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Deng AF, Wang FX, Wang SC, Zhang YZ, Bai L, Su JC. Bone-organ axes: bidirectional crosstalk. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38867330 PMCID: PMC11167910 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting specific cytokines (also known as osteokines). This reciprocal influence extends to these organs modulating bone homeostasis and development, although this aspect has yet to be systematically reviewed. This review aims to elucidate this bidirectional crosstalk, with a particular focus on the role of osteokines. Additionally, it presents a unique compilation of evidence highlighting the critical function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within bone-organ axes for the first time. Moreover, it explores the implications of this crosstalk for designing and implementing bone-on-chips and assembloids, underscoring the importance of comprehending these interactions for advancing physiologically relevant in vitro models. Consequently, this review establishes a robust theoretical foundation for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases related to the bone-organ axis from the perspective of cytokines, EVs, hormones, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Fu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fu-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Si-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Can Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits rat stem/progenitor Leydig cell development and regeneration via SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1039. [PMID: 36513649 PMCID: PMC9748027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an important member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. BMP4 is expressed in the Leydig cell lineage. We hypothesized that BMP4 might regulate the development of stem/progenitor Leydig cells. The BMP4 receptors, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, and BMPR2 were found to be expressed in progenitor Leydig cells of prepubertal testis and isolated cells. BMP4 at 1 and 10 ng/mL significantly reduced androgen production and down-regulated steroidogenesis-related gene and protein expression possibly by activating the SMAD signaling pathway (increasing SMAD1/5 phosphorylation and SMAD4) at 24 h treatment. BMP4 at 0.1 ng/mL and higher concentrations markedly reduced the EdU labeling index of CD90+ stem Leydig cells after 24 h treatment and significantly reduced the number of EdU+ stem Leydig cells on the surface of seminiferous tubules after 7 days of culture. BMP4 at 0.01 ng/mL and higher concentrations significantly blocked the differentiation of stem Leydig cells into adult cells, as shown by the reduction of testosterone secretion and the downregulation of Lhcgr, Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Hsd11b1, and Insl3 and their function after 3D seminiferous tubule culture for 3 weeks, and this effect was reversed by co-treatment with the BMP4 antagonists noggin and doxomorphine. In addition, BMP4 also blocked stem Leydig cell differentiation through SMAD-independent signaling pathways (ERK1/2 and AMPK). Ethanedimethane sulfonate (EDS) single injection can result in reduction of testosterone, restoration can happen post treatment. In an in vivo model of Leydig cell regeneration following EDS treatment, intratesticular injection of BMP4 from day 14 to day 28 post-elimination significantly reduced serum testosterone levels and down-regulated the expression of Scarb1, Star, Hsd11b1, and Insl3 and its proteins, possibly through SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent (ERK1/2 and AMPK) signaling pathways. In conclusion, BMP4 is expressed in cells of the Leydig cell lineage and blocks entry of stem/progenitor Leydig cells into adult Leydig cells through SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling pathways.
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Esteban-Lopez M, Wilson KJ, Myhr C, Kaftanovskaya EM, Henderson MJ, Southall NT, Xu X, Wang A, Hu X, Barnaeva E, Ye W, George ER, Sherrill JT, Ferrer M, Morello R, Agoulnik IU, Marugan JJ, Agoulnik AI. Discovery of small molecule agonists of the Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 2. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1183. [PMCID: PMC9636434 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) belongs to the family of class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and it is the only known target for the insulin-like factor 3 peptide (INSL3). The importance of this ligand-receptor pair in the development of the gubernacular ligament during the transabdominal phase of testicular descent is well established. More recently, RXFP2 has been implicated in maintaining healthy bone formation. In this report, we describe the discovery of a small molecule series of RXFP2 agonists. These compounds are highly potent, efficacious, and selective RXFP2 allosteric agonists that induce gubernacular invagination in mouse embryos, increase mineralization activity in human osteoblasts in vitro, and improve bone trabecular parameters in adult mice. The described RXFP2 agonists are orally bioavailable and display favorable pharmacokinetic properties, which allow for future evaluation of the therapeutic benefits of modulating RXFP2 activation in disease models. Specific small molecule RXFP2 agonists with favorable pharmacokinetic properties induce gubernacular invagination in mouse embryos, increase mineralization activity in human osteoblasts in vitro, and improve bone trabecular parameters in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Lopez
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Kenneth J. Wilson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Courtney Myhr
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Elena M. Kaftanovskaya
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Mark J. Henderson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Noel T. Southall
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Xin Xu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Amy Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Xin Hu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Elena Barnaeva
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Wenjuan Ye
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emmett R. George
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - John T. Sherrill
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Roy Morello
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Irina U. Agoulnik
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA ,grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Juan J. Marugan
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Alexander I. Agoulnik
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA ,grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
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Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Signaling in Cancer-Induced Cachexia: From Molecular Pathways to the Clinics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172671. [PMID: 36078078 PMCID: PMC9454487 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a metabolic syndrome consisting of massive loss of muscle mass and function that has a severe impact on the quality of life and survival of cancer patients. Up to 20% of lung cancer patients and up to 80% of pancreatic cancer patients are diagnosed with cachexia, leading to death in 20% of them. The main drivers of cachexia are cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1/GDF15) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Besides its double-edged role as a tumor suppressor and activator, TGF-β causes muscle loss through myostatin-based signaling, involved in the reduction in protein synthesis and enhanced protein degradation. Additionally, TGF-β induces inhibin and activin, causing weight loss and muscle depletion, while MIC-1/GDF15, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, leads to anorexia and so, indirectly, to muscle wasting, acting on the hypothalamus center. Against this background, the blockade of TGF-β is tested as a potential mechanism to revert cachexia, and antibodies against TGF-β reduced weight and muscle loss in murine models of pancreatic cancer. This article reviews the role of the TGF-β pathway and to a minor extent of other molecules including microRNA in cancer onset and progression with a special focus on their involvement in cachexia, to enlighten whether TGF-β and such other players could be potential targets for therapy.
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5
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Mills EG, Yang L, Nielsen MF, Kassem M, Dhillo WS, Comninos AN. The Relationship Between Bone and Reproductive Hormones Beyond Estrogens and Androgens. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:691-719. [PMID: 33901271 PMCID: PMC8599211 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive hormones play a crucial role in the growth and maintenance of the mammalian skeleton. Indeed, the biological significance for this hormonal regulation of skeletal homeostasis is best illustrated by common clinical reproductive disorders, such as primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic amenorrhea, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and early menopause, which contribute to the clinical burden of low bone mineral density and increased risk for fragility fracture. Emerging evidence relating to traditional reproductive hormones and the recent discovery of newer reproductive neuropeptides and hormones has deepened our understanding of the interaction between bone and the reproductive system. In this review, we provide a contemporary summary of the literature examining the relationship between bone biology and reproductive signals that extend beyond estrogens and androgens, and include kisspeptin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, progesterone, inhibin, activin, and relaxin. A comprehensive and up-to-date review of the recent basic and clinical research advances is essential given the prevalence of clinical reproductive disorders, the emerging roles of upstream reproductive hormones in bone physiology, as well as the urgent need to develop novel safe and effective therapies for bone fragility in a rapidly aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard G Mills
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Morten F Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense & institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense & institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Endocrine Bone Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Olson B, Diba P, Korzun T, Marks DL. Neural Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163990. [PMID: 34439145 PMCID: PMC8391721 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cachexia is a devastating wasting syndrome that occurs in many illnesses, with signs and symptoms including anorexia, weight loss, cognitive impairment and fatigue. The brain is capable of exerting overarching homeostatic control of whole-body metabolism and is increasingly being recognized as an important mediator of cancer cachexia. Given the increased recognition and discovery of neural mechanisms of cancer cachexia, we sought to provide an in-depth review and update of mechanisms by which the brain initiates and propagates cancer cachexia programs. Furthermore, recent work has identified new molecular mediators of cachexia that exert their effects through their direct interaction with the brain. Therefore, this review will summarize neural mechanisms of cachexia and discuss recently identified neural mediators of cancer cachexia. Abstract Nearly half of cancer patients suffer from cachexia, a metabolic syndrome characterized by progressive atrophy of fat and lean body mass. This state of excess catabolism decreases quality of life, ability to tolerate treatment and eventual survival, yet no effective therapies exist. Although the central nervous system (CNS) orchestrates several manifestations of cachexia, the precise mechanisms of neural dysfunction during cachexia are still being unveiled. Herein, we summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CNS dysfunction during cancer cachexia with a focus on inflammatory, autonomic and neuroendocrine processes and end with a discussion of recently identified CNS mediators of cachexia, including GDF15, LCN2 and INSL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Olson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (B.O.); (P.D.); (T.K.)
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Parham Diba
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (B.O.); (P.D.); (T.K.)
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tetiana Korzun
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (B.O.); (P.D.); (T.K.)
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Endocrine disruption of vitamin D activity by perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16789. [PMID: 33033332 PMCID: PMC7545187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of compounds used in industry and consumer products. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is the predominant form in human samples and has been shown to induce severe health consequences, such as neonatal mortality, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Toxicological studies indicate that PFAS accumulate in bone tissues and cause altered bone development. Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse relationship between PFAS and bone health, however the associated mechanisms are still unexplored. Here, we present computational, in silico and in vitro evidence supporting the interference of PFOA on vitamin D (VD). First, PFOA competes with calcitriol on the same binding site of the VD receptor, leading to an alteration of the structural flexibility and a 10% reduction by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Second, this interference leads to an altered response of VD-responsive genes in two cellular targets of this hormone, osteoblasts and epithelial cells of the colorectal tract. Third, mineralization in human osteoblasts is reduced upon coincubation of PFOA with VD. Finally, in a small cohort of young healthy men, PTH levels were higher in the exposed group, but VD levels were comparable. Altogether these results provide the first evidence of endocrine disruption by PFOA on VD pathway by competition on its receptor and subsequent inhibition of VD-responsive genes in target cells.
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8
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Abstract
Insulin-like 3 peptide (INSL3) is a member of the insulin-like peptide superfamily and is the only known physiological ligand of relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In mammals, INSL3 is primarily produced both in testicular Leydig cells and in ovarian theca cells, but circulating levels of the hormone are much higher in males than in females. The INSL3/RXFP2 system has an essential role in the development of the gubernaculum for the initial transabdominal descent of the testis and in maintaining proper reproductive health in men. Although its function in female physiology has been less well-characterized, it was reported that INSL3 deletion affects antral follicle development during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and uterus function. Since the discovery of its role in the reproductive system, the study of INSL3/RXFP2 has expanded to others organs, such as skeletal muscle, bone, kidney, thyroid, brain, and eye. This review aims to summarize the various advances in understanding the physiological function of this ligand-receptor pair since its first discovery and elucidate its future therapeutic potential in the management of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander I Agoulnik
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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9
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Di Nisio A, De Rocco Ponce M, Giadone A, Rocca MS, Guidolin D, Foresta C. Perfluoroalkyl substances and bone health in young men: a pilot study. Endocrine 2020; 67:678-684. [PMID: 31565782 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Toxicological studies indicate that PFAS accumulate in bone tissue and could cause alterations in bone metabolism. The primary objective of this study was to examine the association between PFAS exposure and bone status in a cohort of young men resident in a well-defined area with high PFAS environmental pollution. METHODS Bone status was assessed in 117 subjects aged 18-21 by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the heel. Subjects underwent an accurate medical visit. Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and medical histories were collected. We also verified the interaction between PFAS and hydroxyapatite by computational modelling. The organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP), the putative transporter of PFAS, was evaluated by qPCR in bone biopsies from femoral heads discarded during arthroplasty in three male subjects. RESULTS Exposed subjects showed significantly lower stiffness index, which resulted in lower t-score and higher prevalence of subjects at medium-high risk of fracture (23.6%) compared with controls (9.7%). Data from computational modelling suggested that PFOA exhibits a high affinity for hydroxyapatite, since the estimated change in free energy is in the order of that exhibited by bisphosphonates. Finally, we observed consistent expression of OATP1A2 gene in primary human osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting increased osteoporosis risk in young men exposed to PFAS and provide preliminary information on molecular mechanisms that could explain this observation, in agreement with previous studies on animal models and humans. However, these results must be interpreted with caution given the cross-sectional study design and the small number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M De Rocco Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - A Giadone
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M S Rocca
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP)-Fondazione Città della Speranza, Haematology-Oncology Lab, Padova, Italy
| | - D Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - C Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
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10
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Passeri E, Sansone VA, Sconfienza LM, Messina C, Meola G, Corbetta S. Fragility fractures and bone mineral density in male patients affected by type 1 and type 2 myotonic dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 30:28-34. [PMID: 31902642 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is a multisystemic disorder affecting skeletal muscle. Male patients have an increased risk of fractures and develop a number of endocrine/metabolic impairments known to adversely affect bone health. The aim of this study was primarily to determine the occurrence of fragility fractures and the bone mineralization status (lumbar spine, hip and total body by dual X-ray absorptiometry) in 36 male patients affected with type 1 myotonic dystrophy and 13 male patients affected with type 2 myotonic dystrophy. Fragility fractures occurred in 15 type 1 and 7 type 2 myotonic dystrophy in non-classical osteoporotic sites, such as metatarses. Hip osteopenia was the most frequent finding, particularly in type 2 (n = 6) than type 1 myotonic dystrophy patients (n = 1), while osteoporosis was rare. Patients with type 1 myotonic dystrophy presented higher total body bone mass density than patients with type 2 myotonic dystrophy and healthy controls and lumbar spine was associated positively with the severity of the disease. Gonadic failure, with low testosterone and reduced INSL3 levels, visceral adiposity and insulin resistance correlated with reduced body mass index in both type 1 and type 2 myotonic dystrophic patients. The independent determinant of fragility fractures were low total body mass index, low blood testosterone and low global muscle mass.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Adult
- Body Mass Index
- Bone Density
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnostic imaging
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Fractures, Bone/diagnostic imaging
- Fractures, Bone/etiology
- Fractures, Bone/metabolism
- Fractures, Bone/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myotonic Dystrophy/complications
- Myotonic Dystrophy/metabolism
- Myotonic Dystrophy/pathology
- Osteoporosis/diagnostic imaging
- Osteoporosis/etiology
- Osteoporosis/metabolism
- Osteoporosis/pathology
- Pelvic Bones/diagnostic imaging
- Pelvic Bones/pathology
- Testosterone/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- E Passeri
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, Milan 20161, Italy
| | - V A Sansone
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, University of Milan, The NEMO (NEuroMuscular Omniservice) Clinical Center, Milan 20162, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - L M Sconfienza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan 20161, Italy
| | - C Messina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan 20161, Italy
| | - G Meola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy
| | - S Corbetta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, Milan 20161, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.
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11
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Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Novel Heterozygous Mutation in RAF1 in Family With Neonatal Testicular Torsion. Urology 2019; 129:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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De Toni L, Agoulnik AI, Sandri M, Foresta C, Ferlin A. INSL3 in the muscolo-skeletal system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:12-17. [PMID: 30625346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone and skeletal muscle are currently considered a unified functional unit, showing complementary regulation at mechanical, biochemical, paracrine and metabolic levels. This functional unit undergoes a central hormonal regulation which is mainly ascribed to sex steroids and, in particular, androgens. However, recent evidence suggest that another testicular hormone lines the classical anabolic effect of testosterone on bone and muscle, the insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) acting on its specific receptor RXFP2. This minireview focuses on the most recent findings describing the role of INSL3/RXFP2 axis on the muscolo-skeletal system, from the mechanistic insights to the phenotypic consequences. Pathophysiological and therapeutic widenings deriving from available data are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alexander I Agoulnik
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, 33199, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Ng HH, Esteban-Lopez M, Agoulnik AI. Targeting the relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 and 2 with small molecule compounds. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:40-44. [PMID: 30590098 PMCID: PMC6451876 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone relaxin has beneficial roles in several organs through its action on its cognate G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP1. Relaxin administration is limited to intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or spinal injection. Another drawback of peptide-based therapy is the short half-life, which requires continuous delivery of the drug to achieve efficient concentration in target organs. The discovery of a non-peptide small molecule agonist of RXFP1, ML290, provides an alternative to the natural ligand. This review summarizes the development of ML290 and its potential future therapeutic applications in various diseases, including liver fibrosis and cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the development of small molecule agonists targeting the insulin-like 3 receptor, RXFP2, and propose the potential use of these small molecules in the context of bone and muscle remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Alexander I Agoulnik
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Kamimoto H, Kobayashi Y, Moriyama K. Relaxin 2 carried by magnetically directed liposomes accelerates rat midpalatal suture expansion and subsequent new bone formation. Bone Rep 2019; 10:100202. [PMID: 30937342 PMCID: PMC6430079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin (RLN) is an insulin-like peptide hormone that enables softening and lengthening of the pubic symphysis and uterine cervix. Here, we analyzed the effects of RLN2 on the expansion of rat midpalatal suture (MPS) using a magnetically directed liposome-based drug delivery system. Thirty-six male rats were divided into three groups: control (MPS was not expanded), lipo (expanded for 1 week with vehicle liposomes encapsulating ferric oxide and Cy5.5), and RLN-lipo (expanded for 1 week with the liposomes coated with RLN2). Rats were sacrificed after 1 week of expansion or after 2 weeks of retention. To accumulate RLN2-liposomes, a magnetic sheet was fixed to the palatal mucosa of the MPS. In vivo imaging showed magnetically controlled accumulation of liposomes in the MPS for 72 h. Immunohistochemistry revealed RLN2 expression in the MPS after expansion and relaxin receptor (RXFP) 2 expression at the osteogenic front (OF) in the RLN-lipo group; all groups expressed RXFP1 in the MPS. MPS expansion and bone formation were significantly accelerated at the OF in RLN-lipo group compared with the other groups. In the RLN-lipo group, significantly accelerated serrate bone deposition and elevated periostin (POSTN), iNOS, and MMP-1 levels were observed in the MPS. Sclerostin (SOST) expression was significantly reduced in newly formed bone in the RLN-lipo group. Our data revealed that RLN2 enhanced suture expansion via MMP-1 and iNOS secretion in the sutural fibroblasts and new bone formation via POSTN expression in osteoblasts at the OF. These properties may be useful for developing a new less-invasive orthopedic treatment aiming at sutural modification of cranio- and maxillofacial deformity patients. In vivo Magnetically localization of RLN2 carried by liposome at rat midpalatal suture (MPS) was originally performed. RLN2 promoted efficiency of the MPS expansion with secretion of Mmp1 and iNos in the mid-sutural fibroblasts. During expansion period, RLN2 increased the number and differentiation of osteoblast cells in the MPS. RLN2 enhanced newly bone formation at the MPS during expansion and retention period through Rxfp2. Sinus-like bone formation and Postn localization at the expanded MPS was observed by RLN2 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kamimoto
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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15
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Laakso S, Viljakainen H, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Turpeinen U, Ivaska KK, Anand-Ivell R, Ivell R, Mäkitie O. Testicular Function and Bone in Young Men with Severe Childhood-Onset Obesity. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:442-449. [PMID: 29961074 DOI: 10.1159/000489818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest increased risk for hypoandrogenism and fractures in men with obesity. We aimed to describe the effects of severe childhood-onset obesity on the cross talk between metabolic state, testes, and skeleton at late puberty. METHODS A cohort of adolescent and young adult males with severe childhood-onset obesity (n = 21, mean age 18.5 years) and an age-matched control group were assessed for testicular hormones and X-ray absorptiometry-derived bone mass. RESULTS Current median body mass indexes for the obese and control subjects were 37.4 and 22.9. Severe early-onset obesity manifested with lower free testosterone (median [interquartile range] 244 [194-332] vs. 403 [293-463] pmol/L, p = 0.002). Lower insulin-like 3 (1.02 [0.82-1.23] vs. 1.22 [1.01-1.46] ng/mL, p = 0.045) and lower ratio of testosterone to luteinizing hormone (2.81 [1.96-3.98] vs. 4.10 [3.03-5.83] nmol/IU, p = 0.008) suggested disrupted Leydig cell function. The degree of current obesity inversely correlated with free testosterone (τ = -0.516, p = 0.003), which in turn correlated positively with bone area at all measurement sites in males with childhood-onset obesity. CONCLUSIONS Severe childhood-onset obesity is associated with impaired Leydig cell function in young men and lower free testosterone may contribute to impaired skeletal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saila Laakso
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Viljakainen
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marita Lipsanen-Nyman
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R. Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a major regulator of female reproductive physiology. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:639-651. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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17
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Di Nisio A, De Toni L, Rocca MS, Ghezzi M, Selice R, Taglialavoro G, Ferlin A, Foresta C. Negative Association Between Sclerostin and INSL3 in Isolated Human Osteocytes and in Klinefelter Syndrome: New Hints for Testis-Bone Crosstalk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2033-2041. [PMID: 29452406 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The regulation of bone mass by the testis is a well-recognized mechanism, but the role of Leydig-specific marker insulin-like 3 peptide (INSL3) on the most abundant bone cell population, osteocytes, is unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between INSL3 and sclerostin, an osteocyte-specific protein that negatively regulates bone formation. DESIGN Serum sclerostin and INSL3 levels were evaluated in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and healthy controls. In vitro effect of INSL3 on sclerostin production was evaluated in human cultured osteocytes. PATIENTS A total of 103 KS patients and 60 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum sclerostin and INSL3 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Osteocytes were isolated by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. Sclerostin expression was evaluated by western blot, immunofluorescence, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Measurement of bone mineral density was done by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck. RESULTS Sclerostin levels were significantly increased in KS subjects, and negatively correlated with INSL3 levels in both cohorts and with bone mineral density in the KS group. Stimulation of cultured osteocytes with INSL3 at 10-7 M significantly decreased both sclerostin messenger RNA and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS We report a negative association between the testicular hormone INSL3 and the osteocytic negative regulator of bone formation, sclerostin. We further explored this association in vitro and showed that INSL3 was able to reduce sclerostin expression. These results add further knowledge on the emerging role of sclerostin as a therapeutic target for osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Santa Rocca
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Ghezzi
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Selice
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Taglialavoro
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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18
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Miyazaki T, Ishizaki M, Dohra H, Park S, Terzic A, Kato T, Kohsaka T, Park EY. Insulin-like peptide 3 expressed in the silkworm possesses intrinsic disulfide bonds and full biological activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17339. [PMID: 29229959 PMCID: PMC5725452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a member of the relaxin/insulin superfamily and is expressed in testicular Leydig cells. Essential for fetal testis descent, INSL3 has been implicated in testicular and sperm function in adult males via interaction with relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2). The INSL3 is typically prepared using chemical synthesis or overexpression in Escherichia coli followed by oxidative refolding and proteolysis. Here, we expressed and purified full-length porcine INSL3 (pINSL3) using a silkworm-based Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus bacmid expression system. Biophysical measurements and proteomic analysis revealed that this recombinant pINSL3 exhibited the correct conformation, with the three critical disulfide bonds observed in native pINSL3, although partial cleavage occurred. In cAMP stimulation assays using RXFP2-expressing HEK293 cells, the recombinant pINSL3 possessed full biological activity. This is the first report concerning the production of fully active pINSL3 without post-expression treatments and provides an efficient production platform for expressing relaxin/insulin superfamily peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ishizaki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Instrumental Research Support Office, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Sungjo Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kohsaka
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Physiology, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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19
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Divergence of insulin superfamily ligands, receptors and Igf binding proteins in marine versus freshwater stickleback: Evidence of selection in known and novel genes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 25:53-61. [PMID: 29149730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a teleost model for understanding genetic, physiological and morphological changes accompanying freshwater (FW) adaptation. There is growing evidence that the insulin superfamily plays important roles in traits involved in marine and FW adaptation. We performed a candidate gene analysis to look for evidence of selection on 33 insulin superfamily ligand-receptor genes and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (Igfbp's) in stickleback. Using genotype data from 11 marine and 10 FW populations, we calculated the number of SNPs per site in regulatory and intronic regions, the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations in coding regions, Wright's fixation index (Fst), and performed t-tests to identify SNPs with divergent genotype frequencies between marine/FW versus Atlantic/Pacific populations. Next, we analysed genome-wide transcriptome data from eight tissues to assess differential gene expression. Two Igfbp's (Igfbp2a and Igfbp5a) show evidence of divergent adaptation between life-history types, and a cluster of nonsynonymous mutations in Igfbp5a exhibit high Fst in exons apparently alternatively spliced in gill. We find evidence of selection on the relaxin family ligand-receptor gene pair, Insl3-Rxfp2, known to be involved in male spermatogenesis and bone metabolism, and in the 5' regulatory region of Igf2. We also confirmed the gene and coding sequence of two unannotated relaxin family ligands. These analyses underscore the utility of candidate gene studies and indicate directions for further exploration of the function of insulin superfamily genes in FW adaptation.
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20
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Diepenhorst N, Rueda P, Cook AE, Pastoureau P, Sabatini M, Langmead CJ. G protein-coupled receptors as anabolic drug targets in osteoporosis. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 184:1-12. [PMID: 29080701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disorder characterised by imbalance between bone building (anabolism) and resorption (catabolism). Most therapeutics target inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, but more recent attention in early drug discovery has focussed on anabolic targets in osteoblasts or their precursors. Two marketed agents that display anabolic properties, strontium ranelate and teriparatide, mediate their actions via the G protein-coupled calcium-sensing and parathyroid hormone-1 receptors, respectively. This review explores their activity, the potential for improved therapeutics targeting these receptors and other putative anabolic GPCR targets, including Smoothened, Wnt/Frizzled, relaxin family peptide, adenosine, cannabinoid, prostaglandin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Diepenhorst
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Therapeutic Innovation Pole of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Massimo Sabatini
- Therapeutic Innovation Pole of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia.
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21
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Ferlin A, De Toni L, Sandri M, Foresta C. Relaxin and insulin-like peptide 3 in the musculoskeletal system: from bench to bedside. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:1015-1024. [PMID: 27059798 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles and bones form a joined functional unit sharing a complex mechanical, biochemical and hormonal crosstalk. A number of factors, including sex hormones, physiologically regulate the musculoskeletal system. Striking gender differences in muscle and bone mass, and function are mainly caused by distinct actions exerted by oestrogens and androgens. However, relaxin and relaxin-related peptides, such as insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), might contribute to these sex-associated differences in physiological and pathological conditions (such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia). Relaxin is a 'pregnancy' hormone, but it is also produced from the prostate gland, and has recently attracted attention as a potential drug for cardiovascular disorders and fibrosis. In contrast, INSL3 is a male-specific hormone produced by the Leydig cells of the testis with a fundamental role in testicular descent during fetal life. Recent evidence suggests that both hormones have interesting roles in the musculoskeletal system. Relaxin and INSL3, by finely tuning bone formation and resorption, are involved in bone remodelling processes, and relaxin contributes to the healing of injured ligaments and promotes skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, we review the most recent findings on the effects of relaxin and INSL3 on skeletal muscle and the cell components of bone. In the light of the experimental evidence available and animal models, their clinical implications are also discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Padova, Italy.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Dabaja AA, Bryson CF, Schlegel PN, Paduch DA. The effect of hypogonadism and testosterone-enhancing therapy on alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density. BJU Int 2015; 115:480-5. [PMID: 25046796 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship of testosterone-enhancing therapy on alkaline phosphatase (AP) in relation to bone mineral density (BMD) in hypogonadal men. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective review of 140 men with testosterone levels of <350 ng/dL undergoing testosterone-enhancing therapy and followed for 2 years. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, free testosterone, total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, calcium, AP, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were analysed. A subgroup of 36 men with one DEXA scan before and one DEXA 2 years after initiating treatment was performed. RESULTS Analysis of the relationship between testosterone and AP at initiation of therapy using stiff linear splines suggested that bone turnover occurs at total testosterone levels of <250 ng/dL. In men with testosterone levels of <250 ng/dL, there was a negative correlation between testosterone and AP (R(2) = -0.347, P < 0.001), and no correlation when testosterone levels were between 250 and 350 ng/dL. In the subgroup analysis, the mean (sd) testosterone level was 264 (103) ng/dL initially and 701 (245), 539 (292), and 338 (189) ng/dL at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. AP decreased from a mean (sd) of 87 (38) U/L to 57 (12) U/L (P = 0.015), 60 (17) U/L (P < 0.001), and 55 (10) U/L (P = 0.03) at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The BMD increased by a mean (sd) of 20 (39)% (P = 0.003) on DEXA. CONCLUSION In hypogonadal men, the decrease in AP is associated with an increase in BMD on DEXA testing. This result suggests the use of AP as a marker of response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Dabaja
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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23
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De Toni L, De Filippis V, Tescari S, Ferigo M, Ferlin A, Scattolini V, Avogaro A, Vettor R, Foresta C. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin stimulates 25-hydroxy vitamin D production in Leydig cell line through a GPRC6a-dependent pathway. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4266-74. [PMID: 25093461 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies disclosed a cross talk between testis and bone. By the action of LH, Leydig cells are able to modulate bone metabolism through testosterone and insulin-like factor 3. Moreover, LH modulates the Leydig expression of CYP2R1, the key enzyme involved in vitamin D (Vit D) 25-hydroxylation. However, pathways regulating CYP2R1 expression have been poorly investigated. The cross talk from the bone to the testis of the vitamin D 25-hydroxylase CYP2R1 involves osteocalcin (OC), which is produced by the osteoblasts and stimulates the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells through its putative receptor GPRC6A, a cation-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of OC on CYP2R1 expression and 25-hydroxy Vit D (25-OH Vit D) production in a mouse Leydig cell line (MA-10). After confirmation of the expression of GPRC6A by MA-10, we found that stimulation with either human chorionic gonadotropin or uncarboxylated-OC (ucOC) increases CYP2R1 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner and, in turn, increases the release of 25-OH Vit D in culture medium. This effect was abolished by receptor blockade with, respectively, anti-LH receptor and anti-GPRC6A antibodies. Moreover, both agonists converged to phosphorylation of Erk1/2 by a likely differential action on second messengers. Human chorionic gonadotropin induced slow "tonic" increase of intercellular calcium and accumulation of cAMP, whereas ucOC mainly induced phasic increase of cell calcium. Supporting these findings, we found that serum ucOC positively correlated with 25-OH Vit D levels in 40 overweight male patients and 21 controls. Altogether, our results suggest that OC contributes with LH to 25-OH Vit D production by Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine (L.D.T., A.F., C.F.), Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Laboratory of Protein Chemistry (V.D.F., S.T.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine (V.S., A.A.), Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, 35120 Padova, Italy; and Department of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Internal Medicine 3 (R.V.), Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Duarte C, Kobayashi Y, Kawamoto T, Moriyama K. RELAXIN enhances differentiation and matrix mineralization through Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (Rxfp2) in MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Bone 2014; 65:92-101. [PMID: 24857857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RELAXIN (RLN) is a polypeptide hormone of the insulin-like hormone family; it facilitates birth by softening and widening the pubic symphysis and cervix in many mammals, including humans. The role of RLN in bone metabolism was recently suggested by its ability to induce osteoclastogenesis and activate osteoclast function. RLN binds to RELAXIN/INSULIN-LIKE FAMILY PEPTIDE 1 (RXFP1) and 2 (RXFP2), with varying species-specific affinities. Young men with mutated RXFP2 are at high risk for osteoporosis, as RXFP2 influences osteoblast metabolism by binding to INSULIN-LIKE PEPTIDE 3 (INSL3). However, there have been no reports on RLN function in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization or on the functionally dominant receptors for RLN in osteoblasts. We previously described Rxfp1 and 2 expression patterns in developing mouse oral components, including the maxillary and mandibular bones, Meckel's cartilage, tongue, and tooth primordia. We hypothesized that Rln/Rxfp signaling is a key mediator of skeletal development and metabolism. Here, we present the gene expression patterns of Rxfp1 and 2 in developing mouse calvarial frontal bones as determined by in situ hybridization. In addition, RLN enhanced osteoblastic differentiation and caused abnormal mineralization and extracellular matrix metabolism through Rxfp2, which was predominant over Rxfp1 in MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Our data suggest a novel role for Rln in craniofacial skeletal development and metabolism through Rxfp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Duarte
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan.
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Yang SY, Kim JW, Lee SY, Kang JH, Ulziisaikhan U, Yoo HI, Moon YH, Moon JS, Ko HM, Kim MS, Kim SH. Upregulation of relaxin receptors in the PDL by biophysical force. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:657-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Overvad S, Bay K, Bojesen A, Gravholt CH. Low INSL3 in Klinefelter syndrome is related to osteocalcin, testosterone treatment and body composition, as well as measures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Andrology 2014; 2:421-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Overvad
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - K. Bay
- Department of Growth and Reproduction; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Vejle Hospital; Sygehus Lillebaelt; Vejle Denmark
| | - C. H. Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
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Relaxin receptors 1 and 2 and nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor) mRNAs are expressed in oral components of developing mice. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bay K, Anand-Ivell R. Human Testicular Insulin-Like Factor 3 and Endocrine Disrupters. VITAMINS & HORMONES 2014; 94:327-48. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800095-3.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tanshinol attenuates the deleterious effects of oxidative stress on osteoblastic differentiation via Wnt/FoxO3a signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:351895. [PMID: 24489983 PMCID: PMC3893867 DOI: 10.1155/2013/351895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence which suggests a pivotal role for oxidative stress in the development and progression of osteoporosis. We confirm herein the protective effects of natural antioxidant Tanshinol against oxidative stress in osteoblastic differentiation and the underlying mechanism. Our results show that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) leads to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decrease in cell viability, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a caspase-3-dependent manner, and inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation. Tanshinol reverses these deleterious consequence triggered by oxidative stress. Moreover, under the condition of oxidative stress, Tanshinol suppresses the activation of FoxO3a transcription factor and expressions of its target genes Gadd45a and catalase (CAT) and simultaneously counteracts the inhibition of Wnt signalling and expressions of target genes Axin2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Osteoprotegerin (OPG). The findings are further consolidated using FoxO3a siRNA interference and overexpression of Tcf4. The results illustrate that Tanshinol attenuates oxidative stress via down-regulation of FoxO3a signaling, and rescues the decrease of osteoblastic differentiation through upregulation of Wnt signal under oxidative stress. The present findings suggest that the beneficial effects of Tanshinol may be adopted as a novel therapeutic approach in recently recognized conditions of niche targeting osteoporosis.
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Dehghan F, Haerian BS, Muniandy S, Yusof A, Dragoo JL, Salleh N. The effect of relaxin on the musculoskeletal system. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:e220-9. [PMID: 24283470 PMCID: PMC4282454 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin is a hormone structurally related to insulin and insulin-like growth factor, which exerts its regulatory effect on the musculoskeletal and other systems through binding to its receptor in various tissues, mediated by different signaling pathways. Relaxin alters the properties of cartilage and tendon by activating collagenase. This hormone is also involved in bone remodeling and healing of injured ligaments and skeletal muscle. In this review, we have summarized the literature on the effect of relaxin in musculoskeletal system to provide a broad perspective for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dehghan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B S Haerian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Yusof
- Department of Physiology, Sports Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J L Dragoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - N Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ota K, Dambaeva S, Han AR, Beaman K, Gilman-Sachs A, Kwak-Kim J. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy losses by increasing cellular immunity and autoimmunity. Hum Reprod 2013; 29:208-19. [PMID: 24277747 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do women with recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) and low vitamin D have increased prevalence of auto- and cellular immune abnormalities when compared with women with RPL who have normal vitamin D, and does vitamin D have any effect on cellular immunity in vitro? SUMMARY ANSWER A high proportion of women with RPL have vitamin D deficiency and the risk of auto- and cellular immune abnormalities is increased in women with RPL and vitamin D deficiency. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women is associated with increased risk of obstetrical complications such as pre-eclampsia, bacterial vaginosis associated preterm delivery, gestational diabetes mellitus and small-for-gestational age births. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective cross-sectional study of 133 women with RPL who were enrolled in a 2-year period, together with laboratory experiments. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women with three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions prior to 20 weeks of gestation who were enrolled at the University clinic. Serum vitamin D level, cellular activity and autoimmune parameters in vivo and in vitro were measured. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Sixty-three out of 133 women (47.4%) had low vitamin D (<30 ng/ml). The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibody (APA) was significantly higher in low vitamin D group (VDlow) (39.7%) than in the normal vitamin D group (VDnl) (22.9%) (P< 0.05) and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for APA in VDlow was 2.22 with the 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.0-4.7. The prevalence of antinuclear antigen antibody (VDlow versus VDnl; 23.8% versus 10.0%, OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.1-7.4), anti-ssDNA (19.0% versus 5.7%, OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.1-12.4) and thyroperoxidase antibody (33.3% versus 15.7%, OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.2-6.1) was significantly higher in VDlow than those of VDnl (P < 0.05 each). Peripheral blood CD19(+) B and CD56(+) NK cell levels and NK cytotoxicity at effector to target cell (E:T) ratio of 25:1 were significantly higher in VDlow when compared with those of VDnl (P < 0.05 each). Reduction (%) of NK cytotoxicity (at E:T ratio of 50:1 and 25:1) by IgG (12.5 mg/dl) was significantly lower in VDlow than those of VDnl (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). There were no differences in Th1/Th2 ratios between VDlow and VDnl. When vitamin D3 was added in NK cytotoxicity assay in vitro, NK cytotoxicity at E:T ratio of 50:1 was significantly suppressed with 10 nMol/L (nM) (11.9 ± 3.3%) and 100 nM (10.9 ± 3.7%) of vitamin D3 when compared with controls (15.3 ± 4.7%) (P < 0.01 each). TNF-α/IL-10 expressing CD3(+)/4(+) cell ratios were significantly decreased with 100 nM of vitamin D3 (31.3 ± 9.4, P < 0.05) when compared with controls (40.4 ± 11.3) in vitro. Additionally, INF-γ/IL-10 expressing CD3(+)/4(+) cell ratio was significantly decreased with 100 nM of vitamin D3 (12.1 ± 4.0, P < 0.05) when compared with controls (14.8 ± 4.6). IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion from NK cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.01 each), and IL-10, IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor and granulocyte colony stimulating factor levels were significantly increased (P < 0.01 each) with vitamin D3 100 nM when compared with those of controls. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women with RPL in this study is open to a possible type I error since women with vitamin D supplementation were excluded from this study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Assessment of vitamin D level is recommended in women with RPL. Vitamin D supplementation should be explored further as a possible therapeutic option for RPL. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the intramural funding from Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Ota
- Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL 60061, USA
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Abstract
Findings in the past few years have advanced understanding of the crosstalk between testis and bone and could contribute to defining an improved clinical approach to the biochemical diagnosis and therapeutic management of hypogonadism and male osteoporosis. This Review focuses on the Leydig cells of the testis. Other than being responsible for steroidogenesis and production of testosterone, the function of these cells is fundamental to bone health in at least two other ways: Leydig cells produce insulin-like 3 (INSL3), which has a role in osteoblast function, and they contribute to 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. Impairment of testicular function leads to low levels of testosterone, INSL3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and consequently to an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Clinical Pathology & Center for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Hampel U, Klonisch T, Sel S, Schulze U, Garreis F, Seitmann H, Zouboulis CC, Paulsen FP. Insulin-like factor 3 promotes wound healing at the ocular surface. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2034-45. [PMID: 23539510 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tear fluid is known to contain many different hormones with relevance for ocular surface homeostasis. We studied the presence and functional role of insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) and its cognate receptor RXFP2 (relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2) at the ocular surface and in tears. Expression of human INSL3 and RXFP2 was determined in tissues of the ocular surface and lacrimal apparatus; in human corneal (HCE), conjunctival (HCjE), and sebaceous (SC) epithelial cell lines; and in human tears by RT-PCR and ELISA. We investigated effects of human recombinant INSL3 (hrINSL3) on cell proliferation and cell migration and the influence of hrINSL3 on the expression of MMP2, -9, and -13 and TIMP1 and -2 was quantified by real-time PCR and ELISA in HCE, HCjE, and SC cells. We used a C57BL/6 mouse corneal defect model to elucidate the effect of topical application of hrINSL3 on corneal wound healing. INSL3 and RXFP2 transcripts and INSL3 protein were detected in all tissues and cell lines investigated. Significantly higher concentrations of INSL3 were detected in tears from male vs. female volunteers. Stimulation of HCE, HCjE, and SC with hrINSL3 significantly increased cell proliferation in HCjE and SC and migration of HCjE. Treatment with hrINSL3 for 24 hours regulated MMP2, TIMP1, and TIMP2 expression. The local application of hrINSL3 onto denuded corneal surface resulted in significantly accelerated corneal wound healing in mice. These findings suggest a novel and gender-specific role for INSL3 and cognate receptor RXFP2 signaling in ocular surface homeostasis and determined a novel role for hrINSL3 in corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hampel
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsstrasse 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Cernaro V, Lacquaniti A, Lupica R, Buemi A, Trimboli D, Giorgianni G, Bolignano D, Buemi M. Relaxin: new pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological perspectives for an old protein. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:77-105. [PMID: 23401142 DOI: 10.1002/med.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human relaxin-2 (hereafter simply defined as "relaxin") is a 6-kDa peptidic hormone best known for the physiological role played during pregnancy in the growth and differentiation of the reproductive tract and in the renal and systemic hemodynamic changes. This factor can also be involved in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension and heart failure, in the molecular pathways of fibrosis and cancer, and in angiogenesis and bone remodeling. It belongs to the relaxin peptide family, whose members comprehensively exert numerous effects through interaction with different types of receptors, classified as relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors (RXFP1, RXFP2, RXFP3, RXFP4). Research looks toward the in-depth examination and complete understanding of relaxin in its various pleiotropic actions. The intent is to evaluate the likelihood of employing this substance for therapeutic purposes, for instance in diseases where a deficit could be part of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, also avoiding any adverse effect. Relaxin is already being considered as a promising drug, especially in acute heart failure. A careful study of the different RXFPs and their receptors and the comprehension of all biological activities of these hormones will probably provide new drugs with a potential wide range of therapeutic applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cernaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98100, Italy
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Aksglaede L, Link K, Giwercman A, Jørgensen N, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A. 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome: clinical characteristics and age-specific recommendations for medical management. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:55-63. [PMID: 23345262 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) is the most frequent sex chromosomal disorder and affects approximately one in 660 newborn boys. The syndrome is characterized by varying degrees of cognitive, social, behavioral, and learning difficulties and in adulthood additionally primary testicular failure with small testes, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, tall stature, and eunuchoid body proportions. The phenotype is variable ranging from "near-normal" to a significantly affected individual. In addition, newborns with Klinefelter syndrome generally present with a normal male phenotype and the only consistent clinical finding in KS is small testes, that are most often not identified until after puberty. Decreased awareness of this syndrome among health professionals and a general perception that all patients with 47,XXY exhibit the classic textbook phenotype results in a highly under-diagnosed condition with up to 75% of the patients left undetected. Typically, diagnosis is delayed with the majority of patients identified during fertility workup in adulthood, and only 10% of patients diagnosed prior to puberty. Early detection of this syndrome is recommended in order to offer treatment and intervention at the appropriate ages and stages of development for the purpose of preventing osteopenia/osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and other medical conditions related to hypogonadism and to the XXY as well as minimizing potential learning and psychosocial problems. The aim of this review is to present the clinical aspects of XXY and the age-specific recommendations for medical management. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Aksglaede
- Department of Growth and Reproduction GR, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Abe M, Hojo T, Kozai K, Okuda K. Possible role of insulin-like factor 3 in the bovine corpus luteum. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 75:629-32. [PMID: 23220928 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is a local regulator in mammalian gonads, but little is known of its function in bovine corpus luteum (CL). Here, we show that RXFP2 protein, the receptor of INSL3, was expressed throughout the estrous cycle and significantly high at the early luteal stage compared to the regressed luteal stage. INSL3 stimulated progesterone secretion, but not prostaglandin F2α and viability in cultured luteal cells. Together, these results suggest that INSL3 plays a luteotropic role as a local regulator in the bovine CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Abe
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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