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Lee DHY, Tsang JY, Li JJX, Lau SL, Tam F, Loong TC, Tse GM. Cytokeratin 15 is a novel and independent predictor of poor outcome in luminal B HER2-negative breast carcinomas. Pathology 2024; 56:834-841. [PMID: 38909003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Cytokeratin 15 (CK15) has been described as a stem cell marker in human organs and its expression is seen in breast tissue. CK15 expression is associated with aggressive features in endometrial and oesophageal cancers, but data on the breast are lacking. This study aims to investigate the clinicopathological associations and prognostic significance of CK15 in breast carcinomas. A multi-institute cohort of breast carcinomas were retrieved. Clinicopathological and outcome data were obtained and compared with immunohistochemical expression CK15 and a panel of biomarkers. In total, 1,476 cases were included, with an expression rate of 3.5%, preferentially expressed in luminal subtypes (p=0.024), with luminal B carcinomas being the highest (4.7%), as opposed to basal-like (1%) and HER2-overexpressed carcinomas (0%). Except for nodal stage (p=0.013) and nodal metastasis (p=0.048), oestrogen (p=0.035) and progesterone receptor (p=0.001) positivity, there were no associations with other clinicopathological parameters. A trend was observed with shorter breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) in CK15-positive luminal B carcinomas (p=0.062). On further subgroup multivariate analysis of luminal B HER2-negative carcinomas, CK15 expression exhibited robust correlation with shorter BCSS (HR=9.004, p=0.001) and disease-free survival (HR=7.085, p<0.001). Restricted to luminal breast carcinomas, specifically luminal B HER2-negative, CK15 is demonstrated to be a robust independent predictor of higher risk of recurrence and shorter survival, with potential as a clinical prognostic marker and an exclusive stem cell marker for this subgroup of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Y Lee
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Y Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua J X Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sin Leung Lau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fiona Tam
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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2
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Rabinovich OF, Rabinovich IM, Babichenko II, Umarova KV, Bekmurzova LF. [Precancers of the oral mucosa: clinic, diagnostics]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2024; 103:5-11. [PMID: 38741528 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20241030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study. Improving the efficiency of diagnosis and detailing the features of the clinic of «potentially malignant» diseases of the oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and laboratory examination of 124 patients of the department of oral mucosa diseases aged 35 to 80 years, among whom there were 75 women and 49 men, with diseases such as erythroplakia - 12 patients, verrucous leukoplakia - 52 patients, erosive form of leukoplakia - 35 patients, cheilitis Manganotti - 25 patients. Histological and immunohistochemical methods of investigation were used as diagnostics. To assess the proliferative activity of epithelial cells, the determination of the Ki-67 index was used. The synthesis of keratin 15 (K15) in epithelial layers was determined as a diagnostic criterion for the severity of neoplasia. The expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) antigens and p16INK4a protein in epithelial cells was studied, as well as the expression of p53 protein. RESULTS A high prevalence of p53 mutations was observed in patients with erythroplakia. In leukoplakia, the expression of the Ki-67 protein was detected in the cell nuclei in both the basal and parabasal layers of the multilayer squamous epithelium, in 77% of cases, the expression of the p16INK4a protein in the epithelial nuclei with varying degrees of dysplastic changes was noted, and a positive reaction to HPV16 was also observed in the cell nuclei and cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the basal, parabasal and spiny epithelial layers. The appearance of K15 in the cytoplasm of cells above the basal layer with abrasive precancerous cheilitis was found in 48% of cases. CONCLUSION To diagnose early manifestations of neoplastic processes in «potentially malignant» diseases of the oral mucosa, it is necessary to use both classical histological and immunohistochemical methods of investigation with various markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Rabinovich
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - I M Rabinovich
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Babichenko
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia
| | - K V Umarova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - L F Bekmurzova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Riedl JA, Riddle M, Xia L, Eide C, Boull C, Ebens CL, Tolar J. Interrogation of RDEB Epidermal Allografts after BMT Reveals Coexpression of Collagen VII and Keratin 15 with Proinflammatory Immune Cells and Fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2424-2434. [PMID: 35304249 PMCID: PMC9391265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a devastating genodermatosis characterized by dysfunctional collagen VII protein resulting in epithelial blistering of the skin, mucosa, and gastrointestinal tract. There is no cure for RDEB, but improvement of clinical phenotype has been achieved with bone marrow transplantation and subsequent epidermal allografting from the bone marrow transplant donor. Epidermal allografting of these patients has decreased wound surface area for up to 3 years after treatment. This study aimed to determine the phenotype of the epidermal allograft cells responsible for durable persistence of wound healing and skin integrity. We found that epidermal allografts provide basal keratinocytes coexpressing collagen VII and basal stem cell marker keratin 15. Characterization of RDEB full-thickness skin biopsies with single-cell RNA sequencing uncovered proinflammatory immune and fibroblast phenotypes potentially driven by the local environment of RDEB skin. This is further highlighted by the presence of a myofibroblast population, which has not been described in healthy control human skin. Finally, we found inflammatory fibroblasts expressing profibrotic gene POSTN, which may have implications in the development of squamous cell carcinoma, a common, lethal complication of RDEB that lacks curative treatment. In conclusion, this study provides insights into and targets for future RDEB studies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Riedl
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MD/PhD), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Stem Cell Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan Riddle
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lily Xia
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cindy Eide
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christina Boull
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christen L Ebens
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Stem Cell Institute, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Ductal keratin 15 + luminal progenitors in normal breast exhibit a basal-like breast cancer transcriptomic signature. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 35821504 PMCID: PMC9276673 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal breast luminal epithelial progenitors have been implicated as cell of origin in basal-like breast cancer, but their anatomical localization remains understudied. Here, we combine collection under the microscope of organoids from reduction mammoplasties and single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of FACS-sorted luminal epithelial cells with multicolor imaging to profile ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) and compare them with breast cancer subtypes. Unsupervised clustering reveals eleven distinct clusters and a differentiation trajectory starting with keratin 15+ (K15+) progenitors enriched in ducts. Spatial mapping of luminal progenitors is confirmed at the protein level by staining with critical duct markers. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of normal luminal cells with those of breast cancer subtypes suggests a strong correlation between normal breast ductal progenitors and basal-like breast cancer. We propose that K15+ basal-like breast cancers originate in ductal progenitors, which emphasizes the importance of not only lineages but also cellular position within the ductal-lobular tree.
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5
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Chew EGY, Lim TC, Leong MF, Liu X, Sia YY, Leong ST, Yan-Jiang BC, Stoecklin C, Borhan R, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Nöthen MM, Viasnoff V, Shyh-Chang N, Wan ACA, Philpott MP, Hillmer AM. Observations that suggest a contribution of altered dermal papilla mitochondrial function to androgenetic alopecia. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:906-917. [PMID: 35119146 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent hair loss condition in males that develops due to the influence of androgens and genetic predisposition. With the aim of elucidating genes involved in AGA pathogenesis, we modelled AGA with three-dimensional culture of keratinocyte-surrounded dermal papilla (DP) cells. We co-cultured immortalised balding and non-balding human DP cells (DPC) derived from male AGA patients with epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) using multi-interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation technique. We observed up-regulated mitochondria-related gene expression in balding compared to non-balding DP aggregates which indicated altered mitochondria metabolism. Further observation of significantly reduced electron transport chain complex activity (complex I, IV and V), ATP levels and ability to uptake metabolites for ATP generation demonstrated compromised mitochondria function in balding DPC. Balding DP was also found to be under significantly higher oxidative stress than non-balding DP. Our experiments suggest that application of antioxidants lowers oxidative stress levels and improve metabolite uptake in balding DPC. We postulate that the observed up-regulation of mitochondria-related genes in balding DP aggregates resulted from an over-compensatory effort to rescue decreased mitochondrial function in balding DP through the attempted production of new functional mitochondria. In all, our three-dimensional co-culturing revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in balding DPC, suggesting a metabolic component in the etiology of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine G Y Chew
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tze Chiun Lim
- Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
| | - Meng Fatt Leong
- Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.,School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Xingliang Liu
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Yen Sia
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Ting Leong
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C Yan-Jiang
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celine Stoecklin
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rosa Borhan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine &, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine &, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Institute of Zoology, Institute of Stem Cell & Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew C A Wan
- Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.,Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Singapore
| | - M P Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Lu Y, Chen H, Zhang J, Tang B, Zhang H, Ma C, Tang X, Li L, Wu J, Wei J, Li S, Yang L, Han L, Lu C. Fuzhenghefuzhiyang Formula (FZHFZY) Improves Epidermal Differentiation via Suppression of the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 Signalling Pathway in Psoriatic Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650816. [PMID: 34456715 PMCID: PMC8386017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic proliferative skin disorder characterised by abnormal epidermal differentiation. The Fuzhenghefuzhiyang (FZHFZY) formula created by Chuanjian Lu, a master of Chinese medicine in dermatology, has been external used in the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine for the treatment of psoriasis, but its mechanisms of action against psoriasis remain poorly understood. This study involved an exploration of the effects of FZHFZY on epidermal differentiation and its underlying mechanisms in interleukin (IL)-17A/IL-22/interferon (IFN)-γ/tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α–stimulated HaCaT cells and in a mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Epidermal differentiation was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Histological evaluation of the skin tissue was performed via haematoxylin and eosin staining, and the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway was analysed by western blotting. FZHFZY inhibited proliferation and improved epidermal differentiation in IL-17A/IL-22/IFN-γ/TNF-α–induced HaCaT cells. FZHFZY ameliorated symptoms of psoriasis, regulated epidermal differentiation and inhibited phosphorylation of the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway in the skin of mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Our results suggest that FZHFZY may exhibit therapeutic action against psoriasis by regulating epidermal differentiation via inhibition of the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Chinese Medicine Dermatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Chinese Medicine Dermatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Chinese Medicine Dermatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changju Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Chinese Medicine Dermatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Guangzhou Youcare Biopharmaceutics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Chinese Medicine Dermatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Chinese Medicine Dermatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Sharma M, Shetty SS, Radhakrishnan R. Novel Pathways and Mechanism of Nicotine-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:66-79. [PMID: 34365933 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210806161312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) contains 9 times more nicotine than Smoked Tobacco (SMT). The carcinogenic effect of nicotine is intensified by converting nicotine-to-nicotine-derived Nitrosamines (NDNs). METHODS A review of the literature was conducted with a tailored search strategy to unravel the novel pathways and mechanisms of nicotine-induced oral carcinogenesis. RESULTS Nicotine and NDNs act on nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) as agonists. Nicotine facilitates cravings through α4β2nAChR and α7nAChR, via enhanced brain dopamine release. Nicotine binding to nAChR promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastasis of oral cancer cells. Nicotine binding to α7nAChR on keratinocytes triggers Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade promoting anti-apoptosis and pro-proliferative effects. Furthermore, the nicotine-enhanced metastasis is subdued on nAChR blockade through reduced nuclear localization of p-EGFR. CONCLUSION Protracted exposure to nicotine/NDN augments cancer-stimulatory α7nAChR and desensitizes cancer inhibitory α4β2nAChR. Since nAChRs dictate both addictive and carcinogenic effects of nicotine, it seems counterintuitive to designate nicotine just as an addictive agent devoid of any carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad - 121004. India
| | - Smitha S Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, (Karnataka). India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104. India
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PKCα/ERK/C7ORF41 axis regulates epidermal keratinocyte differentiation through the IKKα nuclear translocation. Biochem J 2021; 478:839-854. [PMID: 33528492 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes disrupts the skin barrier and causes a series of skin diseases. However, the molecular basis of keratinocyte differentiation is still poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the expression of C7ORF41 using tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry and found that C7ORF41 is specifically expressed in the basal layers of skin epithelium and its expression is gradually decreased during keratinocytes differentiation. Importantly, we corroborated the pivotal role of C7ORF41 during keratinocyte differentiation by C7ORF41 knockdown or overexpression in TPA-induced Hacat keratinocytes. Mechanismly, we first demonstrated that C7ORF41 inhibited keratinocyte differentiation mainly through formatting a complex with IKKα in the cytoplasm, which thus blocked the nuclear translocation of IKKα. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that inhibiting the PKCα/ERK signaling pathway reversed the reduction in C7ORF41 in TPA-induced keratinocytes, indicating that C7ORF41 expression could be regulated by upstream PKCα/ERK signaling pathway during keratinocyte differentiation. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel regulatory network PKCα/ERK/C7ORF41/IKKα during keratinocyte differentiation, which provides potential therapeutic targets for skin diseases.
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9
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Loss of oral mucosal stem cell markers in oral submucous fibrosis and their reactivation in malignant transformation. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:23. [PMID: 32826859 PMCID: PMC7442837 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the basal stem cell layer is critical for epithelial homoeostasis. In this paper, we review the expression of oral mucosal stem cell markers (OM-SCMs) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to understand the role of basal cells in potentiating cancer stem cell behaviour in OSF. While the loss of basal cell clonogenicity triggers epithelial atrophy in OSF, the transition of the epithelium from atrophic to hyperplastic and eventually neoplastic involves the reactivation of basal stemness. The vacillating expression patterns of OM-SCMs confirm the role of keratins 5, 14, 19, CD44, β1-integrin, p63, sex-determining region Y box (SOX2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4), c-MYC, B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukaemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in OSF, OPMDs and OSCC. The downregulation of OM-SCMs in the atrophic epithelium of OSF and their upregulation during malignant transformation are illustrated with relevant literature in this review.
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10
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Waseem NH, Low S, Shah AZ, Avisetti D, Ostergaard P, Simpson M, Niemiec KA, Martin-Martin B, Aldehlawi H, Usman S, Lee PS, Khawaja AP, Ruddle JB, Shah A, Sackey E, Day A, Jiang Y, Swinfield G, Viswanathan A, Alfano G, Chakarova C, Cordell HJ, Garway-Heath DF, Khaw PT, Bhattacharya SS, Waseem A, Foster PJ. Mutations in SPATA13/ASEF2 cause primary angle closure glaucoma. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008721. [PMID: 32339198 PMCID: PMC7233598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current estimates suggest 50% of glaucoma blindness worldwide is caused by primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) but the causative gene is not known. We used genetic linkage and whole genome sequencing to identify Spermatogenesis Associated Protein 13, SPATA13 (NM_001166271; NP_001159743, SPATA13 isoform I), also known as ASEF2 (Adenomatous polyposis coli-stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2), as the causal gene for PACG in a large seven-generation white British family showing variable expression and incomplete penetrance. The 9 bp deletion, c.1432_1440del; p.478_480del was present in all affected individuals with angle-closure disease. We show ubiquitous expression of this transcript in cell lines derived from human tissues and in iris, retina, retinal pigment and ciliary epithelia, cornea and lens. We also identified eight additional mutations in SPATA13 in a cohort of 189 unrelated PACS/PAC/PACG samples. This gene encodes a 1277 residue protein which localises to the nucleus with partial co-localisation with nuclear speckles. In cells undergoing mitosis SPATA13 isoform I becomes part of the kinetochore complex co-localising with two kinetochore markers, polo like kinase 1 (PLK-1) and centrosome-associated protein E (CENP-E). The 9 bp deletion reported in this study increases the RAC1-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) activity. The increase in GEF activity was also observed in three other variants identified in this study. Taken together, our data suggest that SPATA13 is involved in the regulation of mitosis and the mutations dysregulate GEF activity affecting homeostasis in tissues where it is highly expressed, influencing PACG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushin H. Waseem
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sancy Low
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amna Z. Shah
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepa Avisetti
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Medical Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Simpson
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna A. Niemiec
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Belen Martin-Martin
- Blizard Advanced Light Microscopy, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hebah Aldehlawi
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saima Usman
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pak Sang Lee
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan B. Ruddle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ameet Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ege Sackey
- Medical Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Day
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuzhen Jiang
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Swinfield
- Society of Genealogists, Goswell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ananth Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Alfano
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Heather J. Cordell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Garway-Heath
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T. Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shomi S. Bhattacharya
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Serum lipids, retinoic acid and phenol red differentially regulate expression of keratins K1, K10 and K2 in cultured keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4829. [PMID: 32179842 PMCID: PMC7076045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal keratinocyte differentiation is fundamental to pathologies such as skin cancer and mucosal inflammatory diseases. The ability to grow keratinocytes in vitro allows the study of differentiation however any translational value is limited if keratinocytes get altered by the culture method. Although serum lipids (SLPs) and phenol red (PR) are ubiquitous components of culture media their effect on differentiation is largely unknown. We show for the first time that PR and SLP themselves suppress expression of differentiation-specific keratins K1, K10 and K2 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and two important cell lines, HaCaT and N/TERT-1. Removal of SLP increased expression of K1, K10 and K2 in 2D and 3D cultures, which was further enhanced in the absence of PR. The effect was reversed for K1 and K10 by adding all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) but increased for K2 in the absence of PR. Furthermore, retinoid regulation of differentiation-specific keratins involves post-transcriptional mechanisms as we show KRT2 mRNA is stabilised whilst KRT1 and KRT10 mRNAs are destabilised in the presence of ATRA. Taken together, our results indicate that the presence of PR and SLP in cell culture media may significantly impact in vitro studies of keratinocyte differentiation.
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12
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Ivina AA, Semkin VA, Khabadze ZS, Babichenko II. [Immunohistochemical study of Ki-67, PHH3, and CK15 protein expression in oral epithelial malignancy]. Arkh Patol 2019; 81:30-34. [PMID: 31626202 DOI: 10.17116/patol20198105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Ki-67, phosphohistone H-3 (PHH3), and cytokeratin 15 (CK15) proteins in the cells of the oral mucosa (OM) according to the degree of its malignant transformation. MATERIAL AND METHODS OM biopsy specimens from 69 patients diagnosed with focal epithelial hyperplasia, intraepithelial squamous cell neoplasia, cancer in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma were examined. Tissue antigens were determined using mouse Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies, rabbit PHH3 polyclonal antibodies, and mouse CK15 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS There was an increase in epithelial proliferative and mitotic activities in squamous cell carcinoma and a sharp decrease in the expression of CK15 in the cytoplasm in cancer in situ and squamous cell carcinoma of the OM. CONCLUSION The protein CK15 can be used for the differential diagnosis between high-grade dysplasia and OM epithelial malignancy at the stage of carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ivina
- People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia,Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Semkin
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z S Khabadze
- People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Babichenko
- People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia,Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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13
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The monoclonal antibody EPR1614Y against the stem cell biomarker keratin K15 lacks specificity and reacts with other keratins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1943. [PMID: 30760780 PMCID: PMC6374370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 15 (K15), a type I keratin, which pairs with K5 in epidermis, has been used extensively as a biomarker for stem cells. Two commercial antibodies, LHK15, a mouse monoclonal and EPR1614Y, a rabbit monoclonal, have been widely employed to study K15 expression. Here we report differential reactivity of these antibodies on epithelial cells and tissue sections. Although the two antibodies specifically recognised K15 on western blot, they reacted differently on skin sections and cell lines. LHK15 reacted in patches, whereas EPR1614Y reacted homogenously with the basal keratinocytes in skin sections. In cultured cells, LHK15 did not react with K15 deficient NEB-1, KEB-11, MCF-7 and SW13 cells expressing only exogenous K8 and K18 but reacted when these cells were transduced with K15. On the other hand, EPR1614Y reacted with these cells even though they were devoid of K15. Taken together these results suggest that EPR1614Y recognises a conformational epitope on keratin filaments which can be reconstituted by other keratins as well as by K15. In conclusion, this report highlights that all commercially available antibodies may not be equally specific in identifying the K15 positive stem cell.
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14
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Wu W, Fan H, Jiang Y, Liao L, Li L, Zhao J, Zhang H, Shrestha C, Xie Z. Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase in keratinocytes by PTH and FGF23. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1201-1209. [PMID: 30066343 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Peace Hospital Attached to Chang-Zhi Medical College; Chang-Zhi China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Pathology; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Liyan Liao
- Department of Pathology; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Lusha Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Chandrama Shrestha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
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15
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Kaowinn S, Kim J, Lee J, Shin DH, Kang CD, Kim DK, Lee S, Kang MK, Koh SS, Kim SJ, Chung YH. Cancer upregulated gene 2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human lung cancer cells via TGF-β signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5092-5110. [PMID: 27974707 PMCID: PMC5354895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer upregulated gene 2 (CUG2) enhances cell migration and invasion, but the underlying mechanism has not been revealed. Herein, CUG2 decreased the expression of E-cadherin and increased the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin, characteristics of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). A CUG2 deletion mutant, lacking interaction with nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), or suppression of NPM1 reduced wound healing and cell invasion, indicating that CUG2-mediated EMT requires NPM1. CUG2 enhanced activation of Smad2/3 and expression of Snail and Twist, while the CUG2 silence decreased these TGF-β signaling pathways, leading to suppression of EMT. NPM silence also inhibited the CUG2-induced TGF-β signaling. These results suggest that TGF-β signaling is involved in CUG2-induced EMT. Treatment with EW-7197, a novel inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, diminished CUG2-mediated EMT and inhibition of Akt, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK, non-canonical TGF-β signaling molecules, also decreased expression of Smad2/3, Snail and Twist, leading to inhibition of EMT. The results confirm that TGF-β signaling is essential for CUG2-mediated EMT. Interestingly, TGF-β enhanced CUG2 expression. We further found that both CUG2-induced TGF-β production and TGF-β-induced CUG2 up-regulation required a physical interaction between Sp1 and Smad2/3 in the CUG2 and TGF-β promoter, as demonstrated by a promoter reporter assay, immunoprecipitation, and ChIP assay. These results indicated close crosstalk between CUG2 and TGF-β. Conversely, suppression of CUG2 or NPM1 did not completely inhibit TGF-β-induced EMT, indicating that the effect of TGF-β on EMT is dominant over the effect of CUG2 on EMT. Collectively, our findings suggest that CUG2 induces the EMT via TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirichat Kaowinn
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyo Kim
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Dug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kee Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, EwhaWomans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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16
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Divergent proliferation patterns of distinct human hair follicle epithelial progenitor niches in situ and their differential responsiveness to prostaglandin D2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15197. [PMID: 29123134 PMCID: PMC5680340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scalp hair follicles (hHF) harbour several epithelial stem (eHFSC) and progenitor cell sub-populations organised into spatially distinct niches. However, the constitutive cell cycle activity of these niches remains to be characterized in situ. Therefore, the current study has studied these characteristics of keratin 15+ (K15), CD200+ or CD34+ cells within anagen VI hHFs by immunohistomorphometry, using Ki-67 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). We quantitatively demonstrate in situ the relative cell cycle inactivity of the CD200+/K15+ bulge compared to other non-bulge CD34+ and K15+ progenitor compartments and found that in each recognized eHFSC/progenitor niche, proliferation associates negatively with eHFSC-marker expression. Furthermore, we also show how prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is upregulated in balding scalp, differentially impacts on the proliferation of distinct eHFSC populations. Namely, 24 h organ-cultured hHFs treated with PGD2 displayed reduced Ki-67 expression and EdU incorporation in bulge resident K15+ cells, but not in supra/proximal bulb outer root sheath K15+ progenitors. This study emphasises clear differences between the cell cycle behaviour of spatially distinct stem/progenitor cell niches in the hHF, and demonstrates a possible link between PGD2 and perturbed proliferation dynamics in epithelial stem cells.
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17
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Perlecan expression influences the keratin 15-positive cell population fate in the epidermis of aging skin. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:751-68. [PMID: 26996820 PMCID: PMC4925826 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is continuously renewed by stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Basal keratinocytes append the dermal‐epidermal junction, a cell surface‐associated, extracellular matrix that provides structural support and influences their behaviour. It consists of laminins, type IV collagen, nidogens, and perlecan, which are necessary for tissue organization and structural integrity. Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan known to be involved in keratinocyte survival and differentiation. Aging affects the dermal epidermal junction resulting in decreased contact with keratinocytes, thus impacting epidermal renewal and homeostasis. We found that perlecan expression decreased during chronological skin aging. Our in vitro studies revealed reduced perlecan transcript levels in aged keratinocytes. The production of in vitro skin models revealed that aged keratinocytes formed a thin and poorly organized epidermis. Supplementing these models with purified perlecan reversed the phenomenon allowing restoration of a well‐differentiated multi‐layered epithelium. Perlecan down‐regulation in cultured keratinocytes caused depletion of the cell population that expressed keratin 15. This phenomenon depended on the perlecan heparan sulphate moieties, which suggested the involvement of a growth factor. Finally, we found defects in keratin 15 expression in the epidermis of aging skin. This study highlighted a new role for perlecan in maintaining the self‐renewal capacity of basal keratinocytes.
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18
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Ansari A, Rahman MS, Saha SK, Saikot FK, Deep A, Kim KH. Function of the SIRT3 mitochondrial deacetylase in cellular physiology, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:4-16. [PMID: 27686535 PMCID: PMC5242307 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, seven members of the sirtuin protein family known as class III histone deacetylase have been identified for their characteristic features. These distinguished characteristics include the tissues where they are distributed or located, enzymatic activities, molecular functions, and involvement in diseases. Among the sirtuin members, SIRT3 has received much attention for its role in cancer genetics, aging, neurodegenerative disease, and stress resistance. SIRT3 controls energy demand during stress conditions such as fasting and exercise as well as metabolism through the deacetylation and acetylation of mitochondrial enzymes. SIRT3 is well known for its ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species and to prevent the development of cancerous cells or apoptosis. This review article provides a comprehensive review on numerous (noteworthy) molecular functions of SIRT3 and its effect on cancer cells and various diseases including Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Ansari
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Subbroto K. Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-Ro Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Forhad K. Saikot
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO); Sector 30 C Chandigarh 160030 India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seoul 04763 Korea
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19
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Gursoy UK, Gursoy M, Könönen E, Sintim HO, Uitto VJ, Syrjänen S. Construction and characterization of a multilayered gingival keratinocyte culture model: the TURK-U model. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2345-2354. [PMID: 27752840 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In construction of epithelial cells as multilayers, the cells are grown submerged to confluence on fibroblast-embedded collagen gels and, then, lifted to air to promote their stratification. We recently demonstrated that gingival epithelial cells form uniform monolayers on semi-permeable nitrocellulose membranes, supported with a semi-solid growth medium, which allows the cells to grow at an air-liquid-solid interface from the beginning of the culturing protocol. In this study, the aim was to further develop our previous model to form a multilayered gingival epithelial culture model. Two different epithelial cell lines (HaCaT from skin and HMK from gingiva) were used in all experiments. Both cell lines were grown first as monolayers for 3 days. After that, keratinocytes were trypsinized, counted and seeded on a sterile semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane placed on the top of a semi-solid growth medium, forming an air-liquid-solid interface for the cells to grow. At days 1, 4, and 7, epithelial cells were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for routine Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin (Ck). At day 1, HMK cells grew as monolayers, while HaCaT cells stratified forming an epithelium with two to three layers. At day 4, a stratified epithelium in the HMK model had four to five layers and its proliferation continued up to day 7. HaCaT cells formed a dense and weakly proliferating epithelium with three to four layers of stratification at day 4 but the proliferation disappeared at day 7. At all days, both models were strongly positive for Ck5, Ck7, and Ck 19, and weakly positive for Ck10. Gingival epithelial cells stratify successfully on semi-permeable nitrocellulose membranes, supported with a semi-solid growth medium. This technique allows researchers to construct uniform gingival epithelial cell multilayers at an air-liquid-solid interface, without using collagen gels, resulting in a more reproducible method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi K Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Mervi Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, Turku, Finland
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Veli-Jukka Uitto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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20
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Ma H, Dai H, Duan X, Tang Z, Liu R, Sun K, Zhou K, Chen H, Xiang H, Wang J, Gao Q, Zou Y, Wan H, Teh MT. Independent evaluation of a FOXM1-based quantitative malignancy diagnostic system (qMIDS) on head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54555-54563. [PMID: 27409343 PMCID: PMC5342363 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) transcription factor gene has been implicated in almost all human cancer types. It would be an ideal biomarker for cancer detection but, to date, its translation into a cancer diagnostic tool is yet to materialise. The quantitative Malignancy Index Diagnostic System (qMIDS) was the first FOXM1 oncogene-based diagnostic test developed for quantifying squamous cell carcinoma aggressiveness. The test was originally validated using head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) from European patients. The HNSCC gene expression signature across geographical and ethnic differences is unknown. This is the first study evaluated the FOXM1-based qMIDS test using HNSCC specimens donated by ethnic Chinese patients. We tested 50 Chinese HNSCC patients and 18 healthy subjects donated 68 tissues in total. qMIDS scores from the Chinese cohort were compared with the European datasets (n = 228). The median ± SD scores for the Chinese cohort were 1.13 ± 0.66, 4.02 ± 1.66 and 5.83 ± 3.13 in healthy oral tissues, adjacent tumour margin and HNSCC core tissue, respectively. Diagnostic test efficiency between the Chinese and European datasets was almost identical. Consistent with previous European data, qMIDS scores for HNSCC samples were not influenced by gender or age. The degree of HNSCC differentiation, clinical stage and lymphatic metastasis status were found to be correlated with qMIDS scores. This study provided the first evidence that the pathophysiology of HNSCC was molecularly indistinguishable between the Chinese and European specimens. The qMIDS test robustly quantifies a universal FOXM1-driven oncogenic program, at least in HNSCC, which transcends ethnicity, age, gender and geographic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Haiyan Dai
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Duan
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhenglong Tang
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Kunjun Sun
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hang Xiang
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiong Gao
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong Wan
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- China-British Joint Molecular Head and Neck Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, United Kingdom
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21
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Epigenetic Regulation of Epidermal Stem Cell Biomarkers and Their Role in Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010016. [PMID: 26712738 PMCID: PMC4730263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As an actively renewable tissue, changes in skin architecture are subjected to the regulation of stem cells that maintain the population of cells responsible for the formation of epidermal layers. Stems cells retain their self-renewal property and express biomarkers that are unique to this population. However, differential regulation of the biomarkers can initiate the pathway of terminal cell differentiation. Although, pockets of non-clarity in stem cell maintenance and differentiation in skin still exist, the influence of epigenetics in epidermal stem cell functions and differentiation in skin homeostasis and wound healing is clearly evident. The focus of this review is to discuss the epigenetic regulation of confirmed and probable epidermal stem cell biomarkers in epidermal stratification of normal skin and in diseased states. The role of epigenetics in wound healing, especially in diseased states of diabetes and cancer, will also be conveyed.
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Zhao H, Qiao J, Liu S, Deng Z, Lei X, Ning L, Cao Y, Zhao Y, Duan E. Ovine Hair Follicle Stem Cells Derived from Single Vibrissae Reconstitute Haired Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17779-97. [PMID: 26247934 PMCID: PMC4581221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) possess fascinating self-renewal capacity and multipotency, which play important roles in mammalian hair growth and skin wound repair. Although HFSCs from other mammalian species have been obtained, the characteristics of ovine HFSCs, as well as the methods to isolate them have not been well addressed. Here, we report an efficient strategy to obtain multipotent ovine HFSCs. Through microdissection and organ culture, we obtained keratinocytes that grew from the bulge area of vibrissa hair follicles, and even abundant keratinocytes were harvested from a single hair follicle. These bulge-derived keratinocytes are highly positive for Krt15, Krt14, Tp63, Krt19 and Itga6; in addition to their strong proliferation abilities in vitro, these keratinocytes formed new epidermis, hair follicles and sebaceous glands in skin reconstitution experiments, showing that these are HFSCs from the bulge outer root sheath. Taken together, we developed an efficient in vitro system to enrich ovine HFSCs, providing enough HFSCs for the investigations about the ovine hair cycle, aiming to promote wool production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shoubing Zhang
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Huashan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingqiao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhili Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Lina Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yujing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Enkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Côté CL, Castonguay M, Kalujnaia MS, Cramb G, Bernatchez L. In absence of local adaptation, plasticity and spatially varying selection rule: a view from genomic reaction norms in a panmictic species (Anguilla rostrata). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:403. [PMID: 24884429 PMCID: PMC4229938 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is one of the few species for which panmixia has been demonstrated at the scale of the entire species. As such, the development of long term local adaptation is impossible. However, both plasticity and spatially varying selection have been invoked in explaining how American eel may cope with an unusual broad scope of environmental conditions. Here, we address this question through transcriptomic analyses and genomic reaction norms of eels from two geographic origins reared in controlled environments. Results The null hypothesis of no difference in gene expression between eels from the two origins was rejected. Many unique transcripts and two out of seven gene clusters showed significant difference in expression, both at time of capture and after three months of common rearing. Differences in expression were observed at numerous genes representing many functional groups when comparing eels from a same origin reared under different salinity conditions. Plastic response to different rearing conditions varied among gene clusters with three clusters showing significant origin-environment interactions translating into differential genomic norms of reaction. Most genes and functional categories showing differences between origins were previously shown to be differentially expressed in a study comparing transcription profiles between adult European eels acclimated to different salinities. Conclusions These results emphasize that while plasticity in expression may be important, there is also a role for local genetic (and/or epigenetic) differences in explaining differences in gene expression between eels from different geographic origins. Such differences match those reported in genetically distinct populations in other fishes, both in terms of the proportion of genes that are differentially expressed and the diversity of biological functions involved. We thus propose that genetic differences between glass eels of different origins caused by spatially varying selection due to local environmental conditions translates into transcriptomic differences (including different genomic norms of reaction) which may in turn explain part of the phenotypic variance observed between different habitats colonized by eels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Ohnishi S, Ma N, Thanan R, Pinlaor S, Hammam O, Murata M, Kawanishi S. DNA damage in inflammation-related carcinogenesis and cancer stem cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:387014. [PMID: 24382987 PMCID: PMC3870134 DOI: 10.1155/2013/387014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection and chronic inflammation have been recognized as important factors for carcinogenesis. Under inflammatory conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from inflammatory and epithelial cells and result in oxidative and nitrative DNA damage, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-nitroguanine. The DNA damage can cause mutations and has been implicated in the initiation and/or promotion of inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis. It has been estimated that various infectious agents are carcinogenic to humans (IARC group 1), including parasites (Schistosoma haematobium (SH) and Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)), viruses (hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)), and bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HP). SH, OV, HCV, HPV, EBV, and HP are important risk factors for bladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric cancer, respectively. We demonstrated that 8-nitroguanine was strongly formed via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression at these cancer sites of patients. Moreover, 8-nitroguanine was formed in Oct3/4-positive stem cells in SH-associated bladder cancer tissues and in Oct3/4- and CD133-positive stem cells in OV-associated cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Therefore, it is considered that oxidative and nitrative DNA damage in stem cells may play a key role in inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ohnishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 510-0293, Mie, Japan
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan
| | - Shosuke Kawanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan
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Bause AS, Matsui MS, Haigis MC. The protein deacetylase SIRT3 prevents oxidative stress-induced keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36484-91. [PMID: 24194516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.472324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation is a key process in the formation and maintenance of the protective skin barrier. Dysregulation in the balance of reactive oxygen species homeostasis may play a role in keratinocyte differentiation. We have identified the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 as a key regulator of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. Our studies demonstrate that SIRT3 expression is down-regulated during keratinocyte differentiation, consistent with an increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels. Importantly, loss of SIRT3 expression in keratinocytes increased superoxide levels and promoted the expression of differentiation markers, whereas overexpression decreased superoxide levels and reduced the expression of differentiation markers. These findings identify a new role for SIRT3 in the suppression of epidermal differentiation via lowering oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Bause
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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Bose A, Teh MT, Mackenzie IC, Waseem A. Keratin k15 as a biomarker of epidermal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19385-98. [PMID: 24071939 PMCID: PMC3821562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin 15 (K15) is type I keratin protein co-expressed with the K5/K14 pair present in the basal keratinocytes of all stratified epithelia. Although it is a minor component of the cytoskeleton with a variable expression pattern, nonetheless its expression has been reported as a stem cell marker in the bulge of hair follicles. Conversely, suprabasal expression of K15 has also been reported in both normal and diseased tissues, which is inconsistent with its role as a stem cell marker. Our recently published work has given evidence of the molecular pathways that seem to control the expression of K15 in undifferentiated and differentiated cells. In this article, we have critically reviewed the published work to establish the reliability of K15 as an epidermal stem cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bose
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK.
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Teh MT, Hutchison IL, Costea DE, Neppelberg E, Liavaag PG, Purdie K, Harwood C, Wan H, Odell EW, Hackshaw A, Waseem A. Exploiting FOXM1-orchestrated molecular network for early squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2095-106. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Teh MT. FOXM1 coming of age: time for translation into clinical benefits? Front Oncol 2012; 2:146. [PMID: 23087907 PMCID: PMC3471356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade since the first evidence implicating the cell cycle transcription factor Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) in human tumorigenesis, a slew of subsequent studies revealed an oncogenic role of FOXM1 in the majority of human cancers including oral, nasopharynx, oropharynx, esophagus, breast, ovary, prostate, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney, colon, brain, cervix, thyroid, bladder, uterus, testis, stomach, skin, and blood. Its aberrant upregulation in almost all different cancer types suggests a fundamental role for FOXM1 in tumorigenesis. Its dose-dependent expression pattern correlated well with tumor progression starting from cancer predisposition and initiation, early premalignancy and progression, to metastatic invasion. In addition, emerging studies have demonstrated a causal link between FOXM1 and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Despite the well-established multifaceted roles for FOXM1 in all stages of oncogenesis, its translation into clinical benefit is yet to materialize. In this contribution, I reviewed and discussed how our current knowledge on the oncogenic mechanisms of FOXM1 could be exploited for clinical use as biomarker for risk prediction, early cancer screening, molecular diagnostics/prognostics, and/or companion diagnostics for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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