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Kalapothakis Y, Miranda K, Aragão M, Larangote D, Braga-Pereira G, Noetzold M, Molina D, Langer R, Conceição IM, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Kalapothakis E, Borges A. Divergence in toxin antigenicity and venom enzymes in Tityus melici, a medically important scorpion, despite transcriptomic and phylogenetic affinities with problematic Brazilian species. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130311. [PMID: 38403220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The Brazilian scorpion Tityus melici, native to Minas Gerais and Bahia, is morphologically related to Tityus serrulatus, the most medically significant species in Brazil. Despite inhabiting scorpion-envenomation endemic regions, T. melici venom remains unexplored. This work evaluates T. melici venom composition and function using transcriptomics, enzymatic activities, and in vivo and in vitro immunological analyses. Next-Generation Sequencing unveiled 86 components putatively involved in venom toxicity: 39 toxins, 28 metalloproteases, seven disulfide isomerases, six hyaluronidases, three phospholipases and three amidating enzymes. T. serrulatus showed the highest number of toxin matches with 80-100 % sequence similarity. T. melici is of medical importance as it has a venom LD50 of 0.85 mg/kg in mice. We demonstrated venom phospholipase A2 activity, and elevated hyaluronidase and metalloprotease activities compared to T. serrulatus, paralleling our transcriptomic findings. Comparison of transcriptional levels for T. serrulatus and T. melici venom metalloenzymes suggests species-specific expression patterns in Tityus. Despite close phylogenetic association with T. serrulatus inferred from COI sequences and toxin similarities, partial neutralization of T. melici venom toxicity was achieved when using the anti-T. serrulatus antivenom, implying antigenic divergence among their toxins. We suggest that the Brazilian therapeutic scorpion antivenom could be improved to effectively neutralize T. melici venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelton Miranda
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Aragão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Larangote
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Braga-Pereira
- Departamento de Zoologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Noetzold
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Langer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabela Mamede Conceição
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Serviço de Toxinologia Molecular, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Borges
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, CEDIC, Asunción 1255, Paraguay.
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Liu BW, Sun N, Lin H, Zhou XJ, Ma HY, Wang X, Cao XC, Yu Y. The p53/ZEB1-PLD3 feedback loop regulates cell proliferation in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:751. [PMID: 37978168 PMCID: PMC10656518 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer globally, endangering women's physical and mental health. Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) belongs to the phosphodiesterase family (PLD). PLD3 is related to insulin-mediated phosphorylation of the AKT pathway, suggesting that it may play a role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. This study may further explore the molecular mechanism of PLD3 inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we demonstrated that PLD3 and miR-6796 are co-expressed in breast cancer. PLD3 can bind with CDK1 and inhibit its expression, leading to mitotic arrest and inhibiting breast cancer proliferation. Wild-type p53 regulates PLD3 and miR-6796 expression by competitively binding to the PLD3 promoter with ZEB1. DNMT3B, as the target gene of miR-6796, is recruited into the PLD3 promoter by combining with ZEB1 to regulate the DNA methylation of the PLD3 promoter and ultimately affect PLD3 and miR-6796 expression. In conclusion, we revealed the role and molecular mechanism of PLD3 and its embedded miR-6796 in breast cancer proliferation, providing clues and a theoretical foundation for future research and development of therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Ning Sun
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Hui Lin
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 317099, China
| | - Xue-Jie Zhou
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hai-Yan Ma
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xu-Chen Cao
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Yue Yu
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Canonical phospholipase D isoforms in visual function and ocular response to stress. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5874. [PMID: 34620855 PMCID: PMC8497607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and PLD4 polymorphisms have been associated with several important inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that PLD3 and PLD4 digest ssRNA in addition to ssDNA as reported previously. Moreover, Pld3−/−Pld4−/− mice accumulate small ssRNAs and develop spontaneous fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) characterized by inflammatory liver damage and overproduction of Interferon (IFN)-γ. Pathology is rescued in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice, which lack all endosomal TLR signaling; genetic codeficiency or antibody blockade of TLR9 or TLR7 ameliorates disease less effectively, suggesting that both RNA and DNA sensing by TLRs contributes to inflammation. IFN-γ made a minor contribution to pathology. Elevated type I IFN and some other remaining perturbations in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice requires STING (Tmem173). Our results show that PLD3 and PLD4 regulate both endosomal TLR and cytoplasmic/STING nucleic acid sensing pathways and have implications for the treatment of nucleic acid-driven inflammatory disease. Loss of function polymorphisms of phospholipase D3 and D4 are associated with inflammatory diseases and their function is unclear. Here the authors show that PLD3/4 function as RNAses and deletion of these proteins in mice leads to accumulation of ssRNA which exacerbates inflammation through TLR signalling.
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Pintus SS, Akberdin IR, Yevshin I, Makhnovskii P, Tyapkina O, Nigmetzyanov I, Nurullin L, Devyatiyarov R, Shagimardanova E, Popov D, Kolpakov FA, Gusev O, Gazizova GR. Genome-Wide Atlas of Promoter Expression Reveals Contribution of Transcribed Regulatory Elements to Genetic Control of Disuse-Mediated Atrophy of Skeletal Muscle. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060557. [PMID: 34203013 PMCID: PMC8235325 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The genetic process underlying the control of skeletal muscle homeostasis is a key factor in methods that develop technologies to prevent age and immobility-driven atrophy. In the current paper, using advanced methods for the whole-genome profiling of transcription starting sites in fast and slow muscle in rats, we developed an integrative database of transcribed regulatory elements. Employing methods of comparative transcriptomics, we demonstrate that cis-regulatory elements are actively involved in the control of atrophy and recovery, and that the differential use of promoters and enhancers is the one of the key mechanisms that distinguishes between specific processes in slow and fast skeletal muscles. Abstract The prevention of muscle atrophy carries with it clinical significance for the control of increased morbidity and mortality following physical inactivity. While major transcriptional events associated with muscle atrophy-recovery processes are the subject of active research on the gene level, the contribution of non-coding regulatory elements and alternative promoter usage is a major source for both the production of alternative protein products and new insights into the activity of transcription factors. We used the cap-analysis of gene expression (CAGE) to create a genome-wide atlas of promoter-level transcription in fast (m. EDL) and slow (m. soleus) muscles in rats that were subjected to hindlimb unloading and subsequent recovery. We found that the genetic regulation of the atrophy-recovery cycle in two types of muscle is mediated by different pathways, including a unique set of non-coding transcribed regulatory elements. We showed that the activation of “shadow” enhancers is tightly linked to specific stages of atrophy and recovery dynamics, with the largest number of specific regulatory elements being transcriptionally active in the muscles on the first day of recovery after a week of disuse. The developed comprehensive database of transcription of regulatory elements will further stimulate research on the gene regulation of muscle homeostasis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S. Pintus
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- BIOSOFT.RU LLC, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.P.); (I.R.A.); (I.Y.)
| | - Ilya R. Akberdin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- BIOSOFT.RU LLC, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.P.); (I.R.A.); (I.Y.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Yevshin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- BIOSOFT.RU LLC, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.P.); (I.R.A.); (I.Y.)
| | - Pavel Makhnovskii
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia; (P.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Oksana Tyapkina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420007 Kazan, Russia; (O.T.); (L.N.)
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Islam Nigmetzyanov
- Extreme Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420009 Kazan, Russia; (I.N.); (R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Leniz Nurullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420007 Kazan, Russia; (O.T.); (L.N.)
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ruslan Devyatiyarov
- Extreme Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420009 Kazan, Russia; (I.N.); (R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Extreme Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420009 Kazan, Russia; (I.N.); (R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Daniil Popov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia; (P.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Fedor A. Kolpakov
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- BIOSOFT.RU LLC, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.P.); (I.R.A.); (I.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (F.A.K.); (O.G.); (G.R.G.)
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Extreme Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420009 Kazan, Russia; (I.N.); (R.D.); (E.S.)
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Functional Transcriptomics for Medical Genetic Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: or (F.A.K.); (O.G.); (G.R.G.)
| | - Guzel R. Gazizova
- Extreme Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420009 Kazan, Russia; (I.N.); (R.D.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: or (F.A.K.); (O.G.); (G.R.G.)
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Phospholipase Signaling in Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33983572 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9620-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer progression results from subversion of multiple intra- or intercellular signaling pathways in normal mammary tissues and their microenvironment, which have an impact on cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Phospholipases (PLC, PLD and PLA) are essential mediators of intra- and intercellular signaling. They hydrolyze phospholipids, which are major components of cell membrane that can generate many bioactive lipid mediators, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and arachidonic acid. Enzymatic processing of phospholipids by phospholipases converts these molecules into lipid mediators that regulate multiple cellular processes, which in turn can promote breast cancer progression. Thus, dysregulation of phospholipases contributes to a number of human diseases, including cancer. This review describes how phospholipases regulate multiple cancer-associated cellular processes, and the interplay among different phospholipases in breast cancer. A thorough understanding of the breast cancer-associated signaling networks of phospholipases is necessary to determine whether these enzymes are potential targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Nackenoff AG, Hohman TJ, Neuner SM, Akers CS, Weitzel NC, Shostak A, Ferguson SM, Mobley B, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Jefferson AL, Kaczorowski CC, Schrag MS. PLD3 is a neuronal lysosomal phospholipase D associated with β-amyloid plaques and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009406. [PMID: 33830999 PMCID: PMC8031396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) is a protein of unclear function that structurally resembles other members of the phospholipase D superfamily. A coding variant in this gene confers increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the magnitude of this effect has been controversial. Because of the potential significance of this obscure protein, we undertook a study to observe its distribution in normal human brain and AD-affected brain, determine whether PLD3 is relevant to memory and cognition in sporadic AD, and to evaluate its molecular function. In human neuropathological samples, PLD3 was primarily found within neurons and colocalized with lysosome markers (LAMP2, progranulin, and cathepsins D and B). This colocalization was also present in AD brain with prominent enrichment on lysosomal accumulations within dystrophic neurites surrounding β-amyloid plaques. This pattern of protein distribution was conserved in mouse brain in wild type and the 5xFAD mouse model of cerebral β-amyloidosis. We discovered PLD3 has phospholipase D activity in lysosomes. A coding variant in PLD3 reported to confer AD risk significantly reduced enzymatic activity compared to wild-type PLD3. PLD3 mRNA levels in the human pre-frontal cortex inversely correlated with β-amyloid pathology severity and rate of cognitive decline in 531 participants enrolled in the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. PLD3 levels across genetically diverse BXD mouse strains and strains crossed with 5xFAD mice correlated strongly with learning and memory performance in a fear conditioning task. In summary, this study identified a new functional mammalian phospholipase D isoform which is lysosomal and closely associated with both β-amyloid pathology and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Nackenoff
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Neuner
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Carolyn S. Akers
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicole C. Weitzel
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alena Shostak
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shawn M. Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bret Mobley
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Matthew S. Schrag
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Santa P, Garreau A, Serpas L, Ferriere A, Blanco P, Soni C, Sisirak V. The Role of Nucleases and Nucleic Acid Editing Enzymes in the Regulation of Self-Nucleic Acid Sensing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629922. [PMID: 33717156 PMCID: PMC7952454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids by the innate immune system is mediated by numerous intracellular nucleic acids sensors. Upon the detection of nucleic acids these sensors induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, and thus play a crucial role in the activation of anti-microbial immunity. In addition to microbial genetic material, nucleic acid sensors can also recognize self-nucleic acids exposed extracellularly during turn-over of cells, inefficient efferocytosis, or intracellularly upon mislocalization. Safeguard mechanisms have evolved to dispose of such self-nucleic acids to impede the development of autoinflammatory and autoimmune responses. These safeguard mechanisms involve nucleases that are either specific to DNA (DNases) or RNA (RNases) as well as nucleic acid editing enzymes, whose biochemical properties, expression profiles, functions and mechanisms of action will be detailed in this review. Fully elucidating the role of these enzymes in degrading and/or processing of self-nucleic acids to thwart their immunostimulatory potential is of utmost importance to develop novel therapeutic strategies for patients affected by inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Santa
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Garreau
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Patrick Blanco
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Immunology and Immunogenetic Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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Auclair N, Sané AT, Delvin E, Spahis S, Levy E. Phospholipase D as a Potential Modulator of Metabolic Syndrome: Impact of Functional Foods. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:252-278. [PMID: 32586106 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) are composed of a plethora of metabolic dysfunctions such as dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and hypertension. The development of these disorders is highly linked to inflammation and oxidative stress (OxS), two metabolic states closely related to physiological and pathological conditions. Given the drastically rising CMD prevalence, the discovery of new therapeutic targets/novel nutritional approaches is of utmost importance. Recent Advances: The tremendous progress in methods/technologies and animal modeling has allowed the clarification of phospholipase D (PLD) critical roles in multiple cellular processes, whether directly or indirectly via phosphatidic acid, the lipid product mediating signaling functions. In view of its multiple features and implications in various diseases, PLD has emerged as a drug target. Critical Issues: Although insulin stimulates PLD activity and, in turn, PLD regulates insulin signaling, the impact of the two important PLD isoforms on the metabolic syndrome components remains vague. Therefore, after outlining PLD1/PLD2 characteristics and functions, their role in inflammation, OxS, and CMD has been analyzed and critically reported in the present exhaustive review. The influence of functional foods and nutrients in the regulation of PLD has also been examined. Future Directions: Available evidence supports the implication of PLD in CMD, but only few studies emphasize its mechanisms of action and specific regulation by nutraceutical compounds. Therefore, additional investigations are first needed to clarify the functional role of nutraceutics and, second, to elucidate whether targeting PLDs with food compounds represents an appropriate therapeutic strategy to treat CMD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 252-278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Auclair
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain T Sané
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Structural insights into phospholipase D function. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101070. [PMID: 33181180 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) and its metabolic active product phosphatidic acid (PA) engage in a wide range of physiopathologic processes in the cell. PLDs have been considered as a potential and promising drug target. Recently, the crystal structures of PLDs in mammalian and plant have been solved at atomic resolution. These achievements allow us to understand the structural differences among different species of PLDs and the functions of their key domains. In this review, we summarize the sequence and structure of different species of PLD isoforms, and discuss the structural mechanisms for PLD interactions with their binding partners and the functions of each key domain in the regulation of PLDs activation and catalytic reaction.
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11
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Van Acker ZP, Bretou M, Annaert W. Endo-lysosomal dysregulations and late-onset Alzheimer's disease: impact of genetic risk factors. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:20. [PMID: 31159836 PMCID: PMC6547588 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that cellular dysregulations in the degradative routes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Autophagy and endolysosomal homeostasis need to be maintained throughout life as they are major cellular mechanisms involved in both the production of toxic amyloid peptides and the clearance of misfolded or aggregated proteins. As such, alterations in endolysosomal and autophagic flux, as a measure of degradation activity in these routes or compartments, may directly impact as well on disease-related mechanisms such as amyloid-β clearance through the blood-brain-barrier and the interneuronal spreading of amyloid-β and/or Tau seeds, affecting synaptic function, plasticity and metabolism. The emerging of several genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease that are functionally related to endocytic transport regulation, including cholesterol metabolism and clearance, supports the notion that in particular the autophagy/lysosomal flux might become more vulnerable during ageing thereby contributing to disease onset. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the risk genes APOE4, BIN1, CD2AP, PICALM, PLD3 and TREM2 and their impact on endolysosomal (dys)regulations in the light of late-onset Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë P. Van Acker
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, Rm. 7.159, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Bretou
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, Rm. 7.159, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, Rm. 7.159, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Demirev AV, Song HL, Cho MH, Cho K, Peak JJ, Yoo HJ, Kim DH, Yoon SY. V232M substitution restricts a distinct O-glycosylation of PLD3 and its neuroprotective function. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:182-194. [PMID: 31121321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Val232Met variant of phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still obscure. While it may not affect directly the amyloid precursor protein function, PLD3 could be regulating multiple cellular compartments. Here, we investigated the function of wild-type human PLD3 (PLD3WT) and the Val232Met variant (PLD3VM) in the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) in a Drosophila melanogaster model of AD. We expressed PLD3WT in CNS of the Aβ-model flies and monitored its effect on the ER stress, cell apoptosis and recovery the Aβ-induced cognitive impairment. The expression reduced ER stress and neuronal apoptosis, which resulted in normalized antioxidative phospholipids levels and brain protection. A specific O-glycosylation at pT271 in PLD3 is essential for its normal trafficking and cellular localization. The V232 M substitution impairs this O-glycosylation, leading to enlarged lysosomes and plausibly aberrant protein recycling. PLD3VM was less neuroprotective, and while, PLD3WT expression enhances the lysosomal functions, V232 M attenuated PLD3's trafficking to the lysosomes. Thus, the V232 M mutation may affect AD pathogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanistic role of PLD3 in AD could lead to developing novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ha-Lim Song
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Cho
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Cho
- ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Peak
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Ramenskaia GV, Melnik EV, Petukhov AE. [Phospholipase D: its role in metabolism processes and disease development]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 64:84-93. [PMID: 29460838 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is one of the key enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipids. In this review current knowledge about six human PLD isoforms, their structure and role in physiological and pathological processes is summarized. Comparative analysis of PLD isoforms structure is presented. The mechanism of the hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation performed by PLD is described. The PLD1 and PLD2 role in the pathogenesis of some cancer, infectious, thrombotic and neurodegenerative diseases is analyzed. The prospects of PLD isoform-selective inhibitors development are shown in the context of the clinical usage and the already-existing inhibitors are characterized. Moreover, the formation of phosphatidylethanol (PEth), the alcohol abuse biomarker, as the result of PLD-catalyzed phospholipid transphosphatidylation is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Ramenskaia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Melnik
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Petukhov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia; Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Phospholipase D and the Mitogen Phosphatidic Acid in Human Disease: Inhibitors of PLD at the Crossroads of Phospholipid Biology and Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:89-113. [PMID: 31541319 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are key building blocks of biological membranes and are involved in complex signaling processes such as metabolism, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Extracellular signaling by growth factors, stress, and nutrients is transmitted through receptors that activate lipid-modifying enzymes such as the phospholipases, sphingosine kinase, or phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which then modify phospholipids, sphingolipids, and phosphoinositides. One such important enzyme is phospholipase D (PLD), which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid and choline. PLD isoforms have dual role in cells. The first involves maintaining cell membrane integrity and cell signaling, including cell proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal alterations, and invasion through the PLD product PA, and the second involves protein-protein interactions with a variety of binding partners. Increased evidence of elevated PLD expression and activity linked to many pathological conditions, including cancer, neurological and inflammatory diseases, and infection, has motivated the development of dual- and isoform-specific PLD inhibitors. Many of these inhibitors are reported to be efficacious and safe in cells and mouse disease models, suggesting the potential for PLD inhibitors as therapeutics for cancer and other diseases. Current knowledge and ongoing research of PLD signaling networks will help to evolve inhibitors with increased efficacy and safety for clinical studies.
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15
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Gavin AL, Huang D, Huber C, Mårtensson A, Tardif V, Skog PD, Blane TR, Thinnes TC, Osborn K, Chong HS, Kargaran F, Kimm P, Zeitjian A, Sielski RL, Briggs M, Schulz SR, Zarpellon A, Cravatt B, Pang ES, Teijaro J, de la Torre JC, O'Keeffe M, Hochrein H, Damme M, Teyton L, Lawson BR, Nemazee D. PLD3 and PLD4 are single-stranded acid exonucleases that regulate endosomal nucleic-acid sensing. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:942-953. [PMID: 30111894 PMCID: PMC6105523 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sensing of microbial genetic material by leukocytes often elicits beneficial pro-inflammatory cytokines, but dysregulated responses can cause severe pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies have linked the gene encoding phospholipase D3 (PLD3) to Alzheimer's disease and have linked PLD4 to rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. PLD3 and PLD4 are endolysosomal proteins whose functions are obscure. Here, PLD4-deficient mice were found to have an inflammatory disease, marked by elevated levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and splenomegaly. These phenotypes were traced to altered responsiveness of PLD4-deficient dendritic cells to ligands of the single-stranded DNA sensor TLR9. Macrophages from PLD3-deficient mice also had exaggerated TLR9 responses. Although PLD4 and PLD3 were presumed to be phospholipases, we found that they are 5' exonucleases, probably identical to spleen phosphodiesterase, that break down TLR9 ligands. Mice deficient in both PLD3 and PLD4 developed lethal liver inflammation in early life, which indicates that both enzymes are needed to regulate inflammatory cytokine responses via the degradation of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gavin
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deli Huang
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Huber
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- , Bottmingen, Switzerland
| | - Annica Mårtensson
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sophiris Bio, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Virginie Tardif
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick D Skog
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tanya R Blane
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Therese C Thinnes
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kent Osborn
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hayley S Chong
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Phoebe Kimm
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Armen Zeitjian
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Megan Briggs
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Zarpellon
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Cravatt
- The Department of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ee Shan Pang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Teijaro
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Markus Damme
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Luc Teyton
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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16
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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17
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Guimas Almeida C, Sadat Mirfakhar F, Perdigão C, Burrinha T. Impact of late-onset Alzheimer's genetic risk factors on beta-amyloid endocytic production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2577-2589. [PMID: 29704008 PMCID: PMC11105284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of the 42 aminoacids long beta-amyloid (Aβ42) peptide has been established as a causal mechanism of the familial early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, the causal mechanisms of the late-onset AD (LOAD), that affects most AD patients, remain to be established. Indeed, Aβ42 accumulation has been detected more than 30 years before diagnosis. Thus, the mechanisms that control Aβ accumulation in LOAD likely go awry long before pathogenesis becomes detectable. Early on, APOE4 was identified as the biggest genetic risk factor for LOAD. However, since APOE4 is not present in all LOAD patients, genome-wide association studies of thousands of LOAD patients were undertaken to identify other genetic variants that could explain the development of LOAD. PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, SORL1, and PLD3 are now with APOE4 among the identified genes at highest risk in LOAD that have been implicated in Aβ42 production. Recent evidence indicates that the regulation of the endocytic trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or its secretases to and from sorting endosomes is determinant for Aβ42 production. Thus, here, we will review the described mechanisms, whereby these genetic risk factors can contribute to the enhanced endocytic production of Aβ42. Dissecting causal LOAD mechanisms of Aβ42 accumulation, underlying the contribution of each genetic risk factor, will be required to identify therapeutic targets for novel personalized preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Farzaneh Sadat Mirfakhar
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Egea-Jimenez AL, Zimmermann P. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the biogenesis and cargo loading of extracellular vesicles. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1554-1560. [PMID: 29853529 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by viable cells (exosomes and microvesicles) have emerged as important organelles supporting cell-cell communication. Because of their potential therapeutic significance, important efforts are being made toward characterizing the contents of these vesicles and the mechanisms that govern their biogenesis. It has been recently demonstrated that the lipid modifying enzyme, phospholipase D (PLD)2, is involved in exosome production and acts downstream of the small GTPase, ARF6. This review aims to recapitulate our current knowledge of the role of PLD2 and its product, phosphatidic acid, in the biogenesis of exosomes and to propose hypotheses for further investigation of a possible central role of these molecules in the biology of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luis Egea-Jimenez
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2018, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille F-13284, France and Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, and CNRS UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2018, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille F-13284, France and Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, and CNRS UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France; Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Gonzalez AC, Schweizer M, Jagdmann S, Bernreuther C, Reinheckel T, Saftig P, Damme M. Unconventional Trafficking of Mammalian Phospholipase D3 to Lysosomes. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1040-1053. [PMID: 29386126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene have genetically been linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. We present a detailed biochemical analysis of PLD3 and reveal its endogenous localization in endosomes and lysosomes. PLD3 reaches lysosomes as a type II transmembrane protein via a (for mammalian cells) uncommon intracellular biosynthetic route that depends on the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. PLD3 is sorted into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes, and ESCRT-dependent sorting correlates with ubiquitination. In multivesicular endosomes, PLD3 is subjected to proteolytic cleavage, yielding a stable glycosylated luminal polypeptide and a rapidly degraded N-terminal membrane-bound fragment. This pathway closely resembles the delivery route of carboxypeptidase S to the yeast vacuole. Our experiments reveal a biosynthetic route of PLD3 involving proteolytic processing and ESCRT-dependent sorting for its delivery to lysosomes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jagdmann
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany.
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20
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Yu J, Chen J, Zhao H, Gao J, Li Y, Li Y, Xue J, Dahan A, Sun D, Zhang G, Zhang H. Integrative proteomics and metabolomics analysis reveals the toxicity of cationic liposomes to human normal hepatocyte cell line L02. Mol Omics 2018; 14:362-372. [PMID: 30247494 DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00132d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the expression of proteins and profiles of metabolites in L02 cells were investigated after exposure to CLs based on the iTRAQ and UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, and proteomics data were coupled with metabolomics data to comprehensively assess the potential toxicity mechanisms of CLs.
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21
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Cho JH, Han JS. Phospholipase D and Its Essential Role in Cancer. Mol Cells 2017; 40:805-813. [PMID: 29145720 PMCID: PMC5712509 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of phospholipase D (PLD) in cancer development and management has been a major area of interest for researchers. The purpose of this mini-review is to explore PLD and its distinct role during chemotherapy including anti-apoptotic function. PLD is an enzyme that belongs to the phospholipase super family and is found in a broad range of organisms such as viruses, yeast, bacteria, animals, and plants. The function and activity of PLD are widely dependent on and regulated by neurotransmitters, hormones, small monomeric GTPases, and lipids. A growing body of research has shown that PLD activity is significantly increased in cancer tissues and cells, indicating that it plays a critical role in signal transduction, cell proliferation, and anti-apoptotic processes. In addition, recent studies show that PLD is a downstream transcriptional target of proteins that contribute to inflammation and carcinogenesis such as Sp1, NFκB, TCF4, ATF-2, NFATc2, and EWS-Fli. Thus, compounds that inhibit expression or activity of PLD in cells can be potentially useful in reducing inflammation and sensitizing resistant cancers during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Cho
- Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 4321,
USA
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea
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22
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Castranio EL, Mounier A, Wolfe CM, Nam KN, Fitz NF, Letronne F, Schug J, Koldamova R, Lefterov I. Gene co-expression networks identify Trem2 and Tyrobp as major hubs in human APOE expressing mice following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:1-14. [PMID: 28502803 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is strongly linked to an increased risk of developing dementia, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy and possibly Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOEε4 allele of human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the major genetic risk factor for late onset AD and has been associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy and unfavorable outcome following TBI. To determine if there is an APOE isoform-specific response to TBI we performed controlled cortical impact on 3-month-old mice expressing human APOE3 or APOE4 isoforms. Following injury, we used several behavior paradigms to test for anxiety and learning and found that APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice demonstrate cognitive impairments following moderate TBI. Transcriptional profiling 14days following injury revealed a significant effect of TBI, which was similar in both genotypes. Significantly upregulated by injury in both genotypes were mRNA expression and protein level of ABCA1 transporter and APOJ, but not APOE. To identify gene-networks correlated to injury and APOE isoform, we performed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. We determined that the network mostly correlated to TBI in animals expressing both isoforms is immune response with major hub genes including Trem2, Tyrobp, Clec7a and Cd68. We also found a significant increase of TREM2, IBA-1 and GFAP protein levels in the brains of injured mice. We identified a network representing myelination that correlated significantly with APOE isoform in both injury groups. This network was significantly enriched in oligodendrocyte signature genes, such as Mbp and Plp1. Our results demonstrate unique and distinct gene networks at this acute time point for injury and APOE isoform, as well as a network driven by APOE isoform across TBI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Castranio
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Anais Mounier
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Cody M Wolfe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Florent Letronne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Functional Genomics Core, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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23
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Fazzari P, Horre K, Arranz AM, Frigerio CS, Saito T, Saido TC, De Strooper B. PLD3 gene and processing of APP. Nature 2017; 541:E1-E2. [PMID: 28128235 DOI: 10.1038/nature21030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Fazzari
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KULeuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND), University Hospitals Leuven, and University of Leuven, O&N4 Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Horre
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KULeuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND), University Hospitals Leuven, and University of Leuven, O&N4 Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amaia M Arranz
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KULeuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND), University Hospitals Leuven, and University of Leuven, O&N4 Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo Sala Frigerio
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KULeuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND), University Hospitals Leuven, and University of Leuven, O&N4 Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KULeuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND), University Hospitals Leuven, and University of Leuven, O&N4 Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium.,UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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24
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Philip F, Ha EE, Seeliger MA, Frohman MA. Measuring Phospholipase D Enzymatic Activity Through Biochemical and Imaging Methods. Methods Enzymol 2016; 583:309-325. [PMID: 28063496 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) enzymatic superfamily regulates a wide range of cell biological and physiological pathways, including platelet activation, immune responses, cancer, and spermatogenesis. The three main enzymatic actions of the superfamily entail (i) hydrolyzing membrane phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cardiolipin) to generate choline and the second messenger signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA), (ii) using ethanol to transphosphatidylate PC to generate the long-lived metabolite phosphatidylethanol, and (iii) hydrolyzing RNA transcripts to generate piRNAs, the third form of endogenous RNAi. We discuss briefly previously published methods for in vitro and in vivo detection and imaging of PA, and focus on production, purification, and in vitro endonuclease activity analysis for human PLD6, a mitochondrial-tethered isoform with roles in fertility, cancer, and neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Philip
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - E E Ha
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - M A Seeliger
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - M A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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25
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in elderly people. It is an emerging public health problem that poses a huge societal burden. Linkage analysis was the first milestone in unraveling the mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that cause early-onset AD, followed by the discovery of apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele as the only one genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Genome-wide association studies have revolutionized genetic research and have identified over 20 genetic loci associated with late-onset AD. Recently, next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of rare disease variants, including unmasking small mutations with intermediate risk of AD in PLD3, TREM2, UNC5C, AKAP9, and ADAM10. This review provides an overview of the genetic basis of AD and the relationship between these risk genes and the neuropathologic features of AD. An understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and the potentially implicated pathways will lead to the development of novel treatment for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Giri
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Del-Aguila JL, Koboldt DC, Black K, Chasse R, Norton J, Wilson RK, Cruchaga C. Alzheimer's disease: rare variants with large effect sizes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 33:49-55. [PMID: 26311074 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technology and novel genotyping arrays (focused on low-frequency and coding variants) have made it possible to identify novel coding variants with large effect sizes and also novel genes (TREM2, PLD3, UNC5C, and AKAP9) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. The major advantages of these studies over the classic genome-wide association studies (GWAS) include the identification of the functional variant and the gene-driven association. In addition to the large effect size, these studies make it possible to model these variants and genes using cell and animal systems. On the other hand, the underlying population-variability of these very low allele frequency variants poses a great challenge to replicating results. Studies that include very large datasets (>10,000 cases and controls) and combine sequencing and genotyping approaches will lead to the identification of novel genes for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Kathleen Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel Chasse
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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Nelson RK, Frohman MA. Physiological and pathophysiological roles for phospholipase D. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2229-37. [PMID: 25926691 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r059220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual members of the mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily undertake roles that extend from generating the second messenger signaling lipid, phosphatidic acid, through hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, to functioning as an endonuclease to generate small RNAs and facilitating membrane vesicle trafficking through seemingly nonenzymatic mechanisms. With recent advances in genome-wide association studies, RNA interference screens, next-generation sequencing approaches, and phenotypic analyses of knockout mice, roles for PLD family members are being uncovered in autoimmune, infectious neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disease, as well as in cancer. Some of these disease settings pose opportunities for small molecule inhibitory therapeutics, which are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle K Nelson
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Biophysics Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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28
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Frohman MA. The phospholipase D superfamily as therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:137-44. [PMID: 25661257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) lipid-signaling enzyme superfamily has long been studied for its roles in cell communication and a wide range of cell biological processes. With the advent of loss-of-function genetic mouse models that have revealed that PLD1 and PLD2 ablation is overtly tolerable, small-molecule PLD1/2 inhibitors that do not cause unacceptable clinical toxicity, a PLD2 polymorphism that has been linked to altered physiology, and growing delineation of processes that are subtly altered in mice lacking PLD1/2 activity, the stage is being set for assessment of PLD1/2 inhibition for therapeutic purposes. Based on findings to date, PLD1/2 inhibition may be of more utility in acute rather than chronic settings, although this generalization will depend on the specific risks and benefits in each disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and the Center for Developmental Genetics, 438 Centers for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5140, USA.
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29
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Wang C, Tan L, Wang HF, Yu WJ, Liu Y, Jiang T, Tan MS, Hao XK, Zhang DQ, Yu JT. Common Variants in PLD3 and Correlation to Amyloid-Related Phenotypes in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:491-5. [PMID: 26402410 PMCID: PMC6312181 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene has shown association with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of PLD3 common variants in amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology remains unclear. We examined the association of thirteen common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ(1- 42) levels and florbetapir retention on florbetapir 18F amyloid positron emission tomography (AV45-PET) in a large population. We found that one SNP (rs11667768) was significantly associated with CSF Aβ(1- 42) levels in the normal cognition group. We did not observe an association of any SNP with florbetapir retention. Our study predicted the potential role of PLD3 variants in Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Hao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Dao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Ammar MR, Kassas N, Bader MF, Vitale N. Phosphatidic acid in neuronal development: A node for membrane and cytoskeleton rearrangements. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Althubiti M, Lezina L, Carrera S, Jukes-Jones R, Giblett SM, Antonov A, Barlev N, Saldanha GS, Pritchard CA, Cain K, Macip S. Characterization of novel markers of senescence and their prognostic potential in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1528. [PMID: 25412306 PMCID: PMC4260747 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a terminal differentiation state that has been proposed to have a role in both tumour suppression and ageing. This view is supported by the fact that accumulation of senescent cells can be observed in response to oncogenic stress as well as a result of normal organismal ageing. Thus, identifying senescent cells in in vivo and in vitro has an important diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The molecular pathways involved in triggering and/or maintaining the senescent phenotype are not fully understood. As a consequence, the markers currently utilized to detect senescent cells are limited and lack specificity. In order to address this issue, we screened for plasma membrane-associated proteins that are preferentially expressed in senescent cells. We identified 107 proteins that could be potential markers of senescence and validated 10 of them (DEP1, NTAL, EBP50, STX4, VAMP3, ARMX3, B2MG, LANCL1, VPS26A and PLD3). We demonstrated that a combination of these proteins can be used to specifically recognize senescent cells in culture and in tissue samples and we developed a straightforward fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based detection approach using two of them (DEP1 and B2MG). Of note, we found that expression of several of these markers correlated with increased survival in different tumours, especially in breast cancer. Thus, our results could facilitate the study of senescence, define potential new effectors and modulators of this cellular mechanism and provide potential diagnostic and prognostic tools to be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Althubiti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - L Lezina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute of Cytology RAS,
Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Carrera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - S M Giblett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - N Barlev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute of Cytology RAS,
Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - G S Saldanha
- Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester,
UK
| | - C A Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester,
UK
| | - K Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit,
Leicester, UK
- Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester,
UK
| | - S Macip
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
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32
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Satoh JI, Kino Y, Yamamoto Y, Kawana N, Ishida T, Saito Y, Arima K. PLD3 is accumulated on neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease brains. Alzheimers Res Ther 2014; 6:70. [PMID: 25478031 PMCID: PMC4255636 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-014-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, a whole-exome sequencing (WES) study showed that a rare variant rs145999145 composed of p.Val232Met located in exon 7 of the phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene confers a doubled risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Knockdown of PLD3 elevates the levels of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ), suggesting that PLD3 acts as a negative regulator of Aβ precursor protein (APP) processing. However, the precise cellular location and distribution of PLD3 in AD brains remain largely unknown. METHODS By quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), western blot, immunohistochemistry, and bioinformatics analysis, we studied PLD3 expression patterns and levels in a series of AD and control brains, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and non-neurological cases. RESULTS The levels of PLD3 mRNA and protein expression were reduced modestly in AD brains, compared with those in non-AD brains. In all brains, PLD3 was expressed constitutively in cortical neurons, hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons but not in glial cells. Notably, PLD3 immunoreactivity was accumulated on neuritic plaques in AD brains. We identified the human granulin (GRN) gene encoding progranulin (PRGN) as one of most significant genes coexpressed with PLD3 by bioinformatics database search. PLD3 was actually coexpressed and interacted with PGRN both in cultured cells in vitro and in AD brains in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We identified an intense accumulation of PLD3 on neuritic plaques coexpressed with PGRN in AD brains, suggesting that PLD3 plays a key role in the pathological processes of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Satoh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kino
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kawana
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira 187-8502, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Arima
- Department of Psychiatry, Komoro Kogen Hospital, Kou 4598, Komoro 384-8540, Nagano, Japan
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34
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Jiao B, Liu X, Tang B, Hou L, Zhou L, Zhang F, Zhou Y, Guo J, Yan X, Shen L. Investigation of TREM2, PLD3, and UNC5C variants in patients with Alzheimer's disease from mainland China. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2422.e9-2422.e11. [PMID: 24866402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 3 rare coding variants significantly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk have been identified in western populations using whole exome sequencing method, including p.R47H in TREM2, p.V232M in PLD3, and p.T835M in UNC5C. To examine whether these variants are genetic risk factors in patients with AD from mainland China, we sequenced exon 2 of TREM2, exon 9 of PLD3, and exon 15 of UNC5C in Chinese Han population including 360 patients with AD and 400 control individuals. As a result, none of these 3 variants were identified in all subjects, however, 1 novel variant (p.A130V) in TREM2 and 4 novel variants (p.Q860H, p.T837K, p.S843G, and p.V836V) in UNC5C were detected in unrelated patients with late-onset AD. These findings suggest the 3 rare coding variants might not play an important role in AD risk in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fufeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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35
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Rosenthal SL, Kamboh MI. Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Genes and the Potentially Implicated Pathways. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:85-101. [PMID: 24829845 PMCID: PMC4013444 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment or cure. In addition to APOE, recent large genome-wide association studies have identified variation in over 20 loci that contribute to disease risk: CR1, BIN1, INPP5D, MEF2C, TREM2, CD2AP, HLA-DRB1/HLA-DRB5, EPHA1, NME8, ZCWPW1, CLU, PTK2B, PICALM, SORL1, CELF1, MS4A4/MS4A6E, SLC24A4/RIN3,FERMT2, CD33, ABCA7, CASS4. In addition, rare variants associated with LOAD have also been identified in APP, TREM2 and PLD3 genes. Previous research has identified inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and homeostasis, and endocytosis as the likely modes through which these gene products participate in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the clustering of these genes across a few common pathways, many of their roles in disease pathogenesis have yet to be determined. In this review, we examine both general and postulated disease functions of these genes and consider a comprehensive view of their potential roles in LOAD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Rosenthal
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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36
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Cruchaga C, Karch CM, Jin SC, Benitez BA, Cai Y, Guerreiro R, Harari O, Norton J, Budde J, Bertelsen S, Jeng AT, Cooper B, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Levitch D, Hsu S, Choi J, Ryten M, Sassi C, Bras J, Gibbs RJ, Hernandez DG, Lupton MK, Powell J, Forabosco P, Ridge PG, Corcoran CD, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Munger RG, Schmutz C, Leary M, Demirci FY, Bamne MN, Wang X, Lopez OL, Ganguli M, Medway C, Turton J, Lord J, Braae A, Barber I, Brown K, Pastor P, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Brkanac Z, Scott E, Topol E, Morgan K, Rogaeva E, Singleton A, Hardy J, Kamboh MI, George-Hyslop PS, Cairns N, Morris JC, Kauwe JS, Goate AM. Rare coding variants in the phospholipase D3 gene confer risk for Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2014; 505:550-554. [PMID: 24336208 PMCID: PMC4050701 DOI: 10.1038/nature12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk variants for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). These common variants have replicable but small effects on LOAD risk and generally do not have obvious functional effects. Low-frequency coding variants, not detected by GWAS, are predicted to include functional variants with larger effects on risk. To identify low-frequency coding variants with large effects on LOAD risk, we carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 14 large LOAD families and follow-up analyses of the candidate variants in several large LOAD case-control data sets. A rare variant in PLD3 (phospholipase D3; Val232Met) segregated with disease status in two independent families and doubled risk for Alzheimer's disease in seven independent case-control series with a total of more than 11,000 cases and controls of European descent. Gene-based burden analyses in 4,387 cases and controls of European descent and 302 African American cases and controls, with complete sequence data for PLD3, reveal that several variants in this gene increase risk for Alzheimer's disease in both populations. PLD3 is highly expressed in brain regions that are vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease pathology, including hippocampus and cortex, and is expressed at significantly lower levels in neurons from Alzheimer's disease brains compared to control brains. Overexpression of PLD3 leads to a significant decrease in intracellular amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and extracellular Aβ42 and Aβ40 (the 42- and 40-residue isoforms of the amyloid-β peptide), and knockdown of PLD3 leads to a significant increase in extracellular Aβ42 and Aβ40. Together, our genetic and functional data indicate that carriers of PLD3 coding variants have a twofold increased risk for LOAD and that PLD3 influences APP processing. This study provides an example of how densely affected families may help to identify rare variants with large effects on risk for disease or other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yefei Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda T. Jeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tara Skorupa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jiyoon Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- on behalf of UKBEC (UK Brain Expression Consortium)
| | - Celeste Sassi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raphael J. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle K. Lupton
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London,
UK
- Neuroimaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research
Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Powell
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Genetica delle Popolazioni – CNR,
Sassari, Italy
| | - Perry G. Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Christopher D. Corcoran
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State
University, Logan, UT
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
| | - JoAnn T. Tschanz
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,
UT
| | - Maria C. Norton
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan,
UT
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Ronald G. Munger
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences,
Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Cameron Schmutz
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Maegan Leary
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - F. Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mikhil N. Bamne
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christopher Medway
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - James Turton
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anne Braae
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Imelda Barber
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kristelle Brown
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences,
Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de
Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud
Carlos III, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences,
Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Erick Scott
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Eric Topol
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Toronto
| | - Andy Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,
University of Toronto
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, and the
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - Nigel Cairns
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
- Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, MO,
USA
| | - John S.K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo,
UT, 84602
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and
Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
- Knight ADRC, Washington University, St. Louis, MO,
USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis,
MO, USA
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1797-867. [PMID: 24528243 PMCID: PMC3892293 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Enzymes are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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