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Yang K, Wang Y. Dandelion root extracts and taraxasterol inhibit LPS‑induced colorectal cancer cell viability by blocking TLR4‑NFκB‑driven ACE2 and TMPRSS2 pathways. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:256. [PMID: 38766306 PMCID: PMC11099608 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Notably, abnormalities in intestinal bacteria may contribute to the initiation or progression of colorectal cancer. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin, is elevated in patients with colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the protective effects of dandelion root extracts and taraxasterol (TS; a major pharmacologically active compound in dandelion root extracts) on LPS-induced colorectal cancer cell viability, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, and protein and gene expression levels were determined by western blotting and quantitative PCR. It was revealed that LPS at a low dose (0.5 µg/ml) significantly promoted the viability of human colorectal cancer cells but did not affect normal colon epithelial cells. The addition of dandelion root extracts (0.1-1 mg/ml) or TS (0.05-1 µg/ml) was able to reverse the LPS-induced increase in colorectal cancer cell viability and colony formation. Mechanistically, dandelion root extracts or TS may inhibit the LPS-promoted toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NFκB-p65 pathway and transcription levels of pro-inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL4 and IL6). Compared with normal colon epithelial cells, human colorectal cancer cells had higher expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), which could be further enhanced by LPS treatment but this was reversed by co-incubation with dandelion root extracts or TS. In addition, suppression of the TLR4/NFκB-p65 pathway with CLI095 significantly reversed the stimulatory effect of LPS on the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, whereas TNFα (10 ng/ml) markedly induced the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In conclusion, the present study suggested that dandelion root extracts and TS could be used as prevention strategies for reversing bacteria-driven colorectal cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Wydro U, Wołejko E, Makuła M, Krętowski R, Naumowicz M, Sokołowska G, Serra-Majem L, Cechowska-Pasko M, Łozowicka B, Kaczyński P, Wiater J. Selected Fungicides as Potential EDC Estrogenic Micropollutants in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:7437. [PMID: 37959855 PMCID: PMC10648374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing level of pesticide exposition is being observed as a result of the consumption of large amounts of fruits, vegetables and grain products, which are key components of the vegetarian diet. Fungicides have been classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds, but their mechanisms of action have not yet been clarified. The effect of boscalid (B), cyprodinil (C) and iprodione (I) combined with Tamoxifen (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) on cell viability, cell proliferation, reporter gene expression, ROS content, the cell membrane's function, cell morphology and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in MCF-7 and T47D-KBluc cell lines were investigated. The cell lines were chosen due to their response to 17β -estradiol. The selected fungicides are commonly used in Poland to protect crops against fungi. Our results revealed that the studied fungicides caused significant increases in cell viability and proliferation, and estrogenic activity was present in all studied compounds depending on their concentrations. Oxidative stress activated uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation by inducing ROS production and by inhibiting antioxidant defense. Our findings verify that the studied fungicides could possibly exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and exposure should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Marcin Makuła
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Traugutta sq.2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Rafał Krętowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (R.K.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Sokołowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (U.W.); (E.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (R.K.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ł.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ł.); (P.K.)
| | - Józefa Wiater
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland;
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Panyathep A, Punturee K, Chewonarin T. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acid Containing Green Coffee Bean Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses and Progression of Colon Cancer Cell Line. Foods 2023; 12:2648. [PMID: 37509740 PMCID: PMC10378980 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An inflammatory response, related to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, is a major subsequent result of bacterial infection following CRC surgery and should be of serious concern. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from the bacterial membrane, is a vital mediator of this event through binding with a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activating through NF-κB in CRC. To identify a novel inhibitor of LPS-induced colon cancer cells (SW480), green coffee bean extract (GBE) was investigated. Ethyl acetate insoluble fraction (EIF) was mainly collected from GBE and classified as chlorogenic acid (CGA)-rich fractions. EIF and CGA inhibited TLR4 expression in LPS-induced SW480 cells. However, EIF was more dominant than CGA, via inhibition of expression and secretion of several associated mediators in inflammatory responses and CRC metastasis through NF-κB inactivation, which resulted in the abrogation of CRC migration and invasion. Thus, CGA-rich fraction from GBE can be further developed as an alternative treatment, coupled with CRC surgical treatment, to increase therapeutic efficiency and survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atita Panyathep
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Khanittha Punturee
- Cancer Research Unit of Associated Medical Sciences (AMS-CRU), Faculties of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Kang JH, Park S, Rho J, Hong EJ, Cho YE, Won YS, Kwon HJ. IL-17A promotes Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis via interactions with IL-17RC. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:82-94. [PMID: 36125689 PMCID: PMC9813207 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-022-01342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy worldwide, with a major attribution to Helicobacter pylori. Interleukin (IL)-17A has been reported to be up-regulated in serum and tumor of GC patients, but the precise mechanisms underlying its involvement in gastric tumorigenesis are yet to be established. Here, we investigated the roles of IL-17A in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC. METHODS GC was induced in IL-17A knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice via N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment and H. pylori infection. At 50 weeks after treatment, gastric tissues were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblot analyses. In vitro experiments on the human GC cell lines were additionally performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Deletion of IL-17A suppressed MNU and H. pylori-induced gastric tumor development accompanied by a decrease in gastric epithelial cell growth, oxidative stress, and expression of gastric epithelial stem cells markers. In AGS cells, recombinant human IL-17A (rhIL-17A) inhibited apoptosis and G1/S phase transition arrest while promoting reactive oxygen species production, sphere formation ability of cancer stem cells (CSC), and expression of stemness-related genes. In addition, rhIL-17A induced expression of IL-17RC, leading to NF-κB activation and increased NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) levels. Inhibition of NOX1 with GKT136901 attenuated rhIL-17A-mediated elevation of GC cell growth, ROS generation, and CSC stemness. Clinically, IL-17RC expressions were significantly upregulated in human GC compared with normal gastric tissues. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that IL-17A promotes gastric carcinogenesis, in part, by regulating IL-17RC/NF-κB/NOX1 pathway, supporting its potential as a target in human GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Suyoung Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jinhyung Rho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Hong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Won
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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Curcumae longae Rhizoma (Jianghuang) extract reverses the 5-Fluoruracil resistance in colorectal cancer cells via TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101976. [PMID: 35710041 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intensive efforts have been made in the area of identifying drug resistance modulators from traditional Chinese medicine. Various natural plant extracts have been reported for their reversal effect of drug resistance in cancers. This study was to assess the reversal potential of Curcumae longae Rhizoma extract (CLRE) in 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) resistance to colon cancer and explore its underly mechanism. METHODS Increased concentrations of 5-Fu were used to culture SW480. A series of concentrations of CLRE were used to treat the 5-Fu resistant SW480 cells. WST-8 assay was used to detect the cell viability. Cell apoptosis was assessed by SuperView™ 488 Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The quantification of mentioned factors was archived by RT-qPCR. Network pharmacology analysis was used to explore the target of CLRE. RESULTS 5-Fu resistant cell line (SW480/5-FuR) was established. The IC50 value of CLRE against SW480/5-FuR was 181.0 ± 14.12 µg/ml. CLRE can resensitize the SW480/5-FuR to 5-Fu by inhibiting cell growth. The combination treatment (CLRE+5-Fu) induced cell apoptosis via inhibition of bcl-2 and activation of caspase-3 and bax. Three active ingredients from CLRE were identified. TLR4 was targeted by these three ingredients and linked these ingredients to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The levels of TLR4, PI3K, AKT1, and mTORC1 mRNA were decreased when 5-Fu was combined with CLRE. CONCLUSIONS CLRE could reverse 5-Fu resistance in colon cancer by inactivating TLR4/PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway. This finding might provide a molecular basis and a valuable direction for further clinical applications and research for treating 5-Fu resistant colon cancer.
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Singh S, Bruder-Nascimento A, Belin de Chantemele EJ, Bruder-Nascimento T. CCR5 antagonist treatment inhibits vascular injury by regulating NADPH oxidase 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114859. [PMID: 34843718 PMCID: PMC8914050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine (C- Cmotif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and its receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), have been broadly studied in conjunction with infectious pathogens, however, their involvement in cardiovascular disease is not completely understood. NADPH oxidases (Noxs) are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vasculature. Whether the activation of Noxs is CCL5/CCR5 sensitive and whether such interaction initiates vascular injury is unknown. We investigated whether CCL5/CCR5 leads to vascular damage by activating Noxs. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC) to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which CCL5 leads to vascular damage and carotid ligation (CL) to analyze the effects of blocking CCR5 on vascular injury. RESULTS CCL5 induced Nox1 expression in concentration and time-dependent manners, with no changes in Nox2 or Nox4. Maraviroc pre-treatment (CCR5 antagonist, 40uM) blunted CCL5-induced Nox1 expression. Furthermore, CCL5 incubation led to ROS production and activation of Erk1/2 and NFkB, followed by increased vascular cell migration, proliferation, and inflammatory markers. Notably, Nox1 inhibition (GKT771, 10uM) blocked CCL5-dependent effects. In vivo, CL induced pathological vascular remodeling and inflammatory genes and increased Nox1 and CCR5 expression. Maraviroc treatment (25 mg/Kg/day) reduced pathological vascular growth and Nox1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CCL5 activates Nox1 in the vasculature, leading to vascular injury likely via NFkB and Erk1/2. Herein, we place CCR5 antagonists and/or Nox1 inhibitors might be preeminent antiproliferative compounds to reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with medical procedures (e.g. angioplasty) and vascular diseases associated with vascular hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhnita Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ariane Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Fang Y, Yan C, Zhao Q, Zhao B, Liao Y, Chen Y, Wang D, Tang D. The Association Between Gut Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptors, and Colorectal Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022; 16:11795549221130549. [PMCID: PMC9634190 DOI: 10.1177/11795549221130549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of microbes found in the gut are involved in various critical biological processes in the human body and have dynamic and complex interactions with the immune system. Disruptions in the host’s gut microbiota and the metabolites produced during fermentation promote the development of intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific microbial-associated molecular patterns specific to microorganisms whose signaling is involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis or, under certain conditions, mediating dysbiosis-associated intestinal inflammation. The signaling pathways of TLRs are described first, followed by a discussion of the interrelationship between gut microbes and TLRs, including the activation of TLRs by gut microbes and the effect of TLRs on the distribution of gut microbiota, particularly the role of microbes in colorectal carcinogenesis via TLRs. Finally, we discuss the potential roles of various TLRs in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- The People’s Hospital Of QianNan, Duyun, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Changshu No.2 People’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiqun Liao
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuji Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Khare VM, Saxena VK, Pasternak MA, Nyinawabera A, Singh KB, Ashby CR, Tiwari AK, Tang Y. The expression profiles of chemokines, innate immune and apoptotic genes in tumors caused by Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV-A) in chickens. Genes Immun 2021; 23:12-22. [PMID: 34934184 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune genes play an important role in the immune responses to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumor formation and metastasis. Here, we determined in vivo expression of chemokines, innate immune and apoptotic genes in Synthetic Broiler Dam Line (SDL) chickens following RSV-A infection. The mRNA expression of genes was determined at the primary site of infection and in different organs of progressor, regressor and non-responder chicks, using RT-qPCR. Our results indicated a significant upregulation of: (1) chemokines, such as MIP1β and RANTES, (2) the innate immune gene TLR4, and (3) p53, a tumor-suppressor gene, at the site of primary infection in progressor chickens. In contrast, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression was significantly downregulated in progressor chicks compared to uninfected, control chicks. All of the innate immune genes were significantly upregulated in the lungs and liver of the progressor and regressor chicks compared to control chicks. In the spleen of progressor chicks, RANTES, iNOS and p53 gene expression were significantly increased, whereas MIP1β and TLR4 gene expression was significantly downregulated, compared to control chicks. The lungs and livers of non-responder chicks expressed a low level of iNOS and MIP1β, whereas RANTES, TLR4, and p53 gene expression were significantly upregulated compared to uninfected control chicks. In addition, there was a significant downregulation of RANTES, MIP1β, and TLR4 gene expression in non-responder chicks. These results suggest the different response to infection of chicks with RSV-A is due to differential changes in the expression of innate immune genes in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa M Khare
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Disease Genetics and Biotechnology Lab, CARI, Izatnagar, UP, 243 122, India.
| | - Vishesh K Saxena
- Disease Genetics and Biotechnology Lab, CARI, Izatnagar, UP, 243 122, India
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Angelique Nyinawabera
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Kunwar B Singh
- Animal Science Department, Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, USA
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Zhang F, Qiao S. Research Progress on the Relationship Between Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2021; 6:204-211. [PMID: 35261946 PMCID: PMC8889855 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors. Relevant epidemiology and a large number of experimental studies have proved that chronic inflammation is highly correlated with the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. And inflammatory bowel disease has been proven to be an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer. Various inflammatory cells participate in the establishment of the chronic inflammatory intestinal microenvironment required for the onset of colorectal cancer. The abnormal signal pathways mediated by various inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators promote the occurrence of tumors, which are related to colorectal cancer and pathogenesis‐related inflammation mechanisms. At the gene level, miRNAs can also affect the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer by regulating mesenchymal epithelial transformation. This article reviews the relationship between inflammation and colorectal cancer as well as the related inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery Tongren Municipal People’s Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (GMU) Guizhou China
| | - Song Qiao
- Department of General Surgery Tongren Municipal People’s Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (GMU) Guizhou China
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Reducing Radicals to Refine Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101616. [PMID: 34679751 PMCID: PMC8533157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents. Approximately 70% of patients survive >5-years following diagnosis, however, for those that fail upfront therapies, survival is poor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in a range of cancers and are emerging as significant contributors to the leukaemogenesis of ALL. ROS modulate the function of signalling proteins through oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as promote genomic instability by damaging DNA, to promote chemotherapy resistance. Current therapeutic approaches exploit the pro-oxidant intracellular environment of malignant B and T lymphoblasts to cause irreversible DNA damage and cell death, however these strategies impact normal haematopoiesis and lead to long lasting side-effects. Therapies suppressing ROS production, especially those targeting ROS producing enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases (NOXs), are emerging alternatives to treat cancers and may be exploited to improve the ALL treatment. Here, we discuss the roles that ROS play in normal haematopoiesis and in ALL. We explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning overproduction of ROS in ALL, and their roles in disease progression and drug resistance. Finally, we examine strategies to target ROS production, with a specific focus on the NOX enzymes, to improve the treatment of ALL.
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12
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Hu X, Fatima S, Chen M, Xu K, Huang C, Gong RH, Su T, Wong HLX, Bian Z, Kwan HY. Toll-like receptor 4 is a master regulator for colorectal cancer growth under high-fat diet by programming cancer metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:791. [PMID: 34385421 PMCID: PMC8360949 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although high-fat diet (HFD) has been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), the critical signaling molecule that mediates the cancer growth is not well-defined. Identifying the master regulator that controls CRC growth under HFD can facilitate the development of effective therapeutics for the cancer treatment. In this study, the global lipidomics and RNA sequencing data show that, in the tumor tissues of CRC-bearing mouse models, HFD not only increases tumor weight, but also the palmitic acid level and TLR4 expression, which are reduced when HFD is replaced by control diet. These concomitant changes suggest the roles of palmitic acid and TLR4 in CRC growth. Subsequent studies show that palmitic acid regulates TLR4 expression in PU.1-dependent manner. Knockdown of PU.1 or mutations of PU.1-binding site on TLR4 promoter abolish the palmitic acid-increased TLR4 expression. The role of palmitic acid/PU.1/TLR4 axis in CRC growth is further examined in cell model and animal models that are fed either HFD or palmitic acid-rich diet. More importantly, iTRAQ proteomics data show that knockdown of TLR4 changes the metabolic enzyme profiles in the tumor tissues, which completely abolish the HFD-enhanced ATP production and cancer growth. Our data clearly demonstrate that TLR4 is a master regulator for CRC growth under HFD by programming cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Hu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarwat Fatima
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minting Chen
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keyang Xu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui-Hong Gong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Vissenaekens H, Criel H, Grootaert C, Raes K, Smagghe G, Van Camp J. Flavonoids and cellular stress: a complex interplay affecting human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8535-8566. [PMID: 34098806 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1929822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid consumption has beneficial effects on human health, however, clinical evidence remains often inconclusive due to high interindividual variability. Although this high interindividual variability has been consistently observed in flavonoid research, the potential underlying reasons are still poorly studied. Especially the knowledge on the impact of health status on flavonoid responsiveness is limited and merits more investigation. Here, we aim to highlight the bidirectional interplay between flavonoids and cellular stress. First, the state-of-the-art concerning inflammatory stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed and a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro studies investigating the impact of flavonoids on cellular stress, induced by tumor necrosis factor α, lipopolysaccharide and mitochondrial stressors, is given. Second, we critically discuss the influence of cellular stress on flavonoid uptake, accumulation, metabolism and cell responses, which has, to our knowledge, never been extensively reviewed before. Next, we advocate the innovative insight that stratification of the general population based on health status can reveal subpopulations that benefit more from flavonoid consumption. Finally, suggestions are given for the development of future cell models that simulate the physiological micro-environment, including interindividual variability, since more mechanistic research is needed to establish scientific-based personalized food recommendations for specific subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Vissenaekens
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Criel
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Vermot A, Petit-Härtlein I, Smith SME, Fieschi F. NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:890. [PMID: 34205998 PMCID: PMC8228183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Isabelle Petit-Härtlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Susan M. E. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
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15
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Garcia de Durango CR, Monteiro MN, Bijnsdorp IV, Pham TV, De Wit M, Piersma SR, Knol JC, Pérez-Gordo M, Fijneman RJA, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Jimenez CR. Lipopolysaccharide-regulated secretion of soluble and vesicle-based proteins from a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e1900119. [PMID: 33587312 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To mimic the perioperative microenvironment where bacterial products get in contact with colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and study its impact on protein release, we exposed six CRC cell lines to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and investigated the effect on the secretome using in-depth mass spectrometry-based proteomics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cancer cell secretome was harvested in bio-duplicate after LPS treatment, and separated in EV and soluble secretome (SS) fractions. Gel-fractionated proteins were analysed by label-free nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. NF-κB activation, triggered upon LPS treatment, was evaluated. RESULTS We report a CRC secretome dataset of 5601 proteins. Comparison of all LPS-treated cells with controls revealed 37 proteins with altered abundance in the SS, including RPS25; and 13 in EVs, including HMGB1. Comparing controls and LPS-treated samples per cell line, revealed 564 significant differential proteins with fold-change >3. The LPS-induced release of RPS25 was validated by western blot. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bacterial endotoxin has minor impact on the global CRC cell line secretome, yet it may alter protein release in a cell line-specific manner. This modulation might play a role in orchestrating the development of a permissive environment for CRC liver metastasis, especially through EV-communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cira R Garcia de Durango
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pathology Institute Munich, DKTK Partner Site, Madrid, Munich, Spain, Germany
| | - Madalena N Monteiro
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meike De Wit
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Rogier Piersma
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marina Pérez-Gordo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pathology Institute Munich, DKTK Partner Site, Madrid, Munich, Spain, Germany
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Valencia Institute of Pathology (IVP), Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Wu W, Li L, Su X, Zhu Z, Lin X, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Cai H, Huang W. Nuclear factor-kappaB regulates the transcription of NADPH oxidase 1 in human alveolar epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:98. [PMID: 33757467 PMCID: PMC7988993 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) mediates the expression of various inflammation-related genes, including the NADPH oxidase family. This study aimed to identify the potential regulatory role of NF-κB on NADPH oxidases in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced oxidative stress in human alveolar epithelial cells. Methods A549 cells were treated with TNF-α for 24 h to establish ALI cell models. RT-PCR, western blot, assessment of oxidative stress, Alibaba 2.1 online analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and luciferase reporter analysis were employed to identify the potential regulatory role of NF-κB on NADPH oxidases in TNF-α-induced oxidative stress in human alveolar epithelial cells. Results The expression of NF-κB/p65 was notably upregulated in TNF-α-stimulated A549 cells.
NF-κB knockdown by siRNA significantly inhibited the TNF-α-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, NF-κB/p65 siRNA could inhibit the activation of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 mRNA and protein expression in TNF-α-stimulated A549 cells. The next study demonstrated that NF-κB activated the transcription of NOX1 by binding to the -261 to -252 bp (NOX1/κB2, TAAAAATCCC) region of NOX1 promoter in TNF-α-stimulated A549 cells. Conclusion Our data demonstrated that NF-κB can aggravate TNF-α-induced ALI by regulating the oxidative stress response and the expression of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4. Moreover, NF-κB could promote the NOX1 transcriptional activity via binding its promoter in TNF-α-stimulated A549 cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01464-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshan Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhixing Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zesen Zhuang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Quanzhou Jinjiang Anhai Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command,, PLA, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Park C, Lee H, Hong S, Molagoda IMN, Jeong JW, Jin CY, Kim GY, Choi SH, Hong SH, Choi YH. Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses by Trans-cinnamaldehyde in C2C12 Myoblasts. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2480-2492. [PMID: 34104079 PMCID: PMC8176176 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.59169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trans-cinnamaldehyde (tCA), a bioactive component found in Cinnamomum cassia, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but its efficacy in muscle cells has yet to be found. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of tCA on inflammatory and oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts. Methods: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of tCA in LPS-treated C2C12 cells, we measured the levels of pro-inflammatory mediator, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of tCA, the expression of genes involved in the expression of inflammatory and oxidative regulators was also investigated. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of tCA against LPS in the zebrafish model. Results: tCA significantly inhibited the LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, which was associated with decreased expression of their regulatory genes. tCA also suppressed the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor, and attenuated the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the binding of LPS to TLR4 on the cell surface in LPS-treated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, tCA abolished LPS-induced generation of ROS and expression levels of ROS producing enzymes, NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NOX2. However, tCA enhanced the activation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-stimulated C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, tCA showed strong protective effects against NO and ROS production in LPS-injected zebrafish larvae. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that tCA exerts its inhibitory ability against LPS-induced inflammatory and antioxidant stress in C2C12 myoblasts by targeting the TLR4/NF-κB, which might be mediated by the NOXs and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Division of Basic Sciences, College of Liberal Studies, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilandarage Menu Neelaka Molagoda
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Choi
- Department of System Management, Korea Lift College, Geochang 50141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
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18
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Basak D, Uddin MN, Hancock J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Its Counteractive Utility in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3336. [PMID: 33187272 PMCID: PMC7698080 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An altered redox status accompanied by an elevated generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) has been implicated in a number of diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC, being one of the most common cancers worldwide, has been reported to be associated with multiple environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., dietary habits, obesity, and physical inactivity) and harboring heightened oxidative stress that results in genomic instability. Although under normal condition ROS regulate many signal transduction pathways including cell proliferation and survival, overwhelming of the antioxidant capacity due to metabolic abnormalities and oncogenic signaling leads to a redox adaptation response that imparts drug resistance. Nevertheless, excessive reliance on elevated production of ROS makes the tumor cells increasingly vulnerable to further ROS insults, and the abolition of such drug resistance through redox perturbation could be instrumental to preferentially eliminate them. The goal of this review is to demonstrate the evidence that links redox stress to the development of CRC and assimilate the most up-to-date information that would facilitate future investigation on CRC-associated redox biology. Concomitantly, we argue that the exploitation of this distinct biochemical property of CRC cells might offer a fresh avenue to effectively eradicate these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Basak
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA;
| | | | - Jake Hancock
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA;
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19
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Panyathep A, Chewonarin T. Inhibitory effect of a gamma-oryzanol-rich fraction from purple rice extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced metastasis in human colon cancer cells. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13487. [PMID: 33029825 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of colon cancer recurrence and metastasis is known to increase as an adverse effect related to postoperative infection. Lipopolysaccharide or LPS, which is derived from gram-negative bacteria, is a key inducer of inflammatory-related tumor metastasis. Although there are numerous known biological effects of purple rice extract (PRE), its protective effect on colon metastasis was unknown. This study first evaluated the effects of hexane soluble fraction (HSF) or γ-oryzanol-rich fraction of PRE on LPS-induced colon cancer adhesion and invasion, which was accomplished using adhesive and invasive assay. Gelatin zymography was also utilized for gelatinase activity and secretion. Its chelating activity was also further analyzed by reverse gelatin zymography with zinc chloride. The study findings support the synergistic effect of HSF in protection against adverse events from LPS-induced colon cancer metastasis, as shown by effects on adhesive and invasive ability as well as matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion and activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Bacterial infection is still one of the main adverse events following abdominal cancer surgery and is associated with an increased incidence of colon cancer metastasis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of this pathogen-mediated response. This first study investigated the efficiency of a gamma-oryzanol (OR) rich fraction, collected from purple rice extract (PRE), against LPS-induced colon cancer metastasis that occurs via three main steps; adhesion to the extracellular matrix, the secretion, and activity of gelatinase and further tissue invasion. The acquired data supported the role of an OR-rich fraction from PRE as a potential inhibitor to LPS-induced colon cancer progression. This finding, related to PRE, could be further developed to create a new adjunctive treatment to reduce operative complications related to bowel cancer surgery as well as increasing the value of this crop in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atita Panyathep
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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20
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Lee SG, Brownmiller CR, Lee SO, Kang HW. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Anthocyanins of Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW-267.4 Macrophages. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041089. [PMID: 32326385 PMCID: PMC7230587 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Red clover (Trifolium pratense) possesses various dietary compounds that improve human health. However, the functions of anthocyanins in red clover remain unclear. Here we examined anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of red clover extract (RC) and red clover anthocyanins fraction (RCA) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages and identified dietary compounds. RC and RCA suppressed LPS-induced expression of genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)2. LPS-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production also was prevented by both RC and RCA. NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) gene and phosphorylation of p47phox of NOX1 that were increased by LPS were inhibited in the cells treated with RCA. LPS-stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) gene expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) subunit p65 were suppressed together with reduced iNOS and COX2 proteins by RCA. Additionally, 27 polyphenols and 7 anthocyanins from RC were identified and quantified. In conclusion, RC, especially RCA, exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities in vitro by regulating NF-κB and NRF2 signaling pathways, suggesting that anthocyanins in red clover are the potential candidates to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gil Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Cindi R. Brownmiller
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; (C.R.B.); (S.-O.L.)
| | - Sun-Ok Lee
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; (C.R.B.); (S.-O.L.)
| | - Hye Won Kang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-336-285-4858; Fax: +1-336-334-7239
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21
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Chen E, Kalavar A, Bui-Thanh NA, Opekun AR, White DL, Rosen D, Graham DY, Rumbaut RE, El-Serag HB, Jiao L. Serum Levels of Lipopolysaccharides and Risk of Advanced Colorectal Adenoma. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2020; 000:1-6. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Jiang N, Xie F, Chen L, Chen F, Sui L. The effect of TLR4 on the growth and local inflammatory microenvironment of HPV-related cervical cancer in vivo. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:12. [PMID: 32095158 PMCID: PMC7027303 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy of the female lower genital tract. In our previous study, we found that TLR4 promotes cervical cancer cell growth in vitro. The aim of this study was to further explore the role of TLR4 in HPV-related cervical cancer in vivo by using a nude mouse xenograft model. METHODS Cervical cancer-derived HeLa and CaSki cells (5 × 107/mL) were either stimulated with an optimal concentration of LPS for the appropriate time (HeLa cells were treated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h, and CaSki cells were treated with 2 μg/mL LPS for 1.5 h) or transfected with TLR4 shRNA and then injected subcutaneously into the dorsal right posterior side of nude mice. The shortest width and longest diameter of the transplanted tumors in the nude mice were measured every 3 days.TLR4, IL-6,iNOS, IL-8,COX-2, MIP-3α, TGF-β1 and VEGF expression levels in the transplanted tumor tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The tumor formation rate was 100% in both HeLa and CaSki nude mouse groups. The tumors grew faster, and the cachexia symptoms were more serious in the LPS groups than in the control group. In contrast, the tumors grew slower, and the cachexia symptoms were milder in the TLR4-silenced groups. TLR4, iNOS, IL-6, MIP-3α and VEGF were highly expressed in the transplanted tumor tissues from the LPS groups, and their expression levels were decreased in the TLR4-silenced groups. CONCLUSION TLR4 expression is closely associated with the tumorigenesis and growth of HPV-positive cervical cancer; TLR4 promotes HPV-positive cervical tumor growth and facilitates the formation of a local immunosuppressive microenvironment. Eventually, these conditions may lead to cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghong Jiang
- Medical center for diagnosis and treatment of cervical disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Feng Xie
- Medical center for diagnosis and treatment of cervical disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Limei Chen
- Medical center for diagnosis and treatment of cervical disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Fang Chen
- Medical center for diagnosis and treatment of cervical disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
| | - Long Sui
- Medical center for diagnosis and treatment of cervical disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011 China
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23
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Ahmed MB, Islam SU, Lee YS. Decursin negatively regulates LPS-induced upregulation of the TLR4 and JNK signaling stimulated by the expression of PRP4 in vitro. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:44-52. [PMID: 32158615 PMCID: PMC7048231 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1726811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation was carried out to analyze the correlation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pre-mRNA processing factor 4B (PRP4) in inducing inflammatory response and cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in macrophages (Raw 264.7) and colorectal (HCT116) as well as skin cancer (B16-F10) cells. Cell lines were stimulated with LPS, and the expression of PRP4 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins like IL-6, IL-1β, TLR4, and NF-κB were assayed. The results demonstrated that LPS markedly increased the expression of PRP4, IL-6, IL-1β, TLR4, and NF-κB in the cells. LPS and PRP4 concomitantly altered the morphology of cells from an aggregated, flattened shape to a round shape. Decursin, a pyranocoumarin from Angelica gigas, inhibited the LPS and PRP4-induced inflammatory response, and reversed the induction of morphological changes. Finally, we established a possible link of LPS with TLR4 and JNK signaling, through which it activated PRP4. Our study provides molecular insights for LPS and PRP4-related pathogenesis and a basis for developing new strategies against metastasis in colorectal cancer and skin melanoma. Our study emphasizes that decursin may be an effective treatment strategy for various cancers in which LPS and PRP4 perform a critical role in inducing inflammatory response and morphological changes leading to cell survival and protection against anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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24
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Gowing SD, Cool-Lartigue JJ, Spicer JD, Seely AJE, Ferri LE. Toll-like receptors: exploring their potential connection with post-operative infectious complications and cancer recurrence. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:225-239. [PMID: 31975313 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in North America. Despite modern advances in cancer therapy, many patients will ultimately develop cancer metastasis resulting in mortality. Surgery to resect early stage solid malignancies remains the cornerstone of cancer treatment. However, surgery places patients at risk of developing post-operative infectious complications that are linked to earlier cancer metastatic recurrence and cancer mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily-conserved sentinel receptors of the innate immune system that are activated by microbial products present during infection, leading to activation of innate immunity. Numerous types of solid cancer cells also express TLRs, with their activation augmenting their ability to metastasize. Similarly, healthy host-tissue TLRs activated during infection induce a prometastatic environment in the host. Cancer cells additionally secrete TLR activating ligands that activate both cancer TLRs and host TLRs to promote metastasis. Consequently, TLRs are an attractive therapeutic candidate to target infection-induced cancer metastasis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gowing
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - J J Cool-Lartigue
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J D Spicer
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - A J E Seely
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ottawa General Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L E Ferri
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
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25
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Shi YJ, Zhao QQ, Liu XS, Dong SH, E JF, Li X, Liu C, Wang H. Toll-like receptor 4 regulates spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis by up-regulating IL-6 and GM-CSF. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:385-397. [PMID: 31650683 PMCID: PMC6933338 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is as an important component of intestinal tumorigenesis. The activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling promotes inflammation in colitis of mice, but the role of TLR4 in intestinal tumorigenesis is not yet clear. About 80%–90% of colorectal tumours contain inactivating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) tumour suppressor, and intestinal adenoma carcinogenesis in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is also closely related to the germline mutations in Apc. The ApcMin/+ (multiple intestinal neoplasia) model mouse is a well‐utilized model of FAP, an inherited form of intestinal cancer. In this study, ApcMin/+ intestinal adenoma mice were generated on TLR4‐sufficient and TLR4‐deficient backgrounds to investigate the carcinogenic effect of TLR4 in mouse gut by comparing mice survival, peripheral blood cells, bone marrow haematopoietic precursor cells and numbers of polyps in the guts of ApcMin/+ WT and ApcMin/+ TLR4−/− mice. The results revealed that TLR4 had a critical role in promoting spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. Significant differential genes were screened out by the high‐throughput RNA‐Seq method. After combining these results with KEGG enrichment data, it was determined that TLR4 might promote intestinal tumorigenesis by activating cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction and pathways in cancer signalling pathways. After a series of validation experiments for the concerned genes, it was found that IL6, GM‐CSF (CSF2), IL11, CCL3, S100A8 and S100A9 were significantly decreased in gut tumours of ApcMin/+ TLR4−/− mice compared with ApcMin/+ WT mice. In the functional study of core down‐regulation factors, it was found that IL6, GM‐CSF, IL11, CCL3 and S100A8/9 increased the viability of colon cancer cell lines and decreased the apoptosis rate of colon cancer cells with irradiation and chemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jie Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-He Dong
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Fu E
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Braunstein MJ, Kucharczyk J, Adams S. Targeting Toll-Like Receptors for Cancer Therapy. Target Oncol 2019; 13:583-598. [PMID: 30229471 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-018-0589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system encompasses a broad array of defense mechanisms against foreign threats, including invading pathogens and transformed neoplastic cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critically involved in innate immunity, serving as pattern recognition receptors whose stimulation leads to additional innate and adaptive immune responses. Malignant cells exploit the natural immunomodulatory functions of TLRs, expressed mainly by infiltrating immune cells but also aberrantly by tumor cells, to foster their survival, invasion, and evasion of anti-tumor immune responses. An extensive body of research has demonstrated context-specific roles for TLR activation in different malignancies, promoting disease progression in certain instances while limiting cancer growth in others. Despite these conflicting roles, TLR agonists have established therapeutic benefits as anti-cancer agents that activate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and facilitate the expression of cytokines that allow for infiltration of anti-tumor lymphocytes and the suppression of oncogenic signaling pathways. This review focuses on the clinical application of TLR agonists for cancer treatment. We also highlight agents that are undergoing development in clinical trials, including investigations of TLR agonists in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Braunstein
- Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 120 Mineola Blvd. Suite 500, Mineola, 11501, NY, USA
| | - John Kucharczyk
- Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 120 Mineola Blvd. Suite 500, Mineola, 11501, NY, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, 160 East 34th Street, 4th Floor, New York, 10016, NY, USA.
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27
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Kim TH, Lee HC, Kim JH, Hewawaduge CY, Chathuranga K, Chathuranga WAG, Ekanayaka P, Wijerathne HMSM, Kim CJ, Kim E, Lee JS. Fas-associated factor 1 mediates NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species production and proinflammatory responses in macrophages against Listeria infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008004. [PMID: 31412082 PMCID: PMC6709923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas-associated factor 1 is a death-promoting protein that induces apoptosis by interacting with the Fas receptor. Until now, FAF1 was reported to interact potentially with diverse proteins and to function as a negative and/or positive regulator of several cellular possesses. However, the role of FAF1 in defense against bacterial infection remains unclear. Here, we show that FAF1 plays a pivotal role in activating NADPH oxidase in macrophages during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Upon infection by L. monocytogenes, FAF1 interacts with p67phox (an activator of the NADPH oxidase complex), thereby facilitating its stabilization and increasing the activity of NADPH oxidase. Consequently, knockdown or ectopic expression of FAF1 had a marked effect on production of ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, and antibacterial activity, in macrophages upon stimulation of TLR2 or after infection with L. monocytogenes. Consistent with this, FAF1gt/gt mice, which are knocked down in FAF1, showed weaker inflammatory responses than wild-type mice; these weaker responses led to increased replication of L. monocytogenes. Collectively, these findings suggest that FAF1 positively regulates NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production and antibacterial defenses. Phagocytic NADPH oxidase plays a pivotal role in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in defense against bacterial infections such as L. monocytogenes. ROS eliminate phagocytosed bacteria directly and are implicated in transduction of signals that mediate inflammatory responses. Here, we show that the apoptotic protein FAF1 regulates ROS production in macrophages by regulating phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity upon infection by L. monocytogenes. FAF1 interacts directly with and stabilizes p67phox, a regulatory protein of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex, to induce ROS production during L. monocytogenes infection. Production of ROS leads to release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and, ultimately, to bacterial clearance. Interestingly, FAF1gt/gt mice deficient in FAF1 expression exhibit weakened inflammatory responses and are thus more vulnerable to bacterial infection than FAF1+/+ mice. This study reveals that FAF1 is a crucial regulator that induces inflammatory responses to bacterial infection via ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - C. Y. Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - H. M. S. M. Wijerathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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28
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Eiro N, Carrión JF, Cid S, Andicoechea A, García-Muñiz JL, González LO, Vizoso FJ. Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Matrix Metalloproteases 11 and 13 as Predictors of Tumor Recurrence and Survival in Stage II Colorectal Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 25:1589-1597. [PMID: 30710321 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical-pathologic stratification factors do not allow clear identification of high-risk stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Therefore, the identification of additional prognostic markers is desirable. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 is activated during tumorigenesis and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are involved in invasion and metastasis. We aimed to evaluate the expression and clinical relevance of TLR4, MMP11 and MMP13 for patients with stage II CRC. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of TLR4, MMP11 and MMP13 in 96 patients with stage II CRC. We measured the global expression and the expression by different cell types (tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs)). The potential relationship between expressions of factors and different prognostic variables were evaluated. Our results show significant relationships between either TLR4 expression by tumor cells and MMP11 expression by CAFs and high risk of tumor recurrence. In addition, the concurrence of age ≥ 75 years and the non-expression of MMP11 by CAFs identify a subgroup of patients with a good prognosis. Our results show that TLR4 expression by tumor cells and MMP11 expression by CAFs may to improve the identification of patients with stage II CRC with a high-risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Carrión
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Sandra Cid
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alejandro Andicoechea
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Muñiz
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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29
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Xia F, Zhou BJ. Role of gut-liver axis dysfunction in pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for treatment strategies. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1439-1447. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i24.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic disease whose pathogenesis is not fully understood and involves multiple factors. Metabolic disorder caused by gut microbial imbalance is a key factor contributing to the development of NAFLD. Several studies show that gut barrier dysfunction will cause the occurrence of toxic metabolites in blood and bacterial translocation. The "dialogue" between the gut and the liver highlights the key role of the gut-liver axis in the process of NAFLD. This paper will summarize the relationship between the gut-liver axis and the pathogenesis of NAFLD, as well as its implications for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ben-Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
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30
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Redmond HP, Neary PM, Jinih M, O'Connell E, Foley N, Pfirrmann RW, Wang JH, O'Leary DP. RandomiSed clinical trial assessing Use of an anti-inflammatoRy aGent in attenUating peri-operatiVe inflAmmatioN in non-meTastatic colon cancer - the S.U.R.G.U.V.A.N.T. trial. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:794. [PMID: 30081854 PMCID: PMC6091184 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peri-operative inflammation has been extensively highlighted in cancer patients as detrimental. Treatment strategies to improve survival for cancer patients through targeting peri-operative inflammation have yet to be devised. Methods We conducted a multi-centre, randomised controlled clinical trial using Taurolidine in non-metastatic colon cancer patients. Patients were randomly assigned to receive Taurolidine or a placebo. The primary endpoint for the study was the mean difference in day 1 IL-6 levels. Secondary clinical endpoints included rates of post-operative infections and tumor recurrence. Results A total of 293 patients were screened for trial inclusion. Sixty patients were randomised. Twenty-eight patients were randomised to placebo and 32 patients to Taurolidine. IL-6 levels were equivalent on day 1 post-operatively in both groups. However, IL-6 levels were significantly attenuated over the 7 day study period in the Taurolidine group compared to placebo (p = 0.04). In addition, IL-6 levels were significantly lower at day 7 in the Taurolidine group (p = 0.04). There were 2 recurrences in the placebo group at 2 years and 1 in the Taurolidine group. The median time to recurrence was 19 months in the Placebo group and 38 months in the Taurolidine group (p = 0.27). Surgical site infection was reduced in the Taurolidine treated group (p = 0.09). Conclusion Peri-operative use of Taurolidine significantly attenuated circulating IL-6 levels in the initial 7 day post-operative period in a safe manner. Future studies are required to establish the impact of IL-6 attenuation on survival outcomes in colon cancer. Trial registration The trial was registered with EudraCT (year = 2008, registration number = 005570–12) and ISRCTN (year = 2008, registration number = 77,829,558).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Paul Redmond
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter M Neary
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel Jinih
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emer O'Connell
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niamh Foley
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rolf W Pfirrmann
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jiang H Wang
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - D Peter O'Leary
- Surguvant Research Centre, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
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31
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NADPH oxidases and ROS signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1011-1023. [PMID: 29743611 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), initially categorized as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, have often been called a double-edged sword. ROS are considered indispensable when host defense and redox signaling is concerned and a threat in inflammatory or degenerative diseases. This generalization does not take in account the diversity of oxygen metabolites being generated, their physicochemical characteristics and their production by distinct enzymes in space and time. NOX/DUOX NADPH oxidases are the only enzymes solely dedicated to ROS production and the prime ROS producer for intracellular and intercellular communication due to their widespread expression and intricate regulation. Here we discuss new insights of how NADPH oxidases act via ROS as multifaceted regulators of the intestinal barrier in homeostasis, infectious disease and intestinal inflammation. A closer look at monogenic VEOIBD and commensals as ROS source supports the view of H2O2 as key beneficial messenger in the barrier ecosystem.
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32
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Hassanian SM, Fiuji H, Soleimanpour S, Ferns GA, Avan A, Khazaei M. Toll like receptor signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5613-5622. [PMID: 29150944 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling is involved in activating innate and adaptive immune responses and plays a critical role in inflammation-induced diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Dysregulation of this signaling pathway can result in disturbance of epithelial layer hemostasis, chronic inflammatory, excessive repair responses, and development of CRC. There is now substantial evidence for the benefit of targeting of this pathway in cancer treatment, and several agents have been approved, such as BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin), MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A) and imiquimod. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the different functions of TLRs on tumor cells and their application in cancer therapy with particular emphasis on recent preclinical and clinical research in treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Moradi-Marjaneh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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33
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Groza D, Gehrig S, Kudela P, Holcmann M, Pirker C, Dinhof C, Schueffl HH, Sramko M, Hoebart J, Alioglu F, Grusch M, Ogris M, Lubitz W, Keppler BK, Pashkunova-Martic I, Kowol CR, Sibilia M, Berger W, Heffeter P. Bacterial ghosts as adjuvant to oxaliplatin chemotherapy in colorectal carcinomatosis. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1424676. [PMID: 29721389 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1424676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. At late stage of the disease CRC often shows (multiple) metastatic lesions in the peritoneal cavity which cannot be efficiently targeted by systemic chemotherapy. This is one major factor contributing to poor prognosis. Oxaliplatin is one of the most commonly used systemic treatment options for advanced CRC. However, drug resistance - often due to insufficient drug delivery - is still hampering successful treatment. The anticancer activity of oxaliplatin includes besides DNA damage also a strong immunogenic component. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bacterial ghosts (BGs) as adjuvant immunostimulant on oxaliplatin efficacy. BGs are empty envelopes of gram-negative bacteria with a distinct immune-stimulatory potential. Indeed, we were able to show that the combination of BGs with oxaliplatin treatment had strong synergistic anticancer activity against the CT26 allograft, resulting in prolonged survival and even a complete remission in this murine model of CRC carcinomatosis. This synergistic effect was based on an enhanced induction of immunogenic cell death and activation of an efficient T-cell response leading to long-term anti-tumor memory effects. Taken together, co-application of BGs strengthens the immunogenic component of the oxaliplatin anticancer response and thus represents a promising natural immune-adjuvant to chemotherapy in advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Groza
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Gehrig
- Laboratory of MacroMolecular Cancer Therapeutics ( MMCT), Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Holcmann
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Dinhof
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hemma H Schueffl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Julia Hoebart
- Laboratory of MacroMolecular Cancer Therapeutics ( MMCT), Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatih Alioglu
- Laboratory of MacroMolecular Cancer Therapeutics ( MMCT), Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Laboratory of MacroMolecular Cancer Therapeutics ( MMCT), Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Irena Pashkunova-Martic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Chen Q, Tang H, Zha Z, Yin H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Yue L. β-d-glucan from Antrodia Camphorata ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation and ROS production in human hepatocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Gruffaz M, Vasan K, Tan B, Ramos da Silva S, Gao SJ. TLR4-Mediated Inflammation Promotes KSHV-Induced Cellular Transformation and Tumorigenesis by Activating the STAT3 Pathway. Cancer Res 2017; 77:7094-7108. [PMID: 29051178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are conserved immune sensors mediating antimicrobial and antitumoral responses, but recent evidence implicates them in promoting carcinogenesis in certain cancers. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by infection of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and is characterized by uncontrolled neoangiogenesis and inflammation. Here, we show that TLR4 is upregulated in KSHV-infected spindle tumor cells in human Kaposi sarcoma lesions. In a model of KSHV-induced cellular transformation, KSHV upregulated expression of TLR4, its adaptor MyD88, and coreceptors CD14 and MD2. KSHV induction of TLR4 was mediated by multiple viral miRNAs. Importantly, the TLR4 pathway was activated constitutively in KSHV-transformed cells, resulting in chronic induction of IL6, IL1β, and IL18. Accordingly, IL6 mediated constitutive activation of the STAT3 pathway, an essential event for uncontrolled cellular proliferation and transformation. TLR4 stimulation with lipopolysaccharides or live bacteria enhanced tumorigenesis while TLR4 antagonist CLI095 inhibited it. These results highlight an essential role of the TLR4 pathway and chronic inflammation in KSHV-induced tumorigenesis, which helps explain why HIV-infected patients, who frequently suffer from opportunistic bacterial infections and metabolic complications, frequently develop Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer Res; 77(24); 7094-108. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gruffaz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karthik Vasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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36
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Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of neovestitol from Brazilian red propolis in LPS-activated macrophages. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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37
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Campbell EL, Kao DJ, Colgan SP. Neutrophils and the inflammatory tissue microenvironment in the mucosa. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:112-20. [PMID: 27558331 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of neutrophils (PMNs) and epithelial cells are requisite lines of communication during mucosal inflammatory responses. Consequences of such interactions often determine endpoint organ function, and for this reason, much interest has developed around defining the constituents of the tissue microenvironment of inflammatory lesions. Physiologic in vitro and in vivo models have aided in the discovery of components that define the basic inflammatory machinery that mold the inflammatory tissue microenvironment. Here, we will review the recent literature related to the contribution of PMNs to molding of the tissue microenvironment, with an emphasis on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We focus on endogenous pathways for promoting tissue homeostasis and the molecular determinants of neutrophil-epithelial cell interactions during ongoing inflammation. These recent studies highlight the dynamic nature of these pathways and lend insight into the complexity of treating mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Campbell
- Department of Medicine the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Kao
- Department of Medicine the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Salazar G, Huang J, Feresin RG, Zhao Y, Griendling KK. Zinc regulates Nox1 expression through a NF-κB and mitochondrial ROS dependent mechanism to induce senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:225-235. [PMID: 28363602 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is well established. Increases in oxidative stress can further exacerbate the inflammatory response and lead to cellular senescence. We previously reported that angiotensin II (Ang II) and zinc increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and that senescence induced by Ang II is a zinc-dependent process. Zinc stimulated NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity; however, the role of Nox isoforms in zinc effects was not determined. RESULTS Here, we show that downregulation of Nox1, but not Nox4, by siRNA prevented both Ang II- and zinc-induced senescence in VSMCs. On the other hand, overexpression of Nox1 induced senescence, which was associated with reduced proliferation, reduced expression of telomerase and increased DNA damage. Zinc increased Nox1 protein expression, which was inhibited by chelation of zinc with TPEN and by overexpression of the zinc exporters ZnT3 and ZnT10. These transporters work to reduce cytosolic zinc, suggesting that increased cytosolic zinc mediates Nox1 upregulation. Other metals including copper, iron, cobalt and manganese failed to upregulate Nox1, suggesting that this pathway is zinc specific. Nox1 upregulation was inhibited by actinomycin D (ACD), an inhibitor of transcription, by inhibition of NF-κB, a known Nox1 transcriptional regulator and by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and MitoTEMPO, suggesting that NF-κB and mitochondrial ROS mediate zinc effects. Supporting this idea, we found that zinc increased NF-κB activation in the cytosol, stimulated the translocation of the p65 subunit to the nucleus, and that zinc accumulated in mitochondria increasing mitochondrial ROS, measured using MitoSox. Further, zinc-induced senescence was reduced by inhibition of NF-κB or reduction of mitochondrial ROS with MitoTEMPO. NF-κB activity was also reduced by MitoTEMPO, suggesting that mitochondrial ROS is upstream of NF-κB. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that altered zinc distribution leading to accumulation of zinc in the mitochondria increases mitochondrial ROS production causing NF-κB activation which in turn upregulates Nox1 expression inducing senescence of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - J Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - R G Feresin
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - K K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Kang SJ, Choi BR, Kim SH, Yi HY, Park HR, Song CH, Ku SK, Lee YJ. Beneficial effects of dried pomegranate juice concentrated powder on ultraviolet B-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1023-1036. [PMID: 28810554 PMCID: PMC5525583 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti-aging effects of pomegranate juice concentrated powder (PCP) in hairless mice following 15 weeks of UVB irradiation (three times a week; 0.18 J/cm2). Skin moisturizing effects were evaluated through skin water, collagen type I and hyaluronan contents, as well as collagen type I and hyaluronan synthesis-related transcript levels. Wrinkle formation and edema scores (skin weights) were also assessed, along with skin matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13 transcript levels. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of PCP, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 contents were observed. Caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were used as an apoptotic index in epidermal keratinocytes. To determine the anti-oxidative effects of PCP, nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal immunoreactive cells were detected and glutathione (GSH) content, malondialdehyde levels, superoxide anion production, Nox2, and GSH reductase mRNA expression were all measured. The results indicated that skin wrinkles induced by photoaging were significantly reduced by PCP, whereas skin water contents, collagen type I and hyaluronan contents all increased. Furthermore, IL-1β levels in the PCP-treated groups were lower than those in the UVB-exposed control group. UVB-induced GSH depletion was also inhibited by PCP. Taken together, the results of the current study suggest that PCP has favorable protective effects against UVB-induced photoaging through anti-apoptotic effects, MMP activity inhibition and ECM (COL1 and hyaluronan) synthesis-related moisturizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kang
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Rak Choi
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeon Yi
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Park
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Song
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Lee
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
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40
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Aviello G, Knaus UG. ROS in gastrointestinal inflammation: Rescue Or Sabotage? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1704-1718. [PMID: 26758851 PMCID: PMC5446568 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is composed of many distinct cell types that respond to commensal microbiota or pathogens with immune tolerance and proinflammatory signals respectively. ROS produced by mucosa-resident cells or by newly recruited innate immune cells are essential for antimicrobial responses and regulation of signalling pathways including processes involved in wound healing. Impaired ROS production due to inactivating patient variants in genes encoding NADPH oxidases as ROS source has been associated with Crohn's disease and pancolitis, whereas overproduction of ROS due to up-regulation of oxidases or altered mitochondrial function was linked to ileitis and ulcerative colitis. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how maintaining a redox balance is crucial to preserve gut homeostasis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aviello
- National Children's Research CentreOur Lady's Children's HospitalDublinIreland
| | - UG Knaus
- National Children's Research CentreOur Lady's Children's HospitalDublinIreland
- Conway Institute, School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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41
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NADPH Oxidases: Insights into Selected Functions and Mechanisms of Action in Cancer and Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28626501 PMCID: PMC5463201 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9420539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) generating enzymes regulating numerous redox-dependent signaling pathways. NOX are important regulators of cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation and of mechanisms, important for a wide range of processes from embryonic development, through tissue regeneration to the development and spread of cancer. In this review, we discuss the roles of NOX and NOX-derived ROS in the functioning of stem cells and cancer stem cells and in selected aspects of cancer cell physiology. Understanding the functions and complex activities of NOX is important for the application of stem cells in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and development of new therapies toward invasive forms of cancers.
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42
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Ballista-Hernández J, Martínez-Ferrer M, Vélez R, Climent C, Sánchez-Vázquez MM, Torres C, Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Ayala-Peña S, Torres-Ramos CA. Mitochondrial DNA Integrity Is Maintained by APE1 in Carcinogen-Induced Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:831-841. [PMID: 28360037 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity have been reported in many cancers; however, the contribution of mtDNA integrity to tumorigenesis is not well understood. We used a transgenic mouse model that is haploinsufficient for the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Apex1+/-) gene, which encodes the base excision repair (BER) enzyme APE1, to determine its role in protecting mtDNA from the effects of azoxymethane (AOM), a carcinogen used to induce colorectal cancer. Repair kinetics of AOM-induced mtDNA damage was evaluated using qPCR after a single AOM dose and a significant induction in mtDNA lesions in colonic crypts from both wild-type (WT) and Apex1+/-animals were observed. However, Apex1+/- mice had slower repair kinetics in addition to decreased mtDNA abundance. Tumors were also induced using multiple AOM doses, and both WT and Apex1+/-animals exhibited significant loss in mtDNA abundance. Surprisingly, no major differences in mtDNA lesions were observed in tumors from WT and Apex1+/- animals, whereas a significant increase in nuclear DNA lesions was detected in tumors from Apex1+/- mice. Finally, tumors from Apex1+/- mice displayed an increased proliferative index and histologic abnormalities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that APE1 is important for preventing changes in mtDNA integrity during AOM-induced colorectal cancer.Implications: AOM, a colorectal cancer carcinogen, generates damage to the mitochondrial genome, and the BER enzyme APE1 is required to maintain its integrity. Mol Cancer Res; 15(7); 831-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ballista-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Margaly Martínez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Roman Vélez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Consuelo Climent
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Maria M Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ceidy Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Adlin Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sylvette Ayala-Peña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carlos A Torres-Ramos
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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Choi EO, Cho EJ, Jeong JW, Park C, Hong SH, Hwang HJ, Moon SK, Son CG, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Baicalein Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells through Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:213-221. [PMID: 27530117 PMCID: PMC5340547 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a natural flavonoid obtained from the rhizome of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been reported to have anticancer activities in several human cancer cell lines. However, its antimetastatic effects and associated mechanisms in melanoma cells have not been extensively studied. The current study examined the effects of baicalein on cell motility and anti-invasive activity using mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. Within the noncytotoxic concentration range, baicalein significantly inhibited the cell motility and invasiveness of B16F10 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Baicalein also reduced the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9; however, the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 were concomitantly increased. The inhibitory effects of baicalein on cell motility and invasiveness were found to be associated with its tightening of tight junction (TJ), which was demonstrated by an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and downregulation of the claudin family of proteins. Additionally, treatment with baicalein markedly reduced the expression levels of lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylated Akt and the invasive activity in B16F10 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that baicalein inhibits B16F10 melanoma cell migration and invasion by reducing the expression of MMPs and tightening TJ through the suppression of claudin expression, possibly in association with a suppression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 34929, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
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The proinflammatory LTB4/BLT1 signal axis confers resistance to TGF-β1-induced growth inhibition by targeting Smad3 linker region. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41650-66. [PMID: 26497676 PMCID: PMC4747179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent pro-inflammatory eicosanoid that is derived from arachidonic acid, and its signaling is known to have a tumor-promoting role in several cancer types. In this study, we investigated whether enhanced LTB4 signaling confers resistance to the cytostatic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) response. We found that LTB4 pretreatment or ectopic expression of BLT1, a high affinity LTB4 receptor, fully abrogated TGF-β1-induced cell cycle arrest and expression of p15INK4B and p27KIP1. Mechanism study revealed that LTB4-mediated suppression of TGF-β1-induced Smad3 activation and growth inhibition was due to enhanced phosphorylation of Smad3 linker region (pSmad3L) through activation of BLT1-NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX)-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-extracellular signal-activated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)-linked signaling cascade. Furthermore, the LTB4/BLT1 signaling pathway leading to pSmad3L was constitutively activated in breast cancer cells and was correlated with TGF-β1-resistant growth of the cells in vitro and in vivo. In human breast cancer tissues, the expression level of pSmad3L (Thr179) had a positive correlation with BLT1 expression. Collectively, our data demonstrate for the first time that the induction of pSmad3L through BLT1-NOX-ROS-EGFR-PI3K-ERK1/2 signaling pathway is a key mechanism by which LTB4 blocks the anti-proliferative responses of TGF-β1, providing a novel mechanistic insight into the connection between enhanced inflammatory signal and cancer cell growth.
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45
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Valadão ALC, Aguiar RS, de Arruda LB. Interplay between Inflammation and Cellular Stress Triggered by Flaviviridae Viruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1233. [PMID: 27610098 PMCID: PMC4996823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae family comprises several human pathogens, including Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever, West Nile, Japanese Encephalitis viruses, and Hepatitis C Virus. Those are enveloped, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses, which replicate mostly in intracellular compartments associated to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex. Virus replication results in abundant viral RNAs and proteins, which are recognized by cellular mechanisms evolved to prevent virus infection, resulting in inflammation and stress responses. Virus RNA molecules are sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5) and RNA-dependent protein kinases (PKR), inducing the production of inflammatory mediators and interferons. Simultaneously, the synthesis of virus RNA and proteins are distinguished in different compartments such as mitochondria, ER and cytoplasmic granules, triggering intracellular stress pathways, including oxidative stress, unfolded protein response pathway, and stress granules assembly. Here, we review the new findings that connect the inflammatory pathways to cellular stress sensors and the strategies of Flaviviridae members to counteract these cellular mechanisms and escape immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L C Valadão
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato S Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B de Arruda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Beecher SM, O'Leary DP, McLaughlin R, Sweeney KJ, Kerin MJ. Influence of complications following immediate breast reconstruction on breast cancer recurrence rates. Br J Surg 2016; 103:391-8. [PMID: 26891211 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of immediate breast reconstruction is rising. Postoperative infections are more frequent in patients who undergo reconstruction. The inflammatory response to a postoperative infection can increase the risk of tumour recurrence in other forms of cancer through the release of proinflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between complications and breast cancer recurrence in patients undergoing immediate reconstruction. METHODS This was a review of a prospectively maintained database of all patients who had immediate breast reconstruction between 2004 and 2009 at Galway University Hospital, a tertiary breast cancer referral centre serving the west of Ireland. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Outcomes assessed included the development of wound complications and breast cancer recurrence. The data were evaluated by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 229 patients who underwent immediate reconstruction were identified. The overall 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 85·6 per cent. Fifty-three patients (23·1 per cent) had wound complications, of whom 44 (19·2 per cent) developed a wound infection. There was a significantly greater risk of developing systemic recurrence among patients who experienced a postoperative wound complication compared with those without a complication (hazard ratio 4·94, 95 per cent c.i. 2·72 to 8·95; P < 0·001). This remained significant after adjusting for Nottingham Prognostic Index group in the multivariable analysis. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate for patients who had a wound complication was 64 per cent, compared with 89·2 per cent in patients without a complication (P < 0·001). CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that wound complications after immediate breast reconstructive surgery have significant implications for patients with breast cancer. Strategies are required to minimize the risk of postoperative wound complications in patients with breast cancer undergoing immediate reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Beecher
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospital Galway, and The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D P O'Leary
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospital Galway, and The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - R McLaughlin
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospital Galway, and The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - K J Sweeney
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospital Galway, and The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M J Kerin
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospital Galway, and The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Khan A, Khan Z, Warnakulasuriya S. Cancer-associated toll-like receptor modulation and insinuation in infection susceptibility: association or coincidence? Ann Oncol 2016; 27:984-997. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
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Shrestha A, Park PH. Globular adiponectin attenuates LPS-induced reactive oxygen species production in HepG2 cells via FoxO3A and HO-1 signaling. Life Sci 2016; 148:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Effects of surgery on the cancer stem cell niche. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 42:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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50
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MA MUYUAN, BAI JIE, LING YE, CHANG WEILONG, XIE GENGCHEN, LI RUIDONG, WANG GUOBIN, TAO KAIXIONG. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 regulates apoptosis and migration of colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2850-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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