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Qian L, Beers JL, Jackson KD, Zhou Z. CBD and THC in Special Populations: Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:484. [PMID: 38675145 PMCID: PMC11054161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid use has surged in the past decade, with a growing interest in expanding cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) applications into special populations. Consequently, the increased use of CBD and THC raises the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Nevertheless, DDIs for cannabinoids, especially in special populations, remain inadequately investigated. While some clinical trials have explored DDIs between therapeutic drugs like antiepileptic drugs and CBD/THC, more potential interactions remain to be examined. This review summarizes the published studies on CBD and THC-drug interactions, outlines the mechanisms involved, discusses the physiological considerations in pharmacokinetics (PK) and DDI studies in special populations (including pregnant and lactating women, pediatrics, older adults, patients with hepatic or renal impairments, and others), and presents modeling approaches that can describe the DDIs associated with CBD and THC in special populations. The PK of CBD and THC in special populations remain poorly characterized, with limited studies investigating DDIs involving CBD/THC in these populations. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate potential DDIs between CBD/THC and medications that are commonly used in special populations. Modeling approaches can aid in understanding these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Qian
- Department of Chemistry, York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Beers
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA (K.D.J.)
| | - Klarissa D. Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA (K.D.J.)
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA;
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2
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Authement AK, Isoherranen N. The impact of pregnancy and associated hormones on the pharmacokinetics of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:73-93. [PMID: 38258511 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2309213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Cannabis is the most widely used drug of abuse by pregnant individuals, but its maternal-fetal safety is still unclear. The changes in THC disposition during pregnancy may affect THC safety and pharmacology. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current literature on THC metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans. It provides an analysis of how hormonal changes during pregnancy may alter the expression of cannabinoid metabolizing enzymes and THC and its metabolite pharmacokinetics. THC is predominately (>70%) cleared by hepatic metabolism to its psychoactive active metabolite, 11-OH-THC by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and to other metabolites (<30%) by CYP3A4. Other physiological processes that change during pregnancy and may alter cannabinoid disposition are also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION THC and its metabolites disposition likely change during pregnancy. Hepatic CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 are induced in pregnant individuals and in vitro by pregnancy hormones. This induction of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 is predicted to lead to altered THC and 11-OH-THC disposition and pharmacodynamic effects. More in vitro studies of THC metabolism and induction of the enzymes metabolizing cannabinoids are necessary to improve the prediction of THC pharmacokinetics in pregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora K Authement
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Maldonado C, Peyraube R, Fagiolino P, Oricchio F, Cuñetti L, Vázquez M. Human Data on Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Cannabinoids: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:241-254. [PMID: 38288797 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128288510240113170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Concomitant use of cannabinoids with other drugs may result in pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions, mainly due to the mechanism involving Phase I and Phase II enzymes and/or efflux transporters. Cannabinoids are not only substrates but also inhibitors or inducers of some of these enzymes and/or transporters. This narrative review aims to provide the available information reported in the literature regarding human data on the pharmacokinetic interactions of cannabinoids with other medications. A search on Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library was performed. Some studies were identified with Google search. Additional articles of interest were obtained through cross-referencing of published literature. All original research papers discussing interactions between cannabinoids, used for medical or recreational/adult-use purposes, and other medications in humans were included. Thirty-two studies with medicinal or recreational/adult-use cannabis were identified (seventeen case reports/series, thirteen clinical trials, and two retrospective analyses). In three of these studies, a bidirectional pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was reported. In the rest of the studies, cannabinoids were the perpetrators, as in most of them, concentrations of cannabinoids were not measured. In light of the widespread use of prescribed and non-prescribed cannabinoids with other medications, pharmacokinetic interactions are likely to occur. Physicians should be aware of these potential interactions and closely monitor drug levels and/or responses. The existing literature regarding pharmacokinetic interactions is limited, and for some drugs, studies have relatively small cohorts or are only case reports. Therefore, there is a need for high-quality pharmacological studies on cannabinoid-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Maldonado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raquel Peyraube
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable - MEC, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Oricchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Cuñetti
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology and Urology Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marta Vázquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Herdegen T, Cascorbi I. Drug Interactions of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in Cannabinoid Drugs. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 120:833-840. [PMID: 37874128 PMCID: PMC10824494 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid drugs containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or its structural analogues, as monotherapeutic agents or as extracts or botanical preparations with or without cannabidiol (CBD) are often prescribed to multimorbid patients who are taking multiple drugs. This raises the question of the risk of drug interactions. METHODS This review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of interactions with cannabinoid drugs and their potential effects is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search. RESULTS As THC and CBD are largely metabolized in the liver, their bioavailability after oral or oral-mucosal administration is low (6-8% and 11-13%, respectively). The plasma concentrations of THC and its active metabolite 11-OH-THC can be increased by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (verapamil, clarithromycin) and decreased by strong CYP3A4 inductors (rifampicin, carbamazepine). The clinical significance of these effects is unclear because of the variable plasma level and therapeutic spectrum of THC. The metabolism of CBD is less dependent on cytochrome P450 enzymes than that of THC. THC and CBD inhibit CYP2C and CYP3A4; the corresponding clinically relevant drug interactions probably are likely to arise only with THC doses above 30 mg/day and CBD doses above 300 mg/day. CONCLUSION Potential drug interactions with THC and CBD are probably of little importance at low or moderate doses. Strong CYP inhibitors or inductors can intensify or weaken their effect. Slowly ramping up the dose of oral cannabinoid drugs can lessen their pharmacodynamic interactions, which can generally be well controlled. Administration by inhalation can worsen the interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herdegen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Sallam NA, Peterson CS, Baglot SL, Kohro Y, Trang T, Hill MN, Borgland SL. Sex Differences in Plasma, Adipose Tissue, and Central Accumulation of Cannabinoids, and Behavioral Effects of Oral Cannabis Consumption in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:773-783. [PMID: 37715955 PMCID: PMC10674081 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis edibles are an increasingly popular form of cannabis consumption. Oral consumption of cannabis has distinct physiological and behavioral effects compared with injection or inhalation. An animal model is needed to understand the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of oral cannabis consumption in rodents as a model for human cannabis edible use. METHODS Adult male and female C57BL/6 mice received a single dose of commercially available cannabis oil (5 mg/kg Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) by oral gavage. At 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 hours post exposure, plasma, hippocampus, and adipose tissue were collected for THC, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH measures. RESULTS We report delayed time to peak THC and 11-OH-THC concentrations in plasma, brain, and adipose tissue, which is consistent with human pharmacokinetics studies. We also found sex differences in the cannabis tetrad: (1) female mice had a delayed hypothermic effect 6 hours post consumption, which was not present in males; (2) females had stronger catalepsy than males; (3) males were less mobile following cannabis exposure, whereas female mice showed no difference in locomotion but an anxiogenic effect at 3 hours post exposure; and (4) male mice displayed a longer-lasting antinociceptive effect of oral cannabis. CONCLUSIONS Oral cannabis consumption is a translationally relevant form of administration that produces similar physiological effects as injection or vaping administration and thus should be considered as a viable approach for examining the physiological effects of cannabis moving forward. Furthermore, given the strong sex differences in metabolism of oral cannabis, these factors should be carefully considered when designing animal studies on the effects of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Sallam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Colleen S Peterson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Samantha L Baglot
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yuta Kohro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tuan Trang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (Dr Hill and Ms Baglot)
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Babayeva M, Loewy ZG. Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3479-3514. [PMID: 37185752 PMCID: PMC10137111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in many disorders. However, the individual therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and the incidence of side effects are still difficult to determine. Pharmacogenomics may provide the answers to many questions and concerns regarding the cannabis/cannabinoid treatment and help us to understand the variability in individual responses and associated risks. Pharmacogenomics research has made meaningful progress in identifying genetic variations that play a critical role in interpatient variability in response to cannabis. This review classifies the current knowledge of pharmacogenomics associated with medical marijuana and related compounds and can assist in improving the outcomes of cannabinoid therapy and to minimize the adverse effects of cannabis use. Specific examples of pharmacogenomics informing pharmacotherapy as a path to personalized medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Babayeva
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zvi G Loewy
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Chen X, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Maternal and Fetal Exposure to (-)-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Major Metabolites in Pregnant Mice Is Differentially Impacted by P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:269-275. [PMID: 36446608 PMCID: PMC10029818 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary pharmacological active constituent of cannabis. 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) are respectively the active and nonactive circulating metabolites of THC in humans. While previous animal studies reported that THC could be a substrate of mouse P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), we have shown, in vitro, that only THC-COOH is a weak substrate of human BCRP, but not of P-gp. To confirm these findings and to investigate the role of P-gp and/or Bcrp in the maternal-fetal disposition of THC and its metabolites, we administrated 3 mg/kg of THC retro-orbitally to FVB wild-type (WT), P-gp -/-, Bcrp -/-, or P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- pregnant mice on gestation day 18 and estimated the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of the cannabinoids in the maternal plasma, maternal brain, placenta, and fetus, as well as the tissue/maternal plasma AUC geometric mean ratios (GMRs) using a pooled data bootstrap approach. We found that the dose-normalized maternal plasma AUCs of THC in P-gp-/- and P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- mice, and the placenta-to-maternal plasma AUC GMR of THC in Bcrp-/- mice were 279%, 271%, and 167% of those in WT mice, respectively. Surprisingly, the tissue-to-maternal plasma AUC GMRs of THC and its major metabolites in the maternal brain, placenta, or fetus in P-gp -/-, Bcrp -/- or P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- mice were 28-78% of those in WT mice. This study revealed that P-gp and Bcrp do not play a role in limiting maternal brain and fetal exposure to THC and its major metabolites in pregnant mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study systematically investigated whether P-gp and/or Bcrp in pregnant mice can alter the disposition of THC, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH. Surprisingly, except for Bcrp, which limits placental (but not fetal) exposure to THC, we found that P-gp-/- , Bcrp-/- , and/or P-gp-/- /Bcrp-/- significantly decreased exposure to THC and/or its metabolites in maternal brain, placenta, or fetus. The mechanistic basis for this decrease is unclear and needs further investigation. If replicated in humans, P-gp- or BCRP-based drug-cannabinoid interactions are not of concern.
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MESH Headings
- Pregnancy
- Mice
- Female
- Humans
- Animals
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Dronabinol/metabolism
- Placenta/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Stella N. THC and CBD: Similarities and differences between siblings. Neuron 2023; 111:302-327. [PMID: 36638804 PMCID: PMC9898277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its sibling, cannabidiol (CBD), are produced by the same Cannabis plant and have similar chemical structures but differ dramatically in their mechanisms of action and effects on brain functions. Both THC and CBD exhibit promising therapeutic properties; however, impairments and increased incidence of mental health diseases are associated with acute and chronic THC use, respectively, and significant side effects are associated with chronic use of high-dose CBD. This review covers recent molecular and preclinical discoveries concerning the distinct mechanisms of action and bioactivities of THC and CBD and their impact on human behavior and diseases. These discoveries provide a foundation for the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics for multiple devastating diseases and to assure their safe use in the growing legal market of Cannabis-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Department Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Cannabis Research, Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Frau R, Melis M. Sex-specific susceptibility to psychotic-like states provoked by prenatal THC exposure: Reversal by pregnenolone. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13240. [PMID: 36810840 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Sociocultural attitudes towards cannabis legalization contribute to the common misconception that it is a relatively safe drug and its use during pregnancy poses no risk to the fetus. However, longitudinal studies demonstrate that maternal cannabis exposure results in adverse outcomes in the offspring, with a heightened risk for developing psychopathology. One of the most reported psychiatric outcomes is the proneness to psychotic-like experiences during childhood. How exposure to cannabis during gestation increases psychosis susceptibility in children and adolescents remains elusive. Preclinical research has indicated that in utero exposure to the major psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), deranges brain developmental trajectories towards vulnerable psychotic-like endophenotypes later in life. Here, we present how prenatal THC exposure (PCE) deregulates mesolimbic dopamine development predisposing the offspring to schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes, exclusively when exposed to environmental challenges, such as stress or THC. Detrimental effects of PCE are sex-specific because female offspring do not display psychotic-like outcomes upon exposure to these challenges. Moreover, we present how pregnenolone, a neurosteroid that showed beneficial properties on the effects elicited by cannabis intoxication, normalizes mesolimbic dopamine function and rescues psychotic-like phenotypes. We, therefore, suggest this neurosteroid as a safe "disease-modifying" aid to prevent the onset of psychoses in vulnerable individuals. Our findings corroborate clinical evidence and highlight the relevance of early diagnostic screening and preventative strategies for young individuals at risk for mental diseases, such as male PCE offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
- The Guy Everett Laboratory for Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Torrens A, Roy P, Lin L, Vu C, Grimes D, Inshishian VC, Montesinos JS, Ahmed F, Mahler SV, Huestis MA, Das A, Piomelli D. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescent and Adult Male and Female Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:814-826. [PMID: 35353551 PMCID: PMC9784615 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Studies in rodent models have shown that adolescent exposure to Δ9-THC, the psychotropic constituent of cannabis, produces long-lasting alterations in brain function and behavior. However, our understanding of how age and sex might influence the distribution and metabolism of THC in laboratory rodents is still incomplete. In the present report, we provide a comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of THC in adolescent and adult rats of both sexes, and outline several dissimilarities across these groups. Materials and Methods: A single (acute) or 2-week daily (subchronic) administration of THC (0.5 or 5 mg/kg, acute; 5 mg/kg, subchronic; intraperitoneal) was given to adolescent (33-day-old, acute; 30-44-day-old, subchronic) and young adult (70-day-old, acute only) male and female rats. THC and its first-pass metabolites-11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (11-COOH-THC)-were quantified in plasma and brain tissue using a selective isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. Changes in body temperature were measured using abdominally implanted microchips. Biotransformation of THC to its metabolites using freshly prepared liver microsomes was assessed. Results: At the acute 5 mg/kg dose, maximal plasma concentrations of THC were twice as high in adult than in adolescent rats. Conversely, in adults, brain concentrations and brain-to-plasma ratios for THC were substantially lower (25-50%) than those measured in adolescents. Similarly, plasma and brain concentrations of THC metabolites were higher in adolescent male rats compared with adult males. Interestingly, plasma and brain concentrations of the psychoactive THC metabolite 11-OH-THC were twofold to sevenfold higher in female animals of both ages compared with males. Moreover, liver microsomes from adolescent males and adolescent and adult females converted THC to 11-OH-THC twice as fast as adult male microsomes. A dose-dependent hypothermic response to THC was observed in females with 0.5 and 5 mg/kg THC, whereas only the highest dose elicited a response in males. Finally, subchronic administration of THC during adolescence did not significantly affect the drug's PK profile. Conclusions: The results reveal the existence of multiple age and sex differences in the distribution and metabolism of THC in rats, which might influence the pharmacological response to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Torrens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pritam Roy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cindy Vu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dakota Grimes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Victoria C. Inshishian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Johanna S. Montesinos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marylin A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, and University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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11
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Anti-Cancer Activity of Cannabis sativa Phytocannabinoids: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential in the Fight against Ovarian Cancer and Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174299. [PMID: 36077833 PMCID: PMC9454933 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with about 70% of cases diagnosed only at an advanced stage. Cannabis sativa, which produces more than 150 phytocannabinoids, is used worldwide to alleviate numerous symptoms associated with various medical conditions. Recently, studies across a range of cancer types have demonstrated that the phytocannabinoids Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo, but also the potential to increase other drugs’ adverse effects. THC and CBD act via several different biological and signaling pathways, including receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways. However, very few studies have examined the effectiveness of cannabis compounds against OC. Moreover, little is known about the effectiveness of cannabis compounds against cancer stem cells (CSCs) in general and OC stem cells (OCSCs) in particular. CSCs have been implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and invasion, as well as tumor recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Several hallmarks and concepts describe CSCs. OCSCs, too, are characterized by several markers and specific drug-resistance mechanisms. While there is no peer-reviewed information regarding the effect of cannabis and cannabis compounds on OCSC viability or development, cannabis compounds have been shown to affect genetic pathways and biological processes related to CSCs and OCSCs. Based on evidence from other cancer-type studies, the use of phytocannabinoid-based treatments to disrupt CSC homeostasis is suggested as a potential intervention to prevent chemotherapy resistance. The potential benefits of the combination of chemotherapy with phytocannabinoid treatment should be examined in ovarian cancer patients.
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12
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Tagen M, Klumpers LE. Review of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8 -THC): Comparative pharmacology with Δ 9 -THC. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3915-3933. [PMID: 35523678 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the intoxicating cannabinoid delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8 -THC) has grown rapidly over the last several years. There have been dozens of Δ8 -THC studies dating back over many decades, yet no review articles have comprehensively covered these findings. In this review, we summarize the pharmacological studies of Δ8 -THC, including receptor binding, cell signalling, in vivo cannabimimetic activity, clinical activity and pharmacokinetics. We give special focus to studies that directly compared Δ8 -THC to its more commonly studied isomer, Δ9 -THC. Overall, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Δ8 -THC and Δ9 -THC are very similar. Δ8 -THC is a partial agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and has cannabimimetic activity in both animals and humans. The reduced potency of Δ8 -THC in clinical studies compared with Δ9 -THC can be explained by weaker cannabinoid CB1 receptor affinity, although there are other plausible mechanisms that may contribute. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge of Δ8 -THC pharmacology where further studies are needed, particularly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda E Klumpers
- Verdient Science LLC, Denver, Colorado.,Tomori Pharmacology Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Anebulo Pharmaceuticals Inc., Austin, Texas, USA
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13
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Etchart MG, Anderson LL, Ametovski A, Jones PM, George AM, Banister SD, Arnold JC. In vitro evaluation of the interaction of the cannabis constituents cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid with ABCG2 and ABCB1. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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The Evolution of Pharmacological Activities Bouea macrophylla Griffith In Vivo and In Vitro Study: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020238. [PMID: 35215350 PMCID: PMC8880147 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bouea macrophylla Griffith (B. macrophylla) is one of the many herbal plants found in Asia, and its fruit is plum mango. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, polyphenolic compounds, and many others. Due to its bioactive components, plum mango has powerful antioxidants that have therapeutic benefits for many common ailments, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. This review describes the evolution of plum mango’s phytochemical properties and pharmacological activities including in vitro and in vivo studies. The pharmacological activities of B. macrophylla Griffith reviewed in this article are antioxidant, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, and antiphotoaging. Each of these pharmacological activities described and studied the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Interestingly, plum mango seeds show good pharmacological activity where the seed is the part of the plant that is a waste product. This can be an advantage because of its economic value as a herbal medicine. Overall, the findings described in this review aim to allow this plant to be explored and utilized more widely, especially as a new drug discovery.
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15
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Chen X, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Major Metabolites are Not (or are poor) Substrates or Inhibitors of Human P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2). Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:910-918. [PMID: 34326138 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis. In humans, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) are psychoactive and non-psychoactive circulating metabolites of THC, respectively. Whether these cannabinoids are substrates or inhibitors of human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is unknown. Previous animal studies suggest that THC and its metabolites could be substrates of these transporters. Therefore, we performed Transwell, cellular accumulation, and vesicular transport assays, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations of these cannabinoids, using Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells or plasma membrane vesicles overexpressing human P-gp or BCRP. Neither THC nor 11-OH-THC was found to be a substrate or inhibitor of P-gp or BCRP. The efflux ratio of THC-COOH in MDCKII-BCRP cells was 1.6, which was significantly decreased to 1.0 by the BCRP inhibitor Ko143. Likewise, cellular accumulation of THC-COOH was significantly increased 1.6-fold in the presence vs. absence of Ko143. THC-COOH also significantly inhibited BCRP-mediated transport of lucifer yellow, a BCRP substrate; however, THC-COOH was neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of P-gp. Collectively, these results indicate that THC and 11-OH-THC are not substrates or inhibitors (at pharmacologically relevant concentrations) of either P-gp or BCRP. THC-COOH is a weak substrate and inhibitor of BCRP, but not of P-gp. Accordingly, we predict that P-gp/BCRP will not modulate the disposition of these cannabinoids in humans. In addition, use of these cannabinoids will not result in P-gp- or BCRP-based drug interactions. Significance Statement In this study, we systematically investigated whether THC and its major metabolites 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH are substrates and/or inhibitors of human P-gp and BCRP at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. The results obtained are highly valuable for mechanistic understanding and prediction of the roles of P-gp and BCRP in determining the human pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and drug interactions of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- University of Washington, United States
| | | | - Qingcheng Mao
- Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, United States
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16
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Anderson LL, Etchart MG, Bahceci D, Golembiewski TA, Arnold JC. Cannabis constituents interact at the drug efflux pump BCRP to markedly increase plasma cannabidiolic acid concentrations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14948. [PMID: 34294753 PMCID: PMC8298633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is a complex mixture of hundreds of bioactive molecules. This provides the potential for pharmacological interactions between cannabis constituents, a phenomenon referred to as “the entourage effect” by the medicinal cannabis community. We hypothesize that pharmacokinetic interactions between cannabis constituents could substantially alter systemic cannabinoid concentrations. To address this hypothesis we compared pharmacokinetic parameters of cannabinoids administered orally in a cannabis extract to those administered as individual cannabinoids at equivalent doses in mice. Astonishingly, plasma cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) concentrations were 14-times higher following administration in the cannabis extract than when administered as a single molecule. In vitro transwell assays identified CBDA as a substrate of the drug efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and that cannabigerol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited the BCRP-mediated transport of CBDA. Such a cannabinoid-cannabinoid interaction at BCRP transporters located in the intestine would inhibit efflux of CBDA, thus resulting in increased plasma concentrations. Our results suggest that cannabis extracts provide a natural vehicle to substantially enhance plasma CBDA concentrations. Moreover, CBDA might have a more significant contribution to the pharmacological effects of orally administered cannabis extracts than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey L Anderson
- Brain and Mind Centre, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Maia G Etchart
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Dilara Bahceci
- Brain and Mind Centre, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Taliesin A Golembiewski
- Brain and Mind Centre, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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17
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Patilea-Vrana GI, Unadkat JD. Development and Verification of a Linked Δ 9-THC/11-OH-THC Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model in Healthy, Nonpregnant Population and Extrapolation to Pregnant Women. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:509-520. [PMID: 33952608 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting clinical trials to understand the exposure risk/benefit relationship of cannabis use is not always feasible. Alternatively, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can be used to predict exposure of the psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its active metabolite 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC). Here, we first extrapolated in vitro mechanistic pharmacokinetic information previously quantified to build a linked THC/11-OH-THC PBPK model and verified the model with observed data after intravenous and inhalation administration of THC in a healthy, nonpregnant population. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of both THC and 11-OH-THC disposition was successful. The inhalation bioavailability (Finh) of THC after inhalation was higher in chronic versus casual cannabis users (Finh = 0.35 and 0.19, respectively). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that 11-OH-THC but not THC exposure was sensitive to alterations in hepatic intrinsic clearance of the respective compound. Next, we extrapolated the linked THC/11-OH-THC PBPK model to pregnant women. Simulations showed that THC plasma area under the curve (AUC) does not change during pregnancy, but 11-OH-THC plasma AUC decreases by up to 41%. Using a maternal-fetal PBPK model, maternal and fetal THC serum concentrations were simulated and compared with the observed THC serum concentrations in pregnant women at term. To recapitulate the observed THC fetal serum concentrations, active placental efflux of THC needed to be invoked. In conclusion, we built and verified a linked THC/11-OH-THC PBPK model in healthy nonpregnant population and demonstrated how this mechanistic physiologic and pharmacokinetic platform can be extrapolated to a special population, such as pregnant women. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids have been extensively studied clinically, limited mechanistic pharmacokinetic models exist. Here, we developed and verified a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC). The PBPK model was verified in healthy, nonpregnant population after intravenous and inhalation administration of THC, and then extrapolated to pregnant women. The THC/11-OH-THC PBPK model can be used to predict exposure in special populations, predict drug-drug interactions, or impact of genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Traccis F, Serra V, Sagheddu C, Congiu M, Saba P, Giua G, Devoto P, Frau R, Cheer JF, Melis M. Prenatal THC Does Not Affect Female Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System in Preadolescent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041666. [PMID: 33562259 PMCID: PMC7914408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use among pregnant women is increasing worldwide along with permissive sociocultural attitudes toward it. Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE), however, is associated with adverse outcome among offspring, ranging from reduced birth weight to child psychopathology. We have previously shown that male rat offspring prenatally exposed to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a rat model of PCE, exhibit extensive molecular, cellular, and synaptic changes in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), resulting in a susceptible mesolimbic dopamine system associated with a psychotic-like endophenotype. This phenotype only reveals itself upon a single exposure to THC in males but not females. Here, we characterized the impact of PCE on female behaviors and mesolimbic dopamine system function by combining in vivo single-unit extracellular recordings in anesthetized animals and ex vivo patch clamp recordings, along with neurochemical and behavioral analyses. We find that PCE female offspring do not show any spontaneous or THC-induced behavioral disease-relevant phenotypes. The THC-induced increase in dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens was reduced in PCE female offspring, even when VTA dopamine activity in vivo and ex vivo did not differ compared to control. These findings indicate that PCE impacts mesolimbic dopamine function and its related behavioral domains in a sex-dependent manner and warrant further investigations to decipher the mechanisms determining this sex-related protective effect from intrauterine THC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Traccis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Valeria Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Mauro Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Gabriele Giua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
| | - Joseph Francois Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.T.); (V.S.); (C.S.); (M.C.); (P.S.); (G.G.); (P.D.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4322
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19
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Anderson LL, Ametovski A, Lin Luo J, Everett-Morgan D, McGregor IS, Banister SD, Arnold JC. Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:330-339. [PMID: 33395525 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis-based products are increasingly being used to treat refractory childhood epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome. Cannabis contains at least 140 terpenophenolic compounds known as phytocannabinoids. These include the known anticonvulsant compound cannabidiol (CBD) and several molecules showing emergent anticonvulsant properties in animal models. Cannabichromene (CBC) is a phytocannabinoid frequently detected in artisanal cannabis oils used in the community by childhood epilepsy patients. Here we examined the brain and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of CBC, cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), and cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA) following intraperitoneal administration in mice. The anticonvulsant potential of each was then tested against hyperthermia-induced seizures in the Scn1a+/- mouse model of Dravet syndrome. All phytocannabinoids within the CBC series were readily absorbed and showed substantial brain penetration (brain-plasma ratios ranging from 0.2 to 5.8). Anticonvulsant efficacy was evident with CBC, CBCA, and CBCVA, each significantly increasing the temperature threshold at which Scn1a+/- mice had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. We synthesized a fluorinated derivative of CBC (5-fluoro-CBC), which showed improved brain penetration relative to the parent CBC molecule but not any greater anticonvulsant effect. Since CBC and derivatives are anticonvulsant in a model of intractable pediatric epilepsy, they may constitute part of the mechanism through which artisanal cannabis oils are anticonvulsant in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey L. Anderson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Adam Ametovski
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Declan Everett-Morgan
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jonathon C. Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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20
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Vázquez M, García-Carnelli C, Maldonado C, Fagiolino P. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Cannabinoids and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1297:27-42. [PMID: 33537935 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, considerable attention has focused on cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the two major constituents of Cannabis sativa, mainly due to the promising potential medical uses they have shown. However, more information on the fate of these cannabinoids in human subjects is still needed and there is limited research on the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions that can occur in the clinical setting and their prevalence. As the use of cannabinoids is substantially increasing for many indications and they are not the first-line therapy in any treatment, health care professionals must be aware of drug-drug interactions during their use as serious adverse events can happen related with toxic or ineffective outcomes. The present chapter overview summarizes our current knowledge on the pharmacokinetics and metabolic fate of CBD and THC in humans and discusses relevant drug-drug interactions, giving a plausible explanation to facilitate further research in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vázquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Carlos García-Carnelli
- Pharmacognosy & Natural Products Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maldonado
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Modulatory influences of antiviral bioactive compounds on cell viability, mRNA and protein expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein in HepG2 and HEK293 cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104573. [PMID: 33387731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) influence drug plasma, and eventually decreases the drugs' therapeutic effects. The effects of Plant-derived compounds (PCs) on drug-metabolising proteins are largely unknown. This study investigated the cytotoxicity, cell viability profiles and regulatory influences of four PCs (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), kaempferol-7-glucoside (K7G), luteolin (LUT) and ellagic acid (EGA)) on the mRNA and protein expressions of CYP3A4 and ABCB1 in HepG2 and HEK293 cells. After treatment with the PCs (0-400 µM) for 24 h, 80% (IC20) and 50% (IC50) cell viability were determined. The PCs were not toxic to HepG2 (ATP levels increased at IC20, insignificant change in LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) with the exception of LUT, and ABCB1 protein expressions decreased. The PCs decreased CYP3A4 at IC20 (except LUT), EGCG and K7G at IC20 decreased mRNA expression. For HEK293 cells, no significant change in ATP, except for EGCG IC20 and K7G IC50 which decreased and increased, respectively. LDH decreased at IC20, but LUT IC50 significant increase LDH. ABCB1 protein expression increased at both IC20 and IC50, but LUT and EGA at IC50 decreased mRNA expression. The PCs at IC20, and IC50 of LUT, K7G and of EGCG may enhance drug bioavailability.
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22
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Dei Cas M, Casagni E, Casiraghi A, Minghetti P, Fornasari DMM, Ferri F, Arnoldi S, Gambaro V, Roda G. Phytocannabinoids Profile in Medicinal Cannabis Oils: The Impact of Plant Varieties and Preparation Methods. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570616. [PMID: 33364946 PMCID: PMC7751640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is a highly promising medicinal plant with well-documented effectiveness and growing use in the treatment of various medical conditions. Cannabis oils are mostly used in galenic preparations, due to their easy adjustment of the administration dose, together with the enhanced bioavailability of its active compounds. As stated by the Italian Law (9/11/2015, 279 Official Gazette), “to ensure the quality of the oil-based cannabis preparation, the titration of the active substance(s) should be carried out.” This study aims to represent the Italian panorama of cannabis oils, which were analyzed (8,201) to determine their cannabinoids content from 2017 to 2019. After application of the exclusion criteria, 4,774 standardized cannabis oils were included, which belong to different medicinal cannabis varieties and prepared according to different extraction methods. The concentration of the principal cannabinoids was taken into account dividing samples on the basis of the main extraction procedures and cannabis varieties. According to this analysis, the most substantial variations should be attributed to different cannabis varieties rather than to their extraction protocols. This study may be the starting point of preparatory pharmacists to assess the correct implementation of the preparation procedures and the quality of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Casiraghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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23
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Benson MJ, Anderson LL, Low IK, Luo JL, Kevin RC, Zhou C, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. Evaluation of the Possible Anticonvulsant Effect of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid in Murine Seizure Models. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 7:46-57. [PMID: 33998858 PMCID: PMC8864425 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA) has long been suggested in review articles and anecdotal reports to be anticonvulsant; yet, there is scant evidence supporting this notion. The objective of this study was to interrogate the anticonvulsant potential of Δ9-THCA in various seizure models—the Scn1a+/− mouse model of Dravet syndrome, the 6-Hz model of psychomotor seizures and the maximal electroshock (MES) model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Materials and Methods: We examined the effect of acute Δ9-THCA treatment against hyperthermia-induced seizures, and subchronic treatment on spontaneous seizures and survival in the Scn1a+/− mice. We also studied the effect of acute Δ9-THCA treatment on the critical current thresholds in the 6-Hz and MES tests using outbred Swiss mice. Highly purified Δ9-THCA was used in the studies or a mixture of Δ9-THCA and Δ9-THC. Results: We observed mixed anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of Δ9-THCA across the seizure models. Highly pure Δ9-THCA did not affect hyperthermia-induced seizures in Scn1a+/− mice. A Δ9-THCA/Δ9-THC mixture was anticonvulsant in the 6-Hz threshold test, but purified Δ9-THCA and Δ9-THC had no effect. Conversely, both Δ9-THCA and Δ9-THC administered individually were proconvulsant in the MES threshold test but had no effect when administered as a Δ9-THCA/Δ9-THC mixture. The Δ9-THCA/Δ9-THC mixture, however, increased spontaneous seizure severity and increased mortality of Scn1a+/− mice. Discussion: The anticonvulsant profile of Δ9-THCA was variable depending on the seizure model used and presence of Δ9-THC. Because of the unstable nature of Δ9-THCA, further exploration of Δ9-THCA through formal anticonvulsant drug development is problematic without stabilization. Future studies may better focus on determining the mechanisms by which combined Δ9-THCA and Δ9-THC alters seizure thresholds, as this may uncover novel targets for the control of refractory partial seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Benson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyndsey L Anderson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivan K Low
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard C Kevin
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cilla Zhou
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Anderson LL, Low IK, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. Interactions between cannabidiol and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in modulating seizure susceptibility and survival in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4261-4274. [PMID: 32608111 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Extracts from the cannabis plant can dramatically improve the health of children suffering from refractory epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome. These extracts typically contain cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid with well-documented anticonvulsant effects, but may also contain Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC). It is unclear whether the presence of Δ9 -THC modulates the anticonvulsant efficacy of CBD. Here, we utilized the Scn1a+/- mouse model of Dravet syndrome to examine this question. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Scn1a+/- mice recapitulate core features of Dravet syndrome, including hyperthermia-induced seizures, early onset spontaneous seizures and sudden death. We assessed the effects on CBD and Δ9 -THC alone, and in combination on hyperthermia-induced seizures, spontaneous seizures and premature mortality. KEY RESULTS Administered alone, CBD (100 mg·kg-1 i.p.) was anticonvulsant against hyperthermia-induced seizures as were low (0.1 and 0.3 mg·kg-1 i.p.) but not higher doses of Δ9 -THC. A subthreshold dose of CBD (12 mg·kg-1 ) enhanced the anticonvulsant effects of Δ9 -THC (0.1 mg·kg-1 ). Sub-chronic oral administration of Δ9 -THC or CBD alone did not affect spontaneous seizure frequency or mortality while, surprisingly, their co-administration increased the severity of spontaneous seizures and overall mortality. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Low doses of Δ9 -THC are anticonvulsant against hyperthermia-induced seizures in Scn1a+/- mice, effects that are enhanced by a sub-anticonvulsant dose of CBD. However, proconvulsant effects and increased premature mortality are observed when CBD and Δ9 -THC are sub-chronically dosed in combination. The possible explanations and implications of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey L Anderson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivan K Low
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Torrens A, Vozella V, Huff H, McNeil B, Ahmed F, Ghidini A, Mahler SV, Huestis MA, Das A, Piomelli D. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescent and Adult Male Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:151-160. [PMID: 32345621 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in adolescent and adult male mice. The drug was administered at logarithmically ascending doses (0.5, 1.6, and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) to pubertal adolescent (37-day-old) and adult (70-day-old) mice. Δ9-THC and its first-pass metabolites-11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (11-COOH-THC)-were quantified in plasma, brain, and white adipose tissue (WAT) using a validated isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. Δ9-THC (5 mg/kg) reached 50% higher circulating concentration in adolescent mice than in adult mice. A similar age-dependent difference was observed in WAT. Conversely, 40%-60% lower brain concentrations and brain-to-plasma ratios for Δ9-THC and 50%-70% higher brain concentrations for Δ9-THC metabolites were measured in adolescent animals relative to adult animals. Liver microsomes from adolescent mice converted Δ9-THC into 11-COOH-THC twice as fast as adult microsomes. Moreover, the brains of adolescent mice contained higher mRNA levels of the multidrug transporter breast cancer resistance protein, which may extrude Δ9-THC from the brain, and higher mRNA levels of claudin-5, a protein that contributes to blood-brain barrier integrity. Finally, administration of Δ9-THC (5 mg/kg) reduced spontaneous locomotor activity in adult, but not adolescent, animals. The results reveal the existence of multiple differences in the distribution and metabolism of Δ9-THC between adolescent and adult male mice, which might influence the pharmacological response to the drug. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Animal studies suggest that adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the intoxicating constituent of cannabis, causes persistent changes in brain function. These studies generally overlook the impact that age-dependent changes in the distribution and metabolism of the drug might exert on its pharmacological effects. This report provides a comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic properties of Δ9-THC in adolescent and adult male mice and outlines multiple functionally significant dissimilarities in the distribution and metabolism of Δ9-THC between these two age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Torrens
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Valentina Vozella
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Hannah Huff
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Brandon McNeil
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Andrea Ghidini
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Aditi Das
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (A.T., V.V., B.M., F.A., A.G., D.P.), Neurobiology and Behavior (S.V.M.), Biological Chemistry (D.P.), and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.P.), University of California, Irvine, California; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (H.H., A.D.); Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma Italy (A.G.); and Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.H.)
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26
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Methaneethorn J, Naosang K, Kaewworasut P, Poomsaidorn C, Lohitnavy M. Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Mice, Rats, and Pigs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:487-494. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Calapai F, Cardia L, Sorbara EE, Navarra M, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Mannucci C. Cannabinoids, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030265. [PMID: 32183416 PMCID: PMC7150944 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential therapeutic actions of the cannabinoids delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are based on their activity as analgesics, anti-emetics, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-seizure compounds. THC and CBD lipophilicity and their neurological actions makes them candidates as new medicinal approaches to treat central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, they show differences about penetrability and disposition in the brain. The present article is an overview about THC and CBD crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their brain disposition. Several findings indicate that CBD can modify the deleterious effects on BBB caused by inflammatory cytokines and may play a pivotal role in ameliorating BBB dysfunction consequent to ischemia. Thus supporting the therapeutic potential of CBD for the treatment of ischemic and inflammatory diseases of CNS. Cannabinoids positive effects on cognitive function could be also considered through the aspect of protection of BBB cerebrovascular structure and function, indicating that they may purchase substantial benefits through the protection of BBB integrity. Delivery of these cannabinoids in the brain following different routes of administration (subcutaneous, oral, and pulmonary) is illustrated and commented. Finally, the potential role of cannabinoids in drug-resistance in the clinical management of neurological or psychiatric diseases such as epilepsy and schizophrenia is discussed on the light of their crossing the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (E.E.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Luigi Cardia
- Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, A.O.U.G. Martino Messina, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Elisa Sorbara
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (E.E.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (E.E.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0902213646
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (E.E.S.); (C.M.)
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Cannabidiol (CBD) has been generating increasing interest in medicine due to its therapeutic properties and an apparent lack of negative side effects. Research has suggested that high dosages of CBD can be taken acutely and chronically with little to no risk. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of a CBD, with an emphasis on its implications for recovering from a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion. CBD has been shown to influence the endocannabinoid system, both by affecting cannabinoid receptors and other receptors involved in the endocannabinoid system such as vanilloid receptor 1, adenosine receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine via cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanisms. Concussions can result in many physiological consequences, potentially resulting in post-concussion syndrome. While impairments in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular physiology following concussion have been shown, there is unfortunately still no single treatment available to enhance recovery. CBD has been shown to influence the blood brain barrier, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, cognitive capacity, the cerebrovasculature, cardiovascular physiology, and neurogenesis, all of which have been shown to be altered by concussion. CBD can therefore potentially provide treatment to enhance neuroprotection by reducing inflammation, regulating cerebral blood flow, enhancing neurogenesis, and protecting the brain against reactive oxygen species. Double-blind randomized controlled trials are still required to validate the use of CBD as medication following mild TBIs, such as concussion.
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29
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Anderson LL, Low IK, Banister SD, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. Pharmacokinetics of Phytocannabinoid Acids and Anticonvulsant Effect of Cannabidiolic Acid in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3047-3055. [PMID: 31686510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa produces a complex mixture of many bioactive molecules including terpenophenolic compounds known as phytocannabinoids. Phytocannabinoids come in neutral forms (e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC; cannabidiol, CBD; etc.) or as acid precursors, which are dominant in the plant (e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, THCA; cannabidiolic acid, CBDA; etc.). There is increasing interest in unlocking the therapeutic applications of the phytocannabinoid acids; however, the present understanding of the basic pharmacology of phytocannabinoid acids is limited. Herein the brain and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of CBDA, THCA, cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA) were examined following intraperitoneal administration in mice. Next it was examined whether CBDA was anticonvulsant in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome (Scn1aRX/+ mice). All the phytocannabinoid acids investigated were rapidly absorbed with plasma tmax values of between 15 and 45 min and had relatively short half-lives (<4 h). The brain-plasma ratios for the acids were very low at ≤0.04. However, when CBDA was administered in an alternate Tween 80-based vehicle, it exhibited a brain-plasma ratio of 1.9. The anticonvulsant potential of CBDA was examined using this vehicle, and it was found that CBDA significantly increased the temperature threshold at which the Scn1aRX/+ mice had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey L Anderson
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2050 , Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Ivan K Low
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2050 , Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2050 , Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2050 , Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2050 , Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
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30
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Jouroukhin Y, Zhu X, Shevelkin AV, Hasegawa Y, Abazyan B, Saito A, Pevsner J, Kamiya A, Pletnikov MV. Adolescent Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure and Astrocyte-Specific Genetic Vulnerability Converge on Nuclear Factor-κB-Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling to Impair Memory in Adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:891-903. [PMID: 30219209 PMCID: PMC6525084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have linked adolescent cannabis use to long-term cognitive dysfunction, there are negative reports as well. The fact that not all users develop cognitive impairment suggests a genetic vulnerability to adverse effects of cannabis, which are attributed to action of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a cannabis constituent and partial agonist of brain cannabinoid receptor 1. As both neurons and glial cells express cannabinoid receptor 1, genetic vulnerability could influence Δ9-THC-induced signaling in a cell type-specific manner. METHODS Here we use an animal model of inducible expression of dominant-negative disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DN-DISC1) selectively in astrocytes to evaluate the molecular mechanisms, whereby an astrocyte genetic vulnerability could interact with adolescent Δ9-THC exposure to impair recognition memory in adulthood. RESULTS Selective expression of DN-DISC1 in astrocytes and adolescent treatment with Δ9-THC synergistically affected recognition memory in adult mice. Similar deficits in recognition memory were observed following knockdown of endogenous Disc1 in hippocampal astrocytes in mice treated with Δ9-THC during adolescence. At the molecular level, DN-DISC1 and Δ9-THC synergistically activated the nuclear factor-κB-cyclooxygenase-2 pathway in astrocytes and decreased immunoreactivity of parvalbumin-positive presynaptic inhibitory boutons around pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA3 area. The cognitive abnormalities were prevented in DN-DISC1 mice exposed to Δ9-THC by simultaneous adolescent treatment with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, NS398. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that individual vulnerability to cannabis can be exclusively mediated by astrocytes. Results of this work suggest that genetic predisposition within astrocytes can exaggerate Δ9-THC-produced cognitive impairments via convergent inflammatory signaling, suggesting possible targets for preventing adverse effects of cannabis within susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexey V Shevelkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bagrat Abazyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Pevsner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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31
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Banister SD, Arnold JC, Connor M, Glass M, McGregor IS. Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2160-2175. [PMID: 30689342 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa) is the most widely used illicit drug in the world, with an estimated 192 million users globally. The main psychoactive component of cannabis is (-)- trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a compound with a diverse range of pharmacological actions. The unique and distinctive intoxication caused by Δ9-THC primarily reflects partial agonist action at central cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. Δ9-THC is an approved therapeutic treatment for a range of conditions, including chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and multiple sclerosis, and is being investigated in indications such as anorexia nervosa, agitation in dementia, and Tourette's syndrome. It is available as a regulated pharmaceutical in products such as Marinol, Sativex, and Namisol as well as in an ever-increasing range of unregistered medicinal and recreational cannabis products. While cannabis is an ancient medicament, contemporary use is embroiled in legal, scientific, and social controversy, much of which relates to the potential hazards and benefits of Δ9-THC itself. Robust contemporary debate surrounds the therapeutic value of Δ9-THC in different diseases, its capacity to produce psychosis and cognitive impairment, and the addictive and "gateway" potential of the drug. This review will provide a profile of the chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of Δ9-THC as well as the historical and societal import of this unique, distinctive, and ubiquitous psychoactive substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathon C. Arnold
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Science and Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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A marijuana-drug interaction primer: Precipitants, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:25-38. [PMID: 31071346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, the evolving landscape of state-legal marijuana use for recreational and/or medical purposes has given rise to flourishing markets for marijuana and derivative products. The popularity of these products highlights the relative absence of safety, pharmacokinetic, and drug interaction data for marijuana and its constituents, most notably the cannabinoids. This review articulates current issues surrounding marijuana terminology, taxonomy, and dosing; summarizes cannabinoid pharmacology and pharmacokinetics; and assesses the drug interaction risks associated with co-consuming marijuana with conventional medications. Existing pharmacokinetic data are currently insufficient to fully characterize potential drug interactions precipitated by marijuana constituents. As such, increasing awareness among researchers, clinicians, and federal agencies regarding the need to conduct well-designed in vitro and clinical studies is imperative. Mechanisms that help researchers navigate the legal and regulatory barriers to conducting these studies would promote rigorous evaluation of potential marijuana-drug interactions and inform health care providers and consumers about the possible risks of co-consuming marijuana products with conventional medications.
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Hammad AM, Alasmari F, Sari Y, Scott Hall F, Tiwari AK. Alcohol and Cocaine Exposure Modulates ABCB1 and ABCG2 Transporters in Male Alcohol-Preferring Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:1921-1932. [PMID: 29978425 PMCID: PMC7780301 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two efflux transporters, ATP-binding cassettes B1 (ABCB1) and G2 (ABCG2), are highly expressed in the endothelial cells of the brain, where they regulate the bioavailability and distribution of several endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. However, whether ABCB1 or ABCG2 has any link with drug dependence, drug withdrawal effects, or the incidence of adverse effects in drug abuser is not known. In this study, we determined the effects of voluntary ethanol consumption following repeated exposure to cocaine or vehicle on the relative mRNA and protein expression of Abcg2/ABCG2 and Abcb1/ABCB1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Male P rats were allowed free choice access to ethanol (15 and 30% v/v) and water for 5 weeks to establish baseline drinking behavior. The following week, rats were either injected with 20 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine or saline, once a day, for 7 days. The relative mRNA and protein expression of Abcb1/ABCB1 and Abcg2/ABCG2 in the NAc and mPFC were significantly decreased in ethanol-saline- and ethanol-cocaine-exposed rats compared to control rats that received neither ethanol nor cocaine. Thus, prolonged exposure to commonly abused drugs, ethanol and cocaine, alters the expression of Abcb1/ABCB1 and Abcg2/ABCG2 mRNA and protein levels in brain areas that play a role in drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Szilagyi JT, Composto-Wahler GM, Joseph LB, Wang B, Rosen T, Laskin JD, Aleksunes LM. Anandamide down-regulates placental transporter expression through CB2 receptor-mediated inhibition of cAMP synthesis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:331-342. [PMID: 30610963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The BCRP/ABCG2 efflux transporter is expressed on the membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblasts and protects the fetus from toxicant exposure. Syncytiotrophoblasts arise from the fusion of cytotrophoblasts, a process negatively regulated by the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA). It is unknown whether AEA can influence fetal concentrations of xenobiotics by modulating the expression of transporters in syncytiotrophoblasts. Here, we sought to characterize and identify the mechanism(s) responsible for AEA-mediated down-regulation of the BCRP transporter in human placental explants and BeWo trophoblasts. Treatment of human placental explants with AEA (1 μM, 24 h) reduced hCGα, syncytin-1, and BCRP mRNAs by ˜30%. Similarly, treatment of BeWo trophoblasts with AEA (0-10 μM, 3-24 h) coordinately down-regulated mRNAs for hCGß, syncytin-2, and BCRP. In turn, AEA increased the sensitivity of trophoblasts to the cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone, a known BCRP substrate, and environmental and dietary contaminants including mycoestrogens and perfluorinated chemicals. AEA-treated trophoblasts also demonstrated reduced BCRP transport of the mycoestrogen zearalenone and the diabetes drug glyburide, labeled with BODIPY. The AEA-mediated reduction of BCRP mRNA was abrogated when placental cells were co-treated with AM630, a CB2 receptor inhibitor, or 8-Br-cAMP, a cAMP analog. AEA reduced intracellular cAMP levels in trophoblasts by 75% at 1 h, and completely inhibited forskolin-induced phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). AEA also decreased p-CREB binding to the BCRP promoter. Taken together, our data indicate that AEA down-regulates placental transporter expression and activity via CB2-cAMP signaling. This novel mechanism may explain the repression of placental BCRP expression observed during diseases of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Szilagyi
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, School of Graduate Studies, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Gabriella M Composto-Wahler
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, School of Graduate Studies, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Todd Rosen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Chicca A, Schafroth MA, Reynoso-Moreno I, Erni R, Petrucci V, Carreira EM, Gertsch J. Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat2166. [PMID: 30397641 PMCID: PMC6200358 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical studies on the liverwort Radula genus have previously identified the bibenzyl (-)-cis-perrottetinene (cis-PET), which structurally resembles (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-trans-THC) from Cannabis sativa L. Radula preparations are sold as cannabinoid-like legal high on the internet, even though pharmacological data are lacking. Herein, we describe a versatile total synthesis of (-)-cis-PET and its (-)-trans diastereoisomer and demonstrate that both molecules readily penetrate the brain and induce hypothermia, catalepsy, hypolocomotion, and analgesia in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner in mice. The natural product (-)-cis-PET was profiled on major brain receptors, showing a selective cannabinoid pharmacology. This study also uncovers pharmacological differences between Δ9-THC and PET diastereoisomers. Most notably, (-)-cis-PET and (-)-trans-PET significantly reduced basal brain prostaglandin levels associated with Δ9-trans-THC side effects in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner, thus mimicking the action of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Therefore, the natural product (-)-cis-PET is a psychoactive cannabinoid from bryophytes, illustrating the existence of convergent evolution of bioactive cannabinoids in the plant kingdom. Our findings may have implications for bioprospecting and drug discovery and provide a molecular rationale for the reported effects upon consumption of certain Radula preparations as moderately active legal highs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. A. Schafroth
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - I. Reynoso-Moreno
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R. Erni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V. Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E. M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Hryhorowicz S, Walczak M, Zakerska-Banaszak O, Słomski R, Skrzypczak-Zielińska M. Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoids. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:1-12. [PMID: 28534260 PMCID: PMC5794848 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the application of medical marijuana and cannabinoid drugs is controversial, it is a part of modern-day medicine. The list of diseases in which cannabinoids are promoted as a treatment is constantly expanding. Cases of significant improvement in patients with a very poor prognosis of glioma or epilepsy have already been described. However, the occurrence of side effects is still difficult to estimate, and the current knowledge of the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids is still insufficient. In our opinion, the answers to many questions and concerns regarding the medical use of cannabis can be provided by pharmacogenetics. Knowledge based on proteins and molecules involved in the transport, action, and metabolism of cannabinoids in the human organism leads us to predict candidate genes which variations are responsible for the presence of the therapeutic and side effects of medical marijuana and cannabinoid-based drugs. We can divide them into: receptor genes-CNR1, CNR2, TRPV1, and GPR55, transporters-ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC6A, biotransformation, biosynthesis, and bioactivation proteins encoded by CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2A6, CYP1A1, COMT, FAAH, COX2, ABHD6, ABHD12 genes, and also MAPK14. This review organizes the current knowledge in the context of cannabinoids pharmacogenetics according to individualized medicine and cannabinoid drugs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Hryhorowicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Michal Walczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Oliwia Zakerska-Banaszak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
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Brzozowska NI, Smith KL, Zhou C, Waters PM, Cavalcante LM, Abelev SV, Kuligowski M, Clarke DJ, Todd SM, Arnold JC. Genetic deletion of P-glycoprotein alters stress responsivity and increases depression-like behavior, social withdrawal and microglial activation in the hippocampus of female mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:251-261. [PMID: 28502879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ABC transporter expressed at the blood brain barrier and regulates the brain uptake of various xenobiotics and endogenous mediators including glucocorticoid hormones which are critically important to the stress response. Moreover, P-gp is expressed on microglia, the brain's immune cells, which are activated by stressors and have an emerging role in psychiatric disorders. We therefore hypothesised that germline P-gp deletion in mice might alter the behavioral and microglial response to stressors. Female P-gp knockout mice displayed an unusual, frantic anxiety response to intraperitoneal injection stress in the light-dark test. They also tended to display reduced conditioned fear responses compared to wild-type (WT) mice in a paradigm where a single electric foot-shock stressor was paired to a context. Foot-shock stress reduced social interaction and decreased microglia cell density in the amygdala which was not varied by P-gp genotype. Independently of stressor exposure, female P-gp deficient mice displayed increased depression-like behavior, idiosyncratic darting behavior, age-related social withdrawal and hyperactivity, facilitated sensorimotor gating and altered startle reactivity. In addition, P-gp deletion increased microglia cell density in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, and the microglial cells exhibited a reactive, hypo-ramified morphology. Further, female P-gp KO mice displayed increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the hippocampus. In conclusion, this research shows that germline P-gp deletion affected various behaviors of relevance to psychiatric conditions, and that altered microglial cell activity and enhanced GR expression in the hippocampus may play a role in mediating these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Brzozowska
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie L Smith
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Cilla Zhou
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter M Waters
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ligia Menezes Cavalcante
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah V Abelev
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kuligowski
- The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Clarke
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Todd
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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The Differential Binding of Antipsychotic Drugs to the ABC Transporter P-Glycoprotein Predicts Cannabinoid-Antipsychotic Drug Interactions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2222-2231. [PMID: 28272498 PMCID: PMC5603813 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use increases rates of psychotic relapse and treatment failure in schizophrenia patients. Clinical studies suggest that cannabis use reduces the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs, but there has been no direct demonstration of this in a controlled study. The present study demonstrates that exposure to the principal phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), reverses the neurobehavioral effects of the antipsychotic drug risperidone in mice. THC exposure did not influence D2 and 5-HT2A receptor binding, the major targets of antipsychotic action, but it lowered the brain concentrations of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxy risperidone. As risperidone and its active metabolite are excellent substrates of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), we hypothesized that THC might increase P-gp expression at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus enhance efflux of risperidone and its metabolite from brain tissue. We confirmed that the brain disposition of risperidone and 9-hydroxy risperidone is strongly influenced by P-gp, as P-gp knockout mice displayed greater brain concentrations of these drugs than wild-type mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that THC exposure increased P-gp expression in various brain regions important to risperidone's antipsychotic action. We then showed that THC exposure did not influence the neurobehavioral effects of clozapine. Clozapine shares a very similar antipsychotic mode of action to risperidone, but unlike risperidone is not a P-gp substrate. Our results imply that clozapine or non-P-gp substrate antipsychotic drugs may be better first-line treatments for schizophrenia patients with a history of cannabis use.
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Britch SC, Wiley JL, Yu Z, Clowers BH, Craft RM. Cannabidiol-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol interactions on acute pain and locomotor activity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:187-197. [PMID: 28445853 PMCID: PMC5499986 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may potentiate or antagonize Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol's (THC) effects. The current study examined sex differences in CBD modulation of THC-induced antinociception, hypolocomotion, and metabolism. METHODS In Experiment 1, CBD (0, 10 or 30mg/kg) was administered 15min before THC (0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 or 10mg/kg), and rats were tested for antinociception and locomotion 15-360min post-THC injection. In Experiments 2 and 3, CBD (30mg/kg) was administered 13h or 15min before THC (1.8mg/kg); rats were tested for antinociception and locomotion 30-480min post-THC injection (Experiment 2), or serum samples were taken 30-360min post-THC injection to examine CBD modulation of THC metabolism (Experiment 3). RESULTS In Experiment 1, CBD alone produced no antinociceptive effects, while enhancing THC-induced paw pressure but not tail withdrawal antinociception 4-6h post-THC injection. CBD alone increased locomotor activity at 6h post-injection, but enhanced THC-induced hypolocomotion 4-6h post-THC injection, at lower THC doses. There were no sex differences in CBD-THC interactions. In Experiments 2 and 3, CBD did not significantly enhance THC's effects when CBD was administered 13h or 15min before THC; however, CBD inhibited THC metabolism, and this effect was greater in females than males. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CBD may enhance THC's antinociceptive and hypolocomotive effects, primarily prolonging THC's duration of action; however, these effects were small and inconsistent across experiments. CBD inhibition of THC metabolism as well other mechanisms likely contribute to CBD-THC interactions on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie C. Britch
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 99164-4820
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27709-2194
| | - Zhihao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Brian H. Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Rebecca M. Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 99164-4820
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Silveira MM, Arnold JC, Laviolette SR, Hillard CJ, Celorrio M, Aymerich MS, Adams WK. Seeing through the smoke: Human and animal studies of cannabis use and endocannabinoid signalling in corticolimbic networks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:380-395. [PMID: 27639448 PMCID: PMC5350061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Public opinion surrounding the recreational use and therapeutic potential of cannabis is shifting. This review describes new work examining the behavioural and neural effects of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system, highlighting key regions within corticolimbic brain circuits. First, we consider the role of human genetic factors and cannabis strain chemotypic differences in contributing to interindividual variation in the response to cannabinoids, such as THC, and review studies demonstrating that THC-induced impairments in decision-making processes are mediated by actions at prefrontal CB1 receptors. We further describe evidence that signalling through prefrontal or ventral hippocampal CB1 receptors modulates mesolimbic dopamine activity, aberrations of which may contribute to emotional processing deficits in schizophrenia. Lastly, we review studies suggesting that endocannabinoid tone in the amygdala is a critical regulator of anxiety, and report new data showing that FAAH activity is integral to this response. Together, these findings underscore the importance of cannabinoid signalling in the regulation of cognitive and affective behaviours, and encourage further research given their social, political, and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason M Silveira
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- The Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marta Celorrio
- Program of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María S Aymerich
- Program of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Wendy K Adams
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Todd SM, Zhou C, Clarke DJ, Chohan TW, Bahceci D, Arnold JC. Interactions between cannabidiol and Δ 9-THC following acute and repeated dosing: Rebound hyperactivity, sensorimotor gating and epigenetic and neuroadaptive changes in the mesolimbic pathway. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:132-145. [PMID: 28043732 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The evidence base for the use of medical cannabis preparations containing specific ratios of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is limited. While there is abundant data on acute interactions between CBD and THC, few studies have assessed the impact of their repeated co-administration. We previously reported that CBD inhibited or potentiated the acute effects of THC dependent on the measure being examined at a 1:1 CBD:THC dose ratio. Further, CBD decreased THC effects on brain regions involved in memory, anxiety and body temperature regulation. Here we extend on these finding by examining over 15 days of treatment whether CBD modulated the repeated effects of THC on behaviour and neuroadaption markers in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. After acute locomotor suppression, repeated THC caused rebound locomotor hyperactivity that was modestly inhibited by CBD. CBD also slightly reduced the acute effects of THC on sensorimotor gating. These subtle effects were found at a 1:1 CBD:THC dose ratio but were not accentuated by a 5:1 dose ratio. CBD did not alter the trajectory of enduring THC-induced anxiety nor tolerance to the pharmacological effects of THC. There was no evidence of CBD potentiating the behavioural effects of THC. However we demonstrated for the first time that repeated co-administration of CBD and THC increased histone 3 acetylation (H3K9/14ac) in the VTA and ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens. These changes suggest that while CBD may have protective effects acutely, its long-term molecular actions on the brain are more complex and may be supradditive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Todd
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cilla Zhou
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David J Clarke
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tariq W Chohan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dilara Bahceci
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Lambert Initiative of Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Lambert Initiative of Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Moreno-Sanz G. Can You Pass the Acid Test? Critical Review and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:124-130. [PMID: 28861488 PMCID: PMC5549534 DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) is the acidic precursor of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound found in Cannabis sativa. THCA-A is biosynthesized and accumulated in glandular trichomes present on flowers and leaves, where it serves protective functions and can represent up to 90% of the total THC contained in the plant. THCA-A slowly decarboxylates to form THC during storage and fermentation and can further degrade to cannabinol. Decarboxylation also occurs rapidly during baking of edibles, smoking, or vaporizing, the most common ways in which the general population consumes Cannabis. Contrary to THC, THCA-A does not elicit psychoactive effects in humans and, perhaps for this reason, its pharmacological value is often neglected. In fact, many studies use the term “THCA” to refer indistinctly to several acid derivatives of THC. Despite this perception, many in vitro studies seem to indicate that THCA-A interacts with a number of molecular targets and displays a robust pharmacological profile that includes potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and antineoplastic properties. Moreover, the few in vivo studies performed with THCA-A indicate that this compound exerts pharmacological actions in rodents, likely by engaging type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Although these findings may seem counterintuitive due to the lack of cannabinoid-related psychoactivity, a careful perusal of the available literature yields a plausible explanation to this conundrum and points toward novel therapeutic perspectives for raw, unheated Cannabis preparations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Sanz
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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Brzozowska N, Li KM, Wang XS, Booth J, Stuart J, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. ABC transporters P-gp and Bcrp do not limit the brain uptake of the novel antipsychotic and anticonvulsant drug cannabidiol in mice. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2081. [PMID: 27257556 PMCID: PMC4888295 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is currently being investigated as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of CNS disorders like schizophrenia and epilepsy. ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) mediate pharmacoresistance in these disorders. P-gp and Bcrp are expressed at the blood brain barrier (BBB) and reduce the brain uptake of substrate drugs including various antipsychotics and anticonvulsants. It is therefore important to assess whether CBD is prone to treatment resistance mediated by P-gp and Bcrp. Moreover, it has become common practice in the drug development of CNS agents to screen against ABC transporters to help isolate lead compounds with optimal pharmacokinetic properties. The current study aimed to assess whether P-gp and Bcrp impacts the brain transport of CBD by comparing CBD tissue concentrations in wild-type (WT) mice versus mice devoid of ABC transporter genes. P-gp knockout (Abcb1a/b (-∕-)), Bcrp knockout (Abcg2 (-∕-)), combined P-gp/Bcrp knockout (Abcb1a/b (-∕-) Abcg2 (-∕-)) and WT mice were injected with CBD, before brain and plasma samples were collected at various time-points. CBD results were compared with the positive control risperidone and 9-hydroxy risperidone, antipsychotic drugs that are established ABC transporter substrates. Brain and plasma concentrations of CBD were not greater in P-gp, Bcrp or P-gp/Bcrp knockout mice than WT mice. In comparison, the brain/plasma concentration ratios of risperidone and 9-hydroxy risperidone were profoundly higher in P-gp knockout mice than WT mice. These results suggest that CBD is not a substrate of P-gp or Bcrp and may be free from the complication of reduced brain uptake by these transporters. Such findings provide favorable evidence for the therapeutic development of CBD in the treatment of various CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Brzozowska
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Kong M Li
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Xiao Suo Wang
- Bosch Mass Spectrometry Facility, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Jessica Booth
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- The Lambert Initiative of Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Psychopharmacology Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative of Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Psychopharmacology Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Lambert Initiative of Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Todd SM, Arnold JC. Neural correlates of interactions between cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol in mice: implications for medical cannabis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:53-65. [PMID: 26377899 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been proposed that medicinal strains of cannabis and therapeutic preparations would be safer with a more balanced concentration ratio of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD), as CBD reduces the adverse psychotropic effects of THC. However, our understanding of CBD and THC interactions is limited and the brain circuitry mediating interactions between CBD and THC are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CBD modulated the functional effects and c-Fos expression induced by THC, using a 1:1 dose ratio that approximates therapeutic strains of cannabis and nabiximols. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle, CBD, THC or a combination of CBD and THC (10 mg·kg(-1) i.p. for both cannabinoids) to examine effects on locomotor activity, anxiety-related behaviour, body temperature and brain c-Fos expression (a marker of neuronal activation). KEY RESULTS CBD potentiated THC-induced locomotor suppression but reduced the hypothermic and anxiogenic effects of THC. CBD alone had no effect on these measures. THC increased brain activation as measured by c-Fos expression in 11 of the 35 brain regions studied. CBD co-administration suppressed THC-induced c-Fos expression in six of these brain regions. This effect was most pronounced in the medial preoptic nucleus and lateral periaqueductal gray. Treatment with CBD alone diminished c-Fos expression only in the central nucleus of the amygdala compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data confirm that CBD modulated the pharmacological actions of THC and provide new information regarding brain regions involved in the interaction between CBD and THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Todd
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Gharavi R, Hedrich W, Wang H, Hassan HE. Transporter-Mediated Disposition of Opioids: Implications for Clinical Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2477-502. [PMID: 25972096 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid-related deaths, abuse, and drug interactions are growing epidemic problems that have medical, social, and economic implications. Drug transporters play a major role in the disposition of many drugs, including opioids; hence they can modulate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and their associated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Our understanding of the interaction of transporters with many therapeutic agents is improving; however, investigating such interactions with opioids is progressing relatively slowly despite the alarming number of opioids-mediated DDIs that may be related to transporters. This review presents a comprehensive report of the current literature relating to opioids and their drug transporter interactions. Additionally, it highlights the emergence of transporters that are yet to be fully identified but may play prominent roles in the disposition of opioids, the growing interest in transporter genomics for opioids, and the potential implications of opioid-drug transporter interactions for cancer treatments. A better understanding of drug transporters interactions with opioids will provide greater insight into potential clinical DDIs and could help improve opioids safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gharavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Rooms: N525 (Office), Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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Why sigma-1 receptor dysfunction might confer vulnerability to cannabis-induced psychosis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1911-3. [PMID: 25116043 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wong A, Keats K, Rooney K, Hicks C, Allsop DJ, Arnold JC, McGregor IS. Fasting and exercise increase plasma cannabinoid levels in THC pre-treated rats: an examination of behavioural consequences. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3987-96. [PMID: 24696079 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, accumulates in fat tissue where it can remain for prolonged periods. Under conditions of increased fat utilisation, blood cannabinoid concentrations can increase. However, it is unclear whether this has behavioural consequences. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined whether rats pre-treated with multiple or single doses of THC followed by a washout would show elevated plasma cannabinoids and altered behaviour following fasting or exercise manipulations designed to increase fat utilisation. METHODS Behavioural impairment was measured as an inhibition of spontaneous locomotor activity or a failure to successfully complete a treadmill exercise session. Fat utilisation was indexed by plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels with plasma concentrations of THC and its terminal metabolite (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) also measured. RESULTS Rats given daily THC (10 mg/kg) for 5 days followed by a 4-day washout showed elevated plasma THC-COOH when fasted for 24 h relative to non-fasted controls. Fasted rats showed lower locomotor activity than controls suggesting a behavioural effect of fat-released THC. However, rats fasted for 20 h after a single 5-mg/kg THC injection did not show locomotor suppression, despite modestly elevated plasma THC-COOH. Rats pre-treated with THC (5 mg/kg) and exercised 20 h later also showed elevated plasma THC-COOH but did not differ from controls in their likelihood of completing 30 min of treadmill exercise. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that fasting and exercise can increase plasma cannabinoid levels. Behavioural consequences are more clearly observed with pre-treatment regimes involving repeated rather than single THC dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wong
- The Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Arnold JC, Hone P, Holland ML, Allen JD. CB2 and TRPV1 receptors mediate cannabinoid actions on MDR1 expression in multidrug resistant cells. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:751-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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