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Ahsan MM, Ali MS, Siddique Z. Enhancing and improving the performance of imbalanced class data using novel GBO and SSG: A comparative analysis. Neural Netw 2024; 173:106157. [PMID: 38335796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Class imbalance problem (CIP) in a dataset is a major challenge that significantly affects the performance of Machine Learning (ML) models resulting in biased predictions. Numerous techniques have been proposed to address CIP, including, but not limited to, Oversampling, Undersampling, and cost-sensitive approaches. Due to its ability to generate synthetic data, oversampling techniques such as the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) are the most widely used methodology by researchers. However, one of SMOTE's potential disadvantages is that newly created minor samples overlap with major samples. Therefore, the probability of ML models' biased performance toward major classes increases. Generative adversarial network (GAN) has recently garnered much attention due to their ability to create real samples. However, GAN is hard to train even though it has much potential. Considering these opportunities, this work proposes two novel techniques: GAN-based Oversampling (GBO) and Support Vector Machine-SMOTE-GAN (SSG) to overcome the limitations of the existing approaches. The preliminary results show that SSG and GBO performed better on the nine imbalanced benchmark datasets than several existing SMOTE-based approaches. Additionally, it can be observed that the proposed SSG and GBO methods can accurately classify the minor class with more than 90% accuracy when tested with 20%, 30%, and 40% of the test data. The study also revealed that the minor sample generated by SSG demonstrates Gaussian distributions, which is often difficult to achieve using original SMOTE and SVM-SMOTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Manjurul Ahsan
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Md Shahin Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Zahed Siddique
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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Tao Q, Zhang C, Mercier G, Lunetta K, Ang TFA, Akhter‐Khan S, Zhang Z, Taylor A, Killiany RJ, Alosco M, Mez J, Au R, Zhang X, Farrer LA, Qiu WWQ. Identification of an APOE ε4-specific blood-based molecular pathway for Alzheimer's disease risk. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12490. [PMID: 37854772 PMCID: PMC10579631 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The precise apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4-specific molecular pathway(s) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk are unclear. METHODS Plasma protein modules/cascades were analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the associations among protein modules, AD diagnoses, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and brain glucose metabolism, stratified by APOE genotype. RESULTS The Green Module was associated with AD diagnosis in APOE ε4 homozygotes. Three proteins from this module, C-reactive protein (CRP), complement C3, and complement factor H (CFH), had dose-dependent associations with CSF p-tau and cognitive impairment only in APOE ε4 homozygotes. The link among these three proteins and glucose hypometabolism was observed in brain regions of the default mode network (DMN) in APOE ε4 homozygotes. A Framingham Heart Study validation study supported the findings for AD. DISCUSSION The study identifies the APOE ε4-specific CRP-C3-CFH inflammation pathway for AD, suggesting potential drug targets for the disease.Highlights: Identification of an APOE ε4 specific molecular pathway involving blood CRP, C3, and CFH for the risk of AD.CRP, C3, and CFH had dose-dependent associations with CSF p-Tau and brain glucose hypometabolism as well as with cognitive impairment only in APOE ε4 homozygotes.Targeting CRP, C3, and CFH may be protective and therapeutic for AD onset in APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & BiophysicsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Section of Computational BiomedicineDepartment of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gustavo Mercier
- Section of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineDepartment of RadiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kathryn Lunetta
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Samia Akhter‐Khan
- Department of Health Service & Population ResearchKing's College London, LondonDavid Goldberg CentreLondonUK
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & BiophysicsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Department of OphthalmologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ronald J. Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael Alosco
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease and CTE CentersBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Alzheimer's Disease and CTE CentersBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wendy Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & BiophysicsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease and CTE CentersBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Mehta K, Mohebbi M, Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Sui SX, Walder K, Ng BL, Gupta VB. A plasma protein signature associated with cognitive function in men without severe cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:148. [PMID: 37658429 PMCID: PMC10472730 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A minimally invasive blood-based assessment of cognitive function could be a promising screening strategy to identify high-risk groups for the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS The study included 448 cognitively unimpaired men (mean age 64.1 years) drawn from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. A targeted mass spectrometry-based proteomic assay was performed to measure the abundance levels of 269 plasma proteins followed by linear regression analyses adjusted for age and APOE ε4 carrier status to identify the biomarkers related to overall cognitive function. Furthermore, two-way interactions were conducted to see whether Alzheimer's disease-linked genetic variants or health conditions modify the association between biomarkers and cognitive function. RESULTS Ten plasma proteins showed an association with overall cognitive function. This association was modified by allelic variants in genes ABCA7, CLU, BDNF and MS4A6A that have been previously linked to Alzheimer's disease. Modifiable health conditions such as mood disorders and poor bone health, which are postulated to be risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, also impacted the relationship observed between protein marker levels and cognition. In addition to the univariate analyses, an 11-feature multianalyte model was created using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression that identified 10 protein features and age associated with cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the present study revealed plasma protein candidates that may contribute to the development of a blood-based screening test for identifying early cognitive changes. This study also highlights the importance of considering other risk factors in elucidating the relationship between biomarkers and cognition, an area that remains largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Mehta
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammadreza Mohebbi
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lana J Williams
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia X Sui
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Boon Lung Ng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Veer Bala Gupta
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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Inoue M, Suzuki H, Meno K, Liu S, Korenaga T, Uchida K. Identification of Plasma Proteins as Biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13064. [PMID: 37685872 PMCID: PMC10488247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood proteins can be used for biomarkers to monitor the progression of cognitive decline, even in the early stages of disease. In this study, we developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based blood test to identify plasma proteins that can be used to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using this system, we quantified plasma proteins using isotope-labeled synthetic peptides. A total of 192 patients, including 63 with AD, 71 with MCI, and 58 non-demented controls (NDCs), were analyzed. Multinomial regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to identify specific combinations of plasma protein panels that could differentiate among NDCs, those with MCI, and those with AD. We identified eight plasma protein biomarker candidates that can be used to distinguish between MCI and AD. These biomarkers were associated with coagulation pathways, innate immunity, lipid metabolism, and nutrition. The clinical potential to differentiate cognitive impairment from NDC was assessed using area under the curve values from ROC analysis, which yielded values of 0.83 for males and 0.71 for females. This LC-MS-based plasma protein panel allows the pathophysiology of AD to be followed through detection of cognitive decline and disease progression markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inoue
- Research Division, MCBI, 5-4-2 Toukoudai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Ibaraki, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Research Division, MCBI, 5-4-2 Toukoudai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Ibaraki, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Kohji Meno
- Research Division, MCBI, 5-4-2 Toukoudai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Ibaraki, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Shan Liu
- Research Division, MCBI, 5-4-2 Toukoudai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Ibaraki, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Tatsumi Korenaga
- Research Division, MCBI, 5-4-2 Toukoudai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Ibaraki, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Kazuhiko Uchida
- Clinical Bioinformatics Initiative, Institute for Biomedical Research, MCBI, 5-4-2 Toukoudai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Ibaraki, Japan
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Delaby C, Hirtz C, Lehmann S. Overview of the blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Promises and challenges. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:161-172. [PMID: 36371265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of people with advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a significant psychological and financial cost to the world population. Accurate detection of the earliest phase of preclinical AD is of major importance for the success of preventive and therapeutic strategies (Cullen et al., 2021). Advances in analytical techniques have been essential for the development of sensitive, specific and reliable diagnostic tests for AD biomarkers in biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid and blood). Blood biomarkers hold promising potential for early and minimally invasive detection of AD, but also for differential diagnosis of dementia and for monitoring the course of the disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current blood biomarkers of AD, from tau proteins and amyloid peptides to biomarkers of neuronal degeneration and inflammation, reactive and metabolic factors. We thus discuss the informative value of currently candidate blood biomarkers and their potential to be integrated into clinical practice for the management of AD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delaby
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hirtz
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - S Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France.
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Del Campo M, Peeters CFW, Johnson ECB, Vermunt L, Hok-A-Hin YS, van Nee M, Chen-Plotkin A, Irwin DJ, Hu WT, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Dammer EB, Herradon G, Meeter LH, van Swieten J, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Levey AI, Lemstra AW, Pijnenburg YAL, Visser PJ, Tijms BM, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE. CSF proteome profiling across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum reflects the multifactorial nature of the disease and identifies specific biomarker panels. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1040-1053. [PMID: 37118088 PMCID: PMC10292920 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Development of disease-modifying therapies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires biomarkers reflecting the diverse pathological pathways specific for AD. We measured 665 proteins in 797 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with mild cognitive impairment with abnormal amyloid (MCI(Aβ+): n = 50), AD-dementia (n = 230), non-AD dementias (n = 322) and cognitively unimpaired controls (n = 195) using proximity ligation-based immunoassays. Here we identified >100 CSF proteins dysregulated in MCI(Aβ+) or AD compared to controls or non-AD dementias. Proteins dysregulated in MCI(Aβ+) were primarily related to protein catabolism, energy metabolism and oxidative stress, whereas those specifically dysregulated in AD dementia were related to cell remodeling, vascular function and immune system. Classification modeling unveiled biomarker panels discriminating clinical groups with high accuracies (area under the curve (AUC): 0.85-0.99), which were translated into custom multiplex assays and validated in external and independent cohorts (AUC: 0.8-0.99). Overall, this study provides novel pathophysiological leads delineating the multifactorial nature of AD and potential biomarker tools for diagnostic settings or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain.
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carel F W Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mathematical & Statistical Methods group (Biometris), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik C B Johnson
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa Vermunt
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirrelijn van Nee
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Herradon
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Lieke H Meeter
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Allan I Levey
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Afina W Lemstra
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lin H, Himali JJ, Satizabal CL, Beiser AS, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Gonzales MM, Ghosh S, Vasan RS, Seshadri S, McGrath ER. Identifying Blood Biomarkers for Dementia Using Machine Learning Methods in the Framingham Heart Study. Cells 2022; 11:1506. [PMID: 35563811 PMCID: PMC9100323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood biomarkers for dementia have the potential to identify preclinical disease and improve participant selection for clinical trials. Machine learning is an efficient analytical strategy to simultaneously identify multiple candidate biomarkers for dementia. We aimed to identify important candidate blood biomarkers for dementia using three machine learning models. We included 1642 (mean 69 ± 6 yr, 53% women) dementia-free Framingham Offspring Cohort participants attending examination, 7 who had available blood biomarker data. We developed three machine learning models, support vector machine (SVM), eXtreme gradient boosting of decision trees (XGB), and artificial neural network (ANN), to identify candidate biomarkers for incident dementia. Over a mean 12 ± 5 yr follow-up, 243 (14.8%) participants developed dementia. In multivariable models including all 38 available biomarkers, the XGB model demonstrated the strongest predictive accuracy for incident dementia (AUC 0.74 ± 0.01), followed by ANN (AUC 0.72 ± 0.01), and SVM (AUC 0.69 ± 0.01). Stepwise feature elimination by random sampling identified a subset of the nine most highly informative biomarkers. Machine learning models confined to these nine biomarkers showed improved model predictive accuracy for dementia (XGB, AUC 0.76 ± 0.01; ANN, AUC 0.75 ± 0.004; SVM, AUC 0.73 ± 0.01). A parsimonious panel of nine candidate biomarkers were identified which showed moderately good predictive accuracy for incident dementia, although our results require external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuang Lin
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Gonzales
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Saptaparni Ghosh
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Emer R. McGrath
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
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Pathak N, Vimal SK, Tandon I, Agrawal L, Hongyi C, Bhattacharyya S. Neurodegenerative Disorders of Alzheimer, Parkinsonism, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis: An Early Diagnostic Approach for Precision Treatment. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:67-104. [PMID: 34719771 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterised by progressive dysfunction of synapses, neurons, glial cells and their networks. Neurodegenerative diseases can be classified according to primary clinical features (e.g., dementia, parkinsonism, or motor neuron disease), anatomic distribution of neurodegeneration (e.g., frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, or spinocerebellar degenerations), or principal molecular abnormalities. The most common neurodegenerative disorders are amyloidosis, tauopathies, a-synucleinopathy, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteopathy. The protein abnormalities in these disorders have abnormal conformational properties along with altered cellular mechanisms, and they exhibit motor deficit, mitochondrial malfunction, dysfunctions in autophagic-lysosomal pathways, synaptic toxicity, and more emerging mechanisms such as the roles of stress granule pathways and liquid-phase transitions. Finally, for each ND, microglial cells have been reported to be implicated in neurodegeneration, in particular, because the microglial responses can shift from neuroprotective to a deleterious role. Growing experimental evidence suggests that abnormal protein conformers act as seed material for oligomerization, spreading from cell to cell through anatomically connected neuronal pathways, which may in part explain the specific anatomical patterns observed in brain autopsy sample. In this review, we mention the human pathology of select neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on how neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) represent a great healthcare problem worldwide and are becoming prevalent because of the increasing aged population. Despite many studies have focused on their etiopathology, the exact cause of these diseases is still largely unknown and until now with the only available option of symptomatic treatments. In this review, we aim to report the systematic and clinically correlated potential biomarker candidates. Although future studies are necessary for their use in early detection and progression in humans affected by NDs, the promising results obtained by several groups leads us to this idea that biomarkers could be used to design a potential therapeutic approach and preclinical clinical trials for the treatments of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunil Kumar Vimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishi Tandon
- Amity University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Kansei Behavioural and Brain Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Cao Hongyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Tao Q, Alvin Ang TF, Akhter-Khan SC, Itchapurapu IS, Killiany R, Zhang X, Budson AE, Turk KW, Goldstein L, Mez J, Alosco ML, Qiu WQ. Impact of C-Reactive Protein on Cognition and Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers in Homozygous APOE ɛ4 Carriers. Neurology 2021; 97:e1243-e1252. [PMID: 34266923 PMCID: PMC8480484 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous research has shown that elevated blood C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with increased Alzheimer disease (AD) risk only in APOE ε4 allele carriers; the objective of this study was to examine the interactive effects of plasma CRP and APOE genotype on cognition and AD biomarkers. METHODS Data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study were analyzed, including APOE genotype; plasma CRP concentrations; diagnostic status (i.e., mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to AD); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating Dementia Staging Instrument scores; CSF concentrations of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ42), total tau (t-Tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau); and amyloid (AV45) PET imaging. Multivariable regression analyses tested the associations between plasma CRP and APOE on cognitive and biomarker outcomes. RESULTS Among 566 ADNI participants, 274 (48.4%) had no, 222 (39.2%) had 1, and 70 (12.4%) had 2 APOE ε4 alleles. Among only participants who had 2 APOE ε4 alleles, elevated CRP was associated with lower MMSE score at baseline (β [95% confidence interval] -0.52 [-1.01, -0.12]) and 12-month follow-up (β -1.09 [-1.88, -0.17]) after adjustment for sex, age, and education. The interaction of 2 APOE ε4 alleles and elevated plasma CRP was associated with increased CSF levels of t-Tau (β = 11.21, SE 3.37, p < 0.001) and p-Tau (β = +2.74, SE 1.14, p < 0.01). Among those who had no APOE ε4 alleles, elevated CRP was associated with decreased CSF t-Tau and p-Tau. These effects were stronger at the 12-month follow-up. DISCUSSION CRP released during peripheral inflammation could be a mediator in APOE ε4-related AD neurodegeneration and serve as a drug target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan Tao
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Samia C Akhter-Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Indira Swetha Itchapurapu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Andrew E Budson
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Katherine W Turk
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Lee Goldstein
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Jesse Mez
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA.
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10
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Delaby C, Julian A, Page G, Ragot S, Lehmann S, Paccalin M. NFL strongly correlates with TNF-R1 in the plasma of AD patients, but not with cognitive decline. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10283. [PMID: 33986423 PMCID: PMC8119968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yet to be accurately characterized and the identification of blood biomarker profiles could help predict cognitive decline and optimize patient care. Blood biomarkers described to date have failed to provide a consensus signature, which is mainly due to the heterogeneity of the methods used or the cohort. The present work aims to describe the potential informativity of peripheral inflammation in AD, focusing in particular on the potential association between the level of plasma neurofilament light (NFL), peripheral inflammation (by quantifying IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, CCL5, TNF-R1, sIL-6R, TIMP-1, IL-8 in blood) and cognitive decline (assessed by the MMSE and ADAScog scales) through a 2-year follow-up of 40 AD patients from the Cytocogma cohort (CHU Poitiers, Pr M. Paccalin). Our results show for the first time a strong correlation between plasma NFL and TNF-R1 at each time of follow-up (baseline, 12 and 24 months), thus opening an interesting perspective for the prognosis of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Delaby
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique, INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France. .,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau-Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Julian
- EA3808-NEUVACOD Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Memory Centers for Resources and Research, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1402, INSERM, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - G Page
- EA3808-NEUVACOD Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - S Ragot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1402, INSERM, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique, INM, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, IRMB, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Paccalin
- EA3808-NEUVACOD Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Memory Centers for Resources and Research, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1402, INSERM, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
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11
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Diniz Pereira J, Gomes Fraga V, Morais Santos AL, Carvalho MDG, Caramelli P, Braga Gomes K. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of proteomic studies. J Neurochem 2020; 156:753-776. [PMID: 32909269 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Similar to dementia, the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases with age, and T2DM also increases the risk for dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although T2DM is primarily a peripheral disorder and AD is a central nervous system disease, both share some common features as they are chronic and complex diseases, and both show involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in their progression. These characteristics suggest that T2DM may be associated with AD, which gave rise to a new term, type 3 diabetes (T3DM). In this study, we searched for matching peripheral proteomic biomarkers of AD and T2DM based in a systematic review of the available literature. We identified 17 common biomarkers that were differentially expressed in both patients with AD or T2DM when compared with healthy controls. These biomarkers could provide a useful workflow for screening T2DM patients at risk to develop AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Diniz Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Gomes Fraga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza Morais Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Martin B, Maudsley S. High-dimensionality Data Analysis of Pharmacological Systems Associated with Complex Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:191-217. [PMID: 31843941 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that molecular reductionist views of highly complex human physiologic activity, e.g., the aging process, as well as therapeutic drug efficacy are largely oversimplifications. Currently some of the most effective appreciation of biologic disease and drug response complexity is achieved using high-dimensionality (H-D) data streams from transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics, or epigenomic pipelines. Multiple H-D data sets are now common and freely accessible for complex diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Over the last decade our ability to interrogate these high-dimensionality data streams has been profoundly enhanced through the development and implementation of highly effective bioinformatic platforms. Employing these computational approaches to understand the complexity of age-related diseases provides a facile mechanism to then synergize this pathologic appreciation with a similar level of understanding of therapeutic-mediated signaling. For informative pathology and drug-based analytics that are able to generate meaningful therapeutic insight across diverse data streams, novel informatics processes such as latent semantic indexing and topological data analyses will likely be important. Elucidation of H-D molecular disease signatures from diverse data streams will likely generate and refine new therapeutic strategies that will be designed with a cognizance of a realistic appreciation of the complexity of human age-related disease and drug effects. We contend that informatic platforms should be synergistic with more advanced chemical/drug and phenotypic cellular/tissue-based analytical predictive models to assist in either de novo drug prioritization or effective repurposing for the intervention of aging-related diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: All diseases, as well as pharmacological mechanisms, are far more complex than previously thought a decade ago. With the advent of commonplace access to technologies that produce large volumes of high-dimensionality data (e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics), it is now imperative that effective tools to appreciate this highly nuanced data are developed. Being able to appreciate the subtleties of high-dimensionality data will allow molecular pharmacologists to develop the most effective multidimensional therapeutics with effectively engineered efficacy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O Hendrickx
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., S.M.) and Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., B.M., S.M.), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., S.M.) and Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., B.M., S.M.), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., S.M.) and Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., B.M., S.M.), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., S.M.) and Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., B.M., S.M.), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., S.M.) and Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences (J.O.H., J.v.G., H.L., B.M., S.M.), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Sarlabous L, Aquino-Esperanza J, Magrans R, de Haro C, López-Aguilar J, Subirà C, Batlle M, Rué M, Gomà G, Ochagavia A, Fernández R, Blanch L. Development and validation of a sample entropy-based method to identify complex patient-ventilator interactions during mechanical ventilation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13911. [PMID: 32807815 PMCID: PMC7431581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-ventilator asynchronies can be detected by close monitoring of ventilator screens by clinicians or through automated algorithms. However, detecting complex patient-ventilator interactions (CP-VI), consisting of changes in the respiratory rate and/or clusters of asynchronies, is a challenge. Sample Entropy (SE) of airway flow (SE-Flow) and airway pressure (SE-Paw) waveforms obtained from 27 critically ill patients was used to develop and validate an automated algorithm for detecting CP-VI. The algorithm's performance was compared versus the gold standard (the ventilator's waveform recordings for CP-VI were scored visually by three experts; Fleiss' kappa = 0.90 (0.87-0.93)). A repeated holdout cross-validation procedure using the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) as a measure of effectiveness was used for optimization of different combinations of SE settings (embedding dimension, m, and tolerance value, r), derived SE features (mean and maximum values), and the thresholds of change (Th) from patient's own baseline SE value. The most accurate results were obtained using the maximum values of SE-Flow (m = 2, r = 0.2, Th = 25%) and SE-Paw (m = 4, r = 0.2, Th = 30%) which report MCCs of 0.85 (0.78-0.86) and 0.78 (0.78-0.85), and accuracies of 0.93 (0.89-0.93) and 0.89 (0.89-0.93), respectively. This approach promises an improvement in the accurate detection of CP-VI, and future study of their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sarlabous
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Aquino-Esperanza
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Disease (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Candelaria de Haro
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Disease (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina López-Aguilar
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Disease (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Subirà
- Department of Intensive Care, Fundació Althaia, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya , Manresa, Spain
| | - Montserrat Batlle
- Department of Intensive Care, Fundació Althaia, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya , Manresa, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rué
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Gomà
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Ochagavia
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Disease (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Disease (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Intensive Care, Fundació Althaia, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya , Manresa, Spain
| | - Lluís Blanch
- Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Disease (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- BetterCare S.L, Sabadell, Spain
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Higgins IA, Kundu S, Choi KS, Mayberg HS, Guo Y. A difference degree test for comparing brain networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4518-4536. [PMID: 31350786 PMCID: PMC6865740 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a proliferation of methods investigating functional connectivity as a biomarker for mental disorders. Typical approaches include massive univariate testing at each edge or comparisons of network metrics to identify differing topological features. Limitations of these methods include low statistical power due to the large number of comparisons and difficulty attributing overall differences in networks to local variation. We propose a method to capture the difference degree, which is the number of edges incident to each region in the difference network. Our difference degree test (DDT) is a two-step procedure for identifying brain regions incident to a significant number of differentially weighted edges (DWEs). First, we select a data-adaptive threshold which identifies the DWEs followed by a statistical test for the number of DWEs incident to each brain region. We achieve this by generating an appropriate set of null networks which are matched on the first and second moments of the observed difference network using the Hirschberger-Qi-Steuer algorithm. This formulation permits separation of the network's true topology from the nuisance topology induced by the correlation measure that alters interregional connectivity in ways unrelated to brain function. In simulations, the proposed approach outperforms competing methods in detecting differentially connected regions of interest. Application of DDT to a major depressive disorder dataset leads to the identification of brain regions in the default mode network commonly implicated in this ruminative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixavier A. Higgins
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Suprateek Kundu
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Ki Sueng Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Helen S. Mayberg
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
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15
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de Castro AA, Soares FV, Pereira AF, Polisel DA, Caetano MS, Leal DHS, da Cunha EFF, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ramalho TC. Non-conventional compounds with potential therapeutic effects against Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:375-395. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1608823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Ander F. Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Melissa S. Caetano
- Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel H. S. Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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16
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Zetterberg H, Burnham SC. Blood-based molecular biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2019; 12:26. [PMID: 30922367 PMCID: PMC6437931 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to the effective conduct of clinical trials of new drug candidates against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to identifying patients for receiving future disease-modifying treatments is the limited capacity of the current health system to find and diagnose patients with early AD pathology. This may be related in part to the limited capacity of the current health systems to select those people likely to have AD pathology in order to confirm the diagnosis with available cerebrospinal fluid and imaging biomarkers at memory clinics. In the current narrative review, we summarize the literature on candidate blood tests for AD that could be implemented in primary care settings and used for the effective identification of individuals at increased risk of AD pathology, who could be referred for potential inclusion in clinical trials or future approved treatments following additional testing. We give an updated account of blood-based candidate biomarkers and biomarker panels for AD-related brain changes. Our analysis centres on biomarker candidates that have been replicated in more than one study and discusses the need of further studies to achieve the goal of a primary care-based screening algorithm for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, he Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. .,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska, University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden. .,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.
| | - Samantha C Burnham
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia.
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17
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Testing a Combination of Markers of Systemic Redox Status as a Possible Tool for the Diagnosis of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2576026. [PMID: 30271507 PMCID: PMC6151249 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2576026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Blood-based parameters reflecting systemic abnormalities associated with typical brain physiopathological hallmarks could be a satisfactory answer to the need of less costly/intrusive and widely available biomarkers for late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Cumulating evidence from ourselves and others suggests that systemic oxidative stress (OxS) is precociously associated with LOAD. On this basis, we aimed to identify a combination of markers of redox status that could aid the diagnosis of LOAD. Methods We reexamined and crossed previous data on 9 serum markers of OxS obtained in a cohort including n = 84 controls and n = 90 LOAD patients by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A multimarker panel was identified that included significantly increased (hydroperoxides and uric acid) and decreased (thiols, residual antioxidant power, and arylesterase activity) markers. The multivariate model yielded an area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.808 for the discrimination between controls and LOAD patients, with specificity and sensitivity of 64% and 79%, respectively. Conclusions This study identified a panel of serum markers that distinguish individuals with LOAD from cognitively healthy control subjects. Replication studies on a larger independent cohort are required to confirm and extend our data.
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Maudsley S, Devanarayan V, Martin B, Geerts H. Intelligent and effective informatic deconvolution of “Big Data” and its future impact on the quantitative nature of neurodegenerative disease therapy. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:961-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- VIB Center for Molecular NeurologyAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Bronwen Martin
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
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19
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Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Keshavjee K, Guergachi A. A Systematic Machine Learning Based Approach for the Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Risk and Progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2112. [PMID: 29391513 PMCID: PMC5794753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention and diagnosis of NAFLD is an ongoing area of interest in the healthcare community. Screening is complicated by the fact that the accuracy of noninvasive testing lacks specificity and sensitivity to make and stage the diagnosis. Currently no non-invasive ATP III criteria based prediction method is available to diagnose NAFLD risk. Firstly, the objective of this research is to develop machine learning based method in order to identify individuals at an increased risk of developing NAFLD using risk factors of ATP III clinical criteria updated in 2005 for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Secondly, to validate the relative ability of quantitative score defined by Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (IASF) and guideline explicitly defined for the Canadian population based on triglyceride thresholds to predict NAFLD risk. We proposed a Decision Tree based method to evaluate the risk of developing NAFLD and its progression in the Canadian population, using Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) by exploring novel risk factors for NAFLD. Our results show proposed method could potentially help physicians make more informed choices about their management of patients with NAFLD. Employing the proposed application in ordinary medical checkup is expected to lessen healthcare expenditures compared with administering additional complicated test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Perveen
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
- Research Lab for Advanced System Modelling, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Research Lab for Advanced System Modelling, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aziz Guergachi
- Research Lab for Advanced System Modelling, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
- Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Martins RN, Villemagne V, Sohrabi HR, Chatterjee P, Shah TM, Verdile G, Fraser P, Taddei K, Gupta VB, Rainey-Smith SR, Hone E, Pedrini S, Lim WL, Martins I, Frost S, Gupta S, O’Bryant S, Rembach A, Ames D, Ellis K, Fuller SJ, Brown B, Gardener SL, Fernando B, Bharadwaj P, Burnham S, Laws SM, Barron AM, Goozee K, Wahjoepramono EJ, Asih PR, Doecke JD, Salvado O, Bush AI, Rowe CC, Gandy SE, Masters CL. Alzheimer's Disease: A Journey from Amyloid Peptides and Oxidative Stress, to Biomarker Technologies and Disease Prevention Strategies-Gains from AIBL and DIAN Cohort Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:965-992. [PMID: 29562546 PMCID: PMC5870031 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide there are over 46 million people living with dementia, and this number is expected to double every 20 years reaching about 131 million by 2050. The cost to the community and government health systems, as well as the stress on families and carers is incalculable. Over three decades of research into this disease have been undertaken by several research groups in Australia, including work by our original research group in Western Australia which was involved in the discovery and sequencing of the amyloid-β peptide (also known as Aβ or A4 peptide) extracted from cerebral amyloid plaques. This review discusses the journey from the discovery of the Aβ peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain to the establishment of pre-clinical AD using PET amyloid tracers, a method now serving as the gold standard for developing peripheral diagnostic approaches in the blood and the eye. The latter developments for early diagnosis have been largely achieved through the establishment of the Australian Imaging Biomarker and Lifestyle research group that has followed 1,100 Australians for 11 years. AIBL has also been instrumental in providing insight into the role of the major genetic risk factor apolipoprotein E ɛ4, as well as better understanding the role of lifestyle factors particularly diet, physical activity and sleep to cognitive decline and the accumulation of cerebral Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Victor Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney NSW, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Tejal M. Shah
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Paul Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Veer B. Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Shaun Frost
- CSIRO Australian e-Health Research Centre/Health and Biosecurity, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sunil Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Sid O’Bryant
- University of North Texas Health Science Centre, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Alan Rembach
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St George’s Hospital, Kew, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie J. Fuller
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Belinda Brown
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Gardener
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Binosha Fernando
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha Burnham
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- eHealth, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics Group, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anna M. Barron
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kathryn Goozee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney NSW, Australia
- Anglicare, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eka J. Wahjoepramono
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Prita R. Asih
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - James D. Doecke
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel E. Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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A blood-based biomarker panel indicates IL-10 and IL-12/23p40 are jointly associated as predictors of β-amyloid load in an AD cohort. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14057. [PMID: 29070909 PMCID: PMC5656630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterised by extracellular amyloid deposition as plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. As no current clinical test can diagnose individuals at risk of developing AD, the aim of this project is to evaluate a blood-based biomarker panel to identify individuals who carry this risk. We analysed the levels of 22 biomarkers in clinically classified healthy controls (HC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s participants from the well characterised Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging. High levels of IL-10 and IL-12/23p40 were significantly associated with amyloid deposition in HC, suggesting that these two biomarkers might be used to detect at risk individuals. Additionally, other biomarkers (Eotaxin-3, Leptin, PYY) exhibited altered levels in AD participants possessing the APOE ε4 allele. This suggests that the physiology of some potential biomarkers may be altered in AD due to the APOE ε4 allele, a major risk factor for AD. Taken together, these data highlight several potential biomarkers that can be used in a blood-based panel to allow earlier identification of individuals at risk of developing AD and/or early stage AD for which current therapies may be more beneficial.
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Jammeh E, Zhao P, Carroll C, Pearson S, Ifeachor E. Identification of blood biomarkers for use in point of care diagnosis tool for Alzheimer's disease. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:2415-2418. [PMID: 28268812 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is widely regarded as necessary to allow treatment to be started before irreversible damage to the brain occur and for patients to benefit from new therapies as they become available. Low-cost point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic tools that can be used to routinely diagnose AD in its early stage would facilitate this, but such tools require reliable and accurate biomarkers. However, traditional biomarkers for AD use invasive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and/or expensive neuroimaging techniques together with neuropsychological assessments. Blood-based PoC diagnostics tools may provide a more cost and time efficient way to assess AD to complement CSF and neuroimaging techniques. However, evidence to date suggests that only a panel of biomarkers would provide the diagnostic accuracy needed in clinical practice and that the number of biomarkers in such panels can be large. In addition, the biomarkers in a panel vary from study to study. These issues make it difficult to realise a PoC device for diagnosis of AD. An objective of this paper is to find an optimum number of blood biomarkers (in terms of number of biomarkers and sensitivity/specificity) that can be used in a handheld PoC device for AD diagnosis. We used the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database to identify a small number of blood biomarkers for AD. We identified a 6-biomarker panel (which includes A1Micro, A2Macro, AAT, ApoE, complement C3 and PPP), which when used with age as covariate, was able to discriminate between AD patients and normal subjects with a sensitivity of 85.4% and specificity of 78.6%.
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Altered levels of blood proteins in Alzheimer's disease longitudinal study: Results from Australian Imaging Biomarkers Lifestyle Study of Ageing cohort. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 8:60-72. [PMID: 28508031 PMCID: PMC5423327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A blood-based biomarker panel to identify individuals with preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) would be an inexpensive and accessible first step for routine testing. METHODS We analyzed 14 biomarkers that have previously been linked to AD in the Australian Imaging Biomarkers lifestyle longitudinal study of aging cohort. RESULTS Levels of apolipoprotein J (apoJ) were higher in AD individuals compared with healthy controls at baseline and 18 months (P = .0003) and chemokine-309 (I-309) were increased in AD patients compared to mild cognitive impaired individuals over 36 months (P = .0008). DISCUSSION These data suggest that apoJ may have potential in the context of use (COU) of AD diagnostics, I-309 may be specifically useful in the COU of identifying individuals at greatest risk for progressing toward AD. This work takes an initial step toward identifying blood biomarkers with potential use in the diagnosis and prognosis of AD and should be validated across other prospective cohorts.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is an insidious disorder affecting more than 1-2% of the population over the age of 65. Understanding the etiology of PD may create opportunities for developing new treatments. Genomic and transcriptomic studies are useful, but do not provide evidence for the actual status of the disease. Conversely, proteomic studies deal with proteins, which are real time players, and can hence provide information on the dynamic nature of the affected cells. The number of publications relating to the proteomics of PD is vast. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the current proteomics literature and establish the connections between the past and the present to foresee the future. Areas covered: PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve the literature associated with PD proteomics. Studies using human samples, model organisms and cell lines were selected and reviewed to highlight their contributions to PD. Expert commentary: The proteomic studies associated with PD achieved only limited success in facilitating disease diagnosis, monitoring and progression. A global system biology approach using new models is needed. Future research should integrate the findings of proteomics with other omics data to facilitate both early diagnosis and the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kasap
- a Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory , Kocaeli University Medical School , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- a Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory , Kocaeli University Medical School , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Aylin Kanli
- a Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory , Kocaeli University Medical School , Kocaeli , Turkey
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Zhu H, Stern RA, Tao Q, Bourlas A, Essis MD, Chivukula M, Rosenzweig J, Steenkamp D, Xia W, Mercier GA, Tripodis Y, Farlow M, Kowall N, Qiu WQ. An amylin analog used as a challenge test for Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:33-43. [PMID: 28503657 PMCID: PMC5424531 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of amylin in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to lay the foundation for repurposing the amylin analog and a diabetes drug, pramlintide, for AD in humans. METHODS We administered a single subcutaneous injection of 60 μg of pramlintide to nondiabetic subjects under fasting conditions. RESULTS None of the participants developed hypoglycemia after the injection of pramlintide. The pramlintide challenge induced a significant surge of amyloid-β peptide and a decrease in total tau in the plasma of AD subjects but not in control participants. The pramlintide injection provoked an increase in interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and a decrease in retinol-binding protein 4, which separates AD subjects from control subjects. DISCUSSION Pramlintide use appeared to be safe in the absence of diabetes. The biomarker changes as a result of the pramlintide challenge, which distinguished AD from control subjects and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Stern
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Bourlas
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maritza D Essis
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Chivukula
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Rosenzweig
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Devin Steenkamp
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo A Mercier
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Neil Kowall
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Mathieson L, Mendes A, Marsden J, Pond J, Moscato P. Computer-Aided Breast Cancer Diagnosis with Optimal Feature Sets: Reduction Rules and Optimization Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1526:299-325. [PMID: 27896749 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6613-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter introduces a new method for knowledge extraction from databases for the purpose of finding a discriminative set of features that is also a robust set for within-class classification. Our method is generic and we introduce it here in the field of breast cancer diagnosis from digital mammography data. The mathematical formalism is based on a generalization of the k-Feature Set problem called (α, β)-k-Feature Set problem, introduced by Cotta and Moscato (J Comput Syst Sci 67(4):686-690, 2003). This method proceeds in two steps: first, an optimal (α, β)-k-feature set of minimum cardinality is identified and then, a set of classification rules using these features is obtained. We obtain the (α, β)-k-feature set in two phases; first a series of extremely powerful reduction techniques, which do not lose the optimal solution, are employed; and second, a metaheuristic search to identify the remaining features to be considered or disregarded. Two algorithms were tested with a public domain digital mammography dataset composed of 71 malignant and 75 benign cases. Based on the results provided by the algorithms, we obtain classification rules that employ only a subset of these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Mathieson
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine (CIBM), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Alexandre Mendes
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine (CIBM), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John Marsden
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine (CIBM), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Pond
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine (CIBM), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine (CIBM), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Wyss-Coray T. Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation. Nature 2016; 539:180-186. [PMID: 27830812 PMCID: PMC5172605 DOI: 10.1038/nature20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although systemic diseases take the biggest toll on human health and well-being, increasingly, a failing brain is the arbiter of a death preceded by a gradual loss of the essence of being. Ageing, which is fundamental to neurodegeneration and dementia, affects every organ in the body and seems to be encoded partly in a blood-based signature. Indeed, factors in the circulation have been shown to modulate ageing and to rejuvenate numerous organs, including the brain. The discovery of such factors, the identification of their origins and a deeper understanding of their functions is ushering in a new era in ageing and dementia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Nagae T, Araki K, Shimoda Y, Sue LI, Beach TG, Konishi Y. Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 7:441. [PMID: 27895978 PMCID: PMC5123596 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether inflammatory alterations are a cause or consequence of neurodegeneration leading to dementia. Clarifying this issue would provide valuable insight into the early diagnosis and therapeutic management of AD. To address this, we compared the mRNA expression profiles of cytokines in the brains of AD patients with "non-demented individuals with AD pathology" and non-demented healthy control (ND) individuals. "Non-demented individuals with AD pathology" are referred to as high pathology control (HPC) individuals that are considered an intermediate subset between AD and ND. HPC represents a transition between normal aging and early stage of AD, and therefore, is useful for determining whether neuroinflammation is a cause or consequence of AD pathology. We observed that immunological conditions that produce cytokines in the HPC brain were more representative of ND than AD. To validate these result, we investigated the expression of inflammatory mediators at the protein level in postmortem brain tissues. We examined the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and its receptors (TNFRs) in the brains of AD, HPC, and ND individuals. We found differences in soluble TNFα and TNFRs expression between AD and ND groups and between AD and HPC groups. Expression in the temporal cortex was lower in the AD brains than HPC and ND. Our findings indicate that alterations in immunological conditions involving TNFR-mediated signaling are not the primary events initiating AD pathology, such as amyloid plaques and tangle formation. These may be early events occurring along with synaptic and neuronal changes or later events caused by these changes. In this review, we emphasize that elucidating the temporal expression of TNFα signaling molecules during AD is important to understand the selective tuning of these pathways required to develop effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomone Nagae
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
| | - Kiho Araki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimoda
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Konishi
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
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Villarreal AE, O'Bryant SE, Edwards M, Grajales S, Britton GB. Serum-based protein profiles of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in elderly Hispanics. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:203-13. [PMID: 27229914 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the biomarker profiles in elderly Panamanians diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or no impairment using serum-based biomarkers. METHODS Twenty-four proteins were analyzed using an electrochemiluminescence-based multiplex biomarker assay platform. A biomarker profile was generated using random forest analyses. RESULTS Two proteins differed among groups: IL-18 and T-lymphocyte-secreted protein I-309. The AD profile was highly accurate and independent of age, gender, education and Apolipoprotein E ε4 status. AD and MCI profiles had substantial overlap among the top markers, suggesting common functions in AD and MCI but differences in their relative importance. CONCLUSION Our results underscore the potential influence of genetic and environmental differences within Hispanic populations on the proteomic profile of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcibiades E Villarreal
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber 219, Clayton, Apartado Postal 0843-01103, República de Panamá,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Shantal Grajales
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber 219, Clayton, Apartado Postal 0843-01103, República de Panamá
| | - Gabrielle B Britton
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Ciudad del Saber 219, Clayton, Apartado Postal 0843-01103, República de Panamá
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Wei R, Li C, Fogelson N, Li L. Prediction of Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease Using MRI and Structural Network Features. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:76. [PMID: 27148045 PMCID: PMC4836149 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and abnormalities of brain network architectures may allow earlier detection and accurate prediction of the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we proposed a classification framework to distinguish MCI converters (MCIc) from MCI non-converters (MCInc) by using a combination of FreeSurfer-derived MRI features and nodal features derived from the thickness network. At the feature selection step, we first employed sparse linear regression with stability selection, for the selection of discriminative features in the iterative combinations of MRI and network measures. Subsequently the top K features of available combinations were selected as optimal features for classification. To obtain unbiased results, support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with nested cross validation were used for classification. The combination of 10 features including those from MRI and network measures attained accuracies of 66.04, 76.39, 74.66, and 73.91% for mixed conversion time, 6, 12, and 18 months before diagnosis of probable AD, respectively. Analysis of the diagnostic power of different time periods before diagnosis of probable AD showed that short-term prediction (6 and 12 months) achieved more stable and higher AUC scores compared with long-term prediction (18 months), with K-values from 1 to 30. The present results suggest that meaningful predictors composed of MRI and network measures may offer the possibility for early detection of progression from MCI to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizhen Wei
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
| | - Chuhan Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China; School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Noa Fogelson
- EEG and Cognition Laboratory, University of A Coruña A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Donohue MC, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Shaw L, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. Impact of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, 2004 to 2014. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 11:865-84. [PMID: 26194320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) was established in 2004 to facilitate the development of effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) by validating biomarkers for AD clinical trials. METHODS We searched for ADNI publications using established methods. RESULTS ADNI has (1) developed standardized biomarkers for use in clinical trial subject selection and as surrogate outcome measures; (2) standardized protocols for use across multiple centers; (3) initiated worldwide ADNI; (4) inspired initiatives investigating traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder in military populations, and depression, respectively, as an AD risk factor; (5) acted as a data-sharing model; (6) generated data used in over 600 publications, leading to the identification of novel AD risk alleles, and an understanding of the relationship between biomarkers and AD progression; and (7) inspired other public-private partnerships developing biomarkers for Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. DISCUSSION ADNI has made myriad impacts in its first decade. A competitive renewal of the project in 2015 would see the use of newly developed tau imaging ligands, and the continued development of recruitment strategies and outcome measures for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dallas P Veitch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California- San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse Cedarbaum
- Neurology Early Clinical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Donohue
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and the School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Korolev IO, Symonds LL, Bozoki AC. Predicting Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Dementia Using Clinical, MRI, and Plasma Biomarkers via Probabilistic Pattern Classification. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0138866. [PMID: 26901338 PMCID: PMC4762666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have a substantially increased risk of developing dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we developed a multivariate prognostic model for predicting MCI-to-dementia progression at the individual patient level. Methods Using baseline data from 259 MCI patients and a probabilistic, kernel-based pattern classification approach, we trained a classifier to distinguish between patients who progressed to AD-type dementia (n = 139) and those who did not (n = 120) during a three-year follow-up period. More than 750 variables across four data sources were considered as potential predictors of progression. These data sources included risk factors, cognitive and functional assessments, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, and plasma proteomic data. Predictive utility was assessed using a rigorous cross-validation framework. Results Cognitive and functional markers were most predictive of progression, while plasma proteomic markers had limited predictive utility. The best performing model incorporated a combination of cognitive/functional markers and morphometric MRI measures and predicted progression with 80% accuracy (83% sensitivity, 76% specificity, AUC = 0.87). Predictors of progression included scores on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Functional Activities Questionnaire, as well as volume/cortical thickness of three brain regions (left hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex). Calibration analysis revealed that the model is capable of generating probabilistic predictions that reliably reflect the actual risk of progression. Finally, we found that the predictive accuracy of the model varied with patient demographic, genetic, and clinical characteristics and could be further improved by taking into account the confidence of the predictions. Conclusions We developed an accurate prognostic model for predicting MCI-to-dementia progression over a three-year period. The model utilizes widely available, cost-effective, non-invasive markers and can be used to improve patient selection in clinical trials and identify high-risk MCI patients for early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O. Korolev
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura L. Symonds
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea C. Bozoki
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a major cause of disability and institutionalization. Apart from age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, there are currently no established, clinically relevant, noninvasive markers of dementia. We conducted a literature search of recent observational epidemiological studies evaluating the relevance of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoproteins as biomarkers of future and prevalent risk of dementia. RECENT FINDINGS HDL-C and apolipoproteins, such as apoE have been suggested to play important roles in brain function and have been associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in observational studies. However, findings have been inconsistent, especially across study designs. In recent years, modern proteomic approaches have enabled the investigation of further apolipoproteins involved in the deposition and clearance of β-amyloid, a determining factor for subsequent neurodegeneration. SUMMARY Associations in cross-sectional studies are not always indicative of a prospective relationship. Large studies find that plasma HDL-C and apoE are inversely associated with dementia. Higher apoJ levels might be a marker of prevalent dementia, but were not associated with risk of future dementia. The investigation of HDL-C and apolipoproteins in relation to dementia represents an area of opportunity. Additional prospective studies that account for potential confounding factors and that explore potential effect modifiers such as APOE genotype and sex are needed to fully investigate the potential of these noninvasive measures in disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Majken K. Jensen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lista S, Khachaturian ZS, Rujescu D, Garaci F, Dubois B, Hampel H. Application of Systems Theory in Longitudinal Studies on the Origin and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:49-67. [PMID: 26235059 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter questions the prevailing "implicit" assumption that molecular mechanisms and the biological phenotype of dominantly inherited early-onset alzheimer's disease (EOAD) could serve as a linear model to study the pathogenesis of sporadic late-onset alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Now there is growing evidence to suggest that such reductionism may not be warranted; these suppositions are not adequate to explain the molecular complexities of LOAD. For example, the failure of some recent amyloid-centric clinical trials, which were largely based on the extrapolations from EOAD biological phenotypes to the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of LOAD, might be due to such false assumptions. The distinct difference in the biology of LOAD and EOAD is underscored by the presence of EOAD cases without evidence of familial clustering or Mendelian transmission and, conversely, the discovery and frequent reports of such clustering and transmission patterns in LOAD cases. The primary thesis of this chapter is that a radically different way of thinking is required for comprehensive explanations regarding the distinct complexities in the molecular pathogenesis of inherited and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We propose using longitudinal analytical methods and the paradigm of systems biology (using transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics) to provide us a more comprehensive insight into the lifelong origin and progression of different molecular mechanisms and neurodegeneration. Such studies should aim to clarify the role of specific pathophysiological and signaling pathways such as neuroinflammation, altered lipid metabolism, apoptosis, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, protein misfolding, tangle formation, and amyloidogenic cascade leading to overproduction and reduced clearance of aggregating amyloid-beta (Aβ) species. A more complete understanding of the distinct difference in molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, as well as comparability of the various forms of AD is of paramount importance. The development of knowledge and technologies for early detection and characterization of the disease across all stages will improve the predictions regarding the course of the disease, prognosis, and response to treatment. No doubt such advances will have a significant impact on the clinical management of both EOAD and LOAD patients. The approach propped here, combining longitudinal studies with the systems biology paradigm, will create a more effective and comprehensive framework for development of prevention therapies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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DeMarshall CA, Han M, Nagele EP, Sarkar A, Acharya NK, Godsey G, Goldwaser EL, Kosciuk M, Thayasivam U, Belinka B, Nagele RG. Potential utility of autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:80-8. [PMID: 26386375 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a great need to identify readily accessible, blood-based biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) that are useful for accurate early detection and diagnosis. This advancement would allow early patient treatment and enrollment into clinical trials, both of which would greatly facilitate the development of new therapies for PD. METHODS Sera from a total of 398 subjects, including 103 early-stage PD subjects derived from the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism (DATATOP) study, were screened with human protein microarrays containing 9,486 potential antigen targets to identify autoantibodies potentially useful as biomarkers for PD. A panel of selected autoantibodies with a higher prevalence in early-stage PD was identified and tested using Random Forest for its ability to distinguish early-stage PD subjects from controls and from individuals with other neurodegenerative and non-neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS Results demonstrate that a panel of selected, blood-borne autoantibody biomarkers can distinguish early-stage PD subjects (90% confidence in diagnosis) from age- and sex-matched controls with an overall accuracy of 87.9%, a sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 85.5%. These biomarkers were also capable of differentiating patients with early-stage PD from those with more advanced (mild-moderate) PD with an overall accuracy of 97.5%, and could distinguish subjects with early-stage PD from those with other neurological (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis) and non-neurological (e.g., breast cancer) diseases. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate, for the first time, that a panel of selected autoantibodies may prove to be useful as effective blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis of early-stage PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A DeMarshall
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Min Han
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Eric P Nagele
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Durin Technologies, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Abhirup Sarkar
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Nimish K Acharya
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - George Godsey
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Eric L Goldwaser
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Mary Kosciuk
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Robert G Nagele
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Durin Technologies, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Delaby C, Gabelle A, Blum D, Schraen-Maschke S, Moulinier A, Boulanghien J, Séverac D, Buée L, Rème T, Lehmann S. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer's Disease: Biomarker Profiling Approach. Front Neurol 2015; 6:181. [PMID: 26379616 PMCID: PMC4547499 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain inflammation is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a current trend is that inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines and chemokines, may represent valuable biomarkers for early screening and diagnosis of the disease. Various studies have reported differences in serum level of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. However, data were often inconsistent and the exact function of inflammation in neurodegeneration is still a matter of debate. In the present work, we measured the expression of 120 biomarkers (corresponding to cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and related signaling proteins) in the serum of 49 patients with the following diagnosis distribution: 15 controls, 14 AD, and 20 MCI. In addition, we performed the same analysis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 20 of these patients (10 AD and 10 controls). Among the biomarkers tested, none showed significant changes in the serum, but 13 were significantly modified in the CSF of AD patients. Interestingly, all of these biomarkers were implicated in neurogenesis or neural stem cells migration and differentiation. In the second part of the study, 10 of these putative biomarkers (plus 4 additional) were quantified using quantitative multiplex ELISA methods in the CSF and the serum of an enlarged cohort composed of 31 AD and 24 control patients. Our results confirm the potential diagnosis interest of previously published blood biomarkers, and proposes new ones (such as IL-8 and TNFR-I). Further studies will be needed to validate these biomarkers which could be used alone, combined, or in association with the classical amyloid and tau biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Delaby
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU de Montpellier and Université Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU de Montpellier and Université Montpellier , Montpellier , France ; Centre Mémoire Ressource Recherche Languedoc Roussillon, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - David Blum
- INSERM U837, CHU de Lille , Lille , France
| | | | - Amandine Moulinier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU de Montpellier and Université Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Justine Boulanghien
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU de Montpellier and Université Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Dany Séverac
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle , Montpellier , France
| | - Luc Buée
- INSERM U837, CHU de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Thierry Rème
- INSERM U1040, CHU de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU de Montpellier and Université Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Luthman J, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Shaw L, Shen L, Schwarz A, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. 2014 Update of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:e1-120. [PMID: 26073027 PMCID: PMC5469297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is an ongoing, longitudinal, multicenter study designed to develop clinical, imaging, genetic, and biochemical biomarkers for the early detection and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The initial study, ADNI-1, enrolled 400 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 200 with early AD, and 200 cognitively normal elderly controls. ADNI-1 was extended by a 2-year Grand Opportunities grant in 2009 and by a competitive renewal, ADNI-2, which enrolled an additional 550 participants and will run until 2015. This article reviews all papers published since the inception of the initiative and summarizes the results to the end of 2013. The major accomplishments of ADNI have been as follows: (1) the development of standardized methods for clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a multicenter setting; (2) elucidation of the patterns and rates of change of imaging and CSF biomarker measurements in control subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients. CSF biomarkers are largely consistent with disease trajectories predicted by β-amyloid cascade (Hardy, J Alzheimer's Dis 2006;9(Suppl 3):151-3) and tau-mediated neurodegeneration hypotheses for AD, whereas brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted patterns but exhibit differing rates of change depending on region and disease severity; (3) the assessment of alternative methods of diagnostic categorization. Currently, the best classifiers select and combine optimum features from multiple modalities, including MRI, [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, amyloid PET, CSF biomarkers, and clinical tests; (4) the development of blood biomarkers for AD as potentially noninvasive and low-cost alternatives to CSF biomarkers for AD diagnosis and the assessment of α-syn as an additional biomarker; (5) the development of methods for the early detection of AD. CSF biomarkers, β-amyloid 42 and tau, as well as amyloid PET may reflect the earliest steps in AD pathology in mildly symptomatic or even nonsymptomatic subjects and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages; (6) the improvement of clinical trial efficiency through the identification of subjects most likely to undergo imminent future clinical decline and the use of more sensitive outcome measures to reduce sample sizes. Multimodal methods incorporating APOE status and longitudinal MRI proved most highly predictive of future decline. Refinements of clinical tests used as outcome measures such as clinical dementia rating-sum of boxes further reduced sample sizes; (7) the pioneering of genome-wide association studies that leverage quantitative imaging and biomarker phenotypes, including longitudinal data, to confirm recently identified loci, CR1, CLU, and PICALM and to identify novel AD risk loci; (8) worldwide impact through the establishment of ADNI-like programs in Japan, Australia, Argentina, Taiwan, China, Korea, Europe, and Italy; (9) understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal aging, MCI, and AD through integration of ADNI biomarker and clinical data to stimulate research that will resolve controversies about competing hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby advancing efforts to find disease-modifying drugs for AD; and (10) the establishment of infrastructure to allow sharing of all raw and processed data without embargo to interested scientific investigators throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dallas P Veitch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse Cedarbaum
- Neurology Early Clinical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johan Luthman
- Neuroscience Clinical Development, Neuroscience & General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam Schwarz
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, Landreth GE, Brosseron F, Feinstein DL, Jacobs AH, Wyss-Coray T, Vitorica J, Ransohoff RM, Herrup K, Frautschy SA, Finsen B, Brown GC, Verkhratsky A, Yamanaka K, Koistinaho J, Latz E, Halle A, Petzold GC, Town T, Morgan D, Shinohara ML, Perry VH, Holmes C, Bazan NG, Brooks DJ, Hunot S, Joseph B, Deigendesch N, Garaschuk O, Boddeke E, Dinarello CA, Breitner JC, Cole GM, Golenbock DT, Kummer MP. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:388-405. [PMID: 25792098 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3656] [Impact Index Per Article: 406.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is not restricted to the neuronal compartment, but includes strong interactions with immunological mechanisms in the brain. Misfolded and aggregated proteins bind to pattern recognition receptors on microglia and astroglia, and trigger an innate immune response characterised by release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to disease progression and severity. Genome-wide analysis suggests that several genes that increase the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease encode factors that regulate glial clearance of misfolded proteins and the inflammatory reaction. External factors, including systemic inflammation and obesity, are likely to interfere with immunological processes of the brain and further promote disease progression. Modulation of risk factors and targeting of these immune mechanisms could lead to future therapeutic or preventive strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas H Jacobs
- Department of Geriatrics, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany; European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI) at the Westfalian Wilhelms University (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Geriatric, Research, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bente Finsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco) and CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Leioa, Spain
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University/RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eicke Latz
- German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of InfectiousDiseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Annett Halle
- Max-Planck Research Group Neuroimmunology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegnerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - V Hugh Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David J Brooks
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stéphane Hunot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7225, Experimental Therapeutics of Neurodegeneration, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology II, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - John C Breitner
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg M Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Geriatric, Research, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Department of InfectiousDiseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Markus P Kummer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Apostolova LG, Hwang KS, Avila D, Elashoff D, Kohannim O, Teng E, Sokolow S, Jack CR, Jagust WJ, Shaw L, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Thompson PM. Brain amyloidosis ascertainment from cognitive, imaging, and peripheral blood protein measures. Neurology 2015; 84:729-37. [PMID: 25609767 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to identify a clinical biomarker signature of brain amyloidosis in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 1 (ADNI1) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cohort. METHODS We developed a multimodal biomarker classifier for predicting brain amyloidosis using cognitive, imaging, and peripheral blood protein ADNI1 MCI data. We used CSF β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42) ≤ 192 pg/mL as proxy measure for Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET standard uptake value ratio ≥ 1.5. We trained our classifier in the subcohort with CSF Aβ42 but no PiB-PET data and tested its performance in the subcohort with PiB-PET but no CSF Aβ42 data. We also examined the utility of our biomarker signature for predicting disease progression from MCI to Alzheimer dementia. RESULTS The CSF training classifier selected Mini-Mental State Examination, Trails B, Auditory Verbal Learning Test delayed recall, education, APOE genotype, interleukin 6 receptor, clusterin, and ApoE protein, and achieved leave-one-out accuracy of 85% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.8). The PiB testing classifier achieved an AUC of 0.72, and when classifier self-tuning was allowed, AUC = 0.74. The 36-month disease-progression classifier achieved AUC = 0.75 and accuracy = 71%. CONCLUSIONS Automated classifiers based on cognitive and peripheral blood protein variables can identify the presence of brain amyloidosis with a modest level of accuracy. Such methods could have implications for clinical trial design and enrollment in the near future. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that a classification algorithm based on cognitive, imaging, and peripheral blood protein measures identifies patients with brain amyloid on PiB-PET with moderate accuracy (sensitivity 68%, specificity 78%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana G Apostolova
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA.
| | - Kristy S Hwang
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - David Avila
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - David Elashoff
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Omid Kohannim
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Edmond Teng
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Sophie Sokolow
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - William J Jagust
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Leslie Shaw
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- From the Departments of Neurology (L.G.A., K.S.H., D.A., O.K., E.T., P.M.T.), Medicine Statistics Core (D.E.), and School of Nursing (S.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Institute for Neuroinformatics (P.M.T.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (E.T.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Public Health and Neuroscience (W.J.J.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.S., J.Q.T.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Radiology (M.W.W.), University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (M.W.W.), San Francisco, CA
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Harari O, Cruchaga C, Kauwe JS, Ainscough BJ, Bales K, Pickering EH, Bertelsen S, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Phosphorylated tau-Aβ42 ratio as a continuous trait for biomarker discovery for early-stage Alzheimer's disease in multiplex immunoassay panels of cerebrospinal fluid. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:723-31. [PMID: 24548642 PMCID: PMC4007142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the physiologic changes that occur during the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may provide critical insights for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are a rich source of information that reflect the brain proteome. METHODS A novel approach was applied to screen a panel of ~190 CSF analytes quantified by multiplex immunoassay, and common associations were detected in the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (N = 311) and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (N = 293) cohorts. Rather than case-control status, the ratio of CSF levels of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (ptau181) and Aβ42 was used as a continuous trait in these analyses. RESULTS The ptau181-Aβ42 ratio has more statistical power than traditional modeling approaches, and the levels of CSF heart-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP) and 12 other correlated analytes increase as AD progresses. These results were validated using the traditional case-control status model. Stratification of the dataset demonstrated that increases in these analytes occur very early in the disease course and were apparent even in nondemented individuals with AD pathology (low ptau181, low Aβ42) compared with elderly control subjects with no pathology (low ptau181, high Aβ42). The FABP-Aβ42 ratio demonstrates a similar hazard ratio for disease conversion to ptau181-Aβ42 even though the overlap in classification is incomplete suggesting that FABP contributes independent information as a predictor of AD. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the approach presented here can be used to identify novel biomarkers for AD correctly and that CSF heart FABP levels start to increase at very early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John S.K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Ainscough
- Bio & Biomed Science Grad Affairs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly Bales
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Eve H. Pickering
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA,Corresponding author: Alison Goate, D.Phil., Samuel & Mae S. Ludwig Professor of Genetics in Psychiatry, Professor of Neurology, Professor of Genetics, T: 314-362-8691, F: 314-747-2983,
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Brosseron F, Krauthausen M, Kummer M, Heneka MT. Body fluid cytokine levels in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative overview. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:534-44. [PMID: 24567119 PMCID: PMC4182618 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article gives a comprehensive overview of cytokine and other inflammation associated protein levels in plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We reviewed 118 research articles published between 1989 and 2013 to compare the reported levels of 66 cytokines and other proteins related to regulation and signaling in inflammation in the blood or CSF obtained from MCI and AD patients. Several cytokines are evidently regulated in (neuro-) inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Others do not display changes in the blood or CSF during disease progression. However, many reports on cytokine levels in MCI or AD are controversial or inconclusive, particularly those which provide data on frequently investigated cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 (IL-6). The levels of several cytokines are possible indicators of neuroinflammation in AD. Some of them might increase steadily during disease progression or temporarily at the time of MCI to AD conversion. Furthermore, elevated body fluid cytokine levels may correlate with an increased risk of conversion from MCI to AD. Yet, research results are conflicting. To overcome interindividual variances and to obtain a more definite description of cytokine regulation and function in neurodegeneration, a high degree of methodical standardization and patients collective characterization, together with longitudinal sampling over years is essential.
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Meta-analysis of peripheral blood apolipoprotein E levels in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89041. [PMID: 24558469 PMCID: PMC3928366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral blood Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels have been proposed as biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but previous studies on levels of ApoE in blood remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis was designed to re-examine the potential role of peripheral ApoE in AD diagnosis and its potential value as a candidate biomarker. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane library, and BIOSIS previews for case-control studies measuring ApoE levels in serum or plasma from AD subjects and healthy controls. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the association between ApoE levels and AD risk. Results Eight studies with a total of 2250 controls and 1498 AD cases were identified and analyzed. The pooled WMD from a random-effect model of AD participants compared with the healthy controls was −5.59 mg/l (95% CI: [−8.12, −3.06]). The overall pattern in WMD was not varied by characteristics of study, including age, country, assay method, publication year, and sample type. Conclusions Our meta-analysis supports a lowered level of blood ApoE in AD patients, and indicates its potential value as an important risk factor for AD. Further investigation employing standardized assay for ApoE measurement are still warranted to uncover the precise role of ApoE in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Dubey R, Zhou J, Wang Y, Thompson PM, Ye J. Analysis of sampling techniques for imbalanced data: An n = 648 ADNI study. Neuroimage 2014; 87:220-41. [PMID: 24176869 PMCID: PMC3946903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neuroimaging applications deal with imbalanced imaging data. For example, in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cases eligible for the study are nearly two times the Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients for structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality and six times the control cases for proteomics modality. Constructing an accurate classifier from imbalanced data is a challenging task. Traditional classifiers that aim to maximize the overall prediction accuracy tend to classify all data into the majority class. In this paper, we study an ensemble system of feature selection and data sampling for the class imbalance problem. We systematically analyze various sampling techniques by examining the efficacy of different rates and types of undersampling, oversampling, and a combination of over and undersampling approaches. We thoroughly examine six widely used feature selection algorithms to identify significant biomarkers and thereby reduce the complexity of the data. The efficacy of the ensemble techniques is evaluated using two different classifiers including Random Forest and Support Vector Machines based on classification accuracy, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity measures. Our extensive experimental results show that for various problem settings in ADNI, (1) a balanced training set obtained with K-Medoids technique based undersampling gives the best overall performance among different data sampling techniques and no sampling approach; and (2) sparse logistic regression with stability selection achieves competitive performance among various feature selection algorithms. Comprehensive experiments with various settings show that our proposed ensemble model of multiple undersampled datasets yields stable and promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Dubey
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yalin Wang
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jieping Ye
- School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Wikler EM, Blendon RJ, Benson JM. Would you want to know? Public attitudes on early diagnostic testing for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2013; 5:43. [PMID: 24010759 PMCID: PMC3978817 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research is underway to develop an early medical test for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS To evaluate potential demand for such a test, we conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey of 2,678 randomly selected adults across the United States and four European countries. RESULTS Most surveyed adults (67%) reported that they are "somewhat" or "very likely" to get an early medical test if one becomes available in the future. Interest was higher among those worried about developing AD, those with an immediate blood relative with AD, and those who have served as caregivers for AD patients. Older respondents and those living in Spain and Poland also exhibited greater interest in testing. Knowing AD is a fatal condition did not influence demand for testing, except among those with an immediate blood relative with the disease. CONCLUSIONS Potential demand for early medical testing for AD could be high. A predictive test could not only advance medical research, it could transform political and legal landscapes by creating a large constituency of asymptomatic, diagnosed adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Wikler
- Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 14 Story Street, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Robert J Blendon
- Department of Health Policy and Management, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge Building, Room 402, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - John M Benson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge Building, Room 402, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Liu E, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Schmidt ME, Shaw L, Shen L, Siuciak JA, Soares H, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:e111-94. [PMID: 23932184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is an ongoing, longitudinal, multicenter study designed to develop clinical, imaging, genetic, and biochemical biomarkers for the early detection and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study aimed to enroll 400 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 200 subjects with early AD, and 200 normal control subjects; $67 million funding was provided by both the public and private sectors, including the National Institute on Aging, 13 pharmaceutical companies, and 2 foundations that provided support through the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. This article reviews all papers published since the inception of the initiative and summarizes the results as of February 2011. The major accomplishments of ADNI have been as follows: (1) the development of standardized methods for clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a multicenter setting; (2) elucidation of the patterns and rates of change of imaging and CSF biomarker measurements in control subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients. CSF biomarkers are consistent with disease trajectories predicted by β-amyloid cascade (Hardy, J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9(Suppl 3):151-3) and tau-mediated neurodegeneration hypotheses for AD, whereas brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted patterns but exhibit differing rates of change depending on region and disease severity; (3) the assessment of alternative methods of diagnostic categorization. Currently, the best classifiers combine optimum features from multiple modalities, including MRI, [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, CSF biomarkers, and clinical tests; (4) the development of methods for the early detection of AD. CSF biomarkers, β-amyloid 42 and tau, as well as amyloid PET may reflect the earliest steps in AD pathology in mildly symptomatic or even nonsymptomatic subjects, and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages; (5) the improvement of clinical trial efficiency through the identification of subjects most likely to undergo imminent future clinical decline and the use of more sensitive outcome measures to reduce sample sizes. Baseline cognitive and/or MRI measures generally predicted future decline better than other modalities, whereas MRI measures of change were shown to be the most efficient outcome measures; (6) the confirmation of the AD risk loci CLU, CR1, and PICALM and the identification of novel candidate risk loci; (7) worldwide impact through the establishment of ADNI-like programs in Europe, Asia, and Australia; (8) understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal aging, MCI, and AD through integration of ADNI biomarker data with clinical data from ADNI to stimulate research that will resolve controversies about competing hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby advancing efforts to find disease-modifying drugs for AD; and (9) the establishment of infrastructure to allow sharing of all raw and processed data without embargo to interested scientific investigators throughout the world. The ADNI study was extended by a 2-year Grand Opportunities grant in 2009 and a renewal of ADNI (ADNI-2) in October 2010 through to 2016, with enrollment of an additional 550 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Rembach A, Ryan TM, Roberts BR, Doecke JD, Wilson WJ, Watt AD, Barnham KJ, Masters CL. Progress towards a consensus on biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: a review of peripheral analytes. Biomark Med 2013; 7:641-62. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population and attempts to develop therapies have been unsuccessful because there is no means to target an effective therapeutic window. CNS biomarkers are insightful but impractical for high-throughput population-based screening. Therefore, a peripheral, blood-based biomarker for AD would significantly improve early diagnosis, potentially enable presymptomatic detection and facilitate effective targeting of disease-modifying treatments. The various constituents of blood, including plasma, platelets and cellular fractions, are now being systematically explored as a pool of putative peripheral biomarkers for AD. In this review we cover some less known peripheral biomarkers and highlight the latest developments for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Rembach
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Tim M Ryan
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James D Doecke
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - William J Wilson
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Andrew D Watt
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Kim S, Swaminathan S, Inlow M, Risacher SL, Nho K, Shen L, Foroud TM, Petersen RC, Aisen PS, Soares H, Toledo JB, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, McDonald BC, Farlow MR, Ghetti B, Saykin AJ. Influence of genetic variation on plasma protein levels in older adults using a multi-analyte panel. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70269. [PMID: 23894628 PMCID: PMC3720913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins, widely studied as potential biomarkers, play important roles in numerous physiological functions and diseases. Genetic variation may modulate corresponding protein levels and point to the role of these variants in disease pathophysiology. Effects of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a gene were analyzed for corresponding plasma protein levels using genome-wide association study (GWAS) genotype data and proteomic panel data with 132 quality-controlled analytes from 521 Caucasian participants in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Linear regression analysis detected 112 significant (Bonferroni threshold p = 2.44×10−5) associations between 27 analytes and 112 SNPs. 107 out of these 112 associations were tested in the Indiana Memory and Aging Study (IMAS) cohort for replication and 50 associations were replicated at uncorrected p<0.05 in the same direction of effect as those in the ADNI. We identified multiple novel associations including the association of rs7517126 with plasma complement factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR1) level at p<1.46×10−60, accounting for 40 percent of total variation of the protein level. We serendipitously found the association of rs6677604 with the same protein at p<9.29×10−112. Although these two SNPs were not in the strong linkage disequilibrium, 61 percent of total variation of CFHR1 was accounted for by rs6677604 without additional variation by rs7517126 when both SNPs were tested together. 78 other SNP-protein associations in the ADNI sample exceeded genome-wide significance (5×10−8). Our results confirmed previously identified gene-protein associations for interleukin-6 receptor, chemokine CC-4, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensinogen, although the direction of effect was reversed in some cases. This study is among the first analyses of gene-protein product relationships integrating multiplex-panel proteomics and targeted genes extracted from a GWAS array. With intensive searches taking place for proteomic biomarkers for many diseases, the role of genetic variation takes on new importance and should be considered in interpretation of proteomic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shanker Swaminathan
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark Inlow
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Aisen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Holly Soares
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jon B. Toledo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brenna C. McDonald
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Martin R. Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marsden J, Budden D, Craig H, Moscato P. Language Individuation and Marker Words: Shakespeare and His Maxwell's Demon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66813. [PMID: 23826143 PMCID: PMC3694980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the structural and grammatical bounds of a common language, all authors develop their own distinctive writing styles. Whether the relative occurrence of common words can be measured to produce accurate models of authorship is of particular interest. This work introduces a new score that helps to highlight such variations in word occurrence, and is applied to produce models of authorship of a large group of plays from the Shakespearean era. METHODOLOGY A text corpus containing 55,055 unique words was generated from 168 plays from the Shakespearean era (16th and 17th centuries) of undisputed authorship. A new score, CM1, is introduced to measure variation patterns based on the frequency of occurrence of each word for the authors John Fletcher, Ben Jonson, Thomas Middleton and William Shakespeare, compared to the rest of the authors in the study (which provides a reference of relative word usage at that time). A total of 50 WEKA methods were applied for Fletcher, Jonson and Middleton, to identify those which were able to produce models yielding over 90% classification accuracy. This ensemble of WEKA methods was then applied to model Shakespearean authorship across all 168 plays, yielding a Matthews' correlation coefficient (MCC) performance of over 90%. Furthermore, the best model yielded an MCC of 99%. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that different authors, while adhering to the structural and grammatical bounds of a common language, develop measurably distinct styles by the tendency to over-utilise or avoid particular common words and phrasings. Considering language and the potential of words as an abstract chaotic system with a high entropy, similarities can be drawn to the Maxwell's Demon thought experiment; authors subconsciously favour or filter certain words, modifying the probability profile in ways that could reflect their individuality and style.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Marsden
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Budden
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hugh Craig
- Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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49
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Translational proteomics in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:480-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Biella G, Franceschi M, De Rino F, Davin A, Giacalone G, Brambilla P, Bountris P, Haritou M, Magnani G, Martinelli Boneschi F, Forloni G, Albani D. Multiplex assessment of a panel of 16 serum molecules for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2013; 2:40-45. [PMID: 23515357 PMCID: PMC3601470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the current challenge in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the identification of reliable biomarkers that might improve diagnostic accuracy, possibly correlating with the disease progression and patient's response to therapy. As the clinically validated AD biomarkers evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters, the need for less invasive diagnostic markers is well evident. To this respect, blood circulating cytokines or growth factors have provided some encouraging results, even though no clinically validated to date. In 2007 Ray et al suggested a panel of 18 circulating molecules that might increase AD diagnostic accuracy. In an attempt of replicating their data, we designed a multiplex fluorimetric assay comprising 16 independent analytes and covering 15 out of the 18 described proteins. We collected serum samples from three diagnostic groups: probable AD (n=33), matched healthy controls (CNT, n=23) and non AD demented (NAD, n=14). After correction for age, we found an increased level of EGF-1 in AD in comparison to CNT and NAD, while an increase of TRAIL-R4 was found in NAD. However, evaluation of specificity/sensitivity by ROC curve analysis gave weak evidence of diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve = 0.63 and 0.66 for EGF and TRAIL-R4, respectively). Finally, we tried to find a diagnostic classifier by a multivariate algorithm. We found indication of diagnostic evidence for AD only, while NAD samples did not show a diagnostic pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Biella
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Famacologiche “Mario Negri”-IRCCSMilan, Italy
| | | | | | - Annalisa Davin
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Famacologiche “Mario Negri”-IRCCSMilan, Italy
- Golgi Cenci FoundationAbbiategrasso, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacalone
- Laboratory of genetics of neurological complex disorders, Division of Neuroscience, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Paola Brambilla
- Laboratory of genetics of neurological complex disorders, Division of Neuroscience, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Bountris
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Maria Haritou
- Institute of Communication and Computer SystemsAthens, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neurorehabilitation, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Filippo Martinelli Boneschi
- Laboratory of genetics of neurological complex disorders, Division of Neuroscience, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Famacologiche “Mario Negri”-IRCCSMilan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Famacologiche “Mario Negri”-IRCCSMilan, Italy
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