1
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Giolito MV, Bodoirat S, La Rosa T, Reslinger M, Guardia GDA, Mourtada J, Claret L, Joung A, Galante PAF, Penalva LOF, Plateroti M. Impact of the thyroid hormone T3 and its nuclear receptor TRα1 on colon cancer stem cell phenotypes and response to chemotherapies. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:306. [PMID: 38693105 PMCID: PMC11063186 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are highly heterogeneous and show a hierarchical organization, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for tumor development, maintenance, and drug resistance. Our previous studies showed the importance of thyroid hormone-dependent signaling on intestinal tumor development and progression through action on stem cells. These results have a translational value, given that the thyroid hormone nuclear receptor TRα1 is upregulated in human CRCs, including in the molecular subtypes associated with CSC features. We used an established spheroid model generated from the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco2 to study the effects of T3 and TRα1 on spheroid formation, growth, and response to conventional chemotherapies. Our results show that T3 treatment and/or increased TRα1 expression in spheroids impaired the response to FOLFIRI and conferred a survival advantage. This was achieved by stimulating drug detoxification pathways and increasing ALDH1A1-expressing cells, including CSCs, within spheroids. These results suggest that clinical evaluation of the thyroid axis and assessing TRα1 levels in CRCs could help to select optimal therapeutic regimens for patients with CRC. Proposed mechanism of action of T3/TRα1 in colon cancer spheroids. In the control condition, TRα1 participates in maintaining homeostatic cell conditions. The presence of T3 in the culture medium activates TRα1 action on target genes, including the drug efflux pumps ABCG2 and ABCB1. In the case of chemotherapy FOLFIRI, the increased expression of ABC transcripts and proteins induced by T3 treatment is responsible for the augmented efflux of 5-FU and Irinotecan from the cancer cells. Taken together, these mechanisms contribute to the decreased efficacy of the chemotherapy and allow cells to escape the treatment. Created with BioRender.com .
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Fluorouracil/therapeutic use
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha/metabolism
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha/genetics
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
- Leucovorin/pharmacology
- Leucovorin/therapeutic use
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/therapeutic use
- Phenotype
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family/metabolism
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Virginia Giolito
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate 57, B1.57.04, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serguei Bodoirat
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Theo La Rosa
- Stem-Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 INSERM, USC1361 INRA, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Mathieu Reslinger
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC UMR 7104-UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Jana Mourtada
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Leo Claret
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC UMR 7104-UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Alain Joung
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pedro A F Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz O F Penalva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, IGBMC UMR 7104-UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France.
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2
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Richard S, Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone action during GABAergic neuron maturation: The quest for mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1256877. [PMID: 37854197 PMCID: PMC10579935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1256877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays a major role in mammalian brain development. Data obtained in the past years in animal models have pinpointed GABAergic neurons as a major target of TH signaling during development, which opens up new perspectives to further investigate the mechanisms by which TH affects brain development. The aim of the present review is to gather the available information about the involvement of TH in the maturation of GABAergic neurons. After giving an overview of the kinds of neurological disorders that may arise from disruption of TH signaling during brain development in humans, we will take a historical perspective to show how rodent models of hypothyroidism have gradually pointed to GABAergic neurons as a main target of TH signaling during brain development. The third part of this review underscores the challenges that are encountered when conducting gene expression studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are at play downstream of TH receptors during brain development. Unravelling the mechanisms of action of TH in the developing brain should help make progress in the prevention and treatment of several neurological disorders, including autism and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, USC1370 Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Lyon, France
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3
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Marcelino CP, McAninch EA, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Temporal Pole Responds to Subtle Changes in Local Thyroid Hormone Signaling. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa136. [PMID: 33123655 PMCID: PMC7575126 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in the human brain, we analyzed published microarray data sets of the temporal pole (Brodmann area 38) of 19 deceased donors. An index of TH signaling built on the expression of 19 well known TH-responsive genes in mouse brains (T3S+) varied from 0.92 to 1.1. After Factor analysis, T3S+ correlated independently with the expression of TH transporters (MCT8, LAT2), TH receptor (TR) beta and TR coregulators (CARM1, MED1, KAT2B, SRC2, SRC3, NCOR2a). Unexpectedly, no correlation was found between T3S+ vs DIO2, DIO3, SRC1, or TRα. An unbiased systematic analysis of the entire transcriptome identified a set of 1649 genes (set #1) with strong positive correlation with T3S+ (r > 0.75). Factor analysis of set #1 identified 2 sets of genes that correlated independently with T3S+, sets #2 (329 genes) and #3 (191 genes). When processed through the Molecular Signatures Data Base (MSigDB), both sets #2 and #3 were enriched with Gene Ontology (GO)-sets related to synaptic transmission and metabolic processes. Ranking individual human brain donors according to their T3S+ led us to identify 1262 genes (set #4) with >1.3-fold higher expression in the top half. The analysis of the overlapped genes between sets #1 and #4 resulted in 769 genes (set #5), which have a very similar MSigDB signature as sets #2 and #3. In conclusion, gene expression in the human temporal pole can be assessed through T3S+ and fluctuates with subtle variations in local TH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícera P Marcelino
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences - CCBS, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences - CCBS, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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4
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Sarin H. Pressure regulated basis for gene transcription by delta-cell micro-compliance modeled in silico: Biphenyl, bisphenol and small molecule ligand models of cell contraction-expansion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236446. [PMID: 33021979 PMCID: PMC7537880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diameter, lipophilicity and hydrophilicity exclusion affinity limits exist for small molecule carrier-mediated diffusion or transport through channel pores or interaction with the cell surface glycocalyx. The molecular structure lipophilicity limit for non-specific carrier-mediated transmembrane diffusion through polarity-selective transport channels of the cell membrane is Lexternal structure ∙ Hpolar group-1 of ≥ 1.07. The cell membrane channel pore size is > 0.752 and < 0.758 nm based on a 3-D ellipsoid model (biphenyl), and within the molecular diameter size range 0.744 and 0.762 nm based on a 2-D elliptical model (alkanol). The adjusted van der Waals diameter (vdWD, adj; nm) for the subset of halogenated vapors is predictive of the required MAC for anesthetic potency at an initial (-) Δ Cmicro effect. The molecular structure L ∙ Hpolar group-1 for Neu5Ac is 0.080, and the L ∙ Hpolar group-1 interval range for the cell surface glycocalyx hydrophilicity barrier interaction is 0.101 (Saxitoxin, Stx; Linternal structure ∙ Hpolar group-1) - 0.092 (m-xylenediamine, Lexternal structure · Hpolar group). Differential predictive effective pressure mapping of gene activation or repression reveals that p-dioxin exposure results in activation of AhR-Erβ (Arnt)/Nrf-2, Pparδ, Errγ (LxRα), Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs, and due to high affinity Dio2 and Dio3 (OH-TriCDD, Lext · H-1: 1.91–4.31) exothermy-antagonism (Δ contraction) with high affinity T4/rT3-TRα-mediated agonism (Δ expansion). co-planar PCB metabolite exposure (Lext · H-1: 1.95–3.91) results in activation of AhR (Erα/β)/Nrf2, Rev-Erbβ, Errα, Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs with a Δ Cmicro contraction of 0.89 and Δ Cmicro expansion of 1.05 as compared to p-dioxin. co-, ortho-planar PCB metabolite exposure results in activation of Car/PxR, Pparα (Srebf1,—Lxrβ), Arnt (AhR-Erβ), AR, Dio1 (Dio2) and Trβ limbs with a Δ Cmicro contraction of 0.73 and Δ Cmicro expansion of 1.18 (as compared to p-dioxin). Bisphenol A exposure (Lext struct ∙ H-1: 1.08–1.12, BPA–BPE, Errγ; BPAF, Lext struct ∙ H-1: 1.23, CM Erα, β) results in increased duration at Peff for Timm8b (Peff 0.247) transcription and in indirect activation of the AhR/Nrf-2 hybrid pathway with decreased duration at Peff 0.200 (Nrf1) and increased duration at Peff 0.257 (Dffa). The Bpa/Bpaf convergent pathway Cmicro contraction-expansion response increase in the lower Peff interval is 0.040; in comparison, small molecule hormone Δ Cmicro contraction-expansion response increases in the lower Peff intervals for gene expression ≤ 0.168 (Dex· GR) ≥ 0.156 (Dht · AR), with grade of duration at Peff (min·count) of 1.33x105 (Dex/Cort) and 1.8–2.53x105 (Dht/R1881) as compared to the (-) coupled (+) Δ CmicroPeff to 0.136 (Wnt5a, Esr2) with applied DES (1.86x106). The subtype of trans-differentiated cell as a result of an applied toxin or toxicant is predictable by delta-Cmicro determined by Peff mapping. Study findings offer additional perspective on the basis for pressure regulated gene transcription by alterations in cell micro-compliance (Δ contraction-expansion, Cmicro), and are applicable for the further predictive modeling of gene to gene transcription interactions, and small molecule modulation of cell effective pressure (Peff) and its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Göbel A, Göttlich M, Reinwald J, Rogge B, Uter JC, Heldmann M, Sartorius A, Brabant G, Münte TF. The Influence of Thyroid Hormones on Brain Structure and Function in Humans. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:432-436. [PMID: 32040963 DOI: 10.1055/a-1101-9090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic function of thyroid hormones (TH) is mediated by an organ specific expression of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases and TH receptors. In a series of studies we used the model of an experimentally induced hyper- or hypothyroidism in human volunteers to delineate TH action on the brain. A battery of neuropsychological testing paradigms was employed and complemented by structural and functional multimodal neuroimaging. Experimentally induced mild thyrotoxicosis for 6 weeks was associated with changes in brain structure (determined with voxel-based morphometry), resting state functional connectivity, and task-related functional activation in a working memory paradigm. Partial withdrawal of TH replacement in patients without thyroid (subclinical hypothyroidism) likewise lead to changes on multiple functional and structural brain measures. Importantly, the series of studies reviewed here identified the cerebellum as one crucial site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Berenike Rogge
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Liang S, Liang S, Zhou H, Yin N, Faiola F. Typical halogenated flame retardants affect human neural stem cell gene expression during proliferation and differentiation via glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta and T3 signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109498. [PMID: 31377521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2',2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant congeners of commercial pentaBDE utilized as flame retardants, has been phased out of production due to its potential neural toxicity and endocrine disrupting activities, and yet still present in the environment. Several alternatives to BDE-47, including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), are presently employed without restrictions and their potential toxic effects on human neural development are still unclear. In this study, we utilized a human neural stem cell (hNSC)-based system to evaluate the potential developmental neurotoxic effects of the above-mentioned five chemicals, at environment and human exposure relevant concentrations. We found that those compounds slightly altered the expression of hNSC identity markers (SOX2, SOX3 and NES), without impairing cell viability or proliferation, in part by either modulating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling (TBBPS, TCBPA and BDE-47), and slightly disturbing the NOTCH pathway (TBBPA, TBBPS and TCBPA). Moreover, the five chemicals seemed to alter hNSC differentiation by perturbing triiodothyronine (T3) cellular signaling. Thus, our findings suggest that the five compounds, especially TBBPS, TCBPA, and BDE-47, may affect hNSC self-renewal and differentiation abilities and potentially elicit neural developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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7
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Lazcano I, Hernández-Puga G, Robles JP, Orozco A. Alternative ligands for thyroid hormone receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 493:110448. [PMID: 31100496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that activate or repress gene transcription, resulting in the regulation of numerous physiological programs. While 3,3',5-L-triiodothyronine is the TR cognate ligand, these receptors can also be activated by various alternative ligands, including endogenous and synthetic molecules capable of inducing diverse active receptor conformations that influence thyroid hormone-dependent signaling pathways. This review mainly discusses current knowledge on 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid, two endogenous molecules that bind to TRs and regulate gene expression; and the molecular interactions between TRs and ligands, like synthetic thyromimetics developed to target specific TR isoforms for tissue-specific regulation of thyroid-related disorders, or endocrine disruptors that have allowed the design of new analogues and revealed essential amino acids for thyroid hormone binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lazcano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro, Mexico; Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro, Mexico.
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8
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Carosa E, Lenzi A, Jannini EA. Thyroid hormone receptors and ligands, tissue distribution and sexual behavior. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 467:49-59. [PMID: 29175529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Carosa
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Chair of Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology & Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Flamant F, Cheng SY, Hollenberg AN, Moeller LC, Samarut J, Wondisford FE, Yen PM, Refetoff S. Thyroid Hormone Signaling Pathways: Time for a More Precise Nomenclature. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2052-2057. [PMID: 28472304 PMCID: PMC6283428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current literature makes a distinction between two pathways for thyroid hormone signaling: genomic and nongenomic. However, this classification is a source of confusion. We propose a clarification in the nomenclature that may help to avoid unproductive controversies and favor progress in this field of research. Four types of thyroid hormone signaling are defined, and the experimental criteria for classification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany
| | - Jacques Samarut
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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10
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Flamant F, Gauthier K, Richard S. Genetic Investigation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Function in the Developing and Adult Brain. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:303-335. [PMID: 28527576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert a broad influence on brain development and function, which has been extensively studied over the years. Mouse genetics has brought an important contribution, allowing precise analysis of the interplay between TRα1 and TRβ1 nuclear receptors in neural cells. However, the exact contribution of each receptor, the possible intervention of nongenomic signaling, and the nature of the genetic program that is controlled by the receptors remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex, France.
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex, France
| | - Sabine Richard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex, France
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11
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Wu WS, Jhou MJ. MVIAeval: a web tool for comprehensively evaluating the performance of a new missing value imputation algorithm. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:31. [PMID: 28086746 PMCID: PMC5237319 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missing value imputation is important for microarray data analyses because microarray data with missing values would significantly degrade the performance of the downstream analyses. Although many microarray missing value imputation algorithms have been developed, an objective and comprehensive performance comparison framework is still lacking. To solve this problem, we previously proposed a framework which can perform a comprehensive performance comparison of different existing algorithms. Also the performance of a new algorithm can be evaluated by our performance comparison framework. However, constructing our framework is not an easy task for the interested researchers. To save researchers' time and efforts, here we present an easy-to-use web tool named MVIAeval (Missing Value Imputation Algorithm evaluator) which implements our performance comparison framework. RESULTS MVIAeval provides a user-friendly interface allowing users to upload the R code of their new algorithm and select (i) the test datasets among 20 benchmark microarray (time series and non-time series) datasets, (ii) the compared algorithms among 12 existing algorithms, (iii) the performance indices from three existing ones, (iv) the comprehensive performance scores from two possible choices, and (v) the number of simulation runs. The comprehensive performance comparison results are then generated and shown as both figures and tables. CONCLUSIONS MVIAeval is a useful tool for researchers to easily conduct a comprehensive and objective performance evaluation of their newly developed missing value imputation algorithm for microarray data or any data which can be represented as a matrix form (e.g. NGS data or proteomics data). Thus, MVIAeval will greatly expedite the progress in the research of missing value imputation algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Jhun Jhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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12
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Chatonnet F, Livera G, Fumel B, FouchÉCourt S, Flamant F. Direct and indirect consequences on gene expression of a thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 mutation restricted to Sertoli cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:1159-66. [PMID: 25487743 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is required for the timely transition of Sertoli cells from proliferative to differentiating and maturing. This transition takes place during a critical developmental period in mammals, which in mice is the first post-natal week. In order to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of this differentiation process, we used Cre/loxP technology to selectively block the function of the thyroid hormone receptor TRα1 in Sertoli cells. We then used RNA-seq to analyze the changes in gene expression induced in the post-natal testis. This differential analysis provides genetic clues to the initial testicular defects resulting from disrupted thyroid hormone signaling, and suggests that Sertoli cells influence germ cells soon after their birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Chatonnet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, Cedex, France
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13
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Oyanagi K, Negishi T, Tashiro T. Action of thyroxine on the survival and neurite maintenance of cerebellar granule neurons in culture. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:592-603. [PMID: 25447738 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental hypothyroidism causes severe impairments in the cerebellum. To understand the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in cerebellar development, we examined the effect of three different THs, thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triidothyronine (T3), and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3), on the survival and morphology of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in culture and found novel actions specific to T4. Rat CGNs obtained at postnatal day 6 were first cultured for 2 days in serum-containing medium with 25 mM K(+) (K25), then switched to serum-free medium with physiological 5 mM K(+) (K5) or with K25 and cultured for an additional 2 or 4 days. CGNs underwent apoptosis in K5 but survived in K25. Addition of T4 at concentrations of 100-200 nM but not T3 or rT3 rescued CGNs from cell death in K5 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 200 nM T4 was also effective in maintaining the neurites of CGNs in K5. In K5, T4 suppressed tau phosphorylation at two developmentally regulated sites as well as phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) necessary for its activation and localization to axons. These results suggest that, during cerebellar development, T4 exerts its activity in cell survival and neurite maintenance in a manner distinct from the other two thyroid hormones through regulating the activity and localization of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Oyanagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
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14
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Guyot R, Chatonnet F, Gillet B, Hughes S, Flamant F. Toxicogenomic analysis of the ability of brominated flame retardants TBBPA and BDE-209 to disrupt thyroid hormone signaling in neural cells. Toxicology 2014; 325:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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A temporary compendium of thyroid hormone target genes in brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:122-9. [PMID: 24882357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone controls a number of developmental and physiological processes in the brain by directly acting on gene expression. Transcriptome analyses in rodent identified a number of thyroid hormone regulated genes in several brain areas at different stages. Genome wide analysis of chromatin occupancy in a neural cell line also identified a subset of genes which transcription is likely to be directly regulated by thyroid hormone receptors in neurons. However, the abundance of these data and apparent discrepancies between studies brought some confusion. RESULTS We present here a meta-analysis of available data to identify recurrent themes in thyroid hormone action in brain cells. This provides a curated list of 734 regulated genes in rodent brain, and highlights a small number of likely direct target genes. Some of these genes are also regulated in amphibians during metamorphosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
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16
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Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Picou F, Richard S, Fossat N, Aguilera N, Lamonerie T, Flamant F. Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia are primary targets of the TRα1 thyroid hormone receptor during mouse cerebellum postnatal development. Development 2014; 141:166-75. [PMID: 24346699 DOI: 10.1242/dev.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal development of the central nervous system, as shown by the severe mental retardation syndrome affecting hypothyroid patients with low levels of active thyroid hormone. The postnatal defects observed in hypothyroid mouse cerebellum are recapitulated in mice heterozygous for a dominant-negative mutation of Thra, the gene encoding the ubiquitous TRα1 receptor. Using CRE/loxP-mediated conditional expression approach, we found that this mutation primarily alters the differentiation of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia, two cerebellum-specific cell types. These primary defects indirectly affect cerebellum development in a global manner. Notably, the inward migration and terminal differentiation of granule cell precursors is impaired. Therefore, despite the broad distribution of its receptors, thyroid hormone targets few cell types that exert a predominant role in the network of cellular interactions that govern normal cerebellum maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Fauquier
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
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17
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Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Richard S, Flamant F. Deciphering direct and indirect influence of thyroid hormone with mouse genetics. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:429-41. [PMID: 24617548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, binds nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of a large number of genes in many cell types. Unraveling the direct and indirect effect of this hormonal stimulation, and establishing links between these molecular events and the developmental and physiological functions of the hormone, is a major challenge. New mouse genetics tools, notably those based on Cre/loxP technology, are suitable to perform a multiscale analysis of T3 signaling and achieve this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picou
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale, Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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18
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Sawano E, Takahashi M, Negishi T, Tashiro T. Thyroid hormone-dependent development of the GABAergic pre- and post-synaptic components in the rat hippocampus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:751-61. [PMID: 24076339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays essential roles in normal brain development mainly by regulating gene expression through binding to specific nuclear receptors which serve as transcription factors. Previous studies showed that perinatal deficiency of TH or impairment of its signaling severely affect brain development, especially the development of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, but cellular and molecular targets of the hormone are only partly uncovered. In the present study, we focused on the developing rat hippocampus which was confirmed to be one of the regions highly sensitive to TH status, and found two new targets of the hormone among the pre- and post-synaptic components of the GABAergic system. One was glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), the protein level of which was reduced to less than 50% of control in the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats (obtained by administering 0.025% methimazole in drinking water to pregnant dams from gestational day 15 until 4 weeks postpartum) and recovered to control levels by daily thyroxine-replacement after birth. Reduction in GAD65 protein was correlated immunohistochemically with a 37% reduction in the number of GAD65-positive cells as well as a reduction in GAD65-positive processes. In contrast, the other GAD isotype, GAD67, was not affected by TH status. A subpopulation of GABAergic neurons containing parvalbumin was also confirmed to be highly dependent on TH status. The second target of thyroid hormone was neuron-specific K(+)/Cl(-) co-transporter, KCC2, which is responsible for switching of GABA action from excitatory to inhibitory. In the euthyroid hippocampus, a sharp rise of kcc2 expression was observed at postnatal day (PND)10 which was followed by a large increase in KCC2 protein at PND15. This transient rise in kcc2 expression was completely suppressed by hypothyroidism, resulting in nearly 80% reduction in KCC2 protein at PND15. These results indicate that the development of GABAergic terminals and the excitatory to inhibitory maturation of GABA signaling are strongly dependent on TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sawano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
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20
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Interplay between thyroxin, BDNF and GABA in injured neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 239:241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Gil-Ibañez P, Morte B, Bernal J. Role of thyroid hormone receptor subtypes α and β on gene expression in the cerebral cortex and striatum of postnatal mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1940-7. [PMID: 23493375 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thyroid hormones (THs) on brain development and function are largely mediated by the control of gene expression. This is achieved by the binding of the genomically active T3 to transcriptionally active nuclear TH receptors (TRs). T3 and the TRs can either induce or repress transcription. In hypothyroidism, the reduction of T3 lowers the expression of a set of genes, the positively regulated genes, and increases the expression of negatively regulated genes. Two mechanisms may account for the effect of hypothyroidism on genes regulated directly by T3: first, the loss of T3 signaling and TR transactivation, and second, an intrinsic activity of the unliganded TRs directly responsible for repression of positive genes and enhancement of negative genes. To analyze the contribution of the TR subtypes α and β, we have measured by RT-PCR the expression of a set of positive and negative genes in the cerebral cortex and the striatum of TR-knockout male and female mice. The results indicate that TRα1 exerts a predominant but not exclusive role in the regulation of positive and negative genes. However, a fraction of the genes analyzed are not or only mildly affected by the total absence of TRs. Furthermore, hypothyroidism has a mild effect on these genes in the absence of TRα1, in agreement with a role of unliganded TRα1 in the effects of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gil-Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Genome-wide analysis of thyroid hormone receptors shared and specific functions in neural cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E766-75. [PMID: 23382204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210626110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TRα1 and TRβ1, the two main thyroid hormone receptors in mammals, are transcription factors that share similar properties. However, their respective functions are very different. This functional divergence might be explained in two ways: it can reflect different expression patterns or result from different intrinsic properties of the receptors. We tested this second hypothesis by comparing the repertoires of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)-responsive genes of two neural cell lines, expressing either TRα1 or TRβ1. Using transcriptome analysis, we found that a substantial fraction of the T3 target genes display a marked preference for one of the two receptors. So when placed alone in identical situations, the two receptors have different repertoires of target genes. Chromatin occupancy analysis, performed at a genome-wide scale, revealed that TRα1 and TRβ1 cistromes were also different. However, receptor-selective regulation of T3 target genes did not result from receptor-selective chromatin occupancy of their promoter regions. We conclude that modification of TRα1 and TRβ1 intrinsic properties contributes in a large part to the divergent evolution of the receptors' function, at least during neurodevelopment.
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Peeters RP, Hernandez A, Ng L, Ma M, Sharlin DS, Pandey M, Simonds WF, St Germain DL, Forrest D. Cerebellar abnormalities in mice lacking type 3 deiodinase and partial reversal of phenotype by deletion of thyroid hormone receptor α1. Endocrinology 2013; 154:550-61. [PMID: 23161871 PMCID: PMC3529370 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone serves many functions throughout brain development, but the mechanisms that control the timing of its actions in specific brain regions are poorly understood. In the cerebellum, thyroid hormone controls formation of the transient external germinal layer, which contains proliferative granule cell precursors, subsequent granule cell migration, and cerebellar foliation. We report that the thyroid hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (encoded by Dio3) is expressed in the mouse cerebellum at embryonic and neonatal stages, suggesting a need to protect cerebellar tissues from premature stimulation by thyroid hormone. Dio3(-/-) mice displayed reduced foliation, accelerated disappearance of the external germinal layer, and premature expansion of the molecular layer at juvenile ages. Furthermore, Dio3(-/-) mice exhibited locomotor behavioral abnormalities and impaired ability in descending a vertical pole. To ascertain that these phenotypes resulted from inappropriate exposure to thyroid hormone, thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) was removed from Dio3(-/-) mice, which substantially corrected the cerebellar and behavioral phenotypes. Deletion of TRα1 did not correct the previously reported small thyroid gland or deafness in Dio3(-/-) mice, indicating that Dio3 controls the activation of specific receptor isoforms in different tissues. These findings suggest that type 3 deiodinase constrains the timing of thyroid hormone action during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee502, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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