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Kim Y, Yun B, Ye BS, Kim BY. Generation of Alzheimer's Disease Model Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with APP Gene Mutation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1193. [PMID: 38927400 PMCID: PMC11201172 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by disruptions in memory, cognition, and personality, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality rates among older adults. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanism of AD remains unknown, and effective treatment options for AD are still lacking. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are emerging as promising platforms for disease research, offering the ability to model the genetic mutations associated with various conditions. Patient-derived iPSCs are useful for modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we generated AD iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a 65-year-old patient with AD carrying the E682K mutation in the gene encoding the amyloid precursor protein. Cerebral organoids derived from AD iPSCs recapitulated the AD phenotype, exhibiting significantly increased levels of tau protein. Our analysis revealed that an iPSC disease model of AD is a valuable assessment tool for pathophysiological research and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Kim
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (B.Y.)
- Korea National Stem Cell Bank, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Binna Yun
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (B.Y.)
- Korea National Stem Cell Bank, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bo-Young Kim
- Division of Intractable Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (B.Y.)
- Korea National Stem Cell Bank, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
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2
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Phan TN, Fan CH, Yeh CK. Application of Ultrasound to Enhancing Stem Cells Associated Therapies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w. [PMID: 37119453 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell therapy exhibits self-renewal capacity and multi-directional differentiation potential and is considered an important regenerative approach for the treatment of several diseases. However, insufficient cell transplantation efficiency, uncontrollable differentiation, low cell viability, and difficult tracing limit its clinical applications and treatment outcome. Ultrasound (US) has mechanical, cavitation, and thermal effects that can produce different biological effects on organs, tissues, and cells. US can be combined with different US-responsive particles for enhanced physical-chemical stimulation and drug delivery. In the meantime, US also can provide a noninvasive and harmless imaging modality for deep tissue in vivo. An in-depth evaluation of the role and mechanism of action of US in stem cell therapy would enhance understanding of US and encourage research in this field. In this article, we comprehensively review progress in the application of US alone and combined with US-responsive particles for the promotion of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and in vivo detection of stem cells and the potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Nhan Phan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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3
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Khademi NS, Farivar S, Bazrgar M, Hassani SN, Masoudi NS, Haghparast N, Rezaei Larijani M. Aneuploidy Rate and Stemness in Low-Level Mosaic Human Embryonic Stem Cells in the Presence/Absence of Bortezomib, Paclitaxel, and Lapatinib. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:17-23. [PMID: 35901725 DOI: 10.1159/000526199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are predisposed to aneuploidy through continual passages. Some reports indicate more sensitivity of aneuploid hESCs cells to anticancer drugs. The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity of three anticancer drugs (including bortezomib, paclitaxel, and lapatinib) and their effect on aneuploidy rate in hESCs. To create a low-level mosaic cell line, normal hESCs (80%) and trisomic hESCs for chromosomes 12 and 17 (20%) were mixed. The effect of the 3 mentioned anticancer drugs on the chromosomal status was assessed by metaphase spread analysis after selection of the nontoxic conditions. Expression of pluripotency genes was analyzed, and an alkaline phosphatase test was performed to assess pluripotency preservation. Our data showed that treatment with bortezomib, paclitaxel, and lapatinib was nontoxic at 0.01, 0.01, and 0.2 μM concentrations, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase and pluripotency gene expression analyses revealed maintenance of pluripotency following treatment with above-noted nontoxic concentrations. Aneuploid cells were dominant in treated and control groups with a minimum abundance of 70%, with no significant differences between groups. Drug treatments had no negative effect on pluripotency. Insensitivity of aneuploid cells in treatment groups could be related to the specific characteristics of each cell line in response to the drug and the proliferative superiority of cells with trisomies 12 and 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Sadat Khademi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Farivar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Bazrgar
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sadat Masoudi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Newsha Haghparast
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Molina-Ruiz FJ, Introna C, Bombau G, Galofre M, Canals JM. Standardization of Cell Culture Conditions and Routine Genomic Screening under a Quality Management System Leads to Reduced Genomic Instability in hPSCs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11131984. [PMID: 35805069 PMCID: PMC9265327 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have generated unprecedented interest in the scientific community, given their potential applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, toxicology and drug screening. However, hPSCs are prone to acquire genomic alterations in vitro, mainly due to suboptimal culture conditions and inappropriate routines to monitor genome integrity. This poses a challenge to both the safety of clinical applications and the reliability of basic and translational hPSC research. In this study, we aim to investigate if the implementation of a Quality Management System (QMS) such as ISO9001:2015 to ensure reproducible and standardized cell culture conditions and genomic screening strategies can decrease the prevalence of genomic alterations affecting hPSCs used for research applications. To this aim, we performed a retrospective analysis of G-banding karyotype and Comparative Genomic Hybridization array (aCGH) data generated by our group over a 5-year span of different hESC and hiPSC cultures. This work demonstrates that application of a QMS to standardize cell culture conditions and genomic monitoring routines leads to a striking improvement of genomic stability in hPSCs cultured in vitro, as evidenced by a reduced probability of potentially pathogenic chromosomal aberrations and subchromosomal genomic alterations. These results support the need to implement QMS in academic laboratories performing hPSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Molina-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.M.-R.); (C.I.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clelia Introna
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.M.-R.); (C.I.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Bombau
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.M.-R.); (C.I.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Galofre
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.M.-R.); (C.I.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.M.-R.); (C.I.); (G.B.); (M.G.)
- Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-035-288
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Chen CXQ, Abdian N, Maussion G, Thomas RA, Demirova I, Cai E, Tabatabaei M, Beitel LK, Karamchandani J, Fon EA, Durcan TM. A Multistep Workflow to Evaluate Newly Generated iPSCs and Their Ability to Generate Different Cell Types. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4030050. [PMID: 34287353 PMCID: PMC8293472 DOI: 10.3390/mps4030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human somatic cells have created new opportunities to generate disease-relevant cells. Thus, as the use of patient-derived stem cells has become more widespread, having a workflow to monitor each line is critical. This ensures iPSCs pass a suite of quality-control measures, promoting reproducibility across experiments and between labs. With this in mind, we established a multistep workflow to assess our newly generated iPSCs. Our workflow tests four benchmarks: cell growth, genomic stability, pluripotency, and the ability to form the three germline layers. We also outline a simple test for assessing cell growth and highlight the need to compare different growth media. Genomic integrity in the human iPSCs is analyzed by G-band karyotyping and a qPCR-based test for the detection of common karyotypic abnormalities. Finally, we confirm that the iPSC lines can differentiate into a given cell type, using a trilineage assay, and later confirm that each iPSC can be differentiated into one cell type of interest, with a focus on the generation of cortical neurons. Taken together, we present a multistep quality-control workflow to evaluate newly generated iPSCs and detail the findings on these lines as they are tested within the workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol X.-Q. Chen
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Narges Abdian
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Gilles Maussion
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Rhalena A. Thomas
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Iveta Demirova
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Eddie Cai
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Mahdieh Tabatabaei
- The Neuro’s Clinical Biological Imaging and Genetic Repository (C-BIG), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (M.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Lenore K. Beitel
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Jason Karamchandani
- The Neuro’s Clinical Biological Imaging and Genetic Repository (C-BIG), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (M.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Edward A. Fon
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-398-6933
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6
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Català P, Thuret G, Skottman H, Mehta JS, Parekh M, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Collin RWJ, Nuijts RMMA, Ferrari S, LaPointe VLS, Dickman MM. Approaches for corneal endothelium regenerative medicine. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 87:100987. [PMID: 34237411 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The state of the art therapy for treating corneal endothelial disease is transplantation. Advances in the reproducibility and accessibility of surgical techniques are increasing the number of corneal transplants, thereby causing a global deficit of donor corneas and leaving 12.7 million patients with addressable visual impairment. Approaches to regenerate the corneal endothelium offer a solution to the current tissue scarcity and a treatment to those in need. Methods for generating corneal endothelial cells into numbers that could address the current tissue shortage and the possible strategies used to deliver them have now become a therapeutic reality with clinical trials taking place in Japan, Singapore and Mexico. Nevertheless, there is still a long way before such therapies are approved by regulatory bodies and become clinical practice. Moreover, acellular corneal endothelial graft equivalents and certain drugs could provide a treatment option for specific disease conditions without the need of donor tissue or cells. Finally, with the emergence of gene modulation therapies to treat corneal endothelial disease, it would be possible to treat presymptomatic patients or those presenting early symptoms, drastically reducing the need for donor tissue. It is necessary to understand the most recent developments in this rapidly evolving field to know which conditions could be treated with which approach. This article provides an overview of the current and developing regenerative medicine therapies to treat corneal endothelial disease and provides the necessary guidance and understanding towards the treatment of corneal endothelial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Català
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Thuret
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging of Corneal Graft, BiiGC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mohit Parekh
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Ophthalmology, Visual Optics and Visual Rehabilitation, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mor M Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Riggs MJ, Sheridan SD, Rao RR. ARHGDIA Confers Selective Advantage to Dissociated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:705-713. [PMID: 34036793 PMCID: PMC8309423 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have generated significant interest in the scientific community based on their potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, numerous research groups have reported a propensity for genomic alterations during hPSC culture that poses concerns for basic research and clinical applications. Work from our laboratory and others has demonstrated that amplification of chromosomal regions is correlated with increased gene expression. To date, the phenotypic association of common genomic alterations remains unclear and is a cause for concern during clinical use. In this study, we focus on trisomy 17 and a list of candidate genes with increased gene expression to hypothesize that overexpressing 17q25 located ARHGDIA will confer selective advantage to hPSCs. HPSC lines overexpressing ARHGDIA exhibited culture dominance in co-cultures of overexpression lines with nonoverexpression lines. Furthermore, during low-density seeding, we demonstrate increased clonality of our ARHGDIA lines against matched controls. A striking observation is that we could reduce this selective advantage by varying the hPSC culture conditions with the addition of ROCK inhibitor (ROCKi). This work is unique in (1) demonstrating a novel gene that confers selective advantage to hPSCs when overexpressed and may help explain a common trisomy dominance, (2) providing a selection model for studying culture conditions that reduce the appearance of genomically altered hPSCs, and (3) aiding in elucidation of a mechanism that may act as a molecular switch during culture adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Riggs
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raj R Rao
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Firouzi F, Sinha Choudhury S, Broughton K, Salazar A, Bailey B, Sussman MA. Human CardioChimeras: Creation of a Novel "Next-Generation" Cardiac Cell. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013452. [PMID: 31902324 PMCID: PMC6988174 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background CardioChimeras produced by fusion of murine c‐kit+ cardiac interstitial cells with mesenchymal stem cells promote superior structural and functional recovery in a mouse model of myocardial infarction compared with either precursor cell alone or in combination. Creation of human CardioChimeras (hCCs) represents the next step in translational development of this novel cell type, but new challenges arise when working with c‐kit+ cardiac interstitial cells isolated and expanded from human heart tissue samples. The objective of the study was to establish a reliable cell fusion protocol for consistent optimized creation of hCCs and characterize fundamental hCC properties. Methods and Results Cell fusion was induced by incubating human c‐kit+ cardiac interstitial cells and mesenchymal stem cells at a 2:1 ratio with inactivated Sendai virus. Hybrid cells were sorted into 96‐well microplates for clonal expansion to derive unique cloned hCCs, which were then characterized for various cellular and molecular properties. hCCs exhibited enhanced survival relative to the parent cells and promoted cardiomyocyte survival in response to serum deprivation in vitro. Conclusions The generation of hCC is demonstrated and validated in this study, representing the next step toward implementation of a novel cell product for therapeutic development. Feasibility of creating human hybrid cells prompts consideration of multiple possibilities to create novel chimeric cells derived from cells with desirable traits to promote healing in pathologically damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareheh Firouzi
- Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute San Diego State University San Diego CA
| | - Sarmistha Sinha Choudhury
- Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute San Diego State University San Diego CA
| | - Kathleen Broughton
- Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute San Diego State University San Diego CA
| | - Adriana Salazar
- Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute San Diego State University San Diego CA
| | - Barbara Bailey
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics San Diego State University San Diego CA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute San Diego State University San Diego CA
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9
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Nikitina TV, Kashevarova AA, Lebedev IN. Chromosomal Instability and Karyotype Correction in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Hayashi Y, Ohnuma K, Furue MK. Pluripotent Stem Cell Heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1123:71-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11096-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Sullivan S, Stacey GN, Akazawa C, Aoyama N, Baptista R, Bedford P, Bennaceur Griscelli A, Chandra A, Elwood N, Girard M, Kawamata S, Hanatani T, Latsis T, Lin S, Ludwig TE, Malygina T, Mack A, Mountford JC, Noggle S, Pereira LV, Price J, Sheldon M, Srivastava A, Stachelscheid H, Velayudhan SR, Ward NJ, Turner ML, Barry J, Song J. Quality control guidelines for clinical-grade human induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Regen Med 2018; 13:859-866. [PMID: 30205750 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of clinical-grade human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines as a starting material for the generation of cellular therapeutics requires demonstration of comparability of lines derived from different individuals and in different facilities. This requires agreement on the critical quality attributes of such lines and the assays that should be used. Working from established recommendations and guidance from the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative for human embryonic stem cell banking, and concentrating on those issues more relevant to iPSCs, a series of consensus workshops has made initial recommendations on the minimum dataset required to consider an iPSC line of clinical grade, which are outlined in this report. Continued evolution of this field will likely lead to revision of these guidelines on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sullivan
- Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies (GAiT), The Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Glyn N Stacey
- International Stem Cell Banking Initiative, 2 High St, Barley, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Chihiro Akazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Aoyama
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ricardo Baptista
- Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patrick Bedford
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine (CCRM), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amit Chandra
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Holywell Park, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ngaire Elwood
- Cord Blood Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mathilde Girard
- Yposkesi, 2 Rue Henri Auguste Desbruères, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Shin Kawamata
- Foundation Biomedical Research and Innovation (FBRI), Research and Development Center for Cell Therapy, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Hanatani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Theodoros Latsis
- APHP-Hopital Paul Brousse Université Paris Sud/ESteam Paris Inserm UMR 935, Villejuif, France
| | - Stephen Lin
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), Lake Merritt Plaza, 1999 Harrison Street STE 1650, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Tenneille E Ludwig
- WiCell Research Institute (WiCell Stem Cell Bank), Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Tamara Malygina
- Optec LLC, Inzhenernaya Str., 28 Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Amanda Mack
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics International, 525 Science Dr., Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Joanne C Mountford
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott Noggle
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratories, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lygia V Pereira
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jack Price
- UK Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Michael Sheldon
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8009, USA
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore- 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore- 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Charité - Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Shaji R Velayudhan
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore- 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore- 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natalie J Ward
- Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marc L Turner
- Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies (GAiT), The Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK.,Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacqueline Barry
- Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies (GAiT), The Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK.,Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jihwan Song
- Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies (GAiT), The Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Gleicher N. Expected advances in human fertility treatments and their likely translational consequences. J Transl Med 2018; 16:149. [PMID: 29866181 PMCID: PMC5987489 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to rapid research progress in reproductive biology and reproductive clinical endocrinology, many human infertility treatments are close to potential breakthroughs and translational applications. We here review current barriers, where such breakthroughs will likely come from, what they will entail, and their potential clinical applications. MAIN TEXT The radical nature of change will primarily benefit older women, reduce fertility treatment costs and thereby expand access to treatment. A still widely overlooked prerequisite for implantation and normal pregnancy maintenance is timely development of maternal immunological tolerance toward an implanting paternal semi-allograft, if malfunctioning associated with implantation failure and pregnancy loss, while premature termination of tolerance appears associated with premature labor, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and gestoses of pregnancy. Common denominators between pregnancy and invasive malignancies have again been attracting attention, suggesting that, like in malignant tumors, degrees of embryo aneuploidy may affect invasiveness and ability to "disarm" the immune system's innate response against implanting embryos. Linking tolerance to implantation, we offer evidence that the so-called "implantation window" is likely immunological rather than hormonally defined. CONCLUSIONS Because many here outlined treatment changes will disproportionally benefit older women, they will exert a pronounced effect on society, as increasing numbers of women at grandparental ages will become mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gleicher
- The CHR, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna Medical School, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Vorsanova SG, Zelenova MA, Yurov YB, Iourov IY. Behavioral Variability and Somatic Mosaicism: A Cytogenomic Hypothesis. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:158-162. [PMID: 29606902 PMCID: PMC5850503 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170719165339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral sciences are inseparably related to genetics. A variety of neurobehavioral phenotypes are suggested to result from genomic variations. However, the contribution of genetic factors to common behavioral disorders (i.e. autism, schizophrenia, intellectual disability) remains to be understood when an attempt to link behavioral variability to a specific genomic change is made. Probably, the least appreciated genetic mechanism of debilitating neurobehavioral disorders is somatic mosaicism or the occurrence of genetically diverse (neuronal) cells in an individual’s brain. Somatic mosaicism is assumed to affect directly the brain being associated with specific behavioral patterns. As shown in studies of chromosome abnormalities (syndromes), genetic mosaicism is able to change dynamically the phenotype due to inconsistency of abnormal cell proportions. Here, we hypothesize that brain-specific postzygotic changes of mosaicism levels are able to modulate variability of behavioral phenotypes. More precisely, behavioral phenotype variability in individuals exhibiting somatic mosaicism might correlate with changes in the amount of genetically abnormal cells throughout the lifespan. If proven, the hypothesis can be used as a basis for therapeutic interventions through regulating levels of somatic mosaicism to increase functioning and to improve overall condition of individuals with behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow127051, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Zelenova
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow127051, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow127051, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan Y Iourov
- Separated Structural Unit "Clinical Research Institute of Pediatrics at Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University named after Y.E Veltishev", Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow125412, Russian Federation.,Mental Health Research Center, Moscow117152, Russian Federation.,Department of Medical Genetics, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow123995, Russian Federation
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14
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Keller A, Dziedzicka D, Zambelli F, Markouli C, Sermon K, Spits C, Geens M. Genetic and epigenetic factors which modulate differentiation propensity in human pluripotent stem cells. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:162-175. [PMID: 29377992 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines are known to have a bias in their differentiation. This gives individual cell lines a propensity to preferentially differentiate towards one germ layer or cell type over others. Chromosomal aberrations, mitochondrial mutations, genetic diversity and epigenetic variance are the main drivers of this phenomenon, and can lead to a wide range of phenotypes. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the different factors which influence differentiation propensity. Specifically, we sought to highlight known genetic variances and their mechanisms, in addition to more general observations from larger abnormalities. Furthermore, we wanted to provide an up-to-date list of a growing number of predictive indicators which are able to identify differentiation propensity before the initiation of differentiation. As differentiation propensity can lead to difficulties in both research as well as clinical translation, our thorough overview could be a useful tool. SEARCH METHODS Combinations of the following key words were applied as search criteria in the PubMed database: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, differentiation propensity (also: potential, efficiency, capacity, bias, variability), epigenetics, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic aberrations, X chromosome inactivation, mitochondrial function, mitochondrial metabolism, genetic diversity, reprogramming, predictive marker, residual stem cell, clinic. Only studies in English were included, ranging from 2000 to 2017, with a majority ranging from 2010 to 1017. Further manuscripts were added from cross-references. OUTCOMES Differentiation propensity is affected by a wide variety of (epi)genetic factors. These factors clearly lead to a loss of differentiation capacity, preference towards certain cell types and oftentimes, phenotypes which begin to resemble cancer. Broad changes in (epi)genetics, such as aneuploidies or wide-ranging modifications to the epigenetic landscape tend to lead to extensive, less definite changes in differentiation capacity, whereas more specific abnormalities often have precise ramifications in which certain cell types become more preferential. Furthermore, there appears to be a greater, though often less considered, contribution to differentiation propensity by factors such as mitochondria and inherent genetic diversity. Varied differentiation capacity can also lead to potential consequences in the clinical translation of hPSC, including the occurrence of residual undifferentiated stem cells, and the transplantation of potentially transformed cells. WIDER IMPLICATIONS As hPSC continue to advance towards the clinic, our understanding of them progresses as well. As a result, the challenges faced become more numerous, but also more clear. If the transition to the clinic is to be achieved with a minimum number of potential setbacks, thorough evaluation of the cells will be an absolute necessity. Altered differentiation propensity represents at least one such hurdle, for which researchers and eventually clinicians will need to find solutions. Already, steps are being taken to tackle the issue, though further research will be required to evaluate any long-term risks it poses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Keller
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Dominika Dziedzicka
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Filippo Zambelli
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Christina Markouli
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research group Reproduction and Genetics (REGE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
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15
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Griffiths JA, Scialdone A, Marioni JC. Mosaic autosomal aneuploidies are detectable from single-cell RNAseq data. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:904. [PMID: 29178830 PMCID: PMC5702132 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aneuploidies are copy number variants that affect entire chromosomes. They are seen commonly in cancer, embryonic stem cells, human embryos, and in various trisomic diseases. Aneuploidies frequently affect only a subset of cells in a sample; this is known as "mosaic" aneuploidy. A cell that harbours an aneuploidy exhibits disrupted gene expression patterns which can alter its behaviour. However, detection of aneuploidies using conventional single-cell DNA-sequencing protocols is slow and expensive. METHODS We have developed a method that uses chromosome-wide expression imbalances to identify aneuploidies from single-cell RNA-seq data. The method provides quantitative aneuploidy calls, and is integrated into an R software package available on GitHub and as an Additional file of this manuscript. RESULTS We validate our approach using data with known copy number, identifying the vast majority of aneuploidies with a low rate of false discovery. We show further support for the method's efficacy by exploiting allele-specific gene expression levels, and differential expression analyses. CONCLUSIONS The method is quick and easy to apply, straightforward to interpret, and represents a substantial cost saving compared to single-cell genome sequencing techniques. However, the method is less well suited to data where gene expression is highly variable. The results obtained from the method can be used to investigate the consequences of aneuploidy itself, or to exclude aneuploidy-affected expression values from conventional scRNA-seq data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
- Present Address: Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - John C. Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE, Cambridge, UK
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Peterson SE, Garitaonandia I, Loring JF. The tumorigenic potential of pluripotent stem cells: What can we do to minimize it? Bioessays 2017; 38 Suppl 1:S86-95. [PMID: 27417126 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201670915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to fundamentally change the way that we go about treating and understanding human disease. Despite this extraordinary potential, these cells also have an innate capability to form tumors in immunocompromised individuals when they are introduced in their pluripotent state. Although current therapeutic strategies involve transplantation of only differentiated hPSC derivatives, there is still a concern that transplanted cell populations could contain a small percentage of cells that are not fully differentiated. In addition, these cells have been frequently reported to acquire genetic alterations that, in some cases, are associated with certain types of human cancers. Here, we try to separate the panic from reality and rationally evaluate the true tumorigenic potential of these cells. We also discuss a recent study examining the effect of culture conditions on the genetic integrity of hPSCs. Finally, we present a set of sensible guidelines for minimizing the tumorigenic potential of hPSC-derived cells. © 2016 The Authors. Inside the Cell published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Peterson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ibon Garitaonandia
- Department of Neurogenetics, International Stem Cell Corporation, Oceanside, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne F Loring
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Kovac M, Vasicek J, Kulikova B, Bauer M, Curlej J, Balazi A, Chrenek P. Different RNA and protein expression of surface markers in rabbit amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1601-1613. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kovac
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture; Nitra Slovak Republic
- Research Inst. for Animal Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre; Lužianky Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Vasicek
- Research Inst. for Animal Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre; Lužianky Slovak Republic
- Research Centre AgroBioTech, Slovak University of Agriculture; Nitra Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Kulikova
- Research Inst. for Animal Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre; Lužianky Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Bauer
- Research Inst. for Animal Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre; Lužianky Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Constantine the Philosopher University; Nitra Slovak republic
| | - Jozef Curlej
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture; Nitra Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Balazi
- Research Inst. for Animal Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre; Lužianky Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Chrenek
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture; Nitra Slovak Republic
- Research Inst. for Animal Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre; Lužianky Slovak Republic
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18
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Kyriakides O, Halliwell JA, Andrews PW. Acquired Genetic and Epigenetic Variation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 163:187-206. [PMID: 29071402 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can acquire non-random genomic variation during culture. Some of these changes are common in tumours and confer a selective growth advantage in culture. Additionally, there is evidence that reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) introduces mutations. This poses a challenge to both the safety of clinical applications and the reliability of basic research using hPSCs carrying genomic variation. A number of methods are available for monitoring the genomic integrity of hPSCs, and a balance between practicality and sensitivity must be considered in choosing the appropriate methods for each use of hPSCs. Adjusting protocols by which hPSCs are derived and cultured is an evolving process that is important in minimising acquired genomic variation. Assessing genetic variation for its potential impact is becoming increasingly important as techniques to detect genome-wide variation improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kyriakides
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - J A Halliwell
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - P W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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19
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Gleicher N, Vidali A, Braverman J, Kushnir VA, Barad DH, Hudson C, Wu YG, Wang Q, Zhang L, Albertini DF. Accuracy of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is compromised by degree of mosaicism of human embryos. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:54. [PMID: 27595768 PMCID: PMC5011996 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To preclude transfer of aneuploid embryos, current preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) usually involves one trophectoderm biopsy at blastocyst stage, assumed to represent embryo ploidy. Whether one such biopsy can correctly assess embryo ploidy has recently, however, been questioned. METHODS This descriptive study investigated accuracy of PGS in two ways. Part I: Two infertile couples donated 11 embryos, previously diagnosed as aneuploid and, therefore, destined to be discarded. They were dissected into 37 anonymized specimens, and sent to another national laboratory for repeat analyses to assess (i) inter-laboratory congruity and (ii) intra-embryo congruity of multiple embryo biopsies in a single laboratory. Part II: Reports on human IVF cycle outcomes after transfer of allegedly aneuploid embryos into 8 infertile patients. RESULTS Only 2/11 (18.2 %) embryos were identically assessed at two PGS laboratories; 4/11 (36.4 %), on repeat analysis were chromosomally normal, 2 mosaic normal/abnormal, and 5/11 (45.5 %) completely differed in reported aneuploidies. In intra-embryo analyses, 5/10 (50 %) differed between biopsy sites. Eight transfers of previously reported aneuploid embryos resulted in 5 chromosomally normal pregnancies, 4 delivered and 1 ongoing. Three patients did not conceive, though 1 among them experienced a chemical pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Though populations of both study parts are too small to draw statistically adequately powered conclusions on specific degrees of inaccuracy of PGS, here presented results do raise concerns especially about false-positive diagnoses. While inter-laboratory variations may at least partially be explained by different diagnostic platforms utilized, they cannot explain observed intra-embryo variations, suggesting more frequent trophectoderm mosiaicsm than previously reported. Together with recentl published mouse studies of lineages-specific degrees of survival of aneuploid cells in early stage embryos, these results call into question the biological basis of PGS, based on the assumption that a single trophectoderm biopsy can reliably determine embryo ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY USA
- The Brivanlou Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrea Vidali
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Fertility Specialist in New York, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Vitaly A. Kushnir
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
| | - David H. Barad
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Cynthia Hudson
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Yang-Guan Wu
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Qi Wang
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - David F. Albertini
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS USA
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20
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Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Achilles' heel of pluripotent stem cells: genetic, genomic and epigenetic variations during prolonged culture. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2453-66. [PMID: 26961132 PMCID: PMC11108315 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into almost any specialized adult cell type of an organism. PSCs can be derived either from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst-giving rise to embryonic stem cells-or after reprogramming of somatic terminally differentiated cells to obtain ES-like cells, named induced pluripotent stem cells. The potential use of these cells in the clinic, for investigating in vitro early embryonic development or for screening the effects of new drugs or xenobiotics, depends on capability to maintain their genome integrity during prolonged culture and differentiation. Both human and mouse PSCs are prone to genomic and (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture, a feature that seriously limits their real potential use. Culture-induced variations of specific chromosomes or genes, are almost all unpredictable and, as a whole, differ among independent cell lines. They may arise at different culture passages, suggesting the absence of a safe passage number maintaining genome integrity and rendering the control of genomic stability mandatory since the very early culture passages. The present review highlights the urgency for further studies on the mechanisms involved in determining (epi)genetic and chromosome instability, exploiting the knowledge acquired earlier on other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Zuccotti
- Unita' di Anatomia, Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali (S.BI.BI.T.), Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Redi
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Garagna
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
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21
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Andrews PW, Baker D, Benvinisty N, Miranda B, Bruce K, Brüstle O, Choi M, Choi YM, Crook JM, de Sousa PA, Dvorak P, Freund C, Firpo M, Furue MK, Gokhale P, Ha HY, Han E, Haupt S, Healy L, Hei DJ, Hovatta O, Hunt C, Hwang SM, Inamdar MS, Isasi RM, Jaconi M, Jekerle V, Kamthorn P, Kibbey MC, Knezevic I, Knowles BB, Koo SK, Laabi Y, Leopoldo L, Liu P, Lomax GP, Loring JF, Ludwig TE, Montgomery K, Mummery C, Nagy A, Nakamura Y, Nakatsuji N, Oh S, Oh SK, Otonkoski T, Pera M, Peschanski M, Pranke P, Rajala KM, Rao M, Ruttachuk R, Reubinoff B, Ricco L, Rooke H, Sipp D, Stacey GN, Suemori H, Takahashi TA, Takada K, Talib S, Tannenbaum S, Yuan BZ, Zeng F, Zhou Q. Points to consider in the development of seed stocks of pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications: International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI). Regen Med 2015; 10:1-44. [PMID: 25675265 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P W Andrews
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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22
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Abstract
Despite the increasing use of stem cells for regenerative-based cardiac therapy, the optimal stem cell population(s) remains in a cloud of uncertainty. In the past decade, the field has witnessed a surge of researchers discovering stem cell populations reported to directly and/or indirectly contribute to cardiac regeneration through processes of cardiomyogenic commitment and/or release of cardioprotective paracrine factors. This review centers upon defining basic biological characteristics of stem cells used for sustaining cardiac integrity during disease and maintenance of communication between the cardiac environment and stem cells. Given the limited successes achieved so far in regenerative therapy, the future requires development of unprecedented concepts involving combinatorial approaches to create and deliver the optimal stem cell(s) that will enhance myocardial healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Quijada
- Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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23
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Abstract
The development of induced pluripotent stem cells offers the possibility of the scalable manufacture of cellular therapies for regenerative medicine. Moreover, donors can be selected on the basis of major transplant antigen systems to match the widest possible number of recipients worldwide, reducing the likely risk of immunological rejection and the degree of immune suppression or tolerance required. If such cell lines are to be broadly available, there will need to be mutual recognition of common standards across different jurisdictions. Extensive international collaboration will be required around issues such as determination of the optimal homozygous human leukocyte antigens (HLA) panel, donor selection, screening and consent, good manufacturing practice (GMP), standards and quality control and regulatory legislation. The challenges in establishing a global GMP induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) haplobank are formidable. We argue that now is the time to attempt to reach international agreement around common standards for GMP iPSC manufacture before the field develops in a fragmented manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Barry
- Cell Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Johan Hyllner
- Cell Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Division of Biotechnology/IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Glyn Stacey
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG UK
| | - Craig J. Taylor
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (Tissue Typing) Laboratory (Box 209), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Marc Turner
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen’s Glen Road, Edinburgh, EH17 7QT Scotland UK
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
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24
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Quijada P, Salunga HT, Hariharan N, Cubillo JD, El-Sayed FG, Moshref M, Bala KM, Emathinger JM, De La Torre A, Ormachea L, Alvarez R, Gude NA, Sussman MA. Cardiac Stem Cell Hybrids Enhance Myocardial Repair. Circ Res 2015; 117:695-706. [PMID: 26228030 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dual cell transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after infarction improves myocardial repair and performance in large animal models relative to delivery of either cell population. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that CardioChimeras (CCs) formed by fusion between CPCs and MSCs have enhanced reparative potential in a mouse model of myocardial infarction relative to individual stem cells or combined cell delivery. METHODS AND RESULTS Two distinct and clonally derived CCs, CC1 and CC2, were used for this study. CCs improved left ventricular anterior wall thickness at 4 weeks post injury, but only CC1 treatment preserved anterior wall thickness at 18 weeks. Ejection fraction was enhanced at 6 weeks in CCs, and functional improvements were maintained in CCs and CPC+MSC groups at 18 weeks. Infarct size was decreased in CCs, whereas CPC+MSC and CPC parent groups remained unchanged at 12 weeks. CCs exhibited increased persistence, engraftment, and expression of early commitment markers within the border zone relative to combinatorial and individual cell population-injected groups. CCs increased capillary density and preserved cardiomyocyte size in the infarcted regions suggesting CCs role in protective paracrine secretion. CONCLUSIONS CCs merge the application of distinct cells into a single entity for cellular therapeutic intervention in the progression of heart failure. CCs are a novel cell therapy that improves on combinatorial cell approaches to support myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Quijada
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Hazel T Salunga
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Nirmala Hariharan
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Jonathan D Cubillo
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Farid G El-Sayed
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Maryam Moshref
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Kristin M Bala
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Jacqueline M Emathinger
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Andrea De La Torre
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Lucia Ormachea
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Roberto Alvarez
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Natalie A Gude
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.)
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (P.Q., H.T.S., J.D.C., F.G.E.-S., M.M., K.M.B., J.M.E., A.D.L.T., L.O., R.A., N.A.G., M.A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (N.H.).
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25
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Bushman DM, Kaeser GE, Siddoway B, Westra JW, Rivera RR, Rehen SK, Yung YC, Chun J. Genomic mosaicism with increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene copy number in single neurons from sporadic Alzheimer's disease brains. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25650802 PMCID: PMC4337608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that individual neurons of the brain can display somatic genomic mosaicism of unknown function. In this study, we report altered genomic mosaicism in single, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons characterized by increases in DNA content and amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene copy number. AD cortical nuclei displayed large variability with average DNA content increases of ∼8% over non-diseased controls that were unrelated to trisomy 21. Two independent single-cell copy number analyses identified amplifications at the APP locus. The use of single-cell qPCR identified up to 12 copies of APP in sampled neurons. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes targeting APP, combined with super-resolution microscopy detected primarily single fluorescent signals of variable intensity that paralleled single-cell qPCR analyses. These data identify somatic genomic changes in single neurons, affecting known and unknown loci, which are increased in sporadic AD, and further indicate functionality for genomic mosaicism in the CNS. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05116.001 The instructions for living cells are contained in certain stretches of DNA, called genes, and these instructions have been largely considered to be invariant, such that every cell in the body has the same DNA. However, research has revealed that many neurons in the human brain can contain different amounts of DNA compared to other cells. When cells with varied DNA are present in the same person, it is referred to as mosaicism. The effects of this mosaicism are unknown, although by altering the instructions in brain cells, it is suspected to influence both the normal and diseased brain. The brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease often contain deposits of proteins called amyloids. The precursor of the protein that makes up most of these deposits is produced from a gene called the amyloid precursor protein gene, or APP. Having an extra copy of the APP gene can cause rare ‘familial’ Alzheimer's disease, wherein the APP duplication can be passed on genetically and is present in all the cells of a patient's body. By contrast, ‘sporadic’ Alzheimer's disease, which constitutes around 95% of cases, does not show any difference in the number of APP genes found in tissue samples, including whole brain. The early studies that discovered this were conducted before an appreciation of brain mosaicism, and thus single neurons were not investigated. This raises the possibility that the number of APP genes may be mosaically increased, which would not be detected by examining non-brain or bulk brain tissue. Bushman, Kaeser et al. used five different types of experiments to examine the DNA content of single neurons and investigate whether mosaicism could explain the discrepancy in the results of the previous studies. The neurons from people with Alzheimer's disease contained more DNA—on average, hundreds of millions of DNA base pairs more—and more copies of the APP gene, with some neurons containing up to 12 copies. Bushman, Kaeser et al.'s findings present evidence of a way that mosaicism can affect how the brain works by altering the number of gene copies, and how this impacts the most common form of Alzheimer's disease. Many questions arise from the work, including when does mosaicism arise, and what promotes its formation? How does this relate to age? What parts of the genome are changed, what genes are affected, and how do these changes alter neuronal function? Furthermore, Bushman, Kaeser et al.'s work suggests that mosaicism may also play a role in other brain diseases, and could also provide new insights into the normal, complex functions of the brain. In the future, this knowledge could help to identify new treatments for brain diseases; for example, by identifying new molecular targets for therapy hidden in the extra DNA or by understanding how to alter mosaicism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05116.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Bushman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gwendolyn E Kaeser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Benjamin Siddoway
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jurgen W Westra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Richard R Rivera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Stevens K Rehen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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26
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Abstract
Cancer cells differ from normal healthy cells in multiple aspects ranging from altered cellular signaling through metabolic changes to aberrant chromosome content, so called aneuploidy. The large-scale changes in copy numbers of chromosomes or large chromosomal regions due to aneuploidy alter significantly the gene expression, as several hundreds of genes are gained or lost. Comparison of quantitative genome, transcriptome and proteome data enables dissection of the molecular causes that underlie the gene expression changes observed in cancer cells and provides a new perspective on the molecular consequences of aneuploidy. Here, we will map to what degree aneuploidy affects the expression of genes located on the affected chromosomes. We will also address the effects of aneuploidy on global gene expression in cancer cells as well as whether and how it may contribute to the physiology of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dürrbaum
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Oliveira PH, da Silva CL, Cabral JM. Concise Review: Genomic Instability in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Challenges. Stem Cells 2014; 32:2824-32. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Oliveira
- Institut Pasteur; Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR3525 Paris France
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
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28
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Didion JP, Buus RJ, Naghashfar Z, Threadgill DW, Morse HC, de Villena FPM. SNP array profiling of mouse cell lines identifies their strains of origin and reveals cross-contamination and widespread aneuploidy. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:847. [PMID: 25277546 PMCID: PMC4198738 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crisis of Misidentified and contaminated cell lines have plagued the biological research community for decades. Some repositories and journals have heeded calls for mandatory authentication of human cell lines, yet misidentification of mouse cell lines has received little publicity despite their importance in sponsored research. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is the standard authentication method, but it may fail to distinguish cell lines derived from the same inbred strain of mice. Additionally, STR profiling does not reveal karyotypic changes that occur in some high-passage lines and may have functional consequences. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiling has been suggested as a more accurate and versatile alternative to STR profiling; however, a high-throughput method for SNP-based authentication of mouse cell lines has not been described. RESULTS We have developed computational methods (Cell Line Authentication by SNP Profiling, CLASP) for cell line authentication and copy number analysis based on a cost-efficient SNP array, and we provide a reference database of commonly used mouse strains and cell lines. We show that CLASP readily discriminates among cell lines of diverse taxonomic origins, including multiple cell lines derived from a single inbred strain, intercross or wild caught mouse. CLASP is also capable of detecting contaminants present at concentrations as low as 5%. Of the 99 cell lines we tested, 15 exhibited substantial divergence from the reported genetic background. In all cases, we were able to distinguish whether the authentication failure was due to misidentification (one cell line, Ba/F3), the presence of multiple strain backgrounds (five cell lines), contamination by other cells and/or the presence of aneuploid chromosomes (nine cell lines). CONCLUSIONS Misidentification and contamination of mouse cell lines is potentially as widespread as it is in human cell culture. This may have substantial implications for studies that are dependent on the expected background of their cell cultures. Laboratories can mitigate these risks by regular authentication of their cell cultures. Our results demonstrate that SNP array profiling is an effective method to combat cell line misidentification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Didion
- />Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
| | - Ryan J Buus
- />Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
| | - Zohreh Naghashfar
- />Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook I, Room 1421, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- />Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- />Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook I, Room 1421, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- />Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
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29
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Ben-David U. Genomic instability, driver genes and cell selection: Projections from cancer to stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:427-35. [PMID: 25132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells and stem cells share many traits, including a tendency towards genomic instability. Human cancers exhibit tumor-specific genomic aberrations, which often affect their malignancy and drug response. During their culture propagation, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) also acquire characteristic genomic aberrations, which may have significant impact on their molecular and cellular phenotypes. These aberrations vary in size from single nucleotide alterations to copy number alterations to whole chromosome gains. A prominent challenge in both cancer and stem cell research is to identify "driver aberrations" that confer a selection advantage, and "driver genes" that underlie the recurrence of these aberrations. Following principles that are already well-established in cancer research, candidate driver genes have also been suggested in hPSCs. Experimental validation of the functional role of such candidates can uncover whether these are bona fide driver genes. The identification of driver genes may bring us closer to a mechanistic understanding of the genomic instability of stem cells. Guided by terminologies and methodologies commonly applied in cancer research, such understanding may have important ramifications for both stem cell and cancer biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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30
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Nguyen HT, Markouli C, Geens M, Barbe L, Sermon K, Spits C. Human embryonic stem cells show low-grade microsatellite instability. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:981-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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31
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Jacobs K, Mertzanidou A, Geens M, Thi Nguyen H, Staessen C, Spits C. Low-grade chromosomal mosaicism in human somatic and embryonic stem cell populations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4227. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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32
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Gaztelumendi N, Nogués C. Chromosome instability in mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5324. [PMID: 24937170 PMCID: PMC4060510 DOI: 10.1038/srep05324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) are expected to show a stable euploid karyotype, but in the last decade (sub)chromosomal aberrations have been systematically described in these cell lines when maintained in vitro. Culture conditions and long-term culture have been traditionally proposed as possible factors involved in the acquisition of chromosomal abnormalities. Thus, we analyzed the chromosome constitution, the undifferentiated state and the functional pluripotency of three different mouse ESCs grown under the same culture conditions. Two cell lines were unstable from early passages, whereas the third one retained its chromosome integrity after long-term culture despite using enzymatic methods for cell disaggregation. Trisomy 8 and 11 were clonally selected in both unstable cell lines, which also showed a higher growth rate than our normal cell line and suffered morphological changes in colony shape with increasing passage number. Regardless of the length of culture or the chromosome instability, all cell lines preserved their differentiation potential. These results confirm that double trisomy 8 and 11 confers a growth advantage to the abnormal cells, but not at the expense of cell differentiation. The presence of chromosome instability, widely related to tumor development and cancer disease, highlights the risk of using pluripotent cells in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carme Nogués
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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33
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Peterson SE, Loring JF. Genomic instability in pluripotent stem cells: implications for clinical applications. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4578-84. [PMID: 24362040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.516419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are known to acquire genomic changes as they proliferate and differentiate. Despite concerns that these changes will compromise the safety of hPSC-derived cell therapy, there is currently scant evidence linking the known hPSC genomic abnormalities with malignancy. For the successful use of hPSCs for clinical applications, we will need to learn to distinguish between innocuous genomic aberrations and those that may cause tumors. To minimize any effects of acquired mutations on cell therapy, we strongly recommend that cells destined for transplant be monitored throughout their preparation using a high-resolution method such as SNP genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Peterson
- From the Department of Chemical Physiology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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34
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Abstract
In this paper we develop a theoretical frame to understand self-regulation of aneuploidy rate in cancer and stem cells. This is accomplished building upon quasispecies theory, by leaving its formal mathematical structure intact, but by drastically changing the meaning of its objects. In particular, we propose a novel definition of chromosomal master sequence, as a sequence of physically distinct whole or fragmented chromosomes, whose length is taken to be the sum of the copy numbers of each whole or fragmented chromosome. This fundamental change in the functional objects of quasispecies theory allows us to show that previously measured aneuploidy rates in cancer populations are already close to a formally derived aneuploid error threshold, and that any value of aneuploidy rate larger than the aneuploid error threshold would lead to a loss of fitness of a tumor population. Finally, we make a phenomenological analysis of existing experimental evidence to argue that single clone cancer cells, derived from an aneuploid cancer subpopulation, are capable of self-regulating their aneuploidy rate and of adapting it to distinct environments, namely primary and metastatic microenvironments. We also discuss the potential origin of this self-regulatory ability in the wider context of developmental and comparative biology and we hypothesize the existence of a diversification factor, i.e. a cellular mechanism that regulates adaptation of aneuploidy rates, active in all embryo, adult and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Signore
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Tumor Stem Cell Biobank, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele C Struppa
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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35
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Valind A, Jin Y, Gisselsson D. Elevated tolerance to aneuploidy in cancer cells: estimating the fitness effects of chromosome number alterations by in silico modelling of somatic genome evolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70445. [PMID: 23894657 PMCID: PMC3722120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An unbalanced chromosome number (aneuploidy) is present in most malignant tumours and has been attributed to mitotic mis-segregation of chromosomes. However, recent studies have shown a relatively high rate of chromosomal mis-segregation also in non-neoplastic human cells, while the frequency of aneuploid cells remains low throughout life in most normal tissues. This implies that newly formed aneuploid cells are subject to negative selection in healthy tissues and that attenuation of this selection could contribute to aneuploidy in cancer. To test this, we modelled cellular growth as discrete time branching processes, during which chromosome gains and losses were generated and their host cells subjected to selection pressures of various magnitudes. We then assessed experimentally the frequency of chromosomal mis-segregation as well as the prevalence of aneuploid cells in human non-neoplastic cells and in cancer cells. Integrating these data into our models allowed estimation of the fitness reduction resulting from a single chromosome copy number change to an average of ≈30% in normal cells. In comparison, cancer cells showed an average fitness reduction of only 6% (p = 0.0008), indicative of aneuploidy tolerance. Simulations based on the combined presence of chromosomal mis-segregation and aneuploidy tolerance reproduced distributions of chromosome aberrations in >400 cancer cases with higher fidelity than models based on chromosomal mis-segregation alone. Reverse engineering of aneuploid cancer cell development in silico predicted that aneuploidy intolerance is a stronger limiting factor for clonal expansion of aneuploid cells than chromosomal mis-segregation rate. In conclusion, our findings indicate that not only an elevated chromosomal mis-segregation rate, but also a generalised tolerance to novel chromosomal imbalances contribute to the genomic landscape of human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Valind
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuesheng Jin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Gisselsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University and Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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36
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Estrada JC, Torres Y, Benguría A, Dopazo A, Roche E, Carrera-Quintanar L, Pérez RA, Enríquez JA, Torres R, Ramírez JC, Samper E, Bernad A. Human mesenchymal stem cell-replicative senescence and oxidative stress are closely linked to aneuploidy. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e691. [PMID: 23807220 PMCID: PMC3702285 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In most clinical trials, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are expanded in vitro before implantation. The genetic stability of human stem cells is critical for their clinical use. However, the relationship between stem-cell expansion and genetic stability is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that within the normal expansion period, hMSC cultures show a high percentage of aneuploid cells that progressively increases until senescence. Despite this accumulation, we show that in a heterogeneous culture the senescence-prone hMSC subpopulation has a lower proliferation potential and a higher incidence of aneuploidy than the non-senescent subpopulation. We further show that senescence is linked to a novel transcriptional signature that includes a set of genes implicated in ploidy control. Overexpression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT) inhibited senescence, markedly reducing the levels of aneuploidy and preventing the dysregulation of ploidy-controlling genes. hMSC-replicative senescence was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and oxidative stress, but in long-term cultures that overexpress hTERT, these parameters were maintained at basal levels, comparable to unmodified hMSCs at initial passages. We therefore propose that hTERT contributes to genetic stability through its classical telomere maintenance function and also by reducing the levels of oxidative stress, possibly, by controlling mitochondrial physiology. Finally, we propose that aneuploidy is a relevant factor in the induction of senescence and should be assessed in hMSCs before their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Estrada
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Bushman DM, Chun J. The genomically mosaic brain: aneuploidy and more in neural diversity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:357-69. [PMID: 23466288 PMCID: PMC3637860 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genomically identical cells have long been assumed to comprise the human brain, with post-genomic mechanisms giving rise to its enormous diversity, complexity, and disease susceptibility. However, the identification of neural cells containing somatically generated mosaic aneuploidy - loss and/or gain of chromosomes from a euploid complement - and other genomic variations including LINE1 retrotransposons and regional patterns of DNA content variation (DCV), demonstrate that the brain is genomically heterogeneous. The precise phenotypes and functions produced by genomic mosaicism are not well understood, although the effects of constitutive aberrations, as observed in Down syndrome, implicate roles for defined mosaic genomes relevant to cellular survival, differentiation potential, stem cell biology, and brain organization. Here we discuss genomic mosaicism as a feature of the normal brain as well as a possible factor in the weak or complex genetic linkages observed for many of the most common forms of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Bushman
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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38
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Spindle checkpoint deficiency is tolerated by murine epidermal cells but not hair follicle stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2928-33. [PMID: 23382243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217388110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures correct chromosome segregation during mitosis by preventing aneuploidy, an event that is detrimental to the fitness and survival of normal cells but oncogenic in tumor cells. Deletion of SAC genes is incompatible with early mouse development, and RNAi-mediated depletion of SAC components in cultured cells results in rapid death. Here we describe the use of a conditional KO of mouse Mad2, an essential component of the SAC signaling cascade, as a means to selectively induce chromosome instability and aneuploidy in the epidermis of the skin. We observe that SAC inactivation is tolerated by interfollicular epidermal cells but results in depletion of hair follicle bulge stem cells. Eventually, a histologically normal epidermis develops within ∼1 mo after birth, albeit without any hair. Mad2-deficient cells in this epidermis exhibited abnormal transcription of metabolic genes, consistent with aneuploid cell state. Hair follicle bulge stem cells were completely absent, despite the continued presence of rudimentary hair follicles. These data demonstrate that different cell lineages within a single tissue respond differently to chromosome instability: some proliferating cell lineages can survive, but stem cells are highly sensitive.
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39
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Ebert AD, Shelley BC, Hurley AM, Onorati M, Castiglioni V, Patitucci TN, Svendsen SP, Mattis VB, McGivern JV, Schwab AJ, Sareen D, Kim HW, Cattaneo E, Svendsen CN. EZ spheres: a stable and expandable culture system for the generation of pre-rosette multipotent stem cells from human ESCs and iPSCs. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:417-427. [PMID: 23474892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple method to generate and expand multipotent, self-renewing pre-rosette neural stem cells from both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) without utilizing embryoid body formation, manual selection techniques, or complex combinations of small molecules. Human ESC and iPSC colonies were lifted and placed in a neural stem cell medium containing high concentrations of EGF and FGF-2. Cell aggregates (termed EZ spheres) could be expanded for long periods using a chopping method that maintained cell-cell contact. Early passage EZ spheres rapidly down-regulated OCT4 and up-regulated SOX2 and nestin expression. They retained the potential to form neural rosettes and consistently differentiated into a range of central and peripheral neural lineages. Thus, they represent a very early neural stem cell with greater differentiation flexibility than other previously described methods. As such, they will be useful for the rapidly expanding field of neurological development and disease modeling, high-content screening, and regenerative therapies based on pluripotent stem cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Brandon C Shelley
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Amanda M Hurley
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Marco Onorati
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Castiglioni
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa N Patitucci
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Soshana P Svendsen
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jered V McGivern
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Andrew J Schwab
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Ho Won Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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40
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Aneuploid cells are differentially susceptible to caspase-mediated death during embryonic cerebral cortical development. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16213-22. [PMID: 23152605 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3706-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells, neurons, and glia of the normal vertebrate brain are diversely aneuploid, forming mosaics of intermixed aneuploid and euploid cells. The functional significance of neural mosaic aneuploidy is not known; however, the generation of aneuploidy during embryonic neurogenesis, coincident with caspase-dependent programmed cell death (PCD), suggests that a cell's karyotype could influence its survival within the CNS. To address this hypothesis, PCD in the mouse embryonic cerebral cortex was attenuated by global pharmacological inhibition of caspases or genetic removal of caspase-3 or caspase-9. The chromosomal repertoire of individual brain cells was then assessed by chromosome counting, spectral karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA content flow cytometry. Reducing PCD resulted in markedly enhanced mosaicism that was comprised of increased numbers of cells with the following: (1) numerical aneuploidy (chromosome losses or gains); (2) extreme forms of numerical aneuploidy (>5 chromosomes lost or gained); and (3) rare karyotypes, including those with coincident chromosome loss and gain, or absence of both members of a chromosome pair (nullisomy). Interestingly, mildly aneuploid (<5 chromosomes lost or gained) populations remained comparatively unchanged. These data demonstrate functional non-equivalence of distinguishable aneuploidies on neural cell survival, providing evidence that somatically generated, cell-autonomous genomic alterations have consequences for neural development and possibly other brain functions.
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41
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Nguyen HT, Geens M, Spits C. Genetic and epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 19:187-205. [PMID: 23223511 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing body of evidence that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are prone to (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture. This review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on culture-induced (epi)genetic alterations in hPSCs and their phenotypic consequences. METHODS Combinations of the following key words were applied as search criteria: human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells in combination with malignancy, tumorigenicity, X inactivation, mitochondrial mutations, genomic integrity, chromosomal abnormalities, culture adaptation, aneuploidy and CD30. Only studies in English, on hPSCs and focused on (epi)genomic integrity were included. Further manuscripts were added from cross-references. RESULTS Numerous (epi)genetic aberrations have been detected in hPSCs. Recurrent genetic alterations give a selective advantage in culture to the altered cells leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells. The functional effects of these alterations are not yet fully understood, but suggest a (pre)malignant transformation of abnormal cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity. CONCLUSIONS Given the high degree of (epi)genetic alterations reported in the literature and altered phenotypic characteristics of the abnormal cells, controlling for the (epi)genetic integrity of hPSCs before any clinical application is an absolute necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Nguyen
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium
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42
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Heider A, Danova-Alt R, Egger D, Cross M, Alt R. Murine and human very small embryonic-like cells: a perspective. Cytometry A 2012; 83:72-5. [PMID: 23165990 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells were described as a pluripotent population of prospectively isolated stem cells in adult murine bone marrow (mBM) and human umbilical cord blood (hUCB). While rigorous proof of pluripotency is still lacking, murine VSEL cells have been shown to overlap with an independently identified population of neural crest derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The presence of primitive mesenchymal precursors within the VSEL cell population may partially explain the findings that have led to the concept of an "embryonic-like" stem cell in mBM. However, our own studies on human VSEL cells revealed very little similarity between murine VSEL cells and their reportedly equivalent population in hUCB. On the contrary, our data strongly suggest that human VSEL cells are an aberrant and inactive population that cannot expand in vitro and has neither embryonic nor adult stem cell like properties. Here we critically re-examine the data supporting stemness and pluripotency of murine and human VSEL cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heider
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine-TRM, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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43
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Ojala M, Rajala K, Pekkanen-Mattila M, Miettinen M, Huhtala H, Aalto-Setälä K. Culture conditions affect cardiac differentiation potential of human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48659. [PMID: 23119085 PMCID: PMC3485380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are capable of differentiating into any cell type in the human body and thus can be used in studies of early human development, as cell models for different diseases and eventually also in regenerative medicine applications. Since the first derivation of hESCs in 1998, a variety of culture conditions have been described for the undifferentiated growth of hPSCs. In this study, we cultured both hESCs and hiPSCs in three different culture conditions: on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) and SNL feeder cell layers together with conventional stem cell culture medium containing knockout serum replacement and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), as well as on a Matrigel matrix in mTeSR1 medium. hPSC lines were subjected to cardiac differentiation in mouse visceral endodermal-like (END-2) co-cultures and the cardiac differentiation efficiency was determined by counting both the beating areas and Troponin T positive cells, as well as studying the expression of OCT-3/4, mesodermal Brachyury T and NKX2.5 and endodermal SOX-17 at various time points during END-2 differentiation by q-RT-PCR analysis. The most efficient cardiac differentiation was observed with hPSCs cultured on MEF or SNL feeder cell layers in stem cell culture medium and the least efficient cardiac differentiation was observed on a Matrigel matrix in mTeSR1 medium. Further, hPSCs cultured on a Matrigel matrix in mTeSR1 medium were found to be more committed to neural lineage than hPSCs cultured on MEF or SNL feeder cell layers. In conclusion, culture conditions have a major impact on the propensity of the hPSCs to differentiate into a cardiac lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Ojala
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kristiina Rajala
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Pekkanen-Mattila
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marinka Miettinen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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44
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Devalle S, Sartore RC, Paulsen BS, Borges HL, Martins RAP, Rehen SK. Implications of aneuploidy for stem cell biology and brain therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:36. [PMID: 22973193 PMCID: PMC3433681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular basis of neurological disorders have advanced at a slow pace, especially due to the extreme invasiveness of brain biopsying and limitations of cell lines and animal models that have been used. Since the derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), a novel source of cells for regenerative medicine and disease modeling has become available, holding great potential for the neurology field. However, safety for therapy and accurateness for modeling have been a matter of intense debate, considering that genomic instability, including the gain and loss of chromosomes (aneuploidy), has been repeatedly observed in those cells. Despite the fact that recent reports have described some degree of aneuploidy as being normal during neuronal differentiation and present in healthy human brains, this phenomenon is particularly controversial since it has traditionally been associated with cancer and disabling syndromes. It is therefore necessary to appreciate, to which extent, aneuploid pluripotent stem cells are suitable for regenerative medicine and neurological modeling and also the limits that separate constitutive from disease-related aneuploidy. In this review, recent findings regarding chromosomal instability in PSCs and within the brain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Devalle
- National Laboratory for Embryonic Stem Cells, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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45
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Screening of human pluripotent stem cells using CGH and FISH reveals low-grade mosaic aneuploidy and a recurrent amplification of chromosome 1q. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:1248-55. [PMID: 22713809 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency and proliferative capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) make them a promising source for basic and applied research as well as in therapeutic medicine. The introduction of human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) holds great promise for patient-tailored regenerative medicine therapies. However, for hESCs and hiPSCs to be applied for therapeutic purposes, long-term genomic stability in culture must be maintained. Until recently, G-banding analysis was considered as the default approach for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in stem cells. Our goal in this study was to apply fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for the screening of pluripotent stem cells, which will enable us identifying chromosomal abnormalities in stem cells genome with a better resolution. We studied three hESC lines and two hiPSC lines over long-term culture. Aneuploidy rates were evaluated at different passages, using FISH probes (12,13,16,17,18,21,X,Y). Genomic integrity was shown to be maintained at early passages of hESCs and hiPSCs but, at late passages, we observed low rates mosaiciam in hESCs, which implies a direct correlation between number of passages and increased aneuploidy rate. In addition, CGH analysis revealed a recurrent genomic instability, involving the gain of chromosome 1q. This finding was detected in two unrelated cell lines of different origin and implies that gains of chromosome 1q may endow a clonal advantage in culture. These findings, which could only partially be detected by conventional cytogenetic methods, emphasize the importance of using molecular cytogenetic methods for tracking genomic instability in stem cells.
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46
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Very small embryonic-like stem cells purified from umbilical cord blood lack stem cell characteristics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34899. [PMID: 22509366 PMCID: PMC3318011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like (VSEL) cells have been described as putatively pluripotent stem cells present in murine bone marrow and human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) and as such are of high potential interest for regenerative medicine. However, there remain some questions concerning the precise identity and properties of VSEL cells, particularly those derived from hUCB. For this reason, we have carried out an extensive characterisation of purified populations of VSEL cells from a large number of UCB samples. Consistent with a previous report, we find that VSEL cells are CXCR4+, have a high density, are indeed significantly smaller than HSC and have an extremely high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. Their nucleoplasm is unstructured and stains strongly with Hoechst 33342. A comprehensive FACS screen for surface markers characteristic of embryonic, mesenchymal, neuronal or hematopoietic stem cells revealed negligible expression on VSEL cells. These cells failed to expand in vitro under a wide range of culture conditions known to support embryonic or adult stem cell types and a microarray analysis revealed the transcriptional profile of VSEL cells to be clearly distinct both from well-defined populations of pluripotent and adult stem cells and from the mature hematopoietic lineages. Finally, we detected an aneuploid karyotype in the majority of purified VSEL cells by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. These data support neither an embryonic nor an adult stem cell like phenotype, suggesting rather that hUCB VSEL cells are an aberrant and inactive population that is not comparable to murine VSEL cells.
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47
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Chen Q, Shi QH. [The genetic safety of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:260-8. [PMID: 22425944 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since Takahashi and Yamanaka first generated induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mouse fibroblasts successfully in 2006, iPS cells have rapidly become a new hotspot in the field of stem cells research because of their broad potential application prospects. Meanwhile, more and more attentions are paid to the genetic safety of iPS cells. This article summarizes recent findings on genetic safety of iPS cells and reviews the possible causes leading to genetic instability of iPS cells. Hopefully, this review is helpful to improve the induction of iPS cells and obtain genetically safe iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China.
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48
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Campos PB, Sartore RC, Ramalho BL, Costa ES, Rehen SK. Cycle arrest and aneuploidy induced by zidovudine in murine embryonic stem cells. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:431-6. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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