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Hada A, Li L, Kandel A, Jin Y, Xiao Z. Characterization of Bovine Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in the Gut. Pathogens 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 37764981 PMCID: PMC10535955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs), which constitute over 50% of the total T lymphocytes in the animal, patrol the mucosal epithelial lining to defend against pathogen invasion while maintaining gut homeostasis. In addition to expressing T cell markers such as CD4 and CD8, T-IELs display T cell receptors (TCR), including either TCRαβ or TCRγδ. Both humans and mice share similar T-IEL subsets: TCRγδ+, TCRαβ+CD8αα+, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8αβ+. Among these subsets, human T-IELs are predominantly TCRαβ+ (over 80%), whereas those in mice are mostly TCRγδ+ (~60%). Of note, the majority of the TCRγδ+ subset expresses CD8αα in both species. Although T-IELs have been extensively studied in humans and mice, their profiles in cattle have not been well examined. Our study is the first to characterize bovine T-IELs using flow cytometry, where we identified several distinct features. The percentage of TCRγδ+ was comparable to that of TCRαβ+ T-IELs (both ~50% of CD3+), and the majority of bovine TCRγδ+ T-IELs did not express CD8 (CD8-) (above 60%). Furthermore, about 20% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs were CD4+CD8αβ+, and the remaining TCRαβ+ T-IELs were evenly distributed between CD4+ and CD8αβ+ (~40% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs each) with no TCRαβ+CD8αα+ identified. Despite these unique properties, bovine T-IELs, similar to those in humans and mice, expressed a high level of CD69, an activation and tissue-retention marker, and a low level of CD62L, a lymphoid adhesion marker. Moreover, bovine T-IELs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and IL17A, and secreted small amounts of the immune regulatory cytokine TGFβ1. Hence, bovine T-IELs' composition largely differs from that of human and mouse, with the dominance of the CD8- population among TCRγδ+ T-IELs, the substantial presence of TCRαβ+CD4+CD8αβ+ cells, and the absence of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ T-IELs. These results provide the groundwork for conducting future studies to examine how bovine T-IELs respond to intestinal pathogens and maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.H.); (L.L.); (A.K.); (Y.J.)
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2
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Moraschi BF, Noronha IH, Ferreira CP, Cariste LM, Monteiro CB, Denapoli P, Vrechi T, Pereira GJS, Gazzinelli RT, Lannes-Vieira J, Rodrigues MM, Bortoluci KR, Vasconcelos JRC. Rapamycin Improves the Response of Effector and Memory CD8 + T Cells Induced by Immunization With ASP2 of Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:676183. [PMID: 34123875 PMCID: PMC8191465 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.676183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in memory formation and increased immunosenescence are pivotal features of Trypanosoma cruzi infection proposed to play a role in parasite persistence and disease development. The vaccination protocol that consists in a prime with plasmid DNA followed by the boost with a deficient recombinant human adenovirus type 5, both carrying the ASP2 gene of T. cruzi, is a powerful strategy to elicit effector memory CD8+ T-cells against this parasite. In virus infections, the inhibition of mTOR, a kinase involved in several biological processes, improves the response of memory CD8+ T-cells. Therefore, our aim was to assess the role of rapamycin, the pharmacological inhibitor of mTOR, in CD8+ T response against T. cruzi induced by heterologous prime-boost vaccine. For this purpose, C57BL/6 or A/Sn mice were immunized and daily treated with rapamycin for 34 days. CD8+ T-cells response was evaluated by immunophenotyping, intracellular staining, ELISpot assay and in vivo cytotoxicity. In comparison with vehicle-injection, rapamycin administration during immunization enhanced the frequency of ASP2-specific CD8+ T-cells and the percentage of the polyfunctional population, which degranulated (CD107a+) and secreted both interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The beneficial effects were long-lasting and could be detected 95 days after priming. Moreover, the effects were detected in mice immunized with ten-fold lower doses of plasmid/adenovirus. Additionally, the highly susceptible to T. cruzi infection A/Sn mice, when immunized with low vaccine doses, treated with rapamycin, and challenged with trypomastigote forms of the Y strain showed a survival rate of 100%, compared with 42% in vehicle-injected group. Trying to shed light on the biological mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects on CD8+ T-cells by mTOR inhibition after immunization, we showed that in vivo proliferation was higher after rapamycin treatment compared with vehicle-injected group. Taken together, our data provide a new approach to vaccine development against intracellular parasites, placing the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin as an adjuvant to improve effective CD8+ T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ferri Moraschi
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isaú Henrique Noronha
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Pontes Ferreira
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M. Cariste
- Recombinant Vaccines Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Caroline B. Monteiro
- Recombinant Vaccines Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Priscila Denapoli
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Vrechi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J. S. Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- René Rachou Research Center, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratoy of Biology of the Interactions, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurício M. Rodrigues
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina R. Bortoluci
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ronnie C. Vasconcelos
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Recombinant Vaccines Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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3
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Wang T, Guo H, Liu Y, Dang N, Hu S, Wu L, Zhang C, Ye K, Shi B. A novel CD4+ CTL subtype characterized by chemotaxis and inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:735-745. [PMID: 33514849 PMCID: PMC8027210 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy (GO), the most severe manifestation of Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH), is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorder, and treatments often exhibit a low efficacy. CD4+ T cells have been reported to play vital roles in GO progression. To explore the pathogenic CD4+ T cell types that drive GO progression, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq), T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-Seq), flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays to evaluate CD4+ T cells from GO and GH patients. scRNA-Seq revealed the novel GO-specific cell type CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which are characterized by chemotactic and inflammatory features. The clonal expansion of this CD4+ CTL population, as demonstrated by TCR-Seq, along with their strong cytotoxic response to autoantigens, localization in orbital sites, and potential relationship with disease relapse provide strong evidence for the pathogenic roles of GZMB and IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ CTLs in GO. Therefore, cytotoxic pathways may become potential therapeutic targets for GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.452438.cGenome Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.452438.cPrecision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingjie Wang
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Guo
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.452438.cGenome Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.452438.cBioBank, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ningxin Dang
- grid.452438.cGenome Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shiqian Hu
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liping Wu
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- grid.452438.cPrecision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
| | - Kai Ye
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.452438.cGenome Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243The School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Characterization of IL-10-producing neutrophils in cattle infected with Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20292. [PMID: 31889109 PMCID: PMC6937330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a master regulator of immune responses, but its cellular source and function in cattle during the initial phase of immune priming have not been well established. Despite a massive B cell response in the abomasal draining lymph nodes in Ostertagia ostertagi (OO)-infected cattle, protective immunity is slow to develop, and partial protection requires years of repeated exposure. In addressing this problem, our initial hypothesis was that B cells produce IL-10 that downregulates the host protective immune response. However, our results showed that neutrophils made up the majority of IL-10-producing cells in circulation and in secondary lymphoid tissues, particularly the spleen (80%). Conversely, IL-10-producing B cells were rare. In addition, approximately 10% to 20% of the neutrophils in the blood and spleen expressed MHC II and were IL-10 negative, suggesting that neutrophils could also participate in antigen presentation. In vitro investigation of bovine neutrophils revealed that exposure thereof to OO extract increased IL-10 and MHC II expression in these cells in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with IL-10+/MHC II+ neutrophils detected in cattle shortly after experimental OO infection. Co-culture of untreated neutrophils with anti-CD3 antibody (Ab)-stimulated CD4+ T cells led to enhanced T cell activation; also, IL-10 depletion with neutralizing Ab enhanced the stimulatory function of neutrophils. OO extract depressed neutrophil stimulation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-10-neutralizing Ab, suggesting that OO utilizes both IL-10-dependent and independent mechanisms to manipulate the bovine immune response. Finally, contact and viability were required for T cell-stimulatory neutrophil function. This report, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to demonstrate that neutrophil-derived IL-10 is directly involved in T cell regulation in cattle. Our data suggest that neutrophils and neutrophil-derived IL-10 are co-opted by nematode parasites and other pathogens to attenuate host immune responses and facilitate pathogen survival.
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5
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Abstract
Memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are able to provide protections to the host against repeated insults from intracellular pathogens. However, it has not been completely understood how the effector functions of memory CTLs are induced upon antigen challenge, which is directly related to the efficacy of their protection. Third signal cytokines, such as IL-12 and type I interferon, have been suggested to be involved in the protective function of memory CTLs, but direct evidence is warranted. In this report, we found that memory CTLs need to be reactivated to exert effector functions. Infusion of a large population of quiescent memory CTLs did not lead to cancer control in tumor-bearing mice, whereas infusion of a reactivated memory CTL population did. This reactivation of memory CTLs requires cytokines such as IL-12 in addition to antigen but was less dependent upon costimulation and IL-2 compared to naive CTLs. Memory CTLs responded more quickly and with greater strength than their naive counterparts upon stimulation, which is associated with higher upregulation of important transcription factors such as T-bet and phosphorylated STAT4. In addition, memory CTLs underwent less expansion than naive CTLs upon pathogen challenge. In conclusion, effector functions of established memory CTLs may be affected by certain cytokines such as IL-12 and type I IFN. Thus, a pathogen's ability to induce cytokines could contribute to the efficacy of protection of an established memory CTL population.
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6
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IL-12 stimulates CTLs to secrete exosomes capable of activating bystander CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13365. [PMID: 29042682 PMCID: PMC5645350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against intracellular pathogens is generally accomplished by immense CTL expansion and activation, which can destroy infected cells. Vigorous immune responses can lead to activation of bystander CD8+ T cells, but the contribution from antigen-specific CTLs is not well understood. We found that CTLs secrete extracellular vesicles following antigen stimulation. These CTL-derived vesicles contain CTL proteins and exhibit markers and size profiles consistent with exosomes. Interestingly, further stimulation of CTLs with IL-12 impacts exosome size and leads to selective enrichment of certain exosomal proteins. More important, exosomes from IL-12-stimulated CTLs directly activated bystander naïve CD8+ T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFNγ) and granzyme B (GZB) in the absence of antigens, whereas control exosomes derived from antigen-stimulated CTLs did not. In addition, IL-12 induced exosomes are able to strengthen the effects of weak antigen stimulation on CTLs. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that IL-12 stimulation alters catalytic and binding activities of proteins in CTL exosomes. Our findings indicate that the biological function and morphology of exosomes secreted by CTLs can be influenced by the type of stimulation CTLs receive. Thus, a fully functional, ongoing, antigen-specific CTL response may influence bystander CD8+ T cells through secretion of exosomes.
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7
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Allen S, Osorio O, Liu YG, Scott E. Facile assembly and loading of theranostic polymersomes via multi-impingement flash nanoprecipitation. J Control Release 2017; 262:91-103. [PMID: 28736263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) has proven to be a powerful tool for the rapid and scalable assembly of solid-core nanoparticles from block copolymers. The process can be performed using a simple confined impingement jets mixer and provides an efficient and reproducible method of loading micelles with hydrophobic drugs. To date, FNP has not been applied for the fabrication of complex or vesicular nanoarchitectures capable of encapsulating hydrophilic molecules or bioactive protein therapeutics. Here, we present FNP as a single customizable method for the assembly of bicontinuous nanospheres, filomicelles and vesicular, multilamellar and tubular polymersomes from poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide) block copolymers. Multiple impingements of polymersomes assembled via FNP were shown to decrease vesicle diameter and polydispersity, allowing gram-scale fabrication of monodisperse polymersomes within minutes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FNP supports the simultaneous loading of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules respectively into the polymersome membrane and aqueous lumen, and encapsulated enzymes were found to be released and remain active following vesicle lysis. As an example application, theranostic polymersomes were generated via FNP that were dual loaded with the immunosuppressant rapamycin and a fluorescent dye to link targeted immune cells with the elicited immunomodulation of T cells. By expanding the capabilities of FNP, we present a rapid, scalable and reproducible method of nanofabrication for a wide range of nanoarchitectures that are typically challenging to assemble and load with therapeutics for controlled delivery and theranostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Allen
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar Osorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Evan Scott
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Gammon JM, Gosselin EA, Tostanoski LH, Chiu YC, Zeng X, Zeng Q, Jewell CM. Low-dose controlled release of mTOR inhibitors maintains T cell plasticity and promotes central memory T cells. J Control Release 2017; 263:151-161. [PMID: 28257991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An important goal for improving vaccine and immunotherapy technologies is the ability to provide further control over the specific phenotypes of T cells arising from these agents. Along these lines, frequent administration of rapamycin (Rapa), a small molecule inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), exhibits a striking ability to polarize T cells toward central memory phenotypes (TCM), or to suppress immune function, depending on the concentrations and other signals present during administration. TCM exhibit greater plasticity and proliferative capacity than effector memory T cells (TEFF) and, therefore, polarizing vaccine-induced T cells toward TCM is an intriguing strategy to enhance T cell expansion and function against pathogens or tumors. Here we combined biodegradable microparticles encapsulating Rapa (Rapa MPs) with vaccines composed of soluble peptide antigens and molecular adjuvants to test if this approach allows polarization of differentiating T cells toward TCM. We show Rapa MPs modulate DC function, enhancing secretion of inflammatory cytokines at very low doses, and suppressing function at high doses. While Rapa MP treatment reduced - but did not stop - T cell proliferation in both CD4+ and CD8+ transgenic T cell co-cultures, the expanding CD8+ T cells differentiated to higher frequencies of TCM at low doses of MP Rapa MPs. Lastly, we show in mice that local delivery of Rapa MPs to lymph nodes during vaccination either suppresses or enhances T cell function in response to melanoma antigens, depending on the dose of drug in the depots. In particular, at low Rapa MP doses, vaccines increased antigen-specific TCM, resulting in enhanced T cell expansion measured during subsequent booster injections over at least 100days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Emily A Gosselin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lisa H Tostanoski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Chiu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Xiangbin Zeng
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Qin Zeng
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, United States; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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9
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Tuo W, Li L, Lv Y, Carrillo J, Brown D, Davis WC, Song J, Zarlenga D, Xiao Z. Abomasal mucosal immune responses of cattle with limited or continuous exposure to pasture-borne gastrointestinal nematode parasite infection. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Transcriptome profiling of CTLs regulated by rapamycin using RNA-Seq. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:625-33. [PMID: 25113844 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory programming of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) by inflammatory cytokines can be regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We have shown that inhibition of mTOR during CTL activation leads to the enhancement of memory, but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq, we identified genes and functions in mouse CTLs affected by mTOR inhibition through rapamycin. Of the 43,221 identified transcripts, 184 transcripts were differentially expressed after rapamycin treatment, corresponding to 128 annotated genes. Of these genes, 114 were downregulated and only 14 were upregulated. Most importantly, 50 of them are directly related to cell death and survival. In addition, several genes such as CD62L are related to migration. Furthermore, we predicted downregulation of transcriptional regulators based on the total differentially expressed genes, as well as the subset of apoptosis-related genes. Quantitative PCR confirmed the differential expressions detected in RNA-Seq. We conclude that the regulatory function of rapamycin may work through inhibition of multiple genes related to apoptosis and migration, which enhance CTL survival into memory.
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11
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IL-12 is required for mTOR regulation of memory CTLs during viral infection. Genes Immun 2014; 15:413-23. [PMID: 24898389 PMCID: PMC4156562 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The induction of functional memory CTLs is a major goal of vaccination against
intracellular pathogens. IL-12 is critical for the generation of memory CTLs, and
inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin can effectively enhance the memory CTL response. Yet, the
role of IL-12 in mTOR’s regulation of memory CTL is unknown. Here, we hypothesized
that the immunostimulatory effects of mTOR on memory CTLs requires IL-12 signaling. Our
results revealed that rapamycin increased the generation of memory CTLs in vaccinia virus
infection, and this enhancement was dependent upon the IL-12 signal. Furthermore, IL-12
receptor deficiency diminished the secondary expansion of rapamycin-regulated memory, and
resultant secondary memory CTLs were abolished. Rapamycin enhanced IL-12 signaling by up
regulating IL-12 receptor β2 expression and STAT4 phosphorylation in CTLs during
early infection. In addition, rapamycin continually suppressed T-bet expression in both WT
and IL-12 receptor knockout CTLs. These results indicate an essential role for IL-12 in
the regulation of memory CTLs by mTOR, and highlight the importance of considering the
interplay between cytokines and adjuvants during vaccine design.
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12
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Xiao Z, Sun Z, Smyth K, Li L. Wnt signaling inhibits CTL memory programming. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:423-33. [PMID: 23911398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Induction of functional CTLs is one of the major goals for vaccine development and cancer therapy. Inflammatory cytokines are critical for memory CTL generation. Wnt signaling is important for CTL priming and memory formation, but its role in cytokine-driven memory CTL programming is unclear. We found that wnt signaling inhibited IL-12-driven CTL activation and memory programming. This impaired memory CTL programming was attributed to up-regulation of eomes and down-regulation of T-bet. Wnt signaling suppressed the mTOR pathway during CTL activation, which was different to its effects on other cell types. Interestingly, the impaired memory CTL programming by wnt was partially rescued by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. In conclusion, we found that crosstalk between wnt and the IL-12 signaling inhibits T-bet and mTOR pathways and impairs memory programming which can be recovered in part by rapamycin. In addition, direct inhibition of wnt signaling during CTL activation does not affect CTL memory programming. Therefore, wnt signaling may serve as a new tool for CTL manipulation in autoimmune diseases and immune therapy for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.
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13
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Sun Z, Smyth K, Garcia K, Mattson E, Li L, Xiao Z. Nicotine inhibits memory CTL programming. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68183. [PMID: 23844169 PMCID: PMC3699522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is the main tobacco component responsible for tobacco addiction and is used extensively in smoking and smoking cessation therapies. However, little is known about its effects on the immune system. We confirmed that multiple nicotinic receptors are expressed on mouse and human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and demonstrated that nicotinic receptors on mouse CTLs are regulated during activation. Acute nicotine presence during activation increases primary CTL expansion in vitro, but impairs in vivo expansion after transfer and subsequent memory CTL differentiation, which reduces protection against subsequent pathogen challenges. Furthermore, nicotine abolishes the regulatory effect of rapamycin on memory CTL programming, which can be attributed to the fact that rapamycin enhances expression of nicotinic receptors. Interestingly, naïve CTLs from chronic nicotine-treated mice have normal memory programming, which is impaired by nicotine during activation in vitro. In conclusion, simultaneous exposure to nicotine and antigen during CTL activation negatively affects memory development.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nicotine/immunology
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/immunology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sirolimus/immunology
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kendra Smyth
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karla Garcia
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elliot Mattson
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sun Z, Xiao Z. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) regulates CTL activation and memory programming. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:472-6. [PMID: 23673295 PMCID: PMC3787869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the major carcinogens in tobacco. NNK has been associated with various cancers in tobacco users, especially lung cancer. However, the effects of NNK on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the cells responsible for destrcution of maligant and pathogen-infected cells, has not been elucidated. Using transgenic CTLs in vitro and in vivo, we show that NNK can directly affect CTL activation. NNK can enhance the expression of adhesion molecule CD62L in CTLs during their activation in vitro, but has no effects on their expansion and production of effector molecules such as IFN and granzyme B. After transferred into recipient mice, however, the NNK pretreated CTLs suffer an early loss in expansion. The percentage of memory precursors is higher in NNK pretreated CTLs, but the total amount of memory precursors is similar to controls. The final memory CTL population from NNK pretreated CTLs is reduced, but sustains a more central memory phenotype. In conclusion, NNK can affect CTL activation by modulating adhension molecule expression and reducing memory programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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15
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Smyth K, Garcia K, Sun Z, Tuo W, Xiao Z. TLR agonists are highly effective at eliciting functional memory CTLs of effector memory phenotype in peptide immunization. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 15:67-72. [PMID: 23159338 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in eliminating altered self-cells, including virus-infected and tumor cells, devising effective vaccination strategies for generating memory CTLs is a priority in the field of immunology. Herein, we elaborate upon a novel boosting approach that utilizes synthetic peptides and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as adjuvants to generate sufficient numbers of memory CTLs to protect against infection in mice. Peptide boosting with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4-ligand, has been shown to progressively enhance memory CTLs. Whether this result is strictly dependent on activation of TLR4 or can be similarly achieved by signaling through other TLRs is of practical interest in vaccine development but is yet unknown. In this report, we present evidence that intravenous peptide boosting together with TLR3 and TLR9 agonists (Poly IC and CpG, respectively) is highly effective and induces large quantities of memory CTLs of effector memory phenotype after three boosts. Compared to LPS, CpG and Poly IC generate more robust immune responses after the first and second boosts, indicating that a protective level of CTLs might be achieved with fewer boosts when CpG or Poly IC is used. Lastly, the resultant memory CTLs from boosting with different TLR agonists as adjuvant are equally protective against pathogen challenge and are not immune senescent. Therefore, TLR agonists are effective adjuvants in intravenous peptide boosting for the generation of functional memory CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Smyth
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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16
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Smyth K, Garcia K, Sun Z, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Repetitive peptide boosting progressively enhances functional memory CTLs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:635-40. [PMID: 22809501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in controlling intracellular pathogens and cancer cells, and induction of memory CTLs holds promise for developing effective vaccines against critical virus infections. However, generating memory CTLs remains a major challenge for conventional vector-based, prime-boost vaccinations. Thus, it is imperative that we explore nonconventional alternatives, such as boosting without vectors. We show here that repetitive intravenous boosting with peptide and adjuvant generates memory CD8 T cells of sufficient quality and quantity to protect against infection in mice. The resulting memory CTLs possess a unique and long-lasting effector memory phenotype, characterized by decreased interferon-γ but increased granzyme B production. These results are observed in both transgenic and endogenous models. Overall, our findings have important implications for future vaccine development, as they suggest that intravenous peptide boosting with adjuvant following priming can induce long-term functional memory CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Smyth
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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