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Poniatowski ŁA, Woźnica M, Wojdasiewicz P, Mela-Kalicka A, Romanowska-Próchnicka K, Purrahman D, Żurek G, Krawczyk M, Nameh Goshay Fard N, Furtak-Niczyporuk M, Jaroszyński J, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Joniec-Maciejak I. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cells 2024; 13:124. [PMID: 38247816 PMCID: PMC10814625 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and aggressive malignant form of brain tumour in adults and is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis with dismal survival rates. Currently, expanding concepts concerning the pathophysiology of GBM are inextricably linked with neuroinflammatory phenomena. On account of this fact, the identification of novel pathomechanisms targeting neuroinflammation seems to be crucial in terms of yielding successful individual therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the pleiotropic growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has attracted significant attention in the neuroscience and oncological community regarding its neuroimmunomodulatory and oncogenic functions. This review of the literature summarizes and updates contemporary knowledge about PGRN, its associated receptors and signalling pathway involvement in GBM pathogenesis, indicating possible cellular and molecular mechanisms with potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets in order to yield successful individual therapeutic strategies. After a review of the literature, we found that there are possible PGRN-targeted therapeutic approaches for implementation in GBM treatment algorithms both in preclinical and future clinical studies. Furthermore, PGRN-targeted therapies exerted their highest efficacy in combination with other established chemotherapeutic agents, such as temozolomide. The results of the analysis suggested that the possible implementation of routine determinations of PGRN and its associated receptors in tumour tissue and biofluids could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of GBM. Furthermore, promising preclinical applications of PGRN-related findings should be investigated in clinical studies in order to create new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Michał Woźnica
- Department of Spine Surgery, 7th Navy Hospital, Polanki 117, 80-305 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Wojdasiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland (K.R.-P.)
| | - Aneta Mela-Kalicka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Romanowska-Próchnicka
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland (K.R.-P.)
- Department of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; (D.P.)
| | - Grzegorz Żurek
- Department of Biostructure, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Najmeh Nameh Goshay Fard
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; (D.P.)
| | - Marzena Furtak-Niczyporuk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Jaroszyński
- Department of Administrative Proceedings, Faculty of Law and Administration, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; (D.P.)
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Ventura E, Ducci G, Benot Dominguez R, Ruggiero V, Belfiore A, Sacco E, Vanoni M, Iozzo RV, Giordano A, Morrione A. Progranulin Oncogenic Network in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061706. [PMID: 36980592 PMCID: PMC10046331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a pleiotropic growth factor with important physiological roles in embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. While-progranulin deficiency is associated with a broad range of pathological conditions affecting the brain, such as frontotemporal dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, progranulin upregulation characterizes many tumors, including brain tumors, multiple myeloma, leiomyosarcoma, mesothelioma and epithelial cancers such as ovarian, liver, breast, bladder, adrenal, prostate and kidney carcinomas. The increase of progranulin levels in tumors might have diagnostic and prognostic significance. In cancer, progranulin has a pro-tumorigenic role by promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, anchorage-independent growth and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, progranulin regulates the tumor microenvironment, affects the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and modulates tumor immune surveillance. However, the molecular mechanisms of progranulin oncogenic function are not fully elucidated. In bladder cancer, progranulin action relies on the activation of its functional signaling receptor EphA2. Notably, more recent data suggest that progranulin can also modulate a functional crosstalk between multiple receptor-tyrosine kinases, demonstrating a more complex and context-dependent role of progranulin in cancer. Here, we will review what is currently known about the function of progranulin in tumors, with a focus on its molecular mechanisms of action and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ventura
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (A.M.); Tel.: +1-215-204-2450 (A.M.)
| | - Giacomo Ducci
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Reyes Benot Dominguez
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Valentina Ruggiero
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Master Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (A.M.); Tel.: +1-215-204-2450 (A.M.)
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Koo DH, Lee KS, Sim SH, Chae H, Lee EG, Han JH, Jung SY, Lee S, Kang HS, Lee ES, Park CY, Oh SW. Progranulin and Breast Cancer Mortality: 13-Year Follow-Up of a Cohort Study. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:251-261. [PMID: 37081941 PMCID: PMC10112348 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s406685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Background We have reported that serum progranulin (PGRN) levels are clinically significant in predicting recurrence in patients with HR-positive breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine whether PGRN levels might be associated with breast cancer mortality. Methods This was a cohort study of 695 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients who underwent curative surgery between 2001 and 2004. The relationship between breast cancer mortality and pre-operative serum PGRN levels in these patients with a median follow-up of 12.7 years was evaluated until May 2020. Results A total of 118 (17%) deaths were identified in the cohort. According to the HR status, (10, 15, and 20)-year overall survival (OS) rates were (91.4, 81.1, and 75.9) % for HR-positive patients, and (76.5, 74.2, and 69.8) % for HR-negative patients, respectively (p = 0.003). Higher levels of PGRN were significantly associated with poor OS in the HR-positive group (p for trend = 0.001). In particular, hazard ratios for PGRN quartiles suggested a dose-response relationship, with the highest quartile having the worst OS in the HR-positive group (highest vs lowest: 15-year OS, (68.3 vs 90.0) %; 20-year OS, (62.3 vs 84.8) %, even after adjusting for age, tumor stage, and metabolic confounders. Conclusion Pre-operative serum PGRN levels had clinical significance for predicting cancer mortality in breast cancer patients independent of tumor stage and metabolic parameters, especially in HR-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoe Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Seok Lee
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Sim
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Chae
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyeong Lee
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Hong Han
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Youn Jung
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seeyoun Lee
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Kang
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Cheol-Young Park, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2-2001-1869, Fax +82-2-2001-1588, Email
| | - Sang Woo Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Center for Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Sang Woo Oh, Center for Obesity, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Department of Family Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 27 Donggung-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-31-961-7000, Email
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Kashyap SN, Boyle NR, Roberson ED. Preclinical Interventions in Mouse Models of Frontotemporal Dementia Due to Progranulin Mutations. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:140-153. [PMID: 36781744 PMCID: PMC10119358 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a leading cause of early-onset dementia characterized clinically by behavioral, social, and language deficits. There are currently no FDA-approved therapeutics for FTD-GRN, but this has been an active area of investigation, and several approaches are now in clinical trials. Here, we review preclinical development of therapies for FTD-GRN with a focus on testing in mouse models. Since most FTD-GRN-associated mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, these approaches focus on raising progranulin levels. We begin by considering the disorders associated with altered progranulin levels, and then review the basics of progranulin biology including its lysosomal, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory functions. We discuss mouse models of progranulin insufficiency and how they have been used in preclinical studies on a variety of therapeutic approaches. These include approaches to raise progranulin expression from the normal allele or facilitate progranulin production by the mutant allele, as well as approaches to directly increase progranulin levels by delivery across the blood-brain barrier or by gene therapy. Several of these approaches have entered clinical trials, providing hope that new therapies for FTD-GRN may be the next frontier in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya N Kashyap
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Azazzi MO, El-Ghammaz AM, Mohamed HS. Prognostic value of serum progranulin in de novo adult acute myeloid leukemia patients. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2023; 45:25-31. [PMID: 34294600 PMCID: PMC9938458 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum progranulin (PGRN) levels have been associated with a wide range of different human malignancies. However, data available on the role of PGRN in hematological malignancies are limited. METHODS Measurement of the PGRN level in serum of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed. RESULTS The mean serum PGRN level in AML patients was higher than that in controls (346.08 pg/ml ± 64.46 vs 155 pg/ml ± 63 respectively; p = 0.001). After a mean duration of follow-up equaling 140 days, patients with high serum PGRN (i.e., higher than 370.5 pg/ml) had inferior overall survival (OS) in comparison to patients with low serum PGRN (i.e., lower than 370.5 pg/ml) (OS = 25% vs 60.7%, mean survival = 107 days vs 256.5 days, p = 0.007). On the other hand, remitted patients on day 28 with high serum PGRN (i.e., higher than 307.5 pg/ml) did not differ from those with low serum PGRN (i.e., lower than 307.5 pg/ml) regarding disease-free survival (DFS) (DFS = 78.6% vs. 87.5%, mean survival = 301.3 days vs. 283.5 days, p = 0.789). Moreover, the serum PGRN level was associated with inferior OS (p = 0.024) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Adult de novo AML patients have elevated serum PGRN levels and a high PGRN level is associated with an inferior OS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amro M.S. El-Ghammaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt,Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haydi S. Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt,Corresponding author at: Lecturer of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
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Wang P, Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhong Q, Li Z, Wang Y. MicroRNA-1246 suppresses the metastasis of breast cancer cells by targeting the DYRK1A/PGRN axis to prevent the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2711-2721. [PMID: 35059968 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant and highly heterogeneous tumors in women. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-1246, play important roles in various types of malignant cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the biological role of miR-1246 in TNBC has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we studied the role of miR-1246 in the occurrence and development of TNBC and its mechanism of action. METHODS Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing, and Transwell assays were performed to observe the effects of miR-1246 on TNBC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was detected by western blotting. Dual luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine whether DYRK1A is a novel target of miR-1246. In addition, an immunoprecipitation experiment was performed to verify the binding of DYRK1A to PGRN. Rescue experiments were performed to determine whether DYRK1A is a novel target of miR-1246 and whether miR-1246 suppresses the metastasis of breast cancer cells by targeting the DYRK1A/PGRN axis to prevent the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. RESULTS Our results show that miR‑1246 suppresses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells, DYRK1A is a novel target of miR-1246 and Importin-8 mediated miR-1246 nuclear translocation. MiR‑1246 plays a suppressive role in the regulation of the EMT of TNBC cells by targeting DYRK1A. DYRK1A mediates the metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer via activation of the EMT. We identified PGRN as a novel DYRK1A-interacting protein. Overexpression of PGRN and DYRK1A promoted cell proliferation and migration of TNBC, but this effect was reversed by co-expression of miR-1246 mimics.DYRK1A and PGRN act together to regulate the occurrence and development of breast cancer through miR-1246. CONCLUSION MiR-1246 suppresses the metastasis of breast cancer cells by targeting the DYRK1A/PGRN axis and preventing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The MiR-1246/DYRK1A/PGRN axis regulates TNBC progression, suggesting that MiR-1246 could be promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianyi Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), No. 999 Donghai Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Purrahman D, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Saki N, Wojdasiewicz P, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I, Poniatowski ŁA. Involvement of progranulin (PGRN) in the pathogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer. Cytokine 2022; 151:155803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Seale KN, Tkaczuk KHR. Circulating Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:e319-e331. [PMID: 34756687 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer management has progressed immensely over the decades, but the disease is still a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Even with enhanced imaging detection and tissue biopsy capabilities, disease can progress on an ineffective treatment before additional information is obtained through standard methods of response evaluation, including the RECIST 1.1 criteria, widely used for assessment of treatment response and benefit from therapy.6 Circulating biomarkers have the potential to provide valuable insight into disease progression and response to therapy, and they can serve to identify actionable mutations and tumor characteristics that can direct therapy. These biomarkers can be collected at higher frequencies than imaging or tissue sampling, potentially allowing for more informed management. This review will evaluate the roles of circulating biomarkers in breast cancer, including the serum markers Carcinoembryonic antigen CA15-3, CA27-29, HER2 ECD, and investigatory markers such as GP88; and the components of the liquid biopsy, including circulating tumor cells, cell free DNA/DNA methylation, circulating tumor DNA, and circulating microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Seale
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, S9D12, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Katherine H R Tkaczuk
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, S9D12, Baltimore, MD 21201.
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Zhou C, Huang Y, Wu J, Wei Y, Chen X, Lin Z, Nie S. A narrative review of multiple mechanisms of progranulin in cancer: a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:4207-4216. [PMID: 35116716 PMCID: PMC8798827 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is an autocrine growth factor and has important effects on regulation of cell growth, motility, tissue repair and embryonic development. Recent years, several researches found the expression of PGRN was at higher levels in a number of cancer cells and its high levels are associated with poor outcome of patients. More and more studies investigated the role of PGRN in cancer and found PGRN exerted various biological functions in cancer cells, such as promoting proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, inducing migration and invasion of cells, accelerating angiogenesis and enhancing the effectiveness of chemoresistance and radiation. Now the effects of PGRN have been demonstrated in several cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and bladder cancer. In addition, several signaling pathways and molecules are involved in the effects of PGRN on cancer cells, including Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclin D1. Therefore, PGRN is probably a significant diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for cancer and may be a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Here, we reviewed the advancing field of PGRN in cancer as well as several signaling pathways activated by PGRN and confirmed PGRN is a key role in cancer. Moreover, future studies are still necessary to elucidate the biological functions and signaling pathways of PGRN in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingmi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiting Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaosheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhiqing Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Sheng Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
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Combination of GP88 Expression in Tumor Cells and Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Bladder Cancer Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071796. [PMID: 34359965 PMCID: PMC8306318 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) is the ninth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and accounts for approximately 3% of global cancer diagnoses. We are interested in prognostic markers that may characterize tumor cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs) and their relationship in BCa. A potential candidate marker that meets these criteria is progranulin (GP88), which is expressed separately in TCs and ICs. We analyzed GP88 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 196 muscle-invasive BCa samples using a tissue microarray. The immunoreactive score for GP88 staining in TCs and the percentage of GP88-positive ICs was determined. An easy cutoff for the staining status of TCs (positive vs. negative) and ICs (0% vs. >0%) and, more generally, negative vs. positive GP88 staining could be applied. We detected 93 patients (47.4%) and 92 patients (46.9%) with GP88-positive TCs or ICs, respectively. The IHC results were correlated with clinicopathological and survival data. Positive GP88 staining in TCs appeared to be an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-specific survival (DSS) (RR (relative risk) = 1.74; p = 0.009) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (RR = 1.92; p = 0.002). In contrast, negative GP88 staining in ICs was an independent negative predictor for overall survival (OS) (RR = 2.18; p < 0.001), DSS (RR = 2.84; p < 0.001) and RFS (RR = 2.91; p < 0.001) in multivariate Cox’s regression analysis. When combining GP88 staining in TCs and ICs, a specific combination of GP88-positive TCs and GP88-negative ICs was associated with a 2.54-fold increased risk of death, a 4.21-fold increased risk of disease-specific death and a 4.81-fold increased risk of recurrence compared to GP88-negative TCs and GP88-positive ICs. In summary, GP88 positivity in TCs is a negative prognostic factor for DSS and RFS. In addition, GP88 positivity can mark ICs that are associated with a good prognosis (OS, DSS and RFS). The combination of GP88 staining in TCs and ICs appears to be a significant independent prognostic biomarker in muscle-invasive BCa.
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GP88/PGRN Serum Levels Are Associated with Prognosis for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050400. [PMID: 34064411 PMCID: PMC8147813 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary An oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a tumor of the oral cavity that has a five-year survival rate of only around 50%. As this rate has not increased in recent decades, despite improvements in diagnosis and therapy, novel, easily accessible biomarkers for prognosis assessment are still needed. In our study, we measured the growth factor protein progranulin/GP88 in the serum of OSCC patients and demonstrated that an increased serum GP88 level is associated with a better prognosis for the OSCC patients in our study group. Furthermore, serum GP88 levels were not significantly associated with age, sex, or the tumor’s histological features, indicating that serum GP88 levels may be an independent predictor of an individual OSCC patient’s prognosis. These findings may help to improve therapy management of an OSCC in personalized medicine. Abstract Progranulin (PGRN)/GP88 is a growth factor that is expressed in a wide range of tumor tissues. The secreted form is involved in various biological processes including proliferation and inflammation. In several tumor types, the serum GP88 level is associated with a patient’s prognosis; however, data for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) have not yet been reported. We measured the serum GP88 levels in 96 OSCC patients by an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) and correlated these data with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes. The GP88 levels in the serum of OSCC patients and healthy volunteers were comparable. In OSCC patients, the levels did not correlate with age, sex, or TNM status. In a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, a serum GP88 level < 68 ng/mL was significantly associated with worsened survival (p = 0.0005, log-rank-test) as well as in uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses (RR = 4.6 [1.6–12.9], p = 0.004 and RR = 4.2 [1.2–12.0], p = 0.008). This effect was predominant in OSCC patients older than 60.5 years (p = 0.027), while in younger patients no significant association between serum GP88 levels and prognosis could be observed. Altogether, lower serum GP88 levels are significantly associated with a worsened outcome for an OSCC and may be an interesting candidate for risk stratification during OSCC therapy.
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12
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Berger K, Rhost S, Rafnsdóttir S, Hughes É, Magnusson Y, Ekholm M, Stål O, Rydén L, Landberg G. Tumor co-expression of progranulin and sortilin as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:185. [PMID: 33618683 PMCID: PMC7898426 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growth factor progranulin has been implicated in numerous biological processes such as wound healing, inflammation and progressive tumorigenesis. Both progranulin and its receptor sortilin are known to be highly expressed in subgroups of breast cancer and have been associated with various clinical properties including tamoxifen resistance. Recent data further suggest that progranulin, via its receptor sortilin, drives breast cancer stem cell propagation in vitro and increases metastasis formation in an in vivo breast cancer xenograft model. In this retrospective biomarker analysis, we aimed to determine whether tumor co-expression of progranulin and sortilin has prognostic and treatment predictive values for breast cancer patients. Methods We explored how co-expression of progranulin and sortilin was associated with established clinical markers by analyzing a tissue microarray including 560 randomized premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving either 2 years of tamoxifen treatment or no adjuvant treatment, with a median follow-up time of 28 years. Breast cancer-specific survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox Proportional Hazards regression models to assess the prognostic and predictive value of progranulin and sortilin in relation to known clinical markers. Results Co-expression of progranulin and sortilin was observed in 20% of the breast cancer samples. In untreated patients, prognostic considerations could be detailed separately from treatment prediction and the high progranulin and sortilin expressing subgroup was significantly associated with breast cancer-specific death in multivariable analyses (HR=2.188, CI: 1.317–3.637, p=0.003) along with tumor size, high tumor grade and lymph node positivity. When comparing the untreated patients with tamoxifen treated patients in the ERα positive subgroup, co-expression of progranulin and sortilin was not linked to tamoxifen resistance. Conclusion Data suggest that co-expression of progranulin and its receptor sortilin is a novel prognostic biomarker combination identifying a highly malignant subgroup of breast cancer. Importantly, this subpopulation could potentially be targeted with anti-sortilin based therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07854-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Berger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, Medicinaregatan 1G, SE-13 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Rhost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, Medicinaregatan 1G, SE-13 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Svanheiður Rafnsdóttir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, Medicinaregatan 1G, SE-13 90, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Present address: Department of Surgery, National University Hospital of Iceland, 13-A Hringbraut, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Éamon Hughes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, Medicinaregatan 1G, SE-13 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ylva Magnusson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, Medicinaregatan 1G, SE-13 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekholm
- Department of Oncology, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Oncology, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Landberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, Medicinaregatan 1G, SE-13 90, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Guha R, Yue B, Dong J, Banerjee A, Serrero G. Anti-progranulin/GP88 antibody AG01 inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:637-653. [PMID: 33616772 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by invasiveness and short survival. Identifying novel TNBC-targeted therapies, to potentiate standard of care (SOC) therapy, is an unmet need. Progranulin (PGRN/GP88) is a biological driver of tumorigenesis, survival, and drug resistance in several cancers including breast cancer (BC). PGRN/GP88 tissue expression is an independent prognostic factor of recurrence while elevated serum PGRN/GP88 level is associated with poor outcomes. Since PGRN/GP88 expression is elevated in 30% TNBC, we investigated the involvement of progranulin on TNBC. METHODS The effect of inhibiting PGRN/GP88 expression in TNBC cells by siRNA was investigated. The effects of a neutralizing anti-human PGRN/GP88 monoclonal antibody AG01 on the proliferation and migration of two TNBC cell lines expressing PGRN/GP88 were then examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Inhibition of GP88 expression by siRNA and AG01 treatment to block PGRN/GP88 action reduced proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent fashion in MDA-MB-231 and HS578-T cells. Western blot analysis showed decreased expression of phosphorylated protein kinases p-Src, p-AKT, and p-ERK upon AG01 treatment, as well as inhibition of tumor growth and Ki67 expression in vivo. CONCLUSION PGRN/GP88 represents a therapeutic target with companion diagnostics. Blocking PGRN/GP88 with antibody treatment may provide novel-targeted solutions in TNBC treatment which could eventually address the issue of toxicity and unresponsiveness associated with SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Guha
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc, 9130 Red Branch Rd Suite X, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA.,Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Binbin Yue
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc, 9130 Red Branch Rd Suite X, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - Jianping Dong
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc, 9130 Red Branch Rd Suite X, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ginette Serrero
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc, 9130 Red Branch Rd Suite X, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA. .,University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Do IG, Jung KU, Koo DH, Lee YG, Oh S, Kim K, Kim DH, Sohn JH, Son BH, Lee SR, Shin JH, Kim HO, Kim H, Chun HK, Serrero G, Yoo CH. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of gastrointestinal stromal tumors with high progranulin expression. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245153. [PMID: 33411849 PMCID: PMC7790380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Progranulin (PGRN) is known to promote tumorigenesis and proliferation of several types of cancer cells. However, little is known about the clinicopathological features of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with regard to PGRN expression. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with GISTs who underwent curative surgical resection between 2007 and 2017. PGRN expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and semi-quantitatively categorized (no expression, 0; weak, 1+; moderate, 2+; strong, 3+). Tumors with a staining intensity of 2+ or 3+ were considered high PGRN expression. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were analyzed; 31 patients (57%) were male. The median age at surgery was 60 years (range, 33-79), and the most common primary site was the stomach (67%). Thirty-five patients (65%) had spindle histology; 42 patients (78%) were separated as a high-risk group according to the modified National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification. High PGRN-expressing tumors were observed in 27 patients (50%), had more epithelioid/mixed histology (68% vs. 32%; p = 0.046), and KIT exon 11 mutations (76% vs. 24%; p = 0.037). Patients with high PGRN-expressing tumors had a worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) (36% of 5-year RFS) compared to those with low PGRN-expressing tumors (96%; p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that high PGRN expression and old age (>60 years) were independent prognostic factors for poor RFS. CONCLUSIONS High PGRN-expressing GISTs showed more epithelioid/mixed histology and KIT exon 11 mutations. PGRN overexpression was significantly associated with poor RFS in patients with GISTs who underwent curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gu Do
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Uk Jung
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoe Koo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (DHK); (CHY)
| | - Yun-Gyoo Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjoong Oh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungeun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Sohn
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Son
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryol Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Shin
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ook Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hungdai Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Chun
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginette Serrero
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chang Hak Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (DHK); (CHY)
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15
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Serrero G. Progranulin/GP88, A Complex and Multifaceted Player of Tumor Growth by Direct Action and via the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:475-498. [PMID: 34664252 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the role of progranulin/GP88 on the proliferation and survival of a wide variety of cells has been steadily increasing. Several human diseases stem from progranulin dysregulation either through its overexpression in cancer or its absence as in the case of null mutations in some form of frontotemporal dementia. The present review focuses on the role of progranulin/GP88 in cancer development, progression, and drug resistance. Various aspects of progranulin identification, biology, and signaling pathways will be described. Information will be provided about its direct role as an autocrine growth and survival factor and its paracrine effect as a systemic factor as well as via interaction with extracellular matrix proteins and with components of the tumor microenvironment to influence drug resistance, migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune modulation. This chapter will also describe studies examining progranulin/GP88 tumor tissue expression as well as circulating level as a prognostic factor for several cancers. Due to the wealth of publications in progranulin, this review does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather provide a thread to lead the readers toward more in-depth exploration of this fascinating and unique protein.
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16
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Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and progranulin as possible regulators of cervical remodeling in pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 143:103241. [PMID: 33157500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and progranulin (PGRN) are secretory proteins with an anti-inflammatory property. Their involvement in cervical remodeling in pregnant uterus is not yet elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to explore the significance of SLPI and PGRN in the maintenance of pregnancy by investigating the factors associated with their expression levels at the cervix. Concentrations of SLPI and PGRN proteins were measured in cervical mucus samples collected from asymptomatic pregnant women at 24-26 weeks of gestation (n = 166). The concentrations of those molecules were analyzed with clinical parameters related to risk for preterm delivery (PD). In pregnant mice, we evaluated the effect of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and progesterone effect modulation on cervical mRNA expression of SLPI and PGRN. The cervical PGRN level was significantly lower in women with short cervix (<35 mm) and with a history of threatened PD. In women with short cervix, cervical SLPI concentrations were positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (R2 = 0.75) and interleukin-8 (R2 = 0.71). In pregnant mice, cervical mRNA expressions of PGRN and SLPI were increased in response to progesterone supplementation and were suppressed by a progesterone antagonist, mifepristone. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation caused remarkable upregulation in cervical SLPI mRNA level but not in PGRN. Progesterone and local inflammation are the factors controlling expression levels of PGRN and SLPI at the cervix. The observed relationship of PGRN and SLPI levels in the cervical mucus with PD-related clinical parameters supports that those anti-inflammatory molecules possibly play a significant role in appropriate regulation of cervical remodeling.
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Tkaczuk KHR, Hawkins D, Yue B, Hicks D, Tait N, Serrero G. Association of Serum Progranulin Levels With Disease Progression, Therapy Response and Survival in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2020; 20:220-227. [PMID: 31928925 PMCID: PMC8284563 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (GP88) is a critical player in breast tumorigenesis. GP88 tumor expression is associated with increased recurrence and mortality, whereas GP88 circulating levels are elevated in patients with breast cancer compared with healthy individuals. We examined here the correlation between serum GP88 levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with overall survival and disease status determined as response to therapy or progression of disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS An institutional review board (IRB)-approved study prospectively enrolled 101 patients with MBC at the University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center. GP88 serum levels were correlated with patients' disease status determined by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria and survival outcomes by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log rank statistics. RESULTS Patients' survival was stratified by serum GP88 level. Patients with serum GP88 < 55 ng/mL had a 4-fold increased survival compared with patients with GP88 > 55 ng/mL. Examination of GP88 serum levels in association with disease status showed a statistically significant association between serum GP88 levels and disease progression or response to therapy while CA15-3 level was only associated to progression. CONCLUSION The association of serum GP88 level with survival and disease status suggests the potential of using the serum GP88 test for monitoring disease status in patients with MBC. Measurement of serum GP88 levels in patients with MBC may have clinical value as a cost-effective adjunct to the management of patients with MBC with imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H R Tkaczuk
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Douglas Hawkins
- Department of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Nancy Tait
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ginette Serrero
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc, Columbia, MD.
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18
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Kwon H, Park SE, Yun JS, Park CY. Serum Adiponectin and Progranulin Level in Patients with Benign Thyroid Nodule or Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:396-406. [PMID: 32615724 PMCID: PMC7386120 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with thyroid cancer risk. Adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects, while progranulin is associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. We investigated serum adiponectin and progranulin levels in patients with benign thyroid nodule (benign group) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC; PTC group). The associations between these levels and the clinicopathological features of PTC were evaluated. METHODS We included 157 patients who underwent thyroid surgery (17% of benign and 83% of PTC group). Clinicopathological features including size, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), multifocality, American Thyroid Association risk stratification were evaluated. RESULTS The age was 42.0 years, and 69% were female. Serum adiponectin and progranulin levels were 6.3 μg/mL and 101.5 ng/mL in the benign group and 5.4 μg/mL and 106.1 ng/mL in the PTC group, respectively (P=0.6 and P=0.4, respectively). Serum adiponectin levels showed no significant differences according to clinicopathological features of PTC. The proportions of patients with primary tumor size >1 cm were 3%, 5%, 8%, and 8% according to serum progranulin level quartiles, respectively (P=0.03). The proportions of patients with microscopic/gross ETE were 8%/0%, 9%/1%, 11%/1%, and 11%/2% according to serum progranulin level quartiles, respectively. Median serum progranulin level was significantly higher in patients with PTC >1 cm than in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (P=0.04, 115.3 ng/mL and 104.7 ng/mL, respectively). CONCLUSION Serum adiponectin and progranulin levels showed no significant difference between benign and PTC groups. Increased serum progranulin levels were significantly associated with PTC >1 cm and microscopic and gross ETE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji-Sup Yun
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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El-Ghammaz AMS, Azzazi MO, Mostafa N, Hegab HM, Mahmoud AA. Prognostic significance of serum progranulin level in de novo adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:269-276. [PMID: 32006270 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of progranulin (PGRN) has been reported in some hematological cancers, but limited information regarding its significance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is available. This study involved 60 subjects (40 de novo adult ALL patients and 20 controls). Serum PGRN level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and was correlated with patient outcome. Serum PGRN level was significantly higher in patients than controls. Serum PGRN level did not correlate with age, total leukocytic count, hemoglobin, platelets, absolute blast count in peripheral blood, lactate dehydrogenase, percent of blasts in bone marrow, gender, comorbidities, the presence of central nervous system infiltration, ALL phenotype, cytogenetics and risk of the disease. High serum PGRN level was not associated with inferior overall survival (OS) on univariate analysis. Regarding cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and disease-free survival (DFS), high PGRN level was associated with poor results on univariate analysis. Moreover, it tended to be independent risk factor on multivariate analysis for CIR but was not an independent predictor of inferior DFS. Serum PGRN level is significantly elevated in de novo adult ALL patients and may be used as a predictor of increased relapse risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M S El-Ghammaz
- Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed O Azzazi
- Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine Mostafa
- Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M Hegab
- Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amir A Mahmoud
- Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Qin J, Huang S, Qian J, Xu C, Li S, Yu S, Yan H, Wu M, Chen J, Ren H, Peng M. The prognostic relevance and expression of progranulin in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18574. [PMID: 31895802 PMCID: PMC6946396 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted protein that can regulate cell cycle progression, cell motility, and tumorigenesis. The PGRN expression in hematological malignancies is limited to multiple myeloma, but its expression and survival prognostic role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still controversial.To evaluate the PGRN expression and estimate its survival prognostic role in AML patients.In this study, all patients were divided into three groups, which included 38 newly diagnosed adult AML patients, 33 complete remissions (CR-AML) patients, and 60 healthy control (HC) patients. The endpoints were relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). We investigated plasma PGRN levels by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Plasma PGRN levels in AML patients were higher than that in CR-AML and HC groups. After two chemo cycles, 16 patients had complete remission (CR). The level of plasma PGRN in non-CR patients compared to CR patients was obviously different (median 44.19 vs 21.10 ng/mL) (P = .025). In non-M3 (French-American-British classification) patients, 70% (21/30) patients relapsed in 1 year and 80% (24/80) patients died in the observed time. Using the value (median 19.95) as a "cut-off" value, we have divided non-M3 patients into low- and high-PGRN expression groups. High-PGRN expression patients had a poorer RFS with a median of 5.4 months (95% CI 3.7-7.1) and low-PGRN expression patients had a good RFS with a median of 8.9 months (95% CI 6.3-11.5; P = .027). In the survival analyses, high-PGRN expression of AML patients had shorter OS than low-PGRN expression of AML patients (6.2 vs 20.5 months, P = .008).PGRN is overexpressed in AML, which is a convenient and independent prognostic marker that is measured easily in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Shigao Huang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR
| | - Jiao Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Shixiao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Sufei Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Haixi Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Mingjiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Enze Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group)
| | - Hanxing Ren
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Minfei Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Linhai, Zhejiang Province
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Schulze-Edinghausen L, Dürr C, Öztürk S, Zucknick M, Benner A, Kalter V, Ohl S, Close V, Wuchter P, Stilgenbauer S, Lichter P, Seiffert M. Dissecting the Prognostic Significance and Functional Role of Progranulin in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E822. [PMID: 31200555 PMCID: PMC6627891 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is known for its strong dependency on the tumor microenvironment. We found progranulin (GRN), a protein that has been linked to inflammation and cancer, to be upregulated in the serum of CLL patients compared to healthy controls, and increased GRN levels to be associated with an increased hazard for disease progression and death. This raised the question of whether GRN is a functional driver of CLL. We observed that recombinant GRN did not directly affect viability, activation, or proliferation of primary CLL cells in vitro. However, GRN secretion was induced in co-cultures of CLL cells with stromal cells that enhanced CLL cell survival. Gene expression profiling and protein analyses revealed that primary mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in co-culture with CLL cells acquire a cancer-associated fibroblast-like phenotype. Despite its upregulation in the co-cultures, GRN treatment of MSCs did not mimic this effect. To test the relevance of GRN for CLL in vivo, we made use of the Eμ-TCL1 CLL mouse model. As we detected strong GRN expression in myeloid cells, we performed adoptive transfer of Eμ-TCL1 leukemia cells to bone marrow chimeric Grn-/- mice that lack GRN in hematopoietic cells. Thereby, we observed that CLL-like disease developed comparable in Grn-/- chimeras and respective control mice. In conclusion, serum GRN is found to be strongly upregulated in CLL, which indicates potential use as a prognostic marker, but there is no evidence that elevated GRN functionally drives the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schulze-Edinghausen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Dürr
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Selcen Öztürk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Verena Kalter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sibylle Ohl
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Viola Close
- Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany, and Cooperation Unit Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine I, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Prognostic Value of Progranulin in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Treated with Curative Resection. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:397-404. [PMID: 30378010 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) has been characterized as an autocrine growth and survival factor and is known to stimulate tumorigenesis and proliferation of several types of cancer cell. However, little is known about the prognostic role of PGRN in colorectal cancer (CRC). A retrospective analysis was performed for patients with colorectal cancer who underwent curative resection between May 2013 and June 2015. PGRN expression in tumor cells was semi-quantitatively categorized (no expression, 0; weak/focal, 1+; moderate/focal or diffuse, 2+; strong/diffuse, 3+), and high expression was considered for tumors graded ≥2+ staining intensity. A total of 109 patients (28 stage I, 32 stage II, and 49 stage III) were analyzed. Thirty-eight patients (35%) had tumors with high PGRN expression, and there was a trend of elevated pre-operative CEA and CA19-9 levels in patients with high PGRN-expressing tumors compared to those with low PGRN-expressing tumors (CEA, 49% vs. 21%; CA19-9, 21% vs. 7%). The 3-year recurrence-free survival (3Y-RFS) and overall survival rates were 83.7% (95% CI, 76.8-90.6) and 96.0% (95% CI, 92.3-99.7), respectively. Patients with high PGRN-expressing tumors had a worse rate of 3Y-RFS (66.8%) compared to those with low PGRN-expressing tumors (92.4%; p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis showed that high PGRN expression, age (>66 years), stage (III), and perineural invasion (+) were independent prognostic factors associated with poor RFS after adjusting for confounding factors including sex, MSI, tumor location, KRAS, and lympho-vascular invasion. PGRN overexpression was significantly associated with poor RFS in patients with CRC who have undergone curative resection.
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Greither T, Fischer K, Theil G, Marcou M, Holzhausen HJ, Weigelt K, Serrero G, Hicks D, Yue B, Fornara P, Wullich B, Taubert H, Wach S, Lieb V. Expression of GP88 (progranulin) in serum of prostate cancer patients is associated with Gleason scores and overall survival. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:4173-4180. [PMID: 30323673 PMCID: PMC6178934 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s172069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GP88/Progranulin is a well-recognized cell growth promoter in different cancers, and elevated serum GP88 levels have been described as negative prognostic factor in breast cancer. However, serum levels in prostate cancer (PCa) patients have not yet been studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed serum GP88 levels by enzyme immunosorbent assay and correlated them with clinicopathological parameters in PCa patients. PCa patients were separated into two groups based on the serum GP88 median level (low ≤44.56 ng/mL or high >44.56 ng/mL) and according to their median age (younger ≤66 years or elder patients >66 years). RESULTS Low serum GP88 levels were more often detected in younger patients and high levels in elder patients (P=0.018; Fisher's exact test). PCa patients were separated into three groups, Gleason score (GS) ≤6; GS=7; and GS≥8. In receiver operating characteristic analyses, we could distinguish GS≤6 from GS=7 [area under the curve (AUC): 0.646; P=0.018] and GS≤6 from GS≥8 (AUC: 0.629; P=0.048) but not GS=7 from GS≥8. For survival analysis, GP88 levels were separated into two groups by an optimized cutoff value of 36.92 ng/mL. Using this GP88 stratification, all PCa patients and younger patients with a low serum GP88 level had a significantly better overall survival compared with patients with higher serum GP88 levels (log-rank test P=0.010 and P=0.024). CONCLUSION Serum GP88 levels are significantly different depending on age and GS, and they are associated with the prognosis of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Kersten Fischer
- Department of Urology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerit Theil
- Department of Urology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marios Marcou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Urology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Weigelt
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,
| | - Ginette Serrero
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Hicks
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Binbin Yue
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Fornara
- Department of Urology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,
| | - Verena Lieb
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,
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Progranulin ameliorates coxsackievirus-B3-induced viral myocarditis by downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:241-250. [PMID: 29625085 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis, which is caused by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, is a leading reason of sudden cardiac death in young adults. Progranulin (PGRN), a pleiotropic growth factor, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory function in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the expression and function of PGRN in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that PGRN levels in plasma and cardiac tissues were significantly upregulated post CVB3 infection, and negative correlated with disease severity. PGRN deficiency significantly exacerbated, whereas recombinant PGRN treatment attenuated CVB3-induced myocarditis in mice. PGRN downregulated Th1 and Th17 cell responses and cytokine production in vitro and in vivo, whereas its effect on viral myocarditis was Treg cell independent. Furthermore, PGRN regulated Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation through inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway. Therefore, our findings reveal a critical role for PGRN in reducing CVB3-induced myocarditis and suggest that PGRN maybe a novel therapeutic treatment for viral myocarditis.
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Higher levels of progranulin in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with lymphoma and carcinoma with CNS metastasis. J Neurooncol 2018; 137:455-462. [PMID: 29340960 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing central nervous system (CNS) involvement in patients with lymphoma or carcinoma is important in determining therapy and prognosis. Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycosylated protein with roles in cancer growth and survival; it is highly expressed in aggressive cancer cell lines and specimens from many cancer types. We examined PRGN levels by Enzyme Immuno-Assay (EIA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 230 patients, including 18 with lymphoma [12 with CNS metastasis (CNS+); 6 without CNS metastasis (CNS-)], 21 with carcinomas (10 CNS+; 11 CNS-), and 191 control patients with non-cancer neurological diseases, and compared PRGN levels among these disease groups. Median CSF PGRN levels in the CNS+ lymphoma group were significantly higher than in the CNS- lymphoma and control non-cancer groups; and were also significantly higher in the CNS+ carcinoma group than in the CNS- carcinoma and control groups, except for patients with infectious neurological disorders. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that CSF PGRN levels distinguished CNS+ lymphoma from CNS- lymphoma and non-cancer neurological diseases [area under curve (AUC): 0.969]; and distinguished CNS+ carcinomas from CNS- carcinomas and non-cancer neurological diseases (AUC: 0.918). We report here, for the first time, that CSF PGRN levels are higher in patients with CNS+ lymphoma and carcinomas compared to corresponding CNS- diseases. This would imply that measuring CSF PGRN levels could be used to monitor CNS+ lymphoma and metastasis.
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Abstract
The purpose of this brief overview of the progranulin protein is to provide a sense of the range and extent of the roles of progranulin in normal physiology and pathology. Progranulin has received attention due to its role in neurodegeneration, where mutation of a single copy of GRN, the gene encoding progranulin, results in frontotemporal dementia, whereas viral delivery of progranulin to the brains of mice exhibiting Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease phenotypes inhibits the progression of the neurodegenerative phenotypes. Of equal importance, progranulin protects tissues against the harmful effects of poorly controlled inflammation and promotes tissue regeneration after injury at a multitude of sites throughout the body. Progranulin is overexpressed by many types of cancer and contributes to their progression. Given suitable analytical methods and model systems, progranulin offers a wealth of research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bateman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Program in Metabolic Diseases and Their Complications, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hugh P J Bennett
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Metabolic Diseases and Their Complications, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Cancer cells have defects in regulatory mechanisms that usually control cell proliferation and homeostasis. Different cancer cells share crucial alterations in cell physiology, which lead to malignant growth. Tumorigenesis or tumor growth requires a series of events that include constant cell proliferation, promotion of metastasis and invasion, stimulation of angiogenesis, evasion of tumor suppressor factors, and avoidance of cell death pathways. All these events in tumor progression may be regulated by growth factors produced by normal or malignant cells. The growth factor progranulin has significant biological effects in different types of cancer. This protein is a regulator of tumorigenesis because it stimulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, malignant transformation, resistance to anticancer drugs, and immune evasion. This review focuses on the biological effects of progranulin in several cancer models and provides evidence that this growth factor should be considered as a potential biomarker and target in cancer treatment.
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Abella V, Pino J, Scotece M, Conde J, Lago F, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Mera A, Gómez R, Mobasheri A, Gualillo O. Progranulin as a biomarker and potential therapeutic agent. Drug Discov Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Progranulin as a predictive factor of response to chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:1085-1092. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gong Y, Zhan T, Li Q, Zhang G, Tan B, Yang X, Wu Y, Que W, Xing Y, Liu H, Hu X, Yu Z. Serum progranulin levels are elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, reflecting viral load. Cytokine 2016; 85:26-9. [PMID: 27281451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is implicated in infection, immunity and host defense, but its role in the pathogenesis of HBV infection remains unknown. Here we investigated whether there is dysregulated production and the clinical significance of circulating PGRN in patients with chronic HBV infection. Serum concentrations of PGRN were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum PGRN levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic HBV infection than healthy subjects. PGRN levels were significantly associated with HBV-DNA levels, but did not correlate with the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. This study demonstrates increased circulating PGRN production and association between PGRN levels and viral loads in patients with chronic HBV infection, suggesting a functional role of PGRN in the pathogenesis of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingxi Zhan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Tan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjuan Que
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zebo Yu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Yang D, Wang LL, Dong TT, Shen YH, Guo XS, Liu CY, Liu J, Zhang P, Li J, Sun YP. Progranulin promotes colorectal cancer proliferation and angiogenesis through TNFR2/Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3085-3097. [PMID: 26693061 PMCID: PMC4656732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) has been shown to be involved in the process of inflammation, wound healing, and cartilage development; and its role in the progression of breast and ovarian cancer is also well established. However, the expression status of PGRN in colorectal cancers (CRCs) and its molecular mechanisms responsible for tumorigenesis have not been addressed so far. Herein, we demonstrated that PGRN was highly expressed and had clinical relevance with CRCs since its overexpression was associated with advanced stages of CRCs, poorer patients' prognosis, and increased expression of proliferation and angiogenesis markers. PGRN up-regulation significantly promoted the expression of Ki67 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) as well as the growth rate in CRC cell lines, while PGRN down-regulation had the opposite effects. Strikingly, PGRN derived from CRCs could directly induce proliferation, migration, tubule formation, as well as VEGF-A expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, we provided mechanistic evidences that the regulation of Ki67 and VEGF-A expression by PGRN was mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2)/Akt and the ERK signaling pathways in both CRC cells and HUVECs. Taken together, these findings suggested that PGRN could promote proliferation and angiogenesis through TNFR2/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in CRCs, providing the new insight into the mechanism of PGRN in tumor proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tao-Tao Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hang Shen
- Programs of Cancer Biology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of HawaiiHonolulu 96813, HI, USA
| | - Xiao-Sun Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medicine School of Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Yong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250013, Shandong, P. R. China
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Nicoletto BB, Canani LH. The role of progranulin in diabetes and kidney disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:117. [PMID: 26697121 PMCID: PMC4687133 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a cysteine rich secreted protein, expressed in epithelial cells, immune cells, neurons, and adipocytes. It was first identified for its growth factor-like properties, being involved in early embryogenesis and tissue remodeling, acting as an anti-inflammatory molecule. In the central nervous system, PGRN has neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions. There is also evidence of PGRN effects on cancer, contributing to tumor proliferation, invasion and cell survival. Recently, PGRN was recognized as an adipokine related to obesity and insulin resistance, revealing its metabolic function and pro-inflammatory properties. In obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, PGRN levels are increased. In renal disease, there is a relevant association, however, it is not known if it could contribute to kidney damage or if it is only a route of PGRN elimination. PGRN is an emerging molecule which demands studies in different fields. Possibly, it plays distinct functions in different tissues/cells and metabolic conditions. Here, we discuss potential mechanisms and recent data of PGRN pro-inflammatory actions, regarding obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bellincanta Nicoletto
- />Post Graduation Medical Sciences Program: Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2º floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Canani
- />Post Graduation Medical Sciences Program: Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2º floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003 Brazil
- />Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Building 12, 4° floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903 Brazil
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Suh HS, Gelman BB, Lee SC. Potential roles of microglial cell progranulin in HIV-associated CNS pathologies and neurocognitive impairment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:117-32. [PMID: 23959579 PMCID: PMC3930627 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a highly unusual molecule with both neuronal and microglial expression with two seemingly unrelated functions, i.e., as a neuronal growth factor and a modulator of neuroinflammation. Haploinsufficiency due to loss of function mutations lead to a fatal presenile dementing illness (frontotemporal lobar degeneration), indicating that adequate expression of PGRN is essential for successful aging. PGRN might be a particularly relevant factor in the pathogenesis of HIVencephalitis (HIVE) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We present emerging data and a review of the literature which show that cells of myeloid lineage such as macrophages and microglia are the primary sources of PGRN and that PGRN expression contributes to pathogenesis of CNS diseases. We also present evidence that PGRN is a macrophage antiviral cytokine. For example, PGRN mRNA and protein expression are significantly upregulated in brain specimens with HIVE, and in HIV infected microglia in vitro. Paradoxically, our preliminary CHARTER data analyses indicate that lower PGRN levels in CSF trended towards an association with HAND, particularly in those without detectable virus. Based upon these findings, we introduce the hypothesis that PGRN plays dual roles in modulating antiviral immunity and neuronal dysfunction in the context of HIV infection. In the presence of active viral replication, PGRN expression is increased functioning as an anti-viral factor as well as a neuroprotectant. In the absence of active HIV replication, ongoing inflammation or other stressors suppress PGRN production from macrophages/microglia contributing to neurocognitive dysfunction. We propose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience & Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Sunhee C. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Konopka J, Richbourgh B, Liu C. The role of PGRN in musculoskeletal development and disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014; 19:662-71. [PMID: 24389211 DOI: 10.2741/4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor that has been implicated in wound healing, inflammation, infection, tumorigenesis, and is most known for its neuroprotective and proliferative properties in neurodegenerative disease. This pleiotropic growth factor has been found to be a key player and regulator of a diverse spectrum of multi-systemic functions. Its critical anti-inflammatory role in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disease models has allowed for the propulsion of research to establish its significance in musculoskeletal diseases, including inflammatory conditions involving bone and cartilage pathology. In this review, we aim to elaborate on the emerging role of PGRN in the musculoskeletal system, reviewing its particular mechanisms described in various musculoskeletal diseases, with special focus on osteoarthritis and inflammatory joint disease patho-mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of PGRN and its derivatives in these and other musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Konopka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003
| | - Brendon Richbourgh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003
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Göbel M, Eisele L, Möllmann M, Hüttmann A, Johansson P, Scholtysik R, Bergmann M, Busch R, Döhner H, Hallek M, Seiler T, Stilgenbauer S, Klein-Hitpass L, Dührsen U, Dürig J. Progranulin is a novel independent predictor of disease progression and overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72107. [PMID: 24009671 PMCID: PMC3751910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (Pgrn) is a 88 kDa secreted protein with pleiotropic functions including regulation of cell cycle progression, cell motility, wound repair and tumorigenesis. Using microarray based gene expression profiling we have recently demonstrated that the gene for Pgrn, granulin (GRN), is significantly higher expressed in aggressive CD38(+)ZAP-70(+) as compared to indolent CD38(-)ZAP-70(-) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases. Here, we measured Pgrn plasma concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the Essen CLL cohort of 131 patients and examined Pgrn for association with established prognostic markers and clinical outcome. We found that high Pgrn plasma levels were strongly associated with adverse risk factors including unmutated IGHV status, expression of CD38 and ZAP-70, poor risk cytogenetics (11q-, 17p-) as detected by flourescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and high Binet stage. Pgrn as well as the aforementioned risk factors were prognostic for time to first treatment and overall survival in this series. Importantly, these results could be confirmed in the independent multicentric CLL1 cohort of untreated Binet stage A patients (n = 163). Here, multivariate analysis of time to first treatment revealed that high risk Pgrn (HR = 2.06, 95%-CI = 1.13-3.76, p = 0.018), unmutated IGHV status (HR = 5.63, 95%-CI = 3.05-10.38, p<0.001), high risk as defined by the study protocol (HR = 2.06, 95%-CI = 1.09-3.89, p = 0.026) but not poor risk cytogenetics were independent prognostic markers. In summary our results suggest that Pgrn is a novel, robust and independent prognostic marker in CLL that can be easily measured by ELISA.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/blood
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Patient Outcome Assessment
- Prognosis
- Progranulins
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Göbel
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Möllmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hüttmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia Johansson
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - René Scholtysik
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuela Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Raymonde Busch
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, and Center of Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, Köln, Germany
| | - Till Seiler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pardo OE, Seckl MJ. S6K2: The Neglected S6 Kinase Family Member. Front Oncol 2013; 3:191. [PMID: 23898460 PMCID: PMC3721059 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
S6 kinase 2 (S6K2) is a member of the AGC kinases super-family. Its closest homolog, S6K1, has been extensively studied along the years. However, due to the belief in the community that the high degree of identity between these two isoforms would translate in essentially identical biological functions, S6K2 has been largely neglected. Nevertheless, recent research has clearly highlighted that these two proteins significantly differ in their roles in vitro as well as in vivo. These findings are significant to our understanding of S6 kinase signaling and the development of therapeutic strategies for several diseases including cancer. Here, we will focus on S6K2 and review the protein–protein interactions and specific substrates that determine the selective functions of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier E Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital , London , UK
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Gong P, Wang Y, Liu G, Zhang J, Wang Z. New insight into Ki67 expression at the invasive front in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54912. [PMID: 23382998 PMCID: PMC3561452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the distribution of Ki67+ cells in breast cancer in relation to clinical-pathological parameters and prognosis. Materials and Methods Ki67 expression status was detected in 1,086 breast cancer specimens using immunohistochemistry staining and examining the relationship between the Ki67+ cells' location. Subsequently, clinical-pathological parameters and prognosis were determined. Results In total, Ki67 protein expression was found in 781 (71.92%) of the 1,086 breast cancer specimens. Among the 781 Ki67+ cases, 461 were defined as diffuse type and 320 were defined as borderline type. After universal correlation analysis, significant differences were observed in age, histological grade, metastatic nodes, postoperative distant metastasis, and molecular subtype between Ki67+ and Ki67− cases (P = 0.01, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively). After subgroup analysis, the borderline cases were found to be characterized by a high distant metastasis rate compared to the diffuse cases as well as the Ki67− cases (P = 0.001). No differences were observed between diffuse type or Ki67− cases (P = 0.105). Multivariate analysis showed that age, tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, molecular subtype, and the Ki67 distribution pattern were observed to be related to postoperative distant metastasis (all P<0.05). Furthermore, borderline type was shown to attain a significantly more distant bone and liver metastasis and worse disease-specific survival than the other types (P = 0.001). In the Cox regression test, the Ki67 distribution pattern was detected as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.001). Conclusion The distribution pattern of Ki67 may be a new independent prognostic factor for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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