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Gitzel J, Kampen H, Sellmann J, Schwarz J, Hoffmann LM, Kühne S, Ulrichs C, Werner D. Enhancing arthropod occurrence in wheat cropping systems: the role of non-chemical pest management and nitrogen optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:572. [PMID: 38777911 PMCID: PMC11111577 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study analyzes arthropod biomass and abundance to track the changes in arthropod occurrence in relation to pesticide use in three winter wheat cropping systems managed at different intensities (organic, conventional, and hybrid). Arthropod occurrence was surveyed using three collection tools: sweeping nets, eclector traps, and yellow traps. Sampling was conducted over three years from 2020 to 2022 with 588 samples collected. The wet weight of the captured organisms was determined and arthropod abundance calculated. The application of a NOcsPS (no chemical-synthetic pesticides) strategy, a new hybrid cultivation method realized with optimized use of nitrogen fertilizers but without chemical-synthetic pesticides, showed a higher arthropod occurrence and performed more convincingly regarding produced arthropod biomass and abundance than the other cropping variants. The results also demonstrate a dependence of the obtained insect indices on the collection method. Although arthropod biomass and abundance correlated for all collection methods, the combination of various methods as well as multiple procedures of sample analysis gives a more realistic and comprehensive view of the impact of the wheat cultivation systems on the arthropod fauna than one-factor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gitzel
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Thaer-Institute, Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, Kleinmachnow, Germany.
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Sellmann
- Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, Kleinmachnow, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schwarz
- Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, Kleinmachnow, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kühne
- Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, Kleinmachnow, Germany
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Thaer-Institute, Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
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2
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Soil microbiome disruption reveals specific and general plant-bacterial relationships in three agroecosystem soils. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277529. [PMID: 36383522 PMCID: PMC9668122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microbiome disruption methods are regularly used to reduce populations of microbial pathogens, often resulting in increased crop growth. However, little is known about the effect of soil microbiome disruption on non-pathogenic members of the soil microbiome. Here, we applied soil microbiome disruption in the form of moist-heat sterilization (autoclaving) to reduce populations of naturally occurring soil microbiota. The disruption was applied to analyze bacterial community rearrangement mediated by four crops (corn, beet, lettuce, and tomato) grown in three historically distinct agroecosystem soils (conventional, organic, and diseased). Applying the soil disruption enhanced plant influence on rhizosphere bacterial colonization, and significantly different bacterial communities were detected between the tested crops. Furthermore, bacterial genera showed significant abundance increases in ways both unique-to and shared-by each tested crop. As an example, corn uniquely promoted abundances of Pseudomonas and Sporocytophaga, regardless of the disrupted soil in which it was grown. Whereas the promotion of Bosea, Dyadobacter and Luteoliobacter was shared by all four crops when grown in disrupted soils. In summary, soil disruption followed by crop introduction amplified the plant colonization of potential beneficial bacterial genera in the rhizosphere.
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3
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Vergara PM, Fierro A, Carvajal MA, Alaniz AJ, Quiroz M. Multiple environmental drivers for the Patagonian forest-dwelling beetles: Contrasting functional and taxonomic responses across strata and trophic guilds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155906. [PMID: 35580677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances modify microhabitats along the different vertical strata, triggering structural and functional changes in forest-dwelling beetle communities. However, the effects of multiple environmental factors can be complex to detect in ecosystems that offer a broad variety of microhabitats for a great variety of beetle species. This is the case in Patagonian temperate forests, where the use of remote sensing provides an opportunity to evaluate the sensitivity of beetle species to environmental changes. Here, we identified the environmental drivers of forest-dwelling beetle communities in the ground and canopy of 34 north Patagonian-forest landscapes. We analyzed the associations of the taxonomic and functional diversity of five trophic guilds with 30 remote-sensing variables of landscape structure, composition, and disturbances; vegetation and soil properties; and climate and physical variables. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to identify trophic guilds responding similarly to predictors. Segmented regression analysis was used to evaluate functional redundancy from taxonomic-functional richness relationships. A total of 583 species (23,848 individuals) of beetles were recorded for both strata. The effects of environmental variables were heterogeneous across strata and guilds. Canopy beetles were especially sensitive to early successional conditions, and canopy attributes, but also benefited from the canopy openness. Forest specialists of the ground and canopy responded differently to environmental variables. Ground-dwelling beetles were mostly affected by fires, human modifications, edge closeness, high temperatures, and soil properties, responding weakly to canopy properties. Functional redundancy varied weakly along environmental gradients, being more likely in local communities of ground-dwelling beetles mostly composed of species with overlapping functional roles. Contrasting environmental responses between ground and canopy beetles, as well as among beetles of different trophic guilds, should arise from microhabitats that vary across strata and interact differently with response traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Vergara
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad Tecnológica, Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés Fierro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad Tecnológica, Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario A Carvajal
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad Tecnológica, Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto J Alaniz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Geográfica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente, Ecogeografía, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madelaine Quiroz
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad Tecnológica, Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Santiago, Chile
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Bloom EH, Constancio N, Hauri KC, Szendrei Z. A newly invasive species may promote dissimilarity of pest populations between organic and conventional farming systems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2615. [PMID: 35365941 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect taxa vary in their phenology across space creating dissimilar patterns of species abundance over time. The role of human disturbances and invasive species in these patterns of temporal dissimilarity (phenological differences) across space, however, remain largely unexplored. To dissect these patterns, we evaluated four common pests and one newly invasive species (Contarinia nasturtii; Swede midge) at 220 time points across 2 years on organic and conventional farms. We first summarized across time and evaluated differences in pest abundance between farm management (organic and conventional). We then used generalized additive models to describe temporal patterns of abundance, disentangling phenological differences across management systems. Last, we conducted a temporal beta diversity analysis to identify which species and management practices contribute most to dissimilarity. We found that aggregating pest abundance across time and species masked differences in pest phenology across management systems and concealed variation in pest abundance that was strongly driven by an invasive species, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that organic and conventional farms may be only superficially similar in pest abundance. Rather, by accounting for time, we demonstrate a more nuanced understanding of pest communities moving beyond abundance that may be particularly important for management of newly invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Bloom
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Natalie Constancio
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kayleigh C Hauri
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Zsofia Szendrei
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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5
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Vasconcelos S, Jonsson M, Heleno R, Moreira F, Beja P. A meta-analysis of biocontrol potential and herbivore pressure in olive crops: does integrated pest management make a difference? Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Malaj E, Morrissey CA. Increased reliance on insecticide applications in Canada linked to simplified agricultural landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2533. [PMID: 35044027 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of agriculture and increased insecticide use have been implicated in global losses of farmland biodiversity and ecosystem services. We hypothesized that increased insecticide applications (proportion of area treated with insecticides) in Canada's expansive agricultural landscapes are due, in part, to shifts toward more simplified landscapes. To assess this relationship, we analyzed data from the Canadian Census of Agriculture spanning 20 years including five census periods (1996-2016) and across 225 census units within the four major agricultural regions of Pacific, Prairie, Central, and Atlantic Canada. Generalized mixed effects models were used to evaluate if changes in landscape simplification - defined as the proportion of farmland in crops (cereals, oilseeds, pulses and fruit/vegetables) - alongside other farming and climatic variables, influenced insecticide applications over time. Bayesian spatial-temporal models were further used to estimate the strength of the relationship with landscape simplification over time. We found that landscape simplification increased in 89% and insecticide applications increased in 70% of the Census Division spatial units during the 1996-2016 period. Nationally, significant increases in landscape simplification were observed in the two most agriculturally intensive regions of Prairie (from 55% to 63%) and Central (from 51% to 60%) Canada. For both regions, landscape simplification was a strong and significant predictor of higher insecticide applications, even after accounting for other factors such as climate, farm economics, farm size and land use practices (e.g., area in cash crops and tillage). If current trends continue, we estimated that insecticide applications will increase another 10%-20% by 2036 as a result of landscape simplification alone. To avoid increased reliance on toxic insecticides, agri-environmental policies need to consider that losing diverse natural habitat can increase insect pest pressure and resistance with negative environmental consequences extending beyond the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egina Malaj
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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7
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Chinachanta K, Shutsrirung A, Herrmann L, Lesueur D. Isolation and characterization of KDML105 aromatic rice rhizobacteria producing indole-3-acetic acid: impact of organic and conventional paddy rice practices. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:354-366. [PMID: 34784062 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis is a major property of rhizosphere bacteria. The IAA-producing ability of rhizobacteria may be influenced by agricultural management. We therefore evaluated the IAA-producing potential of rhizobacteria isolated during organic rice farming (ORF) and conventional rice farming (CRF) in Thung Kula Rong Hai areas of Thailand. The results indicated that ORF gave a significantly higher percentage of IAA producers (95·8%) than CRF (69·9%). The average IAA values of the ORF isolates were around two times higher than those of the CRF isolates both in the absence (12·8 and 5·8 μg IAA ml-1 , respectively) and presence of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) (35·2 and 17·2 μg IAA ml-1 , respectively). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the 23 selected isolates belonged to 8 different genera-Sinomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Microbacterium sp., Fictibacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Leclercia sp. and Enterobacter sp. Interestingly, only three ORF isolates, i.e. ORF15-20 (Micrococcus sp.), ORF15-21 (Sinomonas sp.) and ORF15-23 (Sinomonas sp.), exhibited high IAA production ability without L-Trp (128·5, 160·8 and 174·7 μg IAA ml-1 , respectively). Meanwhile, a slight decrease in IAA production with L-Trp was noticed, suggesting that the L-Trp was not used for the IAA synthesis of these isolates. Biopriming with rhizobacterial isolates significantly enhanced the rate of germination of KDML 105 rice seeds compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chinachanta
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Environmental Soil Science, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A Shutsrirung
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - L Herrmann
- Alliance of Bioversity International and Centre International of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Asia Hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - D Lesueur
- Alliance of Bioversity International and Centre International of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Asia Hub, Common Microbial Biotechnology Platform (CMBP), Hanoi, Vietnam.,Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Eco&Sols, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier (UMR), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche, Agricole, Alimentaire et Environnementale (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développent (IRD), Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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8
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Krimmer E, Martin EA, Holzschuh A, Krauss J, Steffan‐Dewenter I. Flower fields and pesticide use interactively shape pollen beetle infestation and parasitism in oilseed rape fields. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Krimmer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Emily A. Martin
- Zoological Biodiversity Institute of Geobotany Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Andrea Holzschuh
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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9
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Török E, Zieger S, Rosenthal J, Földesi R, Gallé R, Tscharntke T, Batáry P. Organic farming supports lower pest infestation, but fewer natural enemies than flower strips. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edina Török
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological Research Alkotmány Hungary
| | - Sinja Zieger
- Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Rita Földesi
- Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Agroecology and Organic Farming University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Róbert Gallé
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological Research Alkotmány Hungary
| | | | - Péter Batáry
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological Research Alkotmány Hungary
- Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
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10
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Thierry H, Monteil C, Parry H, Vialatte A. Simulating seasonal drivers of aphid dynamics to explore agronomic scenarios. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Thierry
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa50011USA
| | - Claude Monteil
- Dynafor INRA INPT INPT ‐ EI PURPAN Université de Toulouse Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER Zone atelier “Pyrénées Garonne” Auzeville Tolosane31320France
| | - Hazel Parry
- CSIROEcoScience Precinct 41 Boggo RoadDutton Park Brisbane4102Australia
| | - Aude Vialatte
- Dynafor INRA INPT INPT ‐ EI PURPAN Université de Toulouse Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER Zone atelier “Pyrénées Garonne” Auzeville Tolosane31320France
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11
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Ramakrishnan B, Maddela NR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Organic farming: Does it contribute to contaminant-free produce and ensure food safety? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145079. [PMID: 33482543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic farming for higher ecological and human health benefits has been adopted in about 186 countries, covering a total area of 71.5 Mha worldwide. Because of the associated practices, the flows of several environmental pollutants into the organic products threaten food safety and human health. The contaminants that occur at higher concentrations in organic produce include persistent organic pollutants (61.3-436.9 ng g-1 lamb meat, and 0.28 pg g-1-2.75 ng g-1 bovine meat), heavy metals (0.5-33.0 mg kg-1 lettuce), organochlorine pesticides (11-199 μg g-1 carrots), cyclodienes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexabromocyclododecane (2-3 times higher than in conventionally produced porcine meat), hexachlorobenzene (1.38-14.49 ng g-1 fat in milk), and non-brominated flame retardants (1.3-3.2 times higher than in conventional produce of greenhouse-grown tomato and cucumber). Moreover, some pollutants like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with a longer half-life (1.50-9.10 yrs) are reported to occur in several organic products. In fact, several legacy persistent organic pollutants are known for their significant trophic magnification in an urban terrestrial ecosystem. In addition, many plant functionalities are adversely affected in organic farming. Therefore, the long-term usage of organic products containing such pollutants poses a significant threat to human health. The major limitation in organic livestock production is the severe shortage of organic feed. Several variable standards and technical regulations set by the government and private agencies are the major obstacles in the global marketing of organic products. The present review critically addresses the impact of organic farming on hidden risks due to the use of composts as the amendment resources that enhance the phytoaccumulation and trophic transfer of pollutants, the functional diversity of the ecosystems, and poor harmonization among the policies and regulations in different countries for organic farming. The future directions of research have been suggested to mitigate unintended flows of pollutants into the organic products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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12
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Redlich S, Martin EA, Steffan‐Dewenter I. Sustainable landscape, soil and crop management practices enhance biodiversity and yield in conventional cereal systems. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Redlich
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Emily A. Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- Zoological Biodiversity Institute of Geobotany Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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13
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González González C, Lara García T, Jardón-Barbolla L, Benítez M. Linking Coleopteran Diversity With Agricultural Management of Maize-Based Agroecosystems in Oaxaca, Mexico. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.590720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is known to be influenced by agricultural practices in many ways. However, it is necessary to understand how this relation takes place in particular agroecosystems, sociocultural contexts and for specific biological groups, especially in highly biodiverse places. Also, in order to systematically study and track how biodiversity responds or changes with agricultural practices, it is necessary to find groups that can be used as practical indicators. We conduct a study of beetle (Coleoptera) diversity in maize-based agricultural plots with heterogeneous management practices in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico, a region with outstanding biodiversity and a long agricultural history. We use a mixture of local knowledge and multivariate statistics to group the plots into two broad and contrasting management categories (traditional vs. industrialized). Then, we present an analysis of Coleopteran diversity for each category, showing higher levels across different diversity indexes for the traditional plots. Specifically, Coleopteran guilds associated with natural pest control and soil conservation are more common in traditional plots than in industrialized ones, while herbivorous beetles are more abundant in the second. Also, our results let us postulate the Curculionidae family as an indicator of both management type and overall Coleopteran diversity in the agricultural lands of the study site. We discuss our results in terms of the agricultural matrix quality and its role in strategies that favor the coexistence of culturally meaningful agricultural systems and local biodiversity.
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14
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Chan KMA, Satterfield T. The maturation of ecosystem services: Social and policy research expands, but whither biophysically informed valuation? PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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15
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Enhancing legume crop pollination and natural pest regulation for improved food security in changing African landscapes. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Regan KH, Voortman CA, Wallace JM, Barbercheck ME. Prevalence of Early- and Late-Season Pest Damage to Corn in Cover Crop-Based Reduced-Tillage Organic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:865-875. [PMID: 32566947 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In organic agronomic cropping systems, the use of synthetic insecticides and transgenic varieties are prohibited and producers rely mainly on biological control, tillage, crop rotation, and other cultural practices to manage pests. We measured damage to organic corn (Zea mays L.) from multiple invertebrate pests, including slugs (Gastropoda: Mollusca), European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner), corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith), early and late in the growing season in four cropping systems that varied in tillage frequency and intensity and in winter cover crop species. Specific management tactics included two cover crop mixtures preceding corn, the use of a roller-crimper or tillage to terminate cover crops preceding corn, and the establishment of interseeded cover crops after corn emergence. Prevalence of early-season damage was high, but severity of damage was very low and unrelated to corn yield. The proportion of corn plants affected by chewing pests early in the season was lower in plots in which tillage compared to a roller-crimper was used to terminate cover crops. Cropping system did not affect the numbers of late-season caterpillar pests or corn yield. Predation by natural enemies appeared to effectively maintain damage from chewing pests below yield-damaging levels. These results support the inclusion of winter and interseeded cover crops in organic agronomic crop rotations to gain environmental benefits without increasing risks of damage by insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly H Regan
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Present Address: Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY
| | - Christina A Voortman
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John M Wallace
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Mary E Barbercheck
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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17
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Carvalho CR, Dias AC, Homma SK, Cardoso EJ. Phyllosphere bacterial assembly in citrus crop under conventional and ecological management. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9152. [PMID: 32547860 PMCID: PMC7274167 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergences between agricultural management can result in different types of biological interactions between plants and microorganisms, which may affect food quality and productivity. Conventional practices are well-established in the agroindustry as very efficient and lucrative; however, the increasing demand for sustainable alternatives has turned attention towards agroecological approaches. Here we intend to explore microbial dynamics according to the agricultural management used, based on the composition and structure of these bacterial communities on the most environmentally exposed habitat, the phyllosphere. Leaf samples were collected from a Citrus crop (cultivated Orange) in Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil), where either conventional or ecological management systems were properly applied in two different areas. NGS sequencing analysis and quantitative PCR allowed us to comprehend the phyllosphere behavior and µ-XRF (micro X-ray fluorescence) could provide an insight on agrochemical persistence on foliar tissues. Our results demonstrate that there is considerable variation in the phyllosphere community due to the management practices used in the citrus orchard, and it was possible to quantify most of this variation. Equally, high copper concentrations may have influenced bacterial abundance, having a relevant impact on the differences observed. Moreover, we highlight the intricate relationship microorganisms have with crop production, and presumably with crop yield as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolinne R Carvalho
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Armando Cf Dias
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elke Jbn Cardoso
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Boetzl FA, Schuele M, Krauss J, Steffan‐Dewenter I. Pest control potential of adjacent agri‐environment schemes varies with crop type and is shaped by landscape context and within‐field position. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Boetzl
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Maren Schuele
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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19
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Wietzke A, Leuschner C. Surveying the arable plant diversity of conventionally managed farmland: a comparison of methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:98. [PMID: 31912302 PMCID: PMC8076134 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification has led to drastic population declines in Europe's arable plant vegetation, and continuous monitoring is a prerequisite for assessing measures to increase and conserve remnant populations of endangered arable plant species. Unfortunately, strong variation in plot sizes and in-field locations makes comparison of current arable plant monitoring approaches difficult. This study compares different relevé approaches in conventionally managed arable fields in Northwest German farmland with respect to plant species detection success and time expenditure. We compared species detection rate and expenditure of time of six different relevé types in 45 conventionally managed arable fields (each 15 fields of wheat, maize, and rapeseed): field "Interior" plots (50 × 2 m); field edge plots: "Edge_30" (30 × 2 m), "Edge_50" (50 × 2 m), and "Edge_500" (500 × 1 m); "Subplots" (four dispersed plots of 5 × 1 m); and "Corner" plots (50 × 2 m). To determine species detection rate, the species richness recorded with a survey method was related to the field's total plant species number as estimated from a survey of the entire field edge zone. With a species detection rate of 8.3% (median), interior plots were inadequate for characterizing the field's arable plant vegetation. Edge_500 plots yielded the highest proportion of the field's arable plant species pool (75.6%, including taxa of conservation value), followed by "Corner" plots (45.8%) and "Sublots" (32.6%). Edge_50 and Edge_30 plots detected less than 25% of the field's species pool. The average time needed for a relevé was 20 min in Edge500 plots and 5-11 min in the other plot types. We suggest implementing Edge_500 plots as a standard monitoring approach in conventionally managed farmland due to its favorable ratio of detection success to expenditure of time. Our findings should be compared to methodological studies conducted in other regions, in different farmland management systems, and in landscapes of variable complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wietzke
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
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20
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Vanbergen AJ, Aizen MA, Cordeau S, Garibaldi LA, Garratt MP, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Lecuyer L, Ngo HT, Potts SG, Settele J, Skrimizea E, Young JC. Transformation of agricultural landscapes in the Anthropocene: Nature's contributions to people, agriculture and food security. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Good Governance: A Framework for Implementing Sustainable Land Management, Applied to an Agricultural Case in Northeast-Brazil. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11164303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Land management needs to cope with persistent environmental and societal changes. This requires functional governance systems. The purpose of this research is to develop a good governance framework for the implementation of sustainable land management. Good governance theory is extensive, although its operationalization remains difficult. We derived a set of good governance attributes from the literature: (i) the functionality of the regulatory framework, (ii) the legitimacy and accountability of the actors, (iii) the fairness and transparency of the decision-making processes, and (iv) quality control and adaptiveness. These constitute a framework which, supported by guiding questions, facilitates the evaluation of governance attributes to assess sustainable land management practices. We applied the scheme to a case study in Northeast Brazil regarding sustainable land management where biological pest control is considered to be a biodiversity-related ecosystem service. Since its adoption often falls short of expectations, we scrutinized its governance system. First, experts answered our guiding questions, and second, we involved local stakeholders in the discussion of good governance attributes through the participatory approach of constellation analysis. Trust in agricultural consultants and issues of the practical application of pest control turned out to be crucial. The workshop participants requested a model farm to build more trust and experience. There was considerable demand for policy at the national planning level to formulate and monitor the content of the agricultural advisory program. Our conceptualized framework of good governance questions provides systematization for planning and steering the implementation of sustainable land management practices.
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22
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Claflin SB, Hernandez N, Groves R, Thaler JS, Power AG. Intra‐annual variation and landscape composition interactively affect aphid community composition. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzi B. Claflin
- Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14850 USA
| | | | - Russell Groves
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | | | - Alison G. Power
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14850 USA
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23
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Lupatini M, Korthals GW, Roesch LFW, Kuramae EE. Long-term farming systems modulate multi-trophic responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:480-490. [PMID: 30056235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbiome and multi-trophic relationships are essential for the stability and functioning of agroecosystems. However, little is known about how farming systems and alternative methods for controlling plant pathogens modulate microbial communities, soil mesofauna and plant productivity. In this study, we assessed the composition of eukaryotic microbial groups using a high-throughput sequencing approach (18S rRNA gene marker), the populations of parasitic and free-living nematodes, plant productivity and their inter-relationships in long-term conventional and organic farming systems. The diversity of the fungal community increased in the organic farming system compared to the conventional farming system, whereas the diversity of the protist community was similar between the two farming systems. Compared to conventional farming, organic farming increased the population of free-living nematodes and suppressed plant parasitic nematodes belonging to Meloidogynidae and Pratylenchidae. Fungal diversity and community structure appeared to be related to nematode suppression in the system receiving organic fertilizer, which was characterized by component microbial groups known to be involved in the suppression of soil pathogens. Unraveling the microbiome and multi-trophic interactions in different farming systems may permit the management of the soil environment toward more sustainable control of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoeli Lupatini
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard W Korthals
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luiz F W Roesch
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Antônio Trilha 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Eiko E Kuramae
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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24
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Assessing the resilience of biodiversity-driven functions in agroecosystems under environmental change. ADV ECOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Humphreys RK, Ruxton GD. Dropping to escape: a review of an under-appreciated antipredator defence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:575-589. [PMID: 30298642 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dropping is a common antipredator defence that enables rapid escape from a perceived threat. However, despite its immediate effectiveness in predator-prey encounters (and against other dangers such as a parasitoid or an aggressive conspecific), it remains an under-appreciated defence strategy in the scientific literature. Dropping has been recorded in a wide range of taxa, from primates to lizards, but has been studied most commonly in insects. Insects have been found to utilise dropping in response to both biotic and abiotic stimuli, sometimes dependent on mechanical or chemical cues. Whatever the trigger for dropping, the decision to drop by prey will present a range of inter-related costs and benefits to the individual and so there will be subtle complexities in the trade-offs surrounding this defensive behaviour. In predatory encounters, dropping by prey will also impose varying costs and benefits on the predator - or predators - involved in the system. There may be important trade-offs involved in the decision made by predators regarding whether to pursue prey or not, but the predator perspective on dropping has been less explored at present. Beyond its function as an escape tactic, dropping has also been suggested to be an important precursor to flight in insects and further study could greatly improve understanding of its evolutionary importance. Dropping in insects could also prove of significant practical importance if an improved understanding can be applied to integrated pest-management strategies. Currently the non-consumptive effects of predators on their prey are under-appreciated in biological control and it may be that the dropping behaviour of many pest species could be exploited via management practices to improve crop protection. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature on dropping and to raise awareness of this fascinating and widespread behaviour. It also seeks to offer some novel hypotheses and highlight key avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind K Humphreys
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyer's Brae House, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K
| | - Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyer's Brae House, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K
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26
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Gallé R, Happe A, Baillod AB, Tscharntke T, Batáry P. Landscape configuration, organic management, and within‐field position drive functional diversity of spiders and carabids. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Gallé
- Department of EcologyUniversity of Szeged Szeged Hungary
- AgroecologyUniversity of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Anne‐Kathrin Happe
- AgroecologyUniversity of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Ecological NetworksTechnische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany
| | - Aliette Bosem Baillod
- AgroecologyUniversity of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Agricultural Landscapes and Biodiversity GroupResearch Station Agroscope Reckenholz‐Taenikon ART Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Péter Batáry
- AgroecologyUniversity of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems GroupMTA Centre for Ecological Research Tihany Hungary
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27
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A Sustainable Agricultural Future Relies on the Transition to Organic Agroecological Pest Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10062023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Complementarity among natural enemies enhances pest suppression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8172. [PMID: 28811504 PMCID: PMC5557966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural enemies have been shown to be effective agents for controlling insect pests in crops. However, it remains unclear how different natural enemy guilds contribute to the regulation of pests and how this might be modulated by landscape context. In a field exclusion experiment in oilseed rape (OSR), we found that parasitoids and ground-dwelling predators acted in a complementary way to suppress pollen beetles, suggesting that pest control by multiple enemies attacking a pest during different periods of its occurrence in the field improves biological control efficacy. The density of pollen beetle significantly decreased with an increased proportion of non-crop habitats in the landscape. Parasitism had a strong effect on pollen beetle numbers in landscapes with a low or intermediate proportion of non-crop habitats, but not in complex landscapes. Our results underline the importance of different natural enemy guilds to pest regulation in crops, and demonstrate how biological control can be strengthened by complementarity among natural enemies. The optimization of natural pest control by adoption of specific management practices at local and landscape scales, such as establishing non-crop areas, low-impact tillage, and temporal crop rotation, could significantly reduce dependence on pesticides and foster yield stability through ecological intensification in agriculture.
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29
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Murrell EG, Barton BT. Warming Alters Prey Density and Biological Control in Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1-13. [PMID: 28460041 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Studies have shown that organically farmed fields promote natural predator populations and often have lower pest populations than conventional fields, due to a combination of increased predation pressure and greater plant resistance to pest damage. It is unknown how pest populations and predator efficacy may respond in these farming systems as global temperatures increase. To test these questions, we placed enclosures in eight alfalfa fields farmed using conventional (n = 4) or organic (n = 4) practices for 25 years. We stocked enclosures with pea aphids and 0, 2, or 4 predaceous ladybeetles. Half of the enclosures per field were then either left at ambient temperature or plastic-wrapped to warm them by 2 °C. Aphid abundances were similar in conventional and organic fields under ambient conditions, but were significantly more abundant in conventional than in organic fields when enclosures were warmed. Predator efficacy was reduced under low predator abundance (Hippodamia convergens = 2) in conventional fields under warming conditions; predation strength in organic fields was unaffected by warming. Alfalfa biomass increased with increased predators in all farming and temperature treatments. Our study suggests that biological control may be more easily maintained in organic than in conventional systems as global temperature increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony G Murrell
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brandon T Barton
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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Spillover from adjacent crop and forest habitats shapes carabid beetle assemblages in fragmented semi-natural grasslands. Oecologia 2016; 182:1141-1150. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Martin EA, Seo B, Park CR, Reineking B, Steffan-Dewenter I. Scale-dependent effects of landscape composition and configuration on natural enemy diversity, crop herbivory, and yields. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:448-462. [PMID: 27209787 DOI: 10.1890/15-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
(1) Land-use intensification in agricultural landscapes has led to changes in the way habitats and resources are distributed in space. Pests and their natural enemies are influenced by these changes, and by the farming intensity of crop fields. However, it is unknown whether the composition of landscapes (amount and diversity of land cover types) or their configuration (spatial arrangement of cover types) are more important for natural enemy diversity, and how they impact crop damage and yields. In addition, effects of interactions between local farming practices (organic vs. conventional) and landscape variables are unclear. (2) Here, we make use of a data set where landscape composition and configuration were uncorrelated across multiple spatial scales. Natural enemies, crop damage, and yields were sampled in 35 organic and conventional crop fields. Out of seven broad natural enemy taxa, five were positively affected by a complex landscape configuration. In contrast, only carabids were positively affected by the amount of seminatural habitat around fields. Increasing diversity of land cover types had positive effects on some, but negative effects on other taxa. Effect sizes varied among taxa but increased with increasing spatial scale, defined by circular areas of increasing radius around fields. (3) The diversity of aerial, but not of ground-dwelling enemies was higher in fields under organic than conventional management. Interactions of local and landscape variables were important for birds, but not other enemies. Bird richness was higher in organic fields in simple landscapes, but not in landscapes with complex configuration or high land cover diversity. (4) Crop damage decreased with landscape diversity, but increased in conventional fields with complex configuration. Yields increased with both parameters in conventional fields only, and were higher on average in organic compared to conventional fields. Enemy diversity was positively related to crop damage, indicating positive density-dependence of enemies on pests. However, the diversity of aerial enemies was also positively related to yields. (5) Our results suggest that the effectiveness of agrienvironmental schemes for managing natural enemy diversity, crop damage and yields could be enhanced by optimizing the effects of distinct landscape parameters, particularly landscape configuration and diversity, across scales.
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32
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German RN, Thompson CE, Benton TG. Relationships among multiple aspects of agriculture's environmental impact and productivity: a meta-analysis to guide sustainable agriculture. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:716-738. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. German
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT U.K
| | - Catherine E. Thompson
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT U.K
| | - Tim G. Benton
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT U.K
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33
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Jonsson M, Straub CS, Didham RK, Buckley HL, Case BS, Hale RJ, Gratton C, Wratten SD. Experimental evidence that the effectiveness of conservation biological control depends on landscape complexity. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Jonsson
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 7044 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
- Bio-Protection Research Centre; Lincoln University; PO Box 84 Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - Cory S. Straub
- Department of Biology; Ursinus College; Collegeville PA 19426-1000 USA
| | - Raphael K. Didham
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship; Centre for Environment and Life Sciences; Underwood Ave Floreat WA 6014 Australia
| | - Hannah L. Buckley
- Department of Ecology; Lincoln University; PO Box 84 Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - Bradley S. Case
- Department of Ecology; Lincoln University; PO Box 84 Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - Roddy J. Hale
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Claudio Gratton
- Department of Entomology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Steve D. Wratten
- Bio-Protection Research Centre; Lincoln University; PO Box 84 Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
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34
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Martin EA, Reineking B, Seo B, Steffan-Dewenter I. Pest control of aphids depends on landscape complexity and natural enemy interactions. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1095. [PMID: 26734497 PMCID: PMC4699780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are a major concern in agricultural crops worldwide, and control by natural enemies is an essential component of the ecological intensification of agriculture. Although the complexity of agricultural landscapes is known to influence natural enemies of pests, few studies have measured the degree of pest control by different enemy guilds across gradients in landscape complexity. Here, we use multiple natural-enemy exclosures replicated in 18 fields across a gradient in landscape complexity to investigate (1) the strength of natural pest control across landscapes, measured as the difference between pest pressure in the presence and in the absence of natural enemies; (2) the differential contributions of natural enemy guilds to pest control, and the nature of their interactions across landscapes. We show that natural pest control of aphids increased up to six-fold from simple to complex landscapes. In the absence of pest control, aphid population growth was higher in complex than simple landscapes, but was reduced by natural enemies to similar growth rates across all landscapes. The effects of enemy guilds were landscape-dependent. Particularly in complex landscapes, total pest control was supplied by the combined contribution of flying insects and ground-dwellers. Birds had little overall impact on aphid control. Despite evidence for intraguild predation of flying insects by ground-dwellers and birds, the overall effect of enemy guilds on aphid control was complementary. Understanding pest control services at large spatial scales is critical to increase the success of ecological intensification schemes. Our results suggest that, where aphids are the main pest of concern, interactions between natural enemies are largely complementary and lead to a strongly positive effect of landscape complexity on pest control. Increasing the availability of seminatural habitats in agricultural landscapes may thus benefit not only natural enemies, but also the effectiveness of aphid natural pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, Würzburg , Germany
| | - Björn Reineking
- Irstea, UR EMGR, St-Martin-d'Hères, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Biogeographical Modelling, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bumsuk Seo
- Biogeographical Modelling, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, Würzburg , Germany
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35
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Schneider G, Krauss J, Riedinger V, Holzschuh A, Steffan-Dewenter I. Biological pest control and yields depend on spatial and temporal crop cover dynamics. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schneider
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Verena Riedinger
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andrea Holzschuh
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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36
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Spangenberg J, Douguet JM, Settele J, Heong K. Escaping the lock-in of continuous insecticide spraying in rice: Developing an integrated ecological and socio-political DPSIR analysis. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Safarzoda S, Bahlai CA, Fox AF, Landis DA. The role of natural enemy foraging guilds in controlling cereal aphids in Michigan wheat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114230. [PMID: 25473951 PMCID: PMC4256412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) provide important ecosystem services by suppressing populations of insect pests in many agricultural crops. However, the role of natural enemies against cereal aphids in Michigan winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is largely unknown. The objectives of this research were to characterize the natural enemy community in wheat fields and evaluate the role of different natural enemy foraging guilds (foliar-foraging versus ground-dwelling predators) in regulating cereal aphid population growth. We investigated these objectives during the spring and summer of 2012 and 2013 in four winter wheat fields on the Michigan State University campus farm in East Lansing, Michigan. We monitored and measured the impact of natural enemies by experimentally excluding or allowing their access to wheat plants infested with Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphidae). Our results indicate that the natural enemy community in the wheat fields consisted mostly of foliar-foraging and ground-dwelling predators with relatively few parasitoids. In combination, these natural enemy groups were very effective at reducing cereal aphid populations. We also investigated the role of each natural enemy foraging guild (foliar-foraging versus ground-dwelling predators) independently. Overall, our results suggest that, in combination, natural enemies can almost completely halt early-season aphid population increase. Independently, ground-dwelling predators were more effective at suppressing cereal aphid populations than foliar-foraging predators under the conditions we studied. Our results differ from studies in Europe and the US Great Plains where foliar foraging predators and parasitoids are frequently more important cereal aphid natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahlo Safarzoda
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Bahlai
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aaron F. Fox
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Landis
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Long EY, Finke DL. Contribution of predator identity to the suppression of herbivores by a diverse predator assemblage. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:569-576. [PMID: 24755243 DOI: 10.1603/en13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies manipulating predator diversity and measuring the impact on herbivore abundance have found that enhancing predator species richness often increases the strength of prey suppression. This relationship may be due to mechanisms such as complementarity or facilitation, which are considered "true" benefits of diversity because greater prey suppression is an emergent property of the multispecies predator community. Or it may be due to an identity effect, an "apparent" benefit of diversity that results from the greater likelihood of including one particularly voracious predator species as the total number of predator species increases. In separate greenhouse and field experiments, we simultaneously manipulated the species richness and species composition of predators attacking bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) (L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We found that on average aphid suppression by species-rich predator assemblages was greater than suppression by single-species monocultures. However, the performance of individual predator species varied and the species-rich assemblages did not outperform all single-species compositions, suggesting an identity effect. In particular, single-species compositions of the lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) exhibited high performance across experiments, and on average predator assemblages that contained a lady beetle predator had lower overall aphid abundance than compositions where lady beetles were absent. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the dominant role of lady beetles, especially C. maculata, in natural pest suppression and suggest that predator species composition and identity are important factors to consider in efforts to conserve this valuable ecosystem service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Y Long
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 1-33 Agriculture Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Schneider G, Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I. Predation rates on semi-natural grasslands depend on adjacent habitat type. Basic Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bianchi FJJA, Ives AR, Schellhorn NA. Interactions between conventional and organic farming for biocontrol services across the landscape. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:1531-1543. [PMID: 24261038 DOI: 10.1890/12-1819.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While the area of organic crop production increases at a global scale, the potential interactions between pest management in organic and conventionally managed systems have so far received little attention. Here, we evaluate the landscape-level codependence of insecticide-based and natural enemy-based pest management using a simulation model for parasitoid-host interactions in landscapes consisting of conventionally and organically managed fields. In our simulations conventional management consists of broad-spectrum or selective insecticide application, while organic management involves no insecticides. Simulations indicate that insecticide use can easily result in lose-lose scenarios whereby both organically and conventionally managed fields suffer from increased pest loads as compared to a scenario where no insecticides are used, but that under some conditions insecticide use can be compatible with biocontrol. Simulations also suggest that the pathway to achieve the insecticide reduction without triggering additional pest pressure is not straightforward, because increasing the proportion of organically managed fields or reducing the spray frequency in conventional fields can potentially give rise to dramatic increases in pest load. The disruptive effect of insecticide use, however, can be mitigated by spatially clustering organic fields and using selective insecticides, although the effectiveness of this mitigation depends on the behavioral traits of the biocontrol agents. Poorly dispersing parasitoids and parasitoids with high attack rates required a lower amount of organically managed fields for effective pest suppression. Our findings show that the transition from a landscape dominated by conventionally managed crops to organic management has potential pitfalls; intermediate levels of organic management may lead to higher pest burdens than either low or high adoption of organic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J J A Bianchi
- Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 563, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Batáry P, Sutcliffe L, Dormann CF, Tscharntke T. Organic farming favours insect-pollinated over non-insect pollinated forbs in meadows and wheat fields. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54818. [PMID: 23382979 PMCID: PMC3557276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of landscape-scale management intensity, local management intensity and edge effect on diversity patterns of insect-pollinated vs. non-insect pollinated forbs in meadows and wheat fields. Nine landscapes were selected differing in percent intensively used agricultural area (IAA), each with a pair of organic and conventional winter wheat fields and a pair of organic and conventional meadows. Within fields, forbs were surveyed at the edge and in the interior. Both diversity and cover of forbs were positively affected by organic management in meadows and wheat fields. This effect, however, differed significantly between pollination types for species richness in both agroecosystem types (i.e. wheat fields and meadows) and for cover in meadows. Thus, we show for the first time in a comprehensive analysis that insect-pollinated plants benefit more from organic management than non-insect pollinated plants regardless of agroecosystem type and landscape complexity. These benefits were more pronounced in meadows than wheat fields. Finally, the community composition of insect-pollinated and non-insect-pollinated forbs differed considerably between management types. In summary, our findings in both agroecosystem types indicate that organic management generally supports a higher species richness and cover of insect-pollinated plants, which is likely to be favourable for the density and diversity of bees and other pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Batáry
- Agroecology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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Carpenter D, Boutin C, Allison JE. Effects of chlorimuron ethyl on terrestrial and wetland plants: Levels of, and time to recovery following sublethal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 172:275-282. [PMID: 23137550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Current pesticide registration guidelines call for short-term testing of plants; long-term effects on vegetative parts and reproduction remain untested. The aims of our study were to determine level of recovery and recovery times for plants exposed to the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorimuron ethyl using data collected from single species, dose-response greenhouse experiments. The nine terrestrial and eight wetland species tested showed variable levels of recovery and recovery timeframes. Many species (six terrestrial and five wetland) were vegetatively stunted at sublethal doses and were reproductively impaired. Full recovery did not occur at all doses and maximum recovery times varied from 3 to 15 weeks in this controlled environment. In a complex community, affected species may be displaced by tolerant species, through interspecific competition, before they fully recover. It is plausible that individual populations could be diminished or eliminated through reduced seedbank inputs (annuals and perennials) and asexual reproduction (perennials).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carpenter
- Environment Canada, Science & Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Jonsson M, Buckley HL, Case BS, Wratten SD, Hale RJ, Didham RK. Agricultural intensification drives landscape-context effects on host-parasitoid interactions in agroecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Winqvist C, Ahnström J, Bengtsson J. Effects of organic farming on biodiversity and ecosystem services: taking landscape complexity into account. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1249:191-203. [PMID: 22335471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent intensification of the arable landscape by modern agriculture has had negative effects on biodiversity. Organic farming has been introduced to mitigate negative effects, but is organic farming beneficial to biodiversity? In this review, we summarize recent research on the effects of organic farming on arable biodiversity of plants, arthropods, soil biota, birds, and mammals. The ecosystem services of pollination, biological control, seed predation, and decomposition are also included in this review. So far, organic farming seems to enhance the species richness and abundance of many common taxa, but its effects are often species specific and trait or context dependant. The landscape surrounding the focal field or farm also seems to be important. Landscape either enhances or reduces the positive effects of organic farming or acts via interactions where the surrounding landscape affects biodiversity or ecosystem services differently on organic and conventional farms. Finally, we discuss some of the potential mechanisms behind these results and how organic farming may develop in the future to increase its potential for sustaining biodiversity and associated ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Winqvist
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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