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Dey AD, Mannan A, Dhiman S, Singh TG. Unlocking new avenues for neuropsychiatric disease therapy: the emerging potential of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as promising therapeutic targets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1491-1516. [PMID: 38801530 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that regulate various physiological processes such as inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that targeting PPARs could be beneficial in treating neuropsychiatric disorders by modulating neuronal function and signaling pathways in the brain. PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ have been found to play important roles in cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection. Dysregulation of PPARs has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The limitations and side effects of current treatments have prompted research to target PPARs as a promising novel therapeutic strategy. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of PPAR agonists and antagonists to improve symptoms associated with these disorders. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of PPARs in neuropsychiatric disorders, their potential as therapeutic targets, and the challenges and future directions for developing PPAR-based therapies. METHODS An extensive literature review of various search engines like PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out with the keywords "PPAR, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Major depression disorder, Autism spectrum disorder, molecular pathway". RESULT & CONCLUSION Although PPARs present a hopeful direction for innovative therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatric conditions, additional research is required to address obstacles and convert this potential into clinically viable and individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Deka Dey
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
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Soni D, Upadhayay S, Dhureja M, Arthur R, Kumar P. Crosstalk between gut-brain axis: unveiling the mysteries of gut ROS in progression of Parkinson's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01510-2. [PMID: 38992324 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
"Path to a good mood lies through the gut." This statement seems to imply that it has long been believed that the gut is connected with the brain. Research has shown that eating food activates the reward system and releases dopamine (DA), establishing a link between the peripheral and central nervous system. At the same time, researchers also trust that the gut is involved in the onset of many diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal dysfunction is considered a prevalent symptom. Reports suggest that PD starts from the gut and reaches the brain via the vagus nerve. Recent studies have revealed an intriguing interaction between the gut and brain, which links gut dysbiosis to the etiology of PD. This review aims to explore the mechanistic pathway how reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the gut affects the makeup and operation of the dopamine circuitry in the brain. Our primary concern is ROS generation in the gut, which disrupts the gut microbiome (GM), causing α-synuclein accumulation and inflammation. This trio contributes to the loss of DA neurons in the brain, resulting in PD development. This review also compiles pre-clinical and clinical studies on antioxidants, demonstrating that antioxidants reduce ROS and increase DA levels. Collectively, the study highlights the necessity of comprehending the gut-brain axis for unraveling the riddles of PD pathogenesis and considering new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Upadhayay
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Maanvi Dhureja
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Richmond Arthur
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Almanaa TN, Alwetaid MY, Bakheet SA, Attia SM, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF. Aflatoxin B 1 exposure deteriorates immune abnormalities in a BTBR T + Itpr3 tf/J mouse model of autism by increasing inflammatory mediators' production in CD19-expressing cells. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578365. [PMID: 38723577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficiencies in communication, repetitive and stereotyped behavioral patterns, and difficulties in reciprocal social engagement. The presence of immunological dysfunction in ASD has been well established. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a prevalent mycotoxin found in food and feed, causing immune toxicity and hepatotoxicity. AFB1 is significantly elevated in several regions around the globe. Existing research indicates that prolonged exposure to AFB1 results in neurological problems. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, which were used as an autism model, exhibit the primary behavioral traits that define ASD, such as repeated, stereotyped behaviors and impaired social interactions. The main objective of this work was to assess the toxic impact of AFB1 in BTBR mice. This work aimed to examine the effects of AFB1 on the expression of Notch-1, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 by CD19+ B cells in the spleen of the BTBR using flow cytometry. We also verified the impact of AFB1 exposure on the mRNA expression levels of Notch-1, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 in the brain of BTBR mice using real-time PCR. The findings of our study showed that the mice treated with AFB1 in the BTBR group exhibited a substantial increase in the presence of CD19+Notch-1+, CD19+IL-6+, CD19+MCP-1+, CD19+iNOS+, CD19+GM-CSF+, and CD19+NF-κB p65+ compared to the mice in the BTBR group that were treated with saline. Our findings also confirmed that administering AFB1 to BTBR mice leads to elevated mRNA expression levels of Notch-1, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 in the brain, in comparison to BTBR mice treated with saline. The data highlight that exposure to AFB1 worsens immunological abnormalities by increasing the expression of inflammatory mediators in BTBR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alwetaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Han T, Xu Y, Liu H, Sun L, Cheng X, Shen Y, Wei J. Function and Mechanism of Abscisic Acid on Microglia-Induced Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4920. [PMID: 38732130 PMCID: PMC11084589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), as a neurologically implemented disease with complex etiological factors, has a complex and variable pathogenesis. Accompanying further research, neuroinflammation has been found to be one of the possible factors in its pathogenesis. Microglia, as intrinsic immune cells in the brain, play an important role in maintaining microenvironmental homeostasis in the brain. However, over-activation of neurotoxic microglia in PD promotes neuroinflammation, which further increases dopaminergic (DA) neuronal damage and exacerbates the disease process. Therefore, targeting and regulating the functional state of microglia is expected to be a potential avenue for PD treatment. In addition, plant extracts have shown great potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders due to their abundant resources, mild effects, and the presence of multiple active ingredients. However, it is worth noting that some natural products have certain toxic side effects, so it is necessary to pay attention to distinguish medicinal ingredients and usage and dosage when using to avoid aggravating the progression of diseases. In this review, the roles of microglia with different functional states in PD and the related pathways inducing microglia to transform into neuroprotective states are described. At the same time, it is discussed that abscisic acid (ABA) may regulate the polarization of microglia by targeting them, promote their transformation into neuroprotective state, reduce the neuroinflammatory response in PD, and provide a new idea for the treatment of PD and the selection of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Haixuan Liu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangshu Cheng
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.H.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (X.C.)
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Luo Y, Yu Y, He H, Fan N. Acute ketamine induces neuronal hyperexcitability and deficits in prepulse inhibition by upregulating IL-6. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 130:110913. [PMID: 38103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute ketamine administration results in psychotic symptoms similar to those observed in schizophrenia and is regarded as a pharmacological model of schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with schizophrenia show increased IL-6 levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid and that IL-6 levels are associated with the severity of psychotic symptoms. In the present study, we found that a single ketamine exposure led to increased expression of IL-6 and IL-6Rα, decreased dendritic spine density, increased expression and currents of T-type calcium channels, and increased neuron excitability in the hippocampal CA1 area 12 h after exposure. Acute ketamine administration also led to impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) 12 h after administration. Additionally, we found that the expression of signaling molecules IKKα/β, NF-κB, JAK2, and STAT3 was upregulated 12 h after a single ketamine injection. The decreases in dendritic spine density, the increases in calcium currents and neuron excitability, and the impairments in PPI were ameliorated by blocking IL-6 or IL-6Rα. Our findings show that blocking IL-6 or its receptor may protect hippocampal neurons from hyperexcitability, thereby ameliorating ketamine-induced psychotic effects. Our study provides additional evidence that targeting IL-6 and its receptor is a potential strategy for treating psychotic symptoms in acute ketamine-induced psychosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Luo
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China
| | - Hongbo He
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China
| | - Ni Fan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
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Morbelli S, Gambella M, Raiola AM, Ghiggi C, Bauckneht M, Raimondo TD, Lapucci C, Sambuceti G, Inglese M, Angelucci E. Brain FDG-PET findings in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy neurotoxicity for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:825-836. [PMID: 37291470 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is potentially associated with treatment-related toxicities mainly consisting of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune-effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). We evaluated brain metabolic correlates of CRS with and without ICANS in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with CAR-T. METHODS Twenty-one refractory DLCBLs underwent whole-body and brain [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET before and 30 days after treatment with CAR-T. Five patients did not develop inflammatory-related side effects, 11 patients developed CRS, while in 5 patients CRS evolved in ICANS. Baseline and post-CAR-T brain FDG-PET were compared with a local controls dataset to identify hypometabolic patterns both at single-patient and group levels (p < .05 after correction for family-wise error [FWE). Metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were computed on baseline FDG-PET and compared between patients' subgroups (t-test). RESULTS ICANS showed an extended and bilateral hypometabolic pattern mainly involving the orbitofrontal cortex, frontal dorsolateral cortex, and anterior cingulate (p < .003 FWE-corrected). CRS without ICANS showed significant hypometabolism in less extended clusters mainly involving bilateral medial and lateral temporal lobes, posterior parietal lobes, anterior cingulate, and cerebellum (p < .002 FWE-corrected). When compared, ICANS showed a more prominent hypometabolism in the orbitofrontal and frontal dorsolateral cortex in both hemispheres than CRS (p < .002 FWE-corrected). Mean baseline MTV and TLG were significantly higher in ICANS than CRS (p < .02). CONCLUSIONS Patients with ICANS are characterized by a frontolateral hypometabolic signature coherently with the hypothesis of ICANS as a predominant frontal syndrome and with the more prominent susceptibility of frontal lobes to cytokine-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morbelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gambella
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raiola
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Ghiggi
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Tania Di Raimondo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Caterina Lapucci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Angelucci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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Adıgüzel E, Çiçek B, Ünal G, Aydın MF, Barlak-Keti D. Probiotics and prebiotics alleviate behavioral deficits, inflammatory response, and gut dysbiosis in prenatal VPA-induced rodent model of autism. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113961. [PMID: 36100109 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by social interaction and communication disorders and repetitive stereotypical behaviors. These disorders are also accompanied by an inflammatory status. Bidirectional communication between microbiome, gut, and brain has been discovered as a major mechanism influencing core symptoms and biomarkers of autism. Therefore, the modulation of the gut microbiota in autism has recently attracted interest. In this study, probiotic- and prebiotic-mediated modulation of the gut microbiota was compared in terms of different symptoms and findings in an experimental autism model. Valproic acid (VPA) (500 mg/kg) was administered to Wistar rats (on prenatal day 12.5) to induce autistic-like behaviors. Based on the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, animals were grouped as control (saline), autistic-like (prenatal VPA), probiotic (prenatal VPA + 22.5 × 109 cfu/day probiotic), prebiotic (prenatal VPA + 100 mg/day prebiotic), and combined treatment (prenatal VPA + 22.5 × 109 cfu/day probiotic + 100 mg/day prebiotic). After the treatment process, behavioral tests (social behaviors, anxiety, stereotypical behavior, sensorimotor gating, and behavioral despair) and biochemical analyses (serum and brain tissue) were conducted, and the quantities of some phyla and genera were determined in stool samples. Significant positive effects of probiotic and combined treatments were observed on the sociability, social interaction, and anxiety parameters. In addition, all three treatments had positive effects on stereotypical behavior. However, the treatments did not affect sensorimotor gating deficits and behavioral despair. Further, probiotic treatment reversed the VPA-induced increase and decrease in serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels, respectively. Combined treatment also significantly increased the IL-10 levels. Prenatal VPA exposure decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the prefrontal cortex of the brain; however, combined treatment reversed this decrease. Prenatal VPA exposure also caused a decrease in Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in the gut microbiota, while the probiotic treatment significantly increased this ratio. These findings indicate that probiotic- and prebiotic-mediated microbial modulation may represent a new therapeutic approach to alleviate autistic-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Adıgüzel
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, İbrahim Öktem Street, Karaman 70200, Turkey.
| | - Betül Çiçek
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gökhan Ünal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Fatih Aydın
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey,.
| | - Didem Barlak-Keti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Almutairi MM, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Bakheet SA, Attia SM, Albekairi TH, Alhosaini K, Algahtani M, Alsaad AMS, Al-Mazroua HA, Ahmad SF. Lead (Pb) exposure exacerbates behavioral and immune abnormalities by upregulating Th17 and NF-κB-related signaling in BTBR T + Itpr3 tf/J autistic mouse model. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:340-348. [PMID: 35760230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that are characterized by abnormal social interaction impairments in communication and repetitive and restricted activities or interests. Even though the exact etiology of ASD remains unknown. Lead (Pb) is a toxin known to harm many organs in the body, it is one of the most ubiquitous metal exposures which is associated with neurological deficits. Previous studies have shown that the exposure to Pb may play a role in ASD. BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse model is commonly used as a preclinical model for ASD. In this study, we investigated the effects of Pb exposure on sociability, self-grooming and marble burying behaviors tests in BTBR mice. We further examined the effects of Pb on IL-17A- RORγT-, STAT3-, NF-κB p65-, iNOS-, TLR-2- and TLR-4-producing CD45+ cells in spleen using flow cytometry. We also explored the effects of Pb on IL-17A, RORγT, STAT3, NF-κB p65, and TLR-2 mRNA expression in the brain tissue using RT-PCR analysis. Our results demonstrated that Pb exposure substantially increased repetitive behavior, marble burying and decrease social interactions in BTBR mice. In addition, in spleen cells, Pb exposure exaggerated CD45+IL-17A+, CD45+RORγT+, CD45+STAT3+, CD45+NF-κB p65+, CD45+iNOS+, CD45+TLR-2+ and CD45+TLR-4+ in BTBR mice. We also found that Pb significantly increased IL-17A, RORγT, STAT3, NF-κB p65, and TLR-2 mRNA in the brain tissue. Therefore, Pb exposure exacerbates behavioral and neuroimmune function in BTBR mice, suggesting a potentially strong role for Pb in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashal M Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M S Alsaad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Alhakbany M, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A. CTRP3 as a novel biomarker in the plasma of Saudi children with autism. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12630. [PMID: 35047232 PMCID: PMC8759357 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP3) has diverse functions: anti-inflammation, metabolic regulation, and protection against endothelial dysfunction. METHODS The plasma level of CTRP3 in autistic patients (n = 32) was compared to that in controls (n = 37) using ELISA. RESULTS CTRP3 was higher (24.7% with P < 0.05) in autistic patients than in controls. No association was observed between CTRP3 and the severity of the disorder using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). A positive correlation between CARs and the age of patients was reported. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated a low area under the curve (AUC) for all patients (0.636). Low AUCs were also found in the case of severe patients (0.659) compared to controls, but both values were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Despite the small sample size, we are the first to find an association between CTRP3 and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Alhakbany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Central Laboratory, Female Center for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Li WT, Huang XF, Deng C, Zhang BH, Qian K, He M, Sun TL. Olanzapine Induces Inflammation and Immune Response via Activating ER Stress in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:788-802. [PMID: 34403105 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antipsychotics, in particular olanzapine, are first-line medications for schizophrenia. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important region for antipsychotics' therapeutic effects. The PFC inflammatory and immune pathways are associated with schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, the effect of antipsychotics on the inflammatory and immune pathways in the PFC remains unclear. We aimed to examined the time-dependent effect of olanzapine on inflammatory and immune markers in the PFC of rats. Since the inflammatory and immune pathways are related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we further investigated whether or not olanzapine-induced inflammation and immune responses were related to ER stress. METHODS Expression of pro-inflammatory markers including IkappaB kinase β (IKKβ), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β, and immune-related proteins including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Olanzapine treatments for 1, 8 and 36 days significantly activated the inflammatory IKKβ/NFκB signaling, and increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and immune-related proteins such as iNOS, TLR4 and CD14. Olanzapine treatment for 1 day, 8 and 36 days also induced ER stress in the PFC. Co-treatment with an ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, inhibited olanzapine-induced inflammation and the immune response in the PFC. CONCLUSION These results suggested olanzapine exposure could be a factor that induces central inflammation and immunological abnormities in schizophrenia subjects. Olanzapine induces PFC inflammation and immune response, possibly via activating ER stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Bao-Hua Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Tao-Lei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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11
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Moya M, San Felipe D, Ballesta A, Alén F, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, García-Bueno B, Marco EM, Orio L. Cerebellar and cortical TLR4 activation and behavioral impairments in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Pharmacological effects of oleoylethanolamide. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110190. [PMID: 33271211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder whose etiology is a thiamine deficiency (TD), with alcoholism being the main underlying cause. Previous evidence suggests the presence of initial neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in the physiopathology, although the specific molecular mechanisms underlying TD-induced brain damage and behavioral disabilities are unknown. We explored the specific role of the innate immune receptor TLR4 in three murine models of WKS, based on the combination of a thiamine-deficient diet and pyrithiamine injections (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) over time. The Symptomatic Model (SM) allowed us to describe the complete neurological/neurobehavioral symptomatology over 16 days of TD. Animals showed an upregulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway both in the frontal cortex (FC) and cerebellum and clear motor impairments related with cerebellar dysfunction. However, in the Pre-Symptomatic Model (PSM), 12 days of TD induced the TLR4 pathway upregulation in the FC, which correlated with disinhibited-like behavior, but not in the cerebellum, and no motor impairments. In addition, we tested the effects of the biolipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA, 10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, starting before any symptom of the pathology is manifested) through the Glucose-Precipitated Model (GPM), which was generated by glucose loading (5 g/kg, i.v., last day) in thiamine-deficient animals to accelerate damage. Pretreatment with OEA prevented the TLR4-induced signature in the FC, as well as an underlying incipient memory disability and disinhibited-like behavior. This study suggests a key role for TLR4 in TD-induced neuroinflammation in the FC and cerebellum, and it reveals different vulnerability of these brain regions in WKS over time. Pre-treatment with OEA counteracts TD-induced TLR4-associated neuroinflammation and may serve as co-adjuvant therapy to prevent WKS-induced neurobehavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Diego San Felipe
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, UCM, Spain
| | - Antonio Ballesta
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, UCM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Spain
| | - Eva M Marco
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, UCM, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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12
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Pensato U, Muccioli L, Cani I, Janigro D, Zinzani PL, Guarino M, Cortelli P, Bisulli F. Brain dysfunction in COVID-19 and CAR-T therapy: cytokine storm-associated encephalopathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:968-979. [PMID: 33780166 PMCID: PMC8045903 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many neurological manifestations are associated with COVID-19, including a distinct form of encephalopathy related to cytokine storm, the acute systemic inflammatory syndrome present in a subgroup of COVID-19 patients. Cytokine storm is also associated with immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), a complication of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, a highly effective treatment for refractory hematological malignancies. We investigated whether COVID-19-related encephalopathy, ICANS, and other encephalopathies associated with cytokine storm, share clinical and investigative findings. METHODS Narrative literature review. RESULTS Comparisons between COVID-19-related encephalopathy and ICANS revealed several overlapping features. Clinically, these included dysexecutive syndrome, language disturbances, akinetic mutism and delirium. EEG showed a prevalence of frontal abnormalities. Brain MRI was often unrevealing. CSF elevated cytokine levels have been reported. A direct correlation between cytokine storm intensity and severity of neurological manifestations has been shown for both conditions. Clinical recovery occurred spontaneously or following immunotherapies in most of the patients. Similar clinical and investigative features were also reported in other encephalopathies associated with cytokine storm, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, sepsis, and febrile infection-associated encephalopathies. INTERPRETATION COVID-19-related encephalopathy and ICANS are characterized by a predominant electro-clinical frontal lobe dysfunction and share several features with other encephalopathies associated with cytokine storm, which may represent the common denominator of a clinical spectrum of neurological disorders. Therefore, we propose a unifying definition of cytokine storm-associated encephalopathy (CySE), and its diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Pensato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seragnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Guarino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Ketharanathan T, Pereira A, Reets U, Walker D, Sundram S. Brain changes in NF-κB1 and epidermal growth factor system markers at peri-pubescence in the spiny mouse following maternal immune activation. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113564. [PMID: 33229121 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental risk factors that operate at foetal or neonatal levels increase the vulnerability to schizophrenia, plausibly via stress-immune activation that perturbs the epidermal growth factor (EGF) system, a system critical for neurodevelopment. We investigated potential associations between environmental insults and immune and EGF system changes through a maternal immune activation (MIA) model, using the precocial spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). After mid-gestation MIA prepubescent offspring showed elevated NF-κB1 protein in nucleus accumbens, decreased EGFR in caudate putamen and a trend for increased PI3K-110δ in ventral hippocampus. Thus, prenatal stress may cause a heightened NF-κB1-mediated immune attenuation of EGF system signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharini Ketharanathan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Avril Pereira
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Udani Reets
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - David Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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14
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Liao X, Li Y. Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104918. [PMID: 32461184 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is composed of a series of transcription factors, which are involved in the expression of a plethora of target genes, many of these genes contributing to the regulation of inflammatory responses. Consistent with its central role in inflammatory responses, existing studies of the neurobiological basis for ASD propose the involvement of NF-κB in the etiology of this disorder. OBJECTIVES The present review aimed to systematically characterize extant literatures regarding the role of NF-κB in the etiology of ASD through data derived from both human studies and animal models. METHODS A systematic electronic search was conducted for records indexed within Pubmed, EMBASE, or Web of Science to identify potentially eligible studies. Study inclusion and data extraction was agreed by two independent authors after reviewing the abstract and full text. RESULTS Among the 371 articles identified in the initial screening, 18 articles met the eligibility criteria for this review, including 14 human case-control studies compared the expression or activation of NF-κB between ASD cases and controls as well as 4 animal studies used mouse model of ASD to examine the level of NF-κB and further evaluate its changes after different drug treatments. These included 18 studies, although relatively small in quantity, appear to support the role of NF-κB in the etiology of ASD. CONCLUSIONS Evidence generated from both human studies and animal models supported the involvement of NF-κB in the neurobiological basis of ASD, despite some concern about whether it functions as a primary contributor causes ASD onset or rather an ancillary factor regulates ASD pathogenesis. The increased understanding of NF-κB in the neurobiological basis of ASD could aid the emergence of clinically relevant diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies acting on the underlying disease pathogenesis. These results suggested that potential methodological differences between studies need to be accounted for and keep open the discussion over the existence of aberrantly NF-κB signaling in ASD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liao
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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15
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The neuroprotective effect of schisandrol A on 6-OHDA-induced PD mice may be related to PI3K/AKT and IKK/IκBα/NF-κB pathway. Exp Gerontol 2019; 128:110743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Abruzzo PM, Matté A, Bolotta A, Federti E, Ghezzo A, Guarnieri T, Marini M, Posar A, Siciliano A, De Franceschi L, Visconti P. Plasma peroxiredoxin changes and inflammatory cytokines support the involvement of neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Transl Med 2019; 17:332. [PMID: 31578139 PMCID: PMC6775664 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been established that children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are affected by oxidative stress, the origin of which is still under investigation. In the present work, we evaluated inflammatory and pro-oxidant soluble signature in non-syndromic ASD and age-matched typically developing (TD) control children. METHODS We analyzed leukocyte gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation/oxidative-stress related molecules in 21 ASD and 20 TD children. Moreover, in another-comparable-group of non-syndromic ASD (N = 22) and TD (N = 21) children, we analyzed for the first time the protein expression of the four members of the antioxidant enzyme family of peroxiredoxins (Prx) in both erythrocyte membranes and in plasma. RESULTS The gene expression of IL6 and of HSP70i, a stress protein, was increased in ASD children. Moreover, gene expression of many inflammatory cytokines and inflammation/oxidative stress-related proteins correlated with clinical features, and appeared to be linked by a complex network of inter-correlations involving the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor signaling pathway. In addition, when the study of inter-correlations within the expression pattern of these molecules was extended to include the healthy subjects, the intrinsic physiological relationships of the inflammatory/oxidative stress network emerged. Plasma levels of Prx2 and Prx5 were remarkably increased in ASD compared to healthy controls, while no significant differences were found in red cell Prx levels. CONCLUSIONS Previous findings reported elevated inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of ASD children, without clearly pointing to the presence of neuro-inflammation. On the other hand, the finding of microglia activation in autoptic specimens was clearly suggesting the presence of neuro-inflammation in ASD. Given the role of peroxiredoxins in the protection of brain cells against oxidative stress, the whole of our results, using peripheral data collected in living patients, support the involvement of neuro-inflammation in ASD, and generate a rational for neuro-inflammation as a possible therapeutic target and for plasma Prx5 as a novel indicator of ASD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Abruzzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via A. Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - A Matté
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - A Bolotta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via A. Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - E Federti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - A Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Guarnieri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Marini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy. .,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via A. Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| | - A Posar
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123, Bologna, Italy.,Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Siciliano
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - L De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - P Visconti
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura, 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Saghazadeh A, Ataeinia B, Keynejad K, Abdolalizadeh A, Hirbod-Mobarakeh A, Rezaei N. A meta-analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorders: Effects of age, gender, and latitude. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 115:90-102. [PMID: 31125917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) occur in 1.5% of the general population worldwide. Studies suggest that ASD might have more costs than diabetes and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder by 2025. Dysregulation of the cytokine system is well-documented in ASD. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies providing data on circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in people with ASD compared with control subjects without ASD. METHODS We identified potentially eligible studies by systematically searching electronic databases from inception to February 2018. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies with total of 2487 participants (1393 patients with ASD and 1094 control subjects) were included in the meta-analysis; 13 for interferon (IFN)-γ, 17 for interleukin (IL)-1β, 22 for IL-6, 19 for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 4 for IL-1α, 6 for IL-2, 4 for IL-7, 8 for IL-8, 14 for IL-12, 3 for IL-15, 12 for IL-17, 3 for IL-18, 3 for IL-2 receptor, 3 for TNF-β, and 3 for IL-23. We found medium increases in levels of plasma IFN-γ (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.53) and serum IL-1β (SMD = 0.56) and small increases in levels of blood IL-1β (SMD = 0.35), serum IL-6 (SMD = 0.30) and serum TNF-α (SMD = 0.31) for patients with ASD. Meta-regression analyses identified latitude as a negative moderator of the effect size (ES) of difference in mean levels of IFN-γ (R2 = 0.26) and TNF-α (R2 = 0.74). Also, difference in the mean age between patients and controls had a negative interaction with the ES of difference in mean levels of IL-1β. In contrast, there was a positive effect of the moderator of difference in the proportion of male subjects between patients and controls on the ES of difference in mean levels of IL-1β. We found no significant alterations in peripheral levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-3, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, TBF-β, and TNFRI/II in patients with ASD. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidence for higher concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in autistic patents compared with control subjects. Also, meta-regression analyses point to the interaction of latitude, age, and gender with peripheral alterations of associated pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- aResearch Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; MetaCognition Interest Group (MCIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- aResearch Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Border of Immune Tolerance Education and Research Network (BITERN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Keynejad
- Border of Immune Tolerance Education and Research Network (BITERN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhussein Abdolalizadeh
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Hirbod-Mobarakeh
- aResearch Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Border of Immune Tolerance Education and Research Network (BITERN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- aResearch Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Where There's Smoke, There's Fire-But Who Is Lighting the Match? Bolstering Transcriptional Evidence for the Role of Nuclear Factor-κB in Neuroimmune Activation in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:5-7. [PMID: 30527210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Alshammari MA, Attia SM. Protection by tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin AG126, through the suppression of IL-17A, RORγt, and T-bet signaling, in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:328-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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MacDowell KS, Pinacho R, Leza JC, Costa J, Ramos B, García-Bueno B. Differential regulation of the TLR4 signalling pathway in post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in chronic schizophrenia: Relationship with SP transcription factors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:481-492. [PMID: 28803924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in innate immunity may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a master element of innate immunity. The specificity proteins (SPs), transcription factors recently implicated in SZ, are putative regulatory agents of this. This work was aimed at describing alterations in the TLR4 signalling pathway in postmortem brain prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum (CB) of 16 chronic SZ patients and 14 controls. The possible association of TLR4 pathway with SP1 and SP4 and SZ negative symptomatology is explored. In PFC, TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein levels were lower in SZ patients, while nuclear transcription factor-κB (NFκB) activity, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the lipid peroxidation index malondialdehyde (MDA) appeared increased. The pattern of changes in CB is opposite, except for COX-2 expression that remained augmented and MDA levels unaltered. Network interaction analysis showed that TLR4/MyD88/IκBα/NFκB/COX-2 pathway was coupled in PFC and uncoupled in CB. SP4 co-expressed with TLR4 and NFκB in PFC and both SP1 and SP4 co-expressed with NFκB in CB. In PFC, correlation analysis found an inverse relationship between NFκB and negative symptoms. In summary, we found brain region-specific alterations in the TLR4 signalling pathway in chronic SZ, in which SP transcription factors could participate at different levels. Further studies are required to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of innate immunity in SZ and its relationship with symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S MacDowell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital 12 de Octubre Imas12, IUINQ, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pinacho
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital 12 de Octubre Imas12, IUINQ, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Costa
- Banc de Teixits Neurologics, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Belén Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital 12 de Octubre Imas12, IUINQ, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Guloksuz SA, Abali O, Aktas Cetin E, Bilgic Gazioglu S, Deniz G, Yildirim A, Kawikova I, Guloksuz S, Leckman JF. Elevated plasma concentrations of S100 calcium-binding protein B and tumor necrosis factor alpha in children with autism spectrum disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 39:195-200. [PMID: 28099628 PMCID: PMC7111377 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate plasma concentrations of S100B (a calcium-binding protein derived primarily from the glia) and inflammatory cytokines in children with autism and the relationship between S100B and cytokine concentrations. Methods: Plasma levels of S100B, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were measured in 40 unmedicated children with autism and 35 normally developing healthy children. The severity of autism was assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Concentrations of both S100B and TNF-α were higher in children with autism before and after adjusting for a priori-selected confounders (age, sex, and body mass index). S100B concentrations were higher in children with severe autism compared to children with mild-moderate autism. However, this association remained as a trend after adjusting for confounders. S100B concentrations correlated positively with TNF-α concentrations. Conclusion: Our findings showing an increase in peripheral concentrations of S100B and TNF-α provide limited support to the hypothesis about the roles of altered immune function and S100B in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies of larger numbers of well-characterized individuals with ASD are needed to clarify the potential role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osman Abali
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Bilgic Gazioglu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ivana Kawikova
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James F Leckman
- Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Hussman JP, Beecham AH, Schmidt M, Martin ER, McCauley JL, Vance JM, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. GWAS analysis implicates NF-κB-mediated induction of inflammatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2016; 17:305-12. [PMID: 27278126 PMCID: PMC4956564 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes and biologically relevant pathways associated with risk to develop multiple sclerosis (MS), the Genome-Wide Association Studies noise reduction method (GWAS-NR) was applied to MS genotyping data. Regions of association were defined based on the significance of linkage disequilibrium blocks. Candidate genes were cross-referenced based on a review of current literature, with attention to molecular function and directly interacting proteins. Supplementary annotations and pathway enrichment scores were generated using The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The candidate set of 220 MS susceptibility genes prioritized by GWAS-NR was highly enriched with genes involved in biological pathways related to positive regulation of cell, lymphocyte and leukocyte activation (P=6.1E-15, 1.2E-14 and 5.0E-14, respectively). Novel gene candidates include key regulators of NF-κB signaling and CD4+ T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) lineages. A large subset of MS candidate genes prioritized by GWAS-NR were found to interact in a tractable pathway regulating the NF-κB-mediated induction and infiltration of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 T-cell lineages, and maintenance of immune tolerance by T-regulatory cells. This mechanism provides a biological context that potentially links clinical observations in MS to the underlying genetic landscape that may confer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A H Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Schmidt
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - E R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J L McCauley
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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23
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Young AMH, Chakrabarti B, Roberts D, Lai MC, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S. From molecules to neural morphology: understanding neuroinflammation in autism spectrum condition. Mol Autism 2016; 7:9. [PMID: 26793298 PMCID: PMC4719563 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points toward a critical role for early (prenatal) atypical neurodevelopmental processes in the aetiology of autism spectrum condition (ASC). One such process that could impact early neural development is inflammation. We review the evidence for atypical expression of molecular markers in the amniotic fluid, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the brain parenchyma that suggest a role for inflammation in the emergence of ASC. This is complemented with a number of neuroimaging and neuropathological studies describing microglial activation. Implications for treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M H Young
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - David Roberts
- School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, UK ; CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Sykes LK, Geier MR. Relevance of Neuroinflammation and Encephalitis in Autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:519. [PMID: 26834565 PMCID: PMC4717322 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies indicate that children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis have brain pathology suggestive of ongoing neuroinflammation or encephalitis in different regions of their brains. Evidence of neuroinflammation or encephalitis in ASD includes: microglial and astrocytic activation, a unique and elevated proinflammatory profile of cytokines, and aberrant expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. A conservative estimate based on the research suggests that at least 69% of individuals with an ASD diagnosis have microglial activation or neuroinflammation. Encephalitis, which is defined as inflammation of the brain, is medical diagnosis code G04.90 in the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision; however, children with an ASD diagnosis are not generally assessed for a possible medical diagnosis of encephalitis. This is unfortunate because if a child with ASD has neuroinflammation, then treating the underlying brain inflammation could lead to improved outcomes. The purpose of this review of the literature is to examine the evidence of neuroinflammation/encephalitis in those with an ASD diagnosis and to address how a medical diagnosis of encephalitis, when appropriate, could benefit these children by driving more immediate and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K. Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver SpringMD, USA
| | - David A. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver SpringMD, USA
| | | | - Mark R. Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver SpringMD, USA
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25
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Lin WC, Chou KH, Lee PL, Huang YC, Tsai NW, Chen HL, Cheng KY, Wang HC, Lin TK, Li SH, Chen MH, Lu CH, Lin CP. Brain mediators of systemic oxidative stress on perceptual impairments in Parkinson's disease. J Transl Med 2015; 13:386. [PMID: 26692087 PMCID: PMC4687285 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is well documented to be associated with elevated systemic oxidative stress and perceptual impairments. Furthermore, the striatum and extrastriatal cortical areas, which are involved in the coordination of perceptual functions, are impaired at an early stage of the disease. However, the possible pathophysiology involved in perceptual impairments remains unclear. This raises the possibility that structural abnormalities might mediate the relationship between oxidative stress and perceptual impairments. METHODS We explored the differences between 27 patients with PD and 25 healthy controls in terms of serum oxidative stress, perceptual functions, and regional gray matter. A single-level three-variable mediation model was used to investigate the possible relationships between serum oxidative stress, regional gray matter volume, and different domains of perceptual functioning. RESULTS The results demonstrate that increased serum oxidative stress (as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was associated with declined perceptual functioning in PD patients. We further explored significant gray matter volume reductions in the bilateral temporal gyri (middle temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus), bilateral frontal gyri, limbic lobe (hippocampus and uncus), left inferior parietal lobule, right caudate nucleus, and insula in PD. Further mediation analysis showed that gray matter volumes in the middle temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, hippocampus, and insula served as brain mediators between elevated serum oxidative stress and perceptual impairments. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher oxidative stress levels adversely impact perceptual functions by causing temporal and mesolimbic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Hsien Chou
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Lin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuei-Yueh Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan.
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26
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Gao JJ, Hu YW, Wang YC, Sha YH, Ma X, Li SF, Zhao JY, Lu JB, Huang C, Zhao JJ, Zheng L, Wang Q. ApoM Suppresses TNF-α-Induced Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Through Inhibiting the Activity of NF-κB. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:550-6. [PMID: 26057873 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the anti-inflammatory effect of apolipoprotein M (apoM) on regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and further investigate the molecular mechanism of apoM in this process. We found that TNF-α could decrease expression of apoM and inhibitor of NF-κB-α (IκBα) in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of apoM caused a significant decrease of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, while it caused a significant increase of IκBα expression in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the treatment with TNF-α could increase ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, decrease IκBα protein expression, and increase nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, and these effects were markedly enhanced by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of apoM in HepG2 cells. Our findings demonstrated that apoM suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 through inhibiting the activity of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Juan Gao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chao Wang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ma
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Bo Lu
- 3 Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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27
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Inflammatory cytokines: potential biomarkers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:531518. [PMID: 25729218 PMCID: PMC4333561 DOI: 10.1155/2015/531518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a disorder of neurobiological origin characterized by problems in communication and social skills and repetitive behavior. After more than six decades of research, the etiology of autism remains unknown, and no biomarkers have been proven to be characteristic of autism. A number of studies have shown that the cytokine levels in the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autistic subjects differ from that of healthy individuals; for example, a series of studies suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are significantly elevated in different tissues in autistic subjects. However, the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is controversial, and different studies have found various results in different tissues. In this review, we focused on several types of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that might affect different cell signal pathways and play a role in the pathophysiological mechanism of autistic spectrum disorders.
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28
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Compound danshen tablet ameliorated aβ25-35-induced spatial memory impairment in mice via rescuing imbalance between cytokines and neurotrophins. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:23. [PMID: 24422705 PMCID: PMC3898400 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Compound Danshen Tablet (CDT), a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has recently been reported to improve spatial cognition in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. However, in vivo neuroprotective mechanism of the CDT in models of spatial memory impairment is not yet evaluated. The present study is aimed to elucidate the cellular mechanism of CDT on Aβ25-35-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: the control group (sham operated), the Aβ25-35 treated group, the positive drug group, and large and small dosage of the CDT groups, respectively. CDT was administered at a dose of 0.81 g/kg and 0.405 g/kg for 3 weeks. The mice in the positive drug group were treated with 0.4 mg/kg of Huperzine A, whereas the mice of the control and Aβ25-35 treated groups were administrated orally with equivalent saline. After 7 days of preventive treatment, mice were subjected to lateral ventricle injection of Aβ25-35 to establish the mice model of Alzheimer’s disease. Spatial memory impairment was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) contents in hippocampus and cortex were quantified by ELISA. The levels of cytokines, receptor of activated protein kinase C1 (RACK1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Results The results showed that Aβ25-35 caused spatial memory impairment as demonstrated by performance in the Morris water maze test. CDT was able to confer a significant improvement in spatial memory, and protect mice from Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. Additionally, CDT also inhibited the increase of TNF-α and IL-6 level, and increased the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), receptor of activated protein kinase C1 (RACK1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain as compared to model mice. Conclusion These findings strongly implicate that CDT may be a useful treatment against learning and memory deficits in mice by rescuing imbalance between cytokines and neurotrophins.
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