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Chen B, Zhao L, Yang R, Xu T. Advances in molecular mechanism of HPV16 E5 oncoprotein carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 745:109716. [PMID: 37553047 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
For a considerable duration, cervical cancer has posed a significant risk to the well-being and survival of women. The emergence and progression of cervical cancer have garnered extensive attention, with prolonged chronic infection of HPV serving as a crucial etiological factor. Consequently, investigating the molecular mechanism underlying HPV-induced cervical cancer has become a prominent research area. The HPV molecule is composed of a long control region (LCR), an early coding region and a late coding region.The early coding region encompasses E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, while the late coding region comprises L1 and L2 ORF.The investigation into the molecular structure and function of HPV has garnered significant attention, with the aim of elucidating the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV and identifying potential targets for the treatment of cervical cancer. Research has demonstrated that the HPV gene and its encoded protein play a crucial role in the invasion and malignant transformation of host cells. Consequently, understanding the function of HPV oncoprotein is of paramount importance in comprehending the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. E6 and E7, the primary HPV oncogenic proteins, have been the subject of extensive study. Moreover, a number of contemporary investigations have demonstrated the significant involvement of HPV16 E5 oncoprotein in the malignant conversion of healthy cells through its regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis via diverse pathways, albeit the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive account of the molecular structure and life cycle of HPV.The HPV E5 oncoprotein mechanism modulates cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism through its interaction with cell growth factor receptors and other cellular proteins. This mechanism is crucial for the survival, adhesion, migration, and invasion of tumor cells in the early stages of carcinogenesis. Recent studies have identified the HPV E5 oncoprotein as a promising therapeutic target for early-stage cervical cancer, thus offering a novel approach for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Chen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rulin Yang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Castro-Muñoz LJ, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Lizano M, Ramírez-Alcántara KM, Madrid-Marina V, Manzo-Merino J. Alteration of the IFN-Pathway by Human Papillomavirus Proteins: Antiviral Immune Response Evasion Mechanism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112965. [PMID: 36428532 PMCID: PMC9687819 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent infection with the so-called high-risk Human Papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs) plays a fundamental role in the development of different neoplasms. The expression of the HPV proteins throughout the different steps of the viral life cycle produce a disruption of several cellular processes, including immune response, which can lead to cell transformation. The interferon-mediated response plays an important role in eliminating HPV-infected and -transformed cells. The ability of HPV to disrupt the proper function of the interferon response is based on a series of molecular mechanisms coordinated by HPV proteins intended to prevent clearance of infection, ultimately producing an immunotolerant environment that facilitates the establishment of persistence and cancer. In this review, we focus on the molecular actions performed by HPV E1, E2, E5, E6 and E7 proteins on IFN signaling elements and their contribution to the establishment of infection, viral persistence and the progression to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Josué Castro-Muñoz
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico City 04500, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Katia Montserrat Ramírez-Alcántara
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Vicente Madrid-Marina
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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The Interaction of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling in Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cervical Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162528. [PMID: 36010605 PMCID: PMC9406919 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and chronic inflammation are factors associated with the onset and progression of several neoplasias, including cervical cancer. Oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7 from HPV are the main drivers of cervical carcinogenesis. In the present article, we review the general mechanisms of HPV-driven cervical carcinogenesis, as well as the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and downstream effectors in this pathology. We also review the evidence on the crosstalk between chronic HPV infection and PGE2 signaling, leading to immune response weakening and cervical cancer development. Finally, the last section updates the current therapeutic and preventive options targeting PGE2-derived inflammation and HPV infection in cervical cancer. These treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutical vaccines, immunomodulators, antivirals, and nanotechnology. Inflammatory signaling pathways are closely related to the carcinogenic nature of the virus, highlighting inflammation as a co-factor for HPV-dependent carcinogenesis. Therefore, blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, modulating immune response against HPV, and targeting the virus represent excellent options for anti-tumoral therapies in cervical cancer.
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Zhong Y, Wei J, Song W, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Liu H, Chen X, Huang X, Zeng K. Identification of novel biomarkers and key pathways of condyloma acuminata. Genomics 2022; 114:110303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
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Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. microRNA-146a-5p, Neurotropic Viral Infection and Prion Disease (PrD). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179198. [PMID: 34502105 PMCID: PMC8431499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain and central nervous system (CNS) harbor a select sub-group of potentially pathogenic microRNAs (miRNAs), including a well-characterized NF-kB-sensitive Homo sapiens microRNA hsa-miRNA-146a-5p (miRNA-146a). miRNA-146a is significantly over-expressed in progressive and often lethal viral- and prion-mediated and related neurological syndromes associated with progressive inflammatory neurodegeneration. These include ~18 different viral-induced encephalopathies for which data are available, at least ~10 known prion diseases (PrD) of animals and humans, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other sporadic and progressive age-related neurological disorders. Despite the apparent lack of nucleic acids in prions, both DNA- and RNA-containing viruses along with prions significantly induce miRNA-146a in the infected host, but whether this represents part of the host’s adaptive immunity, innate-immune response or a mechanism to enable the invading prion or virus a successful infection is not well understood. Current findings suggest an early and highly interactive role for miRNA-146a: (i) as a major small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) regulator of innate-immune responses and inflammatory signaling in cells of the human brain and CNS; (ii) as a critical component of the complement system and immune-related neurological dysfunction; (iii) as an inducible sncRNA of the brain and CNS that lies at a critical intersection of several important neurobiological adaptive immune response processes with highly interactive associations involving complement factor H (CFH), Toll-like receptor pathways, the innate-immunity, cytokine production, apoptosis and neural cell decline; and (iv) as a potential biomarker for viral infection, TSE and AD and other neurological diseases in both animals and humans. In this report, we review the recent data supporting the idea that miRNA-146a may represent a novel and unique sncRNA-based biomarker for inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple species. This paper further reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the nature and mechanism of miRNA-146a in viral and prion infection of the human brain and CNS with reference to AD wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence:
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Dwivedi SKD, Rao G, Dey A, Mukherjee P, Wren JD, Bhattacharya R. Small Non-Coding-RNA in Gynecological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1085. [PMID: 33802524 PMCID: PMC7961667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecologic malignancies, which include cancers of the cervix, ovary, uterus, vulva, vagina, and fallopian tube, are among the leading causes of female mortality worldwide, with the most prevalent being endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancer. Gynecologic malignancies are complex, heterogeneous diseases, and despite extensive research efforts, the molecular mechanisms underlying their development and pathology remain largely unclear. Currently, mechanistic and therapeutic research in cancer is largely focused on protein targets that are encoded by about 1% of the human genome. Our current understanding of 99% of the genome, which includes noncoding RNA, is limited. The discovery of tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), possessing either structural or regulatory functions, has fundamentally altered our understanding of genetics, physiology, pathophysiology, and disease treatment as they relate to gynecologic malignancies. In recent years, it has become clear that ncRNAs are relatively stable, and can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as guide therapy choices. Here we discuss the role of small non-coding RNAs, i.e., microRNAs (miRs), P-Element induced wimpy testis interacting (PIWI) RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived small RNAs in gynecological malignancies, specifically focusing on ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (S.K.D.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Geeta Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (G.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (S.K.D.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (G.R.); (P.M.)
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (S.K.D.D.); (A.D.)
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Holt J, Walter V, Yin X, Marron D, Wilkerson MD, Choi HY, Zhao X, Jo H, Hayes DN, Ko YH. Integrative Analysis of miRNAs Identifies Clinically Relevant Epithelial and Stromal Subtypes of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:831-842. [PMID: 33148669 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to characterize the role of miRNAs in the classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we analyzed 562 HNSCC samples, 88 from a novel cohort and 474 from The Cancer Genome Atlas, using miRNA microarray and miRNA sequencing, respectively. Using an integrative correlations method followed by miRNA expression-based hierarchical clustering, we validated miRNA clusters across cohorts. Evaluation of clusters by logistic regression and gene ontology approaches revealed subtype-based clinical and biological characteristics. RESULTS We identified two independently validated and statistically significant (P < 0.01) tumor subtypes and named them "epithelial" and "stromal" based on associations with functional target gene ontology relating to differing stages of epithelial cell differentiation. miRNA-based subtypes were correlated with individual gene expression targets based on miRNA seed sequences, as well as with miRNA families and clusters including the miR-17 and miR-200 families. These correlated genes defined pathways relevant to normal squamous cell function and pathophysiology. miRNA clusters statistically associated with differential mutation patterns including higher proportions of TP53 mutations in the stromal class and higher NSD1 and HRAS mutation frequencies in the epithelial class. miRNA classes correlated with previously reported gene expression subtypes, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model with stromal patients demonstrating worse prognoses (HR, 1.5646; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS We report a reproducible classification of HNSCC based on miRNA that associates with known pathologically altered pathways and mutations of squamous tumors and is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Holt
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoying Yin
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David Marron
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hyo Young Choi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaobei Zhao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Heejoon Jo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David Neil Hayes
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Impact of HPV E5 on viral life cycle via EGFR signaling. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Nahand JS, Karimzadeh MR, Nezamnia M, Fatemipour M, Khatami A, Jamshidi S, Moghoofei M, Taghizadieh M, Hajighadimi S, Shafiee A, Sadeghian M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Mirzaei H. The role of miR-146a in viral infection. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:343-360. [PMID: 31889417 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified as a key player in the posttranscriptional regulation of cellular-genes regulatory pathways. They also emerged as a significant regulator of the immune response. In particular, miR-146a acts as an importance modulator of function and differentiation cells of the innate and adaptive immunity. It has been associated with disorder including cancer and viral infections. Given its significance in the regulation of key cellular processes, it is not surprising which virus infection have found ways to dysregulation of miRNAs. miR-146a has been identified in exosomes (exosomal miR-146a). After the exosomes release from donor cells, they are taken up by the recipient cell and probably the exosomal miR-146a is able to modulate the antiviral response in the recipient cell and result in making them more susceptible to virus infection. In this review, we discuss recent reports regarding miR-146a expression levels, target genes, function, and contributing role in the pathogenesis of the viral infection and provide a clue to develop the new therapeutic and preventive strategies for viral disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Maria Nezamnia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Maryam Fatemipour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Jamshidi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Center for Women's Health Research Zahra, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammad Sadeghian
- Orthopedic Surgeon Fellowship of Spine Surgery, Sasan General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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From squamous intraepithelial lesions to cervical cancer: Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers in cervical carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pang F, Chen Z, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Yang X, Zheng Y, Liu A, Cheng Y, Chen J, Li B, Du L, Wang F. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs in MDBK cells expressing bovine papillomavirus E5 oncogene. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8098. [PMID: 31772843 PMCID: PMC6876490 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta bovine papillomaviruses (δBPVs) causes fibropapillomas or bladder cancer in cattle. E5 is the major oncogene of δBPVs; however, the influence that E5 oncogene has on host microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles remains little elucidated. In the present study, small RNA sequencing and RNA sequencing were used to explore alterations in miRNAs and mRNAs in E5 over-expressing Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells compared with controls. In total, 77 miRNAs (including 30 bovine-derived miRNAs) and 223 genes were differentially expressed (DE) following E5 overexpression. The dysregulated genes were mainly involved in metabolic and biosynthetic processes. We constructed a potential miRNA-gene regulatory network from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DE miRNAs. Finally, 22 DEGs and nine DE miRNAs were selected for RT-qPCR validation. Of these, downregulation of six miRNAs, bta-miR-34c, bta-miR-122, bta-miR-195, bta-miR-449b, bta-miR-2425-5p, and bta-miR-2428-3p were confirmed; In addition, upregulation of 16 genes, ACSS2, DDIT4, INHBE, INSIG1, PNRC1, PSAT1, PSPH, PYCR1, SC4MOL, SLC34A2, SCD, SPARC, IDI1, PCK2, HMGCS1, and SMIM14 and downregulation of two genes, BATF3 and WFDC2 were confirmed. Specially, bta-miR-34c and bta-miR-449b potentially regulated PYCR1 and DDIT4, which were involved in cancer progression and angiogenesis. Our study presented for the first time the comprehensive miRNA and mRNA alterations in MDBK cells expressing the BPV E5 oncogene, providing new insights into the tumorigenesis induced by BPV E5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiying Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fengyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Birkett N, Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Baan RA, Zielinski J, Krewski D. Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:288-359. [PMID: 31631808 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the carcinogenic mechanisms for 109 Group 1 human carcinogens identified as causes of human cancer through Volume 106 of the IARC Monographs. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluates human, experimental and mechanistic evidence on agents suspected of inducing cancer in humans, using a well-established weight of evidence approach. The monographs provide detailed mechanistic information about all carcinogens. Carcinogens with closely similar mechanisms of action (e.g. agents emitting alpha particles) were combined into groups for the review. A narrative synopsis of the mechanistic profiles for the 86 carcinogens or carcinogen groups is presented, based primarily on information in the IARC monographs, supplemented with a non-systematic review. Most carcinogens included a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zielinski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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14
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Qi Y, Wang X, Kong X, Zhai J, Fang Y, Guan X, Wang J. Expression signatures and roles of microRNAs in inflammatory breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30733644 PMCID: PMC6357482 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an infrequent but aggressive manifestation of breast cancer, which accounts for 2-4% of all breast cancer cases but responsible for 7-10% of breast cancer-related deaths, and with a 20-30% 10-year overall survival compared with 80% for patients with non-IBC with an unordinary phenotype, whose molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown to date. Discovering and identifying novel bio-markers responsible for diagnosis and therapeutic targets is a pressing need. MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are capable to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression of genes by targeting mRNAs, exerting vital and tremendous affects in numerous malignancy-related biological processes, including cell apoptosis, metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we review present and high-quality evidences regarding the potential applications of inflammatory breast cancer associated microRNAs for diagnosis and prognosis of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Qi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902 USA
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Jie Zhai
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
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15
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Morel A, Baguet A, Perrard J, Demeret C, Jacquin E, Guenat D, Mougin C, Prétet JL. 5azadC treatment upregulates miR-375 level and represses HPV16 E6 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46163-46176. [PMID: 28521287 PMCID: PMC5542257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses are the etiological agents of cervical cancer and HPV16 is the most oncogenic genotype. Immortalization and transformation of infected cells requires the overexpression of the two viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 following HPV DNA integration into the host cell genome. Integration often leads to the loss of the E2 open reading frame and the corresponding protein can no longer act as a transcriptional repressor on p97 promoter. Recently, it has been proposed that long control region methylation also contributes to the regulation of E6/E7 expression. To determine which epigenetic mechanism is involved in HPV16 early gene regulation, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine was used to demethylate Ca Ski and SiHa cell DNA. Decreased expression of E6 mRNA and protein levels was observed in both cell lines in an E2-independent manner. E6 repression was accompanied by neither a modification of the main cellular transcription factor expression involved in long control region regulation, nor by a modification of the E6 mRNA splicing pattern. In contrast, a pronounced upregulation of miR-375, known to destabilize HPV16 early viral mRNA, was observed. Finally, the use of miR-375 inhibitor definitively proved the involvement of miR-375 in E6 repression. These results highlight that cellular DNA methylation modulates HPV16 early gene expression and support a role for epigenetic events in high-risk HPV associated-carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Morel
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Aurélie Baguet
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Jérôme Perrard
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, CNRS UMR 3569, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Department, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Guenat
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christiane Mougin
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- EA3181, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
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16
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Human papillomavirus type 16 E5-mediated upregulation of Met in human keratinocytes. Virology 2018; 519:1-11. [PMID: 29609071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause benign lesions that can lead to malignancy. How cellular changes induced by viral oncogenes contribute to the progeny virion production is not always clear. Stromally-derived growth factors and their receptors are critical for development of malignancy, but their impact on the pre-malignant HPV life cycle is unknown. We show that HPV16 increases levels of Met, a growth factor receptor critical for tumor cell invasion, motility, and cancer metastasis. The viral oncogene E5 is primarily responsible for Met upregulation, with E6 playing a minor role. Met induction by E5 requires the epidermal growth factor receptor, which is also increased by E5 at the mRNA level. E5-induced Met contributes motility of HPV-containing cells. Finally, Met signaling is necessary for viral gene expression, particularly in the differentiation-dependent phase of the viral life cycle. These studies show a new role for E5 in epithelial-stromal interactions, with implications for cancer development.
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17
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In silico identification of microRNAs predicted to regulate N-myristoyltransferase and Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 functions in cancer and infectious diseases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194612. [PMID: 29579063 PMCID: PMC5868815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein myristoylation is a key protein modification carried out by N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) after Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) removes methionine from the amino-terminus of the target protein. Protein myristoylation by NMT augments several signaling pathways involved in a myriad of cellular processes, including developmental pathways and pathways that when dysregulated lead to cancer or immune dysfunction. The emerging evidence pointing to NMT-mediated myristoylation as a major cellular regulator underscores the importance of understanding the framework of this type of signaling event. Various studies have investigated the role that myristoylation plays in signaling dysfunction by examining differential gene or protein expression between normal and diseased states, such as cancers or following HIV-1 infection, however no study exists that addresses the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of myristoylation. By performing a large scale bioinformatics and functional analysis of the miRNAs that target key genes involved in myristoylation (NMT1, NMT2, MetAP2), we have narrowed down a list of promising candidates for further analysis. Our condensed panel of miRNAs identifies 35 miRNAs linked to cancer, 21 miRNAs linked to developmental and immune signaling pathways, and 14 miRNAs linked to infectious disease (primarily HIV). The miRNAs panel that was analyzed revealed several NMT-targeting mRNAs (messenger RNA) that are implicated in diseases associated with NMT signaling alteration, providing a link between the realms of miRNA and myristoylation signaling. These findings verify miRNA as an additional facet of myristoylation signaling that must be considered to gain a full perspective. This study provides the groundwork for future studies concerning NMT-transcript-binding miRNAs, and will potentially lead to the development of new diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for several important diseases.
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18
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Epstein-Barr Virus Gene BARF1 Expression is Regulated by the Epithelial Differentiation Factor ΔNp63α in Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030076. [PMID: 29562599 PMCID: PMC5876651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) protein is considered a viral oncogene in epithelial cells and has immune-modulating properties. During viral lytic replication BARF1 is expressed as an early gene, regulated by the immediate early EBV protein R. However, in viral latency BARF1 is exclusively expressed in epithelial tumors such as nasopharyngeal (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC) but not in lymphomas, indicating that activation of the BARF1 promoter is cell type specific. Undifferentiated NPC is characterized by high expression of ΔNp63 isoforms of the epithelial differentiation marker p63, a member of the p53 family of transcription factors. Transcription factor binding site analysis indicated potential p53 family binding sites within the BARF1 promoter region. This study investigated ability of various p53 family members to transactivate the BARF1 promoter. Using BARF1 promoter luciferase reporter constructs we demonstrate that only p63 isoform ΔNp63α is capable of transactivating the BARF1 promoter, but not the TAp63 isoforms, p53 or p73. Direct promoter binding of ΔNp63α was confirmed by Chromatin Immune Precipitation (ChIP) analysis. Deletion mutants of the BARF1 promoter revealed multiple ΔNp63 response elements to be responsible for BARF1 promoter transactivation. However, ΔNp63α alone was not sufficient to induce BARF1 in tumor cells harboring full EBV genomes, indicating that additional cofactors might be required for full BARF1 regulation. In conclusion, in EBV positive NPC and GC, BARF1 expression might be induced by the epithelial differentiation marker ΔNp63α, explaining BARF1 expression in the absence of lytic reactivation.
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19
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Dysregulation of cellular microRNAs by human oncogenic viruses - Implications for tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:95-105. [PMID: 29378330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection with certain animal and human viruses, often referred to as tumor viruses, induces oncogenic processes in their host. These viruses can induce tumorigenesis through direct and/or indirect mechanisms, and the regulation of microRNAs expression has been shown to play a key role in this process. Some human oncogenic viruses can express their own microRNAs; however, they all can dysregulate the expression of cellular microRNAs, facilitating their respective life cycles. The modulation of cellular microRNAs expression brings consequences to the host cells that may lead to malignant transformation, since microRNAs regulate the expression of genes involved in oncogenic pathways. This review focus on the mechanisms used by each human oncogenic virus to dysregulate the expression of cellular microRNAs, and their impact on tumorigenesis.
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20
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Comparative evaluation of three proliferation markers, Ki-67, TOP2A, and RacGAP1, in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms: Issues and prospects. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41959-41973. [PMID: 27259241 PMCID: PMC5173108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (BP-NEN) into four tumor entities (typical carcinoids (TC), atypical carcinoids (AC), small cell lung cancers (SCLC), large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNEC)) is difficult to perform accurately, but important for prognostic statements and therapeutic management decisions. In this regard, we compared the expression of three proliferation markers, Ki-67, Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A), and RacGAP1, in a series of tumor samples from 104 BP-NEN patients (24 TC, 21 AC, 52 SCLC, 7 LCNEC) using different evaluation methods (immunohistochemistry (IHC): Average evaluation, Hotspot evaluation, digital image analysis; RT-qPCR). The results indicated that all three markers had increased protein and mRNA expression with poorer differentiation and correlated well with each other, as well as with grading, staging, and poor survival. Compared with Ki-67 and TOP2A, RacGAP1 allowed for a clearer prognostic statement. The cut-off limits obtained for Ki-67-Average (IHC) were TC-AC 1.5, AC-SCLC 19, and AC-LCNEC 23.5. The Hotspot evaluation generated equal to higher, the digital image analysis generally lower between-entity cut-off limits. All three markers enabled a clear-cut differentiation between the BP-NEN entities, and all methods evaluated were suitable for marker assessment. However, to define optimal cut-off limits, the Ki-67 evaluation methods should be standardized. RacGAP1 appeared to be a new marker with great potential.
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21
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Ivanov MK, Titov SE, Glushkov SA, Dzyubenko VV, Malek AV, Arkhangelskaya PA, Samsonov RB, Mikhetko AA, Bakhidze EV, Berlev IV, Kolesnikov NN. Detection of high-grade neoplasia in air-dried cervical PAP smears by a microRNA-based classifier. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:1099-1111. [PMID: 29328473 PMCID: PMC5802032 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that changes in the expression levels of certain microRNAs correlate with the degree of severity of cervical lesions. The aim of the present study was to develop a microRNA-based classifier for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN ≥2) in cytological samples from patients with different high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) viral loads. For this purpose, raw RT-qPCR data for 25 candidate microRNAs, U6 snRNA and human DNA in air-dried PAP smears from 174 women with different cervical cytological diagnoses, 144 of which were HR-HPV-positive [40 negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), 34 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (L-SIL), 57 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SIL), 43 invasive cancers], were statistically processed. The expression level changes of various individual microRNAs were found to be significantly correlated with the cytological diagnosis but the statistical significance of this correlation was critically dependent on the normalization strategy. We developed a linear classifier based on the paired ratios of 8 microRNA concentrations and cellular DNA content. The classifier determines the dimensionless coefficient (DF value), which increases with the severity of cervical lesion. The high- and low-grade CINs were better distinguished by the microRNA classifier than by the measurement of individual microRNA levels with the use of traditional normalization methods. The diagnostic sensitivity of detecting high-grade lesions (CIN ≥2) with the developed microRNA classifier was 83.4%, diagnostic specificity 81.2%, ROC AUC=0.913. The analysis can be performed with the same nucleic acid preparation as used for HPV testing. No statistically significant correlation of the DF value and HR-HPV DNA load was found. The DF value and the HR HPV presence and viral DNA load may be regarded as independent criteria that can complement each other in molecular screening for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Although it has several limitations, the present study showed that the small-scale analysis of microRNA signatures performed by simple PCR-based methods may be useful for improving the diagnostic/prognostic value of cervical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anastasia V Malek
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Roman B Samsonov
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mikhetko
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Bakhidze
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V Berlev
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay N Kolesnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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22
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Araújo R, Santos JMO, Fernandes M, Dias F, Sousa H, Ribeiro J, Bastos MMSM, Oliveira PA, Carmo D, Casaca F, Silva S, Medeiros R, Gil da Costa RM. Expression profile of microRNA-146a along HPV-induced multistep carcinogenesis: a study in HPV16 transgenic mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 144:241-248. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Virology is probably the most rapidly developing field within clinical laboratory medicine. Adequate diagnostic methods exist for the diagnostics of most acute viral infections. However, emergence of pathogenic viruses or virus strains and new disease associations of known viruses require the establishment of new diagnostic methods, sometimes very rapidly. In the field of chronic or persistent viral diseases, particularly those involving potential of malignant or fatal development, there is a constant need for improved differential diagnostics, monitoring, prognosis and risk assessment. Increasing understanding of disease pathogenesis also enables better patient management and personalized medicine, where companion diagnostics can offer precise and specific tools for individual care. Very often the new tools are offered by molecular diagnostic techniques, and this includes the detection of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small regulatory RNA molecules, which regulate the expression of their target genes. They are encoded both by viruses and their host, and both can target either viral or cellular gene expression. In this review the diagnostic possibilities offered by miRNA will be discussed. The focus will be on selected viral and human miRNAs in viral diseases, and examples of miRNAs of putative diagnostic potential will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, POB 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Min SK, Jung SY, Kang HK, Park SA, Lee JH, Kim MJ, Min BM. Functional diversity of miR-146a-5p and TRAF6 in normal and oral cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1541-1552. [PMID: 29048658 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies implicate miR-146a as pleiotropic regulator of carcinogenesis; however, its roles in carcinogenesis are not fully understood. A clue from expression analyses of miR-146a-5p in all 13 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines examined and in OSCC tissues, whole blood and whole saliva of OSCC patients in vivo revealed that miR‑146a-5p expression was highly upregulated. Particularly, we widened the view of its upregulation in saliva, implicating that high miR-146a-5p expression is not only correlated closely to the development of human oral cancer, but also to a possible candidate as a diagnostic marker of OSCC. Indeed, further examination showed that exogenous miR-146a-5p expression showed pleiotropic effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis which were partially based on the contextual responses of activation of JNK, downstream of TRAF6 that was targeted by miR-146a-5p in normal human keratinocytes and OSCC cell lines. TRAF6 suppression by a TRAF6-specific siRNA resulted in contradictory consequences on cellular processes in normal and OSCC cells. Notably, TRAF6 downregulation by both miR-146a-5p and TRAF6-specific siRNA deactivated JNK in SCC-9, but not in normal human keratinocytes. In support of the proliferation-promoting effect of miR-146a-5p, silencing of endogenous miR-146a-5p significantly reduced proliferation of SCC-9. Together, these results suggest that miR-146a-5p affects proliferation and apoptosis in a cellular context-dependent manner and selectively disarms the TRAF6-mediated branch of the TGF-β signaling in OSCC cell lines by sparing Smad4 involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ki Min
- Oral Oncology Clinic, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Youn Jung
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ki Kang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-A Park
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Moo Min
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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25
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Dong J, Su M, Chang W, Zhang K, Wu S, Xu T. Long non-coding RNAs on the stage of cervical cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1923-1931. [PMID: 28849103 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of most malignant gynecological tumors. However, effective means for diagnosing and treating cervical cancer have yet to be identified. A few decades ago, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were regarded as useless parts of the genome, however, increasing data have demonstrated the importance of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancers. The aim of the present study is to summarize the role(s) of HOTAIR, MALAT1, CCAT2, SPRY4-IT1, RSU1P2, CCHE1, lncRNA-EBIC and PVT1. Approximately 14 lncRNAs are involved in cervical cancer and several important proteins, miRNAs and other molecules and play crucial roles in a few traditional signaling pathways that have been proven to be related to those lncRNAs. In conclusion, lncRNAs may be useful as exact treatment targets and diagnostic biomarkers for improving therapies in cervical cancer patients and lncRNAs may contribute to effective diagnosis and treatment methods for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxue Dong
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Manman Su
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Weiqin Chang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Wu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
Patients suffering from Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a rare inherited skin disease, display a particular susceptibility to persistent infection with cutaneous genus beta-human papillomavirus (beta-HPV), such as HPV type 8. They have a high risk to develop non-melanoma skin cancer at sun-exposed sites. In various models evidence is emerging that cutaneous HPV E6 proteins disturb epidermal homeostasis and support carcinogenesis, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood as yet. In this study we demonstrate that microRNA-203 (miR-203), a key regulator of epidermal proliferation and differentiation, is strongly down-regulated in HPV8-positive EV-lesions. We provide evidence that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), a differentiation-regulating transcription factor and suppressor of UV-induced skin carcinogenesis, directly binds the miR-203 gene within its hairpin region and thereby induces miR-203 transcription. Our data further demonstrate that the HPV8 E6 protein significantly suppresses this novel C/EBPα/mir-203-pathway. As a consequence, the miR-203 target ΔNp63α, a proliferation-inducing transcription factor, is up-regulated, while the differentiation factor involucrin is suppressed. HPV8 E6 specifically down-regulates C/EBPα but not C/EBPβ expression at the transcriptional level. As shown in knock-down experiments, C/EBPα is regulated by the acetyltransferase p300, a well-described target of cutaneous E6 proteins. Notably, p300 bound significantly less to the C/EBPα regulatory region in HPV8 E6 expressing keratinocytes than in control cells as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. In situ analysis confirmed congruent suprabasal expression patterns of C/EBPα and miR-203 in non-lesional skin of EV-patients. In HPV8-positive EV-lesions both factors are potently down-regulated in vivo further supporting our in vitro data. In conclusion our study has unraveled a novel p300/C/EBPα/mir-203-dependent mechanism, by which the cutaneous HPV8 E6 protein may expand p63-positive cells in the epidermis of EV-patients and disturbs fundamental keratinocyte functions. This may drive HPV-mediated pathogenesis and may potentially also pave the way for skin carcinogenesis in EV-patients. Cutaneous genus beta-HPV types infect skin keratinocytes. Their potential role in skin carcinogenesis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, has become a major field of interest. Patients suffering from the rare genetic disorder Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) are highly susceptible to persistent genus beta-HPV infection and have an increased risk to develop non-melanoma skin cancer at sun-exposed sites. Thus, EV serves as a valuable model disease for studying genus beta-HPV biology. Here, we demonstrate that in human HPV8-infected EV skin lesions, the ‘stemness-repressing’ microRNA-203 is strongly down-regulated. In contrast, cells expressing the miR-203-regulated ‘stemness-maintaining’ factor p63, are highly amplified. Notably, we identified the transcription factor C/EBPα, a well-known suppressor of UV-induced skin carcinogenesis, as a p300-dependent target of the HPV8-encoded E6 oncoprotein and as a critical inducer of miR-203 gene expression. Our data provide evidence for a novel p300/C/EBPα/miR-203-dependent pathway, which links HPV8 infection to the expansion of p63-positive cells in the epidermis of EV-patients. This may contribute to the beta-HPV-induced disturbance of epidermal homeostasis and pave the way for skin carcinogenesis.
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27
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Santos JMO, Fernandes M, Araújo R, Sousa H, Ribeiro J, Bastos MMSM, Oliveira PA, Carmo D, Casaca F, Silva S, Teixeira AL, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. Dysregulated expression of microRNA-150 in human papillomavirus-induced lesions of K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. Life Sci 2017; 175:31-36. [PMID: 28302562 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the major causes of infection-related cancers worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), whose dysregulated levels may cause an aberrant expression of genes involved in oncogenic pathways and consequently lead to cancer development. This is the case of the miRNA-150 (miR-150), whose expression in HPV-induced lesions remains unclear and the present work aims to clarify it. We employed K14-HPV16 mice, which express the early genes of HPV16 in basal keratinocytes, leading to the development of hyperplastic and dysplastic skin lesions and squamous cell carcinomas, and are a representative model of HPV-induced cancers. MAIN METHODS In order to evaluate the expression of miR-150 in HPV-induced lesions, we performed qPCR in wild-type mice (HPV-/-) and in skin lesions of K14-HPV16 transgenic mice (HPV+/-). Matched skin samples were analyzed histologically. KEY FINDINGS 24-26weeks-old HPV+/- mice showed diffuse epidermal hyperplasia and focal dysplasia in a hyperplastic background (31.8% incidence), but 28-30weeks-old HPV+/- mice presented higher incidence of dysplasia (100.0%). MiR-150 was upregulated in HPV+/- mice when compared with HPV-/- mice (p<0.001). MiR-150 was also overexpressed in diffuse dysplastic lesions when compared with hyperplastic lesions (p=0.005). SIGNIFICANCE The present results suggest that miR-150 is overexpressed in HPV-induced lesions in this model and its expression seems to increase with lesion progression, along the process of multi-step carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mara Fernandes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; LPCC, Research Department Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, no. 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida M S M Bastos
- LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal; Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Carmo
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Rua Sarmento de Beires 153, 4250-449 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Casaca
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Rua Sarmento de Beires 153, 4250-449 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Silva
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Rua Sarmento de Beires 153, 4250-449 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LPCC, Research Department Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, no. 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; LPCC, Research Department Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, no. 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.
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28
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Li J, Liu Q, Clark LH, Qiu H, Bae-Jump VL, Zhou C. Deregulated miRNAs in human cervical cancer: functional importance and potential clinical use. Future Oncol 2016; 13:743-753. [PMID: 27806630 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide. While the morbidity and mortality associated with CC are decreasing in western countries, they both remain high in developing countries. Unfortunately, many issues about molecular mechanisms of CC are not clear yet. miRNAs are a group of small noncoding RNAs that could post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of specific genes and participate in the initiation and progression of multiple diseases including CC. In the last decade, mounting evidences suggest an association between miRNAs and human papillomavirus infection, as well as variations in biologic behavior, treatment response and prognosis in CC. Herein, we highlight the latest findings in this area and the potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University & the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, China
| | - Leslie H Clark
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haifeng Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Virtanen E, Pietilä T, Nieminen P, Qian K, Auvinen E. Low expression levels of putative HPV encoded microRNAs in cervical samples. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1856. [PMID: 27818894 PMCID: PMC5075338 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using small RNA sequencing of libraries established from cervical samples and cervical cancer cell lines, we have previously reported identification of nine and validation of five putative microRNA species encoded by human papillomaviruses (HPV) including five microRNAs encoded by HPV 16. Here we have studied the expression of HPV 16 encoded microRNAs in cervical samples and in HPV 16 containing cell lines. Different sample matrices were collected for the study: 20 paraffin embedded cervical tissue samples, 16 liquid cytology samples, and 16 cervical cell samples from women attending colposcopy due to cervical abnormalities, as well as four HPV 16 containing cell lines. Total RNA was extracted, the samples were spiked with small synthetic control RNAs, and the expression of five HPV 16 encoded microRNAs was assessed by real-time PCR amplification. HPV encoded microRNAs could be frequently detected, albeit at high cycle counts. HPV16-miR-H1 was detected in 3.6 %, HPV16-miR-H3 in 23.6 %, HPV16-miR-H5 in 7.3 %, and HPV16-miR-H6 in 18.2 % of all valid samples. True positive signals for HPV16-miR-H2 could not be detected in any of the samples. Viral microRNAs were detected most frequently in paraffin-embedded samples: in one sample representing normal squamous epithelium, in one cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1, one CIN2, three CIN3, two squamous cell carcinoma, three adenocarcinoma in situ, and two adenocarcinoma samples. One liquid cytology sample from a patient with CIN3 as well as all four cell lines were positive for HPV16-miR-H3. In all cases HPV encoded microRNAs were expressed at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Virtanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Pietilä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ; Blueprint Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Nieminen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kui Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ; Shanghai Genebank Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Mirghani H, Ugolin N, Ory C, Goislard M, Lefèvre M, Baulande S, Hofman P, Guily JLS, Chevillard S, Lacave R. Comparative analysis of micro-RNAs in human papillomavirus-positive versus -negative oropharyngeal cancers. Head Neck 2016; 38:1634-1642. [PMID: 27097597 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic mechanisms of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancer are still poorly characterized. Analysis of their microRNA expression profile might provide valuable information. METHODS The microRNA expression profiles were analyzed by micro-arrays in 26 oropharyngeal cancers. A microRNA signature specific to HPV-status was identified by analyzing a learning/training set consisting of 16 oropharyngeal cancers. The robustness of this signature was further confirmed by blind case-by-case classification of a validation set composed of 10 independent tumors. Putative targeted molecular pathways were proposed using DIANA miRPath online software (http://microrna.gr/mirpath). RESULTS We have identified 25 miRNA signatures, which discriminates HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer from their HPV-negative counterparts. These 25 microRNAs play a potential role in Wnt and PI3K-pathways, cell-adhesion/cell-polarity, and the cytoskeleton regulation. CONCLUSION Our study contributes to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer and in the identification of potential therapeutic molecular targets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1708-1716, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Mirghani
- ER2 Unit and GRC10, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. .,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Nicolas Ugolin
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Ory
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Cedex, France
| | - Maud Goislard
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Cedex, France
| | - Marine Lefèvre
- Department of Pathology, GHUEP, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank of CHUN, Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Jean Lacau St Guily
- ER2 Unit and GRC10, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, GHUEP, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Chevillard
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Cedex, France
| | - Roger Lacave
- ER2 Unit and GRC10, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Tumours Genomic Unit, GHUEP, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
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31
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Hao M, Zhao W, Zhang L, Wang H, Yang X. Low folate levels are associated with methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of miR-203 and miR-375 during cervical carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3863-3869. [PMID: 27313708 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between a lack of folic acid and the abnormal expression of microRNA (miR)-203 and miR-375 in cervical cancer. In total, 60 tissue samples of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or stage IA-IIA cervical cancer (study group), and 30 samples without soluble interleukin or malignancy (control group) were examined. The expression of miR-203 and miR-375 was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the difference in expression levels was quantified using the 2-ΔΔCq method. In addition, CaSki cervical cancer cells were cultured in vitro and treated with various concentrations of folic acid. The DNA methylation states of miR-203 and miR-375 were subsequently detected by methylation-specific PCR, and the expression levels were evaluated using RT-PCR. miR-203 and miR-375 were significantly downregulated in CIN and cervical cancer tissues, compared with the control group. There was a marked difference in terms of the expression levels of miR-375 between the two groups (P<0.05). In CaSki cells, as the concentration of folic acid increased, the positive rate of DNA methylation of miR-203 and miR-375 decreased, while the expression levels of miR-203 and miR-375 demonstrated a gradual increase, which indicated that the latter two parameters were negatively correlated (P<0.05). Compared with normal cervical tissue, the expression levels of miR-203 and miR-375 were downregulated in CIN and cervical cancer. Methylation of these two miRs was apparent in CaSki cells, and was associated with a lack of folic acid. Therefore, reduced levels of folic acid, leading to increased methylation of miR-203 and miR-375, may be significant events during cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Honghong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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32
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Terron-Canedo N, Weir W, Nicolson L, Britton C, Nasir L. Differential expression of microRNAs in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:764-774. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Terron-Canedo
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - W. Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Nicolson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - C. Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Nasir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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33
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Belleudi F, Nanni M, Raffa S, Torrisi MR. HPV16 E5 deregulates the autophagic process in human keratinocytes. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9370-86. [PMID: 25826082 PMCID: PMC4496223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays key roles during host defense against pathogens, but viruses have evolved strategies to block the process or to exploit it for replication and successful infection. The E5 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16 E5) perturbs epithelial homeostasis down-regulating the expression of the keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR/FGFR2b), whose signaling induces autophagy. Here we investigated the possible effects of 16E5 on autophagy in human keratinocytes expressing the viral protein. The 16E5 presence strongly inhibited the autophagic process, while forced expression and activation of KGFR counteracted this effect, demonstrating that the viral protein and the receptor exert opposite and interplaying roles not only on epithelial differentiation, but also in the control of autophagy. In W12 cells, silencing of the 16E5 gene in the context of the viral full length genome confirmed its role on autophagy inhibition. Finally, molecular approaches showed that the viral protein interferes with the transcriptional regulation of autophagy also through the impairment of p53 function, indicating that 16E5 uses parallel mechanisms for autophagy impairment. Overall our results further support the hypothesis that a transcriptional crosstalk among 16E5 and KGFR might be the crucial molecular driver of epithelial deregulation during early steps of HPV infection and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Belleudi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Nanni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
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34
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Louten J, Beach M, Palermino K, Weeks M, Holenstein G. MicroRNAs Expressed during Viral Infection: Biomarker Potential and Therapeutic Considerations. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:25-52. [PMID: 26819546 PMCID: PMC4718089 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s29512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short sequences of noncoding single-stranded RNAs that exhibit inhibitory effects on complementary target mRNAs. Recently, it has been discovered that certain viruses express their own miRNAs, while other viruses activate the transcription of cellular miRNAs for their own benefit. This review summarizes the viral and/or cellular miRNAs that are transcribed during infection, with a focus on the biomarker and therapeutic potential of miRNAs (or their antagomirs). Several human viruses of clinical importance are discussed, namely, herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Michael Beach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Palermino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Maria Weeks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Holenstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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35
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Chen J, Zhao KN. HPV-p53-miR-34a axis in HPV-associated cancers. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 3:331. [PMID: 26734641 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to cause many cancers by altering multiple signalling pathways through their oncogene integration into host genome and expression. Studies have shown that many microRNAs (miRs) may function as oncogenes (called as oncomiRs) to promote an oncogenic effect. MiR-34a among the reported oncomiRs is a key player in the carcinogenesis caused by infection with HPVs. In this mini-review, we summarise the roles of miR-34a in HPV-caused cancers. MiR-34a is transcriptionally regulated by tumour suppressor p53. HPV oncogene E6 inhibits expression of p53 to decrease the levels of miR-34a, leading to the increased expression of multiple genes which are targeted by miR-34a. The upregulation of these genes increases cancer cell proliferation, survival and migration in HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia ; 2 Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China ; 3 Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia ; 2 Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China ; 3 Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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36
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LncRNAs: key players and novel insights into cervical cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2779-88. [PMID: 26715267 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer contributed the second highest number of deaths in female cancers, exceeded only by breast cancer, carrying high risks of morbidity and mortality. There was a great need and urgency in searching novel treatment targets and prognosis biomarkers to improve the survival rate of cervical cancer patients. Many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were emerging as pivotal regulators in various biological processes and took vitally an effect on the oncogenesis and progression of cervical cancer. In this review, we summarized the origin and overview function of lncRNAs; highlighted the roles of lncRNAs in cervical cancer in terms of prognosis and tumor progression, invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, and radio-resistance; and outlined the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in cervical cancer from the aspects of the interaction of lncRNAs with proteins/mRNAs (especially in HPV protein) and miRNAs, as well as RNA N-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of lncRNAs. Meanwhile, the application of lncRNAs as biomarkers in cervical cancer prognosis and predictors for metastasis was also discussed. An overview of these researches will be valuable for broadening horizons into mechanisms, selection of meritorious biomarkers for diagnosis as well as prognosis, and future targeted therapy of cervical cancer.
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Bergner S, Halec G, Schmitt M, Aubin F, Alonso A, Auvinen E. Individual and Complementary Effects of Human Papillomavirus Oncogenes on Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 201:97-108. [PMID: 26636751 DOI: 10.1159/000441716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 protein functions have established the oncogenic nature of three viral proteins: E5, E6 and E7. Here we have studied the functions of these proteins by functional deletion of the individual E5, E6 or E7, or both E6 and E7 oncogenes in the context of the whole viral genome. These mutants, or the intact wild-type genome, were expressed from the natural viral promoters along with differentiation of epithelial HaCaT cells in three-dimensional collagen raft cultures. High episomal viral copy numbers were obtained using a transfection-based loxp-HPV16-eGFP-N1 vector system. All epithelial equivalents carrying the different HPV type 16 genomes showed pronounced hyperplastic and dysplastic morphology. Particularly the E7 oncogene, with contribution of E6, was shown to enhance cell proliferation. Specifically, the crucial role of E7 in HPV-associated hyperproliferation was clearly manifested. Based on morphological characteristics, immunohistochemical staining for differentiation and proliferation markers, and low expression of E1^E4, we propose that our raft culture models produce cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 and CIN2-like tissue. Our experimental setting provides an alternative tool to study concerted functions of HPV proteins in the development of epithelial dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bergner
- Research Program in Infection and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Novel MicroRNA signatures in HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis in Indian women. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4585-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Differential isoform expression and selective muscle involvement in muscular dystrophies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2833-42. [PMID: 26269091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the expression of the mutated gene in all muscles, selective muscles are involved in genetic muscular dystrophies. Different muscular dystrophies show characteristic patterns of fatty degenerative changes by muscle imaging, even to the extent that the patterns have been used for diagnostic purposes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms explaining the selective involvement of muscles are not known. To test the hypothesis that different muscles may express variable amounts of different isoforms of muscle genes, we applied a custom-designed exon microarray containing probes for 57 muscle-specific genes to assay the transcriptional profiles in sets of human adult lower limb skeletal muscles. Quantitative real-time PCR and whole transcriptome sequencing were used to further analyze the results. Our results demonstrate significant variations in isoform and gene expression levels in anatomically different muscles. Comparison of the known patterns of selective involvement of certain muscles in two autosomal dominant titinopathies and one autosomal dominant myosinopathy, with the isoform and gene expression results, shows a correlation between the specific muscles involved and significant differences in the level of expression of the affected gene and exons in these same muscles compared with some other selected muscles. Our results suggest that differential expression levels of muscle genes and isoforms are one determinant in the selectivity of muscle involvement in muscular dystrophies.
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40
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Han Y, Xu GX, Lu H, Yu DH, Ren Y, Wang L, Huang XH, Hou WJ, Wei ZH, Chen YP, Cao YG, Zhang R. Dysregulation of miRNA-21 and their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7131-7139. [PMID: 26261606 PMCID: PMC4525940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the miR-21 and evaluated its clinical significance. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from 30 pairs of fresh specimens of cervical cancer and normal tissues. The expression levels of the miR-21-3p and miR-21-5p were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, with U6 as the internal reference gene. We compared the expression of miR-21-3p and miR-21-5p between study group and control groups, the association between miRNA expression level and clinicopathological factors was investigated. RESULTS The expression of miR-21-3p and miR-21-5p in HPV positive cervical cancer samples was significantly upregulated compared to that in the paired normal samples (P < 0.05); A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of miR-21 was associated with clinicopathological parameters, including depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS MiR-21 upregulation is associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis in cervical cancer, which suggests that miR-21 might be identified as an independent marker for predicting the clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Xu Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Huan Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Hua Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Changzhou Maternal And Child Health Care Hospital213003 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Changzhou Maternal And Child Health Care Hospital213003 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Hong Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Hong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Gui Cao
- Shanghai Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalShanghai 201899, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShanghai 201499, P. R. China
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41
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Lin L, Cai Q, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhong Y, Xu C, Li Y. Two less common human microRNAs miR-875 and miR-3144 target a conserved site of E6 oncogene in most high-risk human papillomavirus subtypes. Protein Cell 2015; 6:575-588. [PMID: 25913515 PMCID: PMC4506288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) including high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) subtypes have distinguishable variation on both genotypes and phenotypes. The co-infection of multiple HR-HPVs, headed by HPV16, is common in cervical cancer in female. Recently accumulating reports have focused on the interaction between virus and host, particularly the role of human microRNAs (miRNAs) in anti-viral defense by targeting viral genome. Here, we found a well-conserved target site of miRNAs in the genomes of most HR-HPVs, not LR-HPVs, by scanning all potential target sites of human miRNAs on 24 HPVs of unambiguous subtypes of risk. The site is targeted by two less common human miRNAs, miR-875 and miR-3144, and is located in E6 oncogene open reading frame (ORF) and overlap with the first alternative splice exon of viral early transcripts. In validation tests, miR-875 and miR-3144 were identified to suppress the target reporter activity markedly and inhibit the expression of both synthetically exogenous E6 and endogenous E6 oncogene. High level of two miRNAs can inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells. This study provides a promising common target of miRNAs for most HR-HPVs and highlights the effects of two low expressed human miRNAs on tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, 200235 China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
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42
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Groves IJ, Coleman N. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated mucosal disease. J Pathol 2015; 235:527-38. [PMID: 25604863 DOI: 10.1002/path.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a necessary cause of carcinoma of the cervix and other mucosal epithelia. Key events in high-risk HPV (HRHPV)-associated neoplastic progression include persistent infection, deregulated expression of virus early genes in basal epithelial cells and genomic instability causing secondary host genomic imbalances. There are multiple mechanisms by which deregulated virus early gene expression may be achieved. Integration of virus DNA into host chromosomes is observed in the majority of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), although in ∼15% of cases the virus remains extrachromosomal (episomal). Interestingly, not all integration events provide a growth advantage to basal cervical epithelial cells or lead to increased levels of the virus oncogenes E6 and E7, when compared with episome-containing basal cells. The factors that provide a competitive advantage to some integrants, but not others, are complex and include virus and host contributions. Gene expression from integrated and episomal HRHPV is regulated through host epigenetic mechanisms affecting the virus long control region (LCR), which appear to be of functional importance. New approaches to treating HRHPV-associated mucosal neoplasia include knockout of integrated HRHPV DNA, depletion of virus transcripts and inhibition of virus early gene transcription through targeting or use of epigenetic modifiers. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, UK
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43
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Liu C, Lin J, Li L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Cao Z, Zuo H, Chen C, Kee K. HPV16 early gene E5 specifically reduces miRNA-196a in cervical cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7653. [PMID: 25563170 PMCID: PMC4288222 DOI: 10.1038/srep07653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, which is responsible for greater than 50% of cervical cancer cases, is the most prevalent and lethal HPV type. However, the molecular mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis remain elusive, particularly the early steps of HPV infection that may transform normal cervical epithelium into a pre-neoplastic state. Here, we report that a group of microRNAs (microRNAs) were aberrantly decreased in HPV16-positive normal cervical tissues, and these groups of microRNAs are further reduced in cervical carcinoma. Among these miRNAs, miR196a expression is the most reduced in HPV16-infected tissues. Interestingly, miR196a expression is low in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines but high in HPV16-negative cervical cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we found that only HPV16 early gene E5 specifically down-regulated miRNA196a in the cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, HoxB8, a known miR196a target gene, is up-regulated in the HPV16 cervical carcinoma cell line but not in HPV18 cervical cancer cell lines. Various doses of miR196a affected cervical cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Altogether, these results suggested that HPV16 E5 specifically down-regulates miR196a upon infection of the human cervix and initiates the transformation of normal cervix cells to cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanzhen Liu
- 1] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jianfei Lin
- 1] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lianqin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Tsinghua University Second Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiling Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeyi Cao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Tsinghua University Second Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huancong Zuo
- 1] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Tsinghua University Second Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunling Chen
- 1] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Beijing Henghe Hospital, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Kehkooi Kee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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44
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Müller M, Prescott EL, Wasson CW, Macdonald A. Human papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein: function and potential target for antiviral therapeutics. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mucosal human papillomaviruses express a small, hydrophobic, protein called E5, which plays an important role in the HPV life cycle by delaying normal epithelial cell differentiation while maintaining cell cycle progression. In addition, E5 exhibits transforming abilities in a number of cell culture systems and transgenic mouse models. Lacking any described enzymatic activity, E5 is thought to function by binding to host proteins and modulating their activities. In particular, members of the growth factor receptor family are known targets for subversion. This review article summarizes our latest understanding of this enigmatic oncoprotein, including its role in the HPV life cycle, interactions with host proteins and contribution toward tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Müller
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emma L Prescott
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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45
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Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:231-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Ranieri D, Belleudi F, Magenta A, Torrisi MR. HPV16 E5 expression induces switching from FGFR2b to FGFR2c and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:61-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Ranieri
- Istituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e MolecolareSapienza Università di Roma Italy
| | - Francesca Belleudi
- Istituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e MolecolareSapienza Università di Roma Italy
| | - Alessandra Magenta
- Istituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e MolecolareSapienza Università di Roma Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Istituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e MolecolareSapienza Università di Roma Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera S. AndreaRome Italy
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47
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MicroRNAs in virus-induced tumorigenesis and IFN system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:183-94. [PMID: 25466647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs encoded in the human genome, have been shown to be involved in cancer pathogenesis and progression. There is evidence that some of these miRNAs possess proapoptotic or proliferation promoting roles in the cell by negatively regulating target mRNAs. Oncogenic viruses are able to produce persistent infection, favoring tumor development by deregulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. It has been recently suggested that cellular miRNAs may participate in host-virus interactions, influencing viral replication. Many mammalian viruses counteract this cellular antiviral defense by using viral proteins but also by encoding viral miRNAs involved in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Interferons (IFNs) modulate a number of non-coding RNA genes, especially miRNAs, that may be used by mammalian organisms as a mechanism of IFN system to combat viral infection and related diseases. In particular, IFNs might induce specific cellular miRNAs that target viral transcripts thereby using this strategy as part of their effectiveness against invading viruses. Therefore IFNs, interferon stimulated genes and miRNAs could act synergistically as innate response to virus infection to induce a potent non-permissive cellular environment for virus replication and virus-induced cancer. The relevance of this reviewed research topic is clearly related to the observation that although virus infections are responsible of specific tumors, other unidentified genetic alterations are likely involved in the induction of malignant transformation. The identification of such genetic alterations, i.e. miRNA expression in transformed cells, would be of considerable importance for the analysis of the pathogenesis and for the treatment of cancer induced by specific viruses as well as for the advancement of the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host interaction. In this respect, we will review also the important, still little explored, roles of miRNAs acting both as IFN-stimulated anti-viral molecules and as critical regulators of IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes.
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48
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Granados López AJ, López JA. Multistep model of cervical cancer: participation of miRNAs and coding genes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15700-33. [PMID: 25192291 PMCID: PMC4200848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant miRNA expression is well recognized as an important step in the development of cancer. Close to 70 microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in cervical cancer up to now, nevertheless it is unknown if aberrant miRNA expression causes the onset of cervical cancer. One of the best ways to address this issue is through a multistep model of carcinogenesis. In the progression of cervical cancer there are three well-established steps to reach cancer that we used in the model proposed here. The first step of the model comprises the gene changes that occur in normal cells to be transformed into immortal cells (CIN 1), the second comprises immortal cell changes to tumorigenic cells (CIN 2), the third step includes cell changes to increase tumorigenic capacity (CIN 3), and the final step covers tumorigenic changes to carcinogenic cells. Altered miRNAs and their target genes are located in each one of the four steps of the multistep model of carcinogenesis. miRNA expression has shown discrepancies in different works; therefore, in this model we include miRNAs recording similar results in at least two studies. The present model is a useful insight into studying potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Judith Granados López
- Laboratorio de microRNAs, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Av. Preparatoria S/N, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Adrián López
- Laboratorio de microRNAs, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Av. Preparatoria S/N, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico.
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49
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Ma Y, Kong J, Yan G, Ren X, Jin D, Jin T, Lin L, Lin Z. NQO1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:414. [PMID: 24912939 PMCID: PMC4058702 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NQO1 (NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1), located on chromosome 16q22, functions primarily to protect normal cells from oxidant stress and electrophilic attack. Recent studies have revealed that NQO1 is expressed at a high level in most human solid tumors including those of the colon, breast, pancreas, ovaries and thyroid, and it has also been detected following the induction of cell cycle progression and proliferation of melanoma cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance of upregulated NQO1 protein expression in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the uterine cervix. Methods The localization of the NQO1 protein was determined in the SiHa cervical squamous cancer cell line using immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining performed on paraffin-embedded cervical SCC specimens from 177 patients. For comparison, 94 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 25 normal cervical epithelia samples were also included. QRT-PCR was performed on RNA from fresh tissues to detect NQO1 mRNA expression levels, and HPV infection status was genotyped using oligonucleotide microarray. Disease-free survival (DFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for all cervical SCC patients were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results The NQO1 protein showed a mainly cytoplasmic staining pattern in cervical cancer cells, and only three cases of cervical SCC showed a nuclear staining pattern. The strongly positive rate of NQO1 protein expression was significantly higher in cervical SCCs and CINs than in normal cervical epithelia. High-level NQO1 expression was closely associated with poor differentiation, late-stage, lymph node metastasis and high-risk for HPV infection. Additionally, high-level NQO1 expression was associated with lower DFS and 5-year OS rates, particularly for patients with early-stage cervical SCCs. Furthermore, Cox analysis revealed that NQO1 expression emerged as a significant independent hazard factor for DFS rate in patients with cervical SCC. Conclusions NQO1 overexpression might be an independent biomarker for prognostic evaluation of cervical SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiefeng Jin
- Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.
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50
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Pedroza-Torres A, López-Urrutia E, García-Castillo V, Jacobo-Herrera N, Herrera LA, Peralta-Zaragoza O, López-Camarillo C, De Leon DC, Fernández-Retana J, Cerna-Cortés JF, Pérez-Plasencia C. MicroRNAs in cervical cancer: evidences for a miRNA profile deregulated by HPV and its impact on radio-resistance. Molecules 2014; 19:6263-81. [PMID: 24840898 PMCID: PMC6271743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma (CC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of mortality in women worldwide. Epidemiologic and experimental data have clearly demonstrated a causal role of high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types in CC initiation and progression, affecting the cellular processes by targeting and inactivating p53 and pRB host proteins. HR-HPV E5, E6 and E7 oncoproteins have the ability to deregulate several cellular processes, mostly apoptosis, cell cycle control, migration, immune evasion, and induction of genetic instability, which promote the accumulation of mutations and aneuploidy. In this scenario, genomic profiles have shown that aberrant expression of cellular oncogenic and tumor suppressive miRNAs have an important role in CC carcinogenesis. It has been stated that HPV infection and E6/E7 expression are essential but not sufficient to lead to CC development; hence other genetic and epigenetic factors have to be involved in this complex disease. Recent evidence suggests an important level of interaction among E6/E7 viral proteins and cellular miRNA, and other noncoding RNAs. The aim of the current review is to analyze recent data that mainly describe the interaction between HR-HPV established infections and specific cellular miRNAs; moreover, to understand how those interactions could affect radio-therapeutic response in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo López-Urrutia
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Laboratorio de Genómica, Mexico DF 14080, Mexico.
| | - Verónica García-Castillo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, FES-Iztacala, UBIMED, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
| | | | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico DF 14080, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, INSP. Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, CISEI, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico.
| | | | - David Cantú De Leon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico DF 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Jorge F Cerna-Cortés
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Microbiología, México DF 07738, Mexico.
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