or migrate/die. The modelling analysis indicated that the probability of a cell to proliferate was higher following vaginal than nasal immunization. All together these data show that vaginal immunization, despite the absence of an organized mucosal associated inductive site in the genital tract, is very efficient in priming antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells and inducing their dissemination from draining lymph nodes towards distal lymphoid organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Boianelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione (DII), Centro per lo Studio dei Sistemi Complessi (CSC), Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Vicino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione (DII), Centro per lo Studio dei Sistemi Complessi (CSC), Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Medaglini D. CD4(+) T Cell Priming as Biomarker to Study Immune Response to Preventive Vaccines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:421. [PMID: 24363656 PMCID: PMC3850413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell priming is a critical event in the initiation of the immune response to vaccination since it deeply influences both the magnitude and the quality of the immune response induced. CD4(+) T cell priming, required for the induction of high-affinity antibodies and immune memory, represents a key target for improving and modulating vaccine immunogenicity. A major challenge in the study of in vivo T cell priming is due to the low frequency of antigen-specific T cells. This review discusses the current knowledge on antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell priming in the context of vaccination, as well as the most advanced tools for the characterization of the in vivo T cell priming and the opportunities offered by the application of systems biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ruane D, Brane L, Reis BS, Cheong C, Poles J, Do Y, Zhu H, Velinzon K, Choi JH, Studt N, Mayer L, Lavelle EC, Steinman RM, Mucida D, Mehandru S. Lung dendritic cells induce migration of protective T cells to the gastrointestinal tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1871-88. [PMID: 23960190 PMCID: PMC3754860 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficacious vaccines against enteric diseases is a global challenge that requires a better understanding of cellular recruitment dynamics at the mucosal surfaces. The current paradigm of T cell homing to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract involves the induction of α4β7 and CCR9 by Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) dendritic cells (DCs) in a retinoic acid-dependent manner. This paradigm, however, cannot be reconciled with reports of GI T cell responses after intranasal (i.n.) delivery of antigens that do not directly target the GI lymphoid tissue. To explore alternative pathways of cellular migration, we have investigated the ability of DCs from mucosal and nonmucosal tissues to recruit lymphocytes to the GI tract. Unexpectedly, we found that lung DCs, like CD103(+) MLN DCs, up-regulate the gut-homing integrin α4β7 in vitro and in vivo, and induce T cell migration to the GI tract in vivo. Consistent with a role for this pathway in generating mucosal immune responses, lung DC targeting by i.n. immunization induced protective immunity against enteric challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of Salmonella. The present report demonstrates novel functional evidence of mucosal cross talk mediated by DCs, which has the potential to inform the design of novel vaccines against mucosal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Ruane
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Physiology and 2 Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mikhak Z, Strassner JP, Luster AD. Lung dendritic cells imprint T cell lung homing and promote lung immunity through the chemokine receptor CCR4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1855-69. [PMID: 23960189 PMCID: PMC3754856 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell trafficking into the lung is critical for lung immunity, but the mechanisms that mediate T cell lung homing are not well understood. Here, we show that lung dendritic cells (DCs) imprint T cell lung homing, as lung DC-activated T cells traffic more efficiently into the lung in response to inhaled antigen and at homeostasis compared with T cells activated by DCs from other tissues. Consequently, lung DC-imprinted T cells protect against influenza more effectively than do gut and skin DC-imprinted T cells. Lung DCs imprint the expression of CCR4 on T cells, and CCR4 contributes to T cell lung imprinting. Lung DC-activated, CCR4-deficient T cells fail to traffic into the lung as efficiently and to protect against influenza as effectively as lung DC-activated, CCR4-sufficient T cells. Thus, lung DCs imprint T cell lung homing and promote lung immunity in part through CCR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zamaneh Mikhak
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fiorino F, Pettini E, Pozzi G, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Prime-boost strategies in mucosal immunization affect local IgA production and the type of th response. Front Immunol 2013; 4:128. [PMID: 23755051 PMCID: PMC3665932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of different delivery routes for priming and boosting represent vaccination strategies that can modulate magnitude, quality, and localization of the immune response. A murine model was used to study T cell clonal expansion following intranasal (IN) or subcutaneous (SC) priming, and secondary immune responses after boosting by either homologous or heterologous routes. T cell primary activation was studied by using the adoptive transfer model of ovalbumin-specific transgenic CD4(+) T cells. Both IN and SC immunization efficiently elicited, in the respective draining lymph nodes, primary clonal expansion of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that disseminated toward distal lymph nodes (mesenteric and iliac) and the spleen. After boosting, a significant serum IgG response was induced in all groups independent of the combination of immunization routes used, while significant levels of local IgA were detected only in mice boosted by the IN route. Mucosal priming drove a stronger Th1 polarization than the systemic route, as shown by serum IgG subclass analysis. IFN-gamma production was observed in splenocytes of all groups, while prime-boost vaccine combinations that included the mucosal route, yielded higher levels of IL-17. Memory lymphocytes were identified in both spleen and draining lymph nodes in all immunized mice, with the highest number of IL-2 producing cells detected in mice primed and boosted by the nasal route. This work shows the critical role of immunization routes in modulating quality and localization of immune responses in prime-boost vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Different profile and distribution of antigen specific T cells induced by intranasal and intrarectal immunization with rotavirus 2/6-VLP with and without LT-R192G. Vaccine 2013; 31:1924-30. [PMID: 23453731 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compared both the profile and distribution of antigen specific primed T cells after intrarectal (IR) and intranasal (IN) immunization with rotavirus (RV) 2/6-VLP, alone or in the presence of LT-R192G, in order to highlight the differences between the two routes and the impact of the adjuvant. Adult BALB/c mice were immunized once with 2/6-VLP with or without adjuvant and the T cell response was analyzed in lymphoid tissues after in vitro restimulation with the antigen. IN, but not IR, immunization of mice with 2/6-VLP alone induced antigen-specific IL-10 and IL-17 secreting T cells. IL-10-, in contrast to IL-17-, secreting T cells did not migrate to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) whereas they were detected in cervical lymph nodes (CLN) and spleen. With the IN route, the adjuvant allowed to complete this profile with the secretion of IL-2 and IL-4, increased IL-17 secretion and induced antigen specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and Foxp3- T cells in all studied organs (CLN, spleen and MLN) but did not impact on IL-10 secreting T cells. With the IR route, the adjuvant induced IL-2 and IL-17 secretion but, in contrast to the IN route, did not allow IL-4 production. These results show that, for a same antigen, T cell priming not only depends on the presence of adjuvant but also on the mucosal route of administration. Moreover, they show a different dissemination of IL-10 secreting T cells compared to other subtypes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Immunization with the conjugate vaccine Vi-CRM₁₉₇ against Salmonella typhi induces Vi-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:6111-4. [PMID: 22705173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a public health problem, especially among young children in developing countries. To address this need, a glycoconjugate vaccine Vi-CRM₁₉₇, composed of the polysaccharide antigen Vi covalently conjugated to the non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin CRM₁₉₇, is under development. Here, we assessed the antibody and cellular responses, both local and systemic, following subcutaneous injection of Vi-CRM₁₉₇. The glycoconjugate elicited Vi-specific serum IgG titers significantly higher than unconjugated Vi, with prevalence of IgG1 that persisted for at least 60 days after immunization. Vi-specific IgG, but not IgA, were present in intestinal washes. Lymphocytes proliferation after restimulation with Vi-CRM₁₉₇ was observed in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. These data confirm the immunogenicity of Vi-CRM₁₉₇ and demonstrate that the vaccine-specific antibody and cellular immune responses are present also in the intestinal tract, thus strengthening the suitability of Vi-CRM₁₉₇ as a promising candidate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi.
Collapse
|