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Kim DH, Jang YH, Yun M, Lee KM, Kim YJ. Long-term neuropeptide modulation of female sexual drive via the TRP channel in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310841121. [PMID: 38412134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310841121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Connectomics research has made it more feasible to explore how neural circuits can generate multiple outputs. Female sexual drive provides a good model for understanding reversible, long-term functional changes in motivational circuits. After emerging, female flies avoid male courtship, but they become sexually receptive over 2 d. Mating causes females to reject further mating for several days. Here, we report that pC1 neurons, which process male courtship and regulate copulation behavior, exhibit increased CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) activity during sexual maturation and decreased CREB activity after mating. This increased CREB activity requires the neuropeptide Dh44 (Diuretic hormone 44) and its receptors. A subset of the pC1 neurons secretes Dh44, which stimulates CREB activity and increases expression of the TRP channel Pyrexia (Pyx) in more pC1 neurons. This, in turn, increases pC1 excitability and sexual drive. Mating suppresses pyx expression and pC1 excitability. Dh44 is orthologous to the conserved corticotrophin-releasing hormone family, suggesting similar roles in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyoung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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2
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Mather LM, Cholak ME, Morfoot CM, Curro KC, Love J, Cavanaugh DJ. Inducible Reporter Lines for Tissue-specific Monitoring of Drosophila Circadian Clock Transcriptional Activity. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:44-63. [PMID: 36495136 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221138946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organisms track time of day through the function of cell-autonomous molecular clocks. In addition to a central clock located in the brain, molecular clocks are present in most peripheral tissues. Circadian clocks are coordinated within and across tissues, but the manner through which this coordination is achieved is not well understood. We reasoned that the ability to track in vivo molecular clock activity in specific tissues of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, would facilitate an investigation into the relationship between different clock-containing tissues. Previous efforts to monitor clock gene expression in single flies in vivo have used regulatory elements of several different clock genes to dictate expression of a luciferase reporter enzyme, the activity of which can be monitored using a luminometer. Although these reporter lines have been instrumental in our understanding of the circadian system, they generally lack cell specificity, making it difficult to compare molecular clock oscillations between different tissues. Here, we report the generation of several novel lines of flies that allow for inducible expression of a luciferase reporter construct for clock gene transcriptional activity. We find that these lines faithfully report circadian transcription, as they exhibit rhythmic luciferase activity that is dependent on a functional molecular clock. Furthermore, we take advantage of our reporter lines' tissue specificity to demonstrate that peripheral molecular clocks are able to retain rhythmicity for multiple days under constant environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilyan M Mather
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Meghan E Cholak
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Connor M Morfoot
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Jacob Love
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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3
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Microenvironmental innate immune signaling and cell mechanical responses promote tumor growth. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1884-1899.e5. [PMID: 34197724 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is achieved by balancing stem cell maintenance, cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the purging of damaged cells. Elimination of unfit cells maintains tissue health; however, the underlying mechanisms driving competitive growth when homeostasis fails, for example, during tumorigenesis, remain largely unresolved. Here, using a Drosophila intestinal model, we find that tumor cells outcompete nearby enterocytes (ECs) by influencing cell adhesion and contractility. This process relies on activating the immune-responsive Relish/NF-κB pathway to induce EC delamination and requires a JNK-dependent transcriptional upregulation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LA. Consequently, in organisms with impaired PGRP-LA function, tumor growth is delayed and lifespan extended. Our study identifies a non-cell-autonomous role for a JNK/PGRP-LA/Relish signaling axis in mediating death of neighboring normal cells to facilitate tumor growth. We propose that intestinal tumors "hijack" innate immune signaling to eliminate enterocytes in order to support their own growth.
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4
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Zhang SX, Glantz EH, Miner LE, Rogulja D, Crickmore MA. Hormonal control of motivational circuitry orchestrates the transition to sexuality in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6926. [PMID: 34134981 PMCID: PMC8208730 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Newborns and hatchlings can perform incredibly sophisticated behaviors, but many animals abstain from sexual activity at the beginning of life. Hormonal changes have long been known to drive both physical and behavioral changes during adolescence, leading to the largely untested assumption that sexuality emerges from organizational changes to neuronal circuitry. We show that the transition to sexuality in male Drosophila is controlled by hormonal changes, but this regulation is functional rather than structural. In very young males, a broadly acting hormone directly inhibits the activity of three courtship-motivating circuit elements, ensuring the complete suppression of sexual motivation and behavior. Blocking or overriding these inhibitory mechanisms evokes immediate and robust sexual behavior from very young and otherwise asexual males. Similarities to mammalian adolescence suggest a general principle in which hormonal changes gate the transition to sexuality not by constructing new circuitry but by permitting activity in otherwise latent motivational circuit elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen X Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ethan H Glantz
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren E Miner
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dragana Rogulja
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Michael A Crickmore
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Cavieres-Lepe J, Ewer J. Reciprocal Relationship Between Calcium Signaling and Circadian Clocks: Implications for Calcium Homeostasis, Clock Function, and Therapeutics. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:666673. [PMID: 34045944 PMCID: PMC8144308 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.666673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, circadian clocks impose a daily rhythmicity to many behaviors and physiological processes. At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are driven by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL). Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that they can also be modulated by multiple signaling pathways. Among these, Ca2+ signaling plays a key role in regulating the molecular rhythms of clock genes and of the resulting circadian behavior. In addition, the application of in vivo imaging approaches has revealed that Ca2+ is fundamental to the synchronization of the neuronal networks that make up circadian pacemakers. Conversely, the activity of circadian clocks may influence Ca2+ signaling. For instance, several genes that encode Ca2+ channels and Ca2+-binding proteins display a rhythmic expression, and a disruption of this cycling affects circadian function, underscoring their reciprocal relationship. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how Ca2+ signaling both modulates and is modulated by circadian clocks, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms described in Drosophila and mice. In particular, we examine findings related to the oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ levels in circadian pacemakers and how they are regulated by canonical clock genes, neuropeptides, and light stimuli. In addition, we discuss how Ca2+ rhythms and their associated signaling pathways modulate clock gene expression at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. We also review evidence based on transcriptomic analyzes that suggests that mammalian Ca2+ channels and transporters (e.g., ryanodine receptor, ip3r, serca, L- and T-type Ca2+ channels) as well as Ca2+-binding proteins (e.g., camk, cask, and calcineurin) show rhythmic expression in the central brain clock and in peripheral tissues such as the heart and skeletal muscles. Finally, we discuss how the discovery that Ca2+ signaling is regulated by the circadian clock could influence the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and the outcomes of clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cavieres-Lepe
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - John Ewer
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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6
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Pham L, Baiocchi L, Kennedy L, Sato K, Meadows V, Meng F, Huang CK, Kundu D, Zhou T, Chen L, Alpini G, Francis H. The interplay between mast cells, pineal gland, and circadian rhythm: Links between histamine, melatonin, and inflammatory mediators. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12699. [PMID: 33020940 PMCID: PMC9275476 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our daily rhythmicity is controlled by a circadian clock with a specific set of genes located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells that play a protective role against pathogens and inflammation. MC distribution and activation are associated with the circadian rhythm via two major pathways, IgE/FcεRI- and IL-33/ST2-mediated signaling. Furthermore, there is a robust oscillation between clock genes and MC-specific genes. Melatonin is a hormone derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is produced primarily in the pineal gland near the center of the brain, and histamine is a biologically active amine synthesized from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine by the L-histidine decarboxylase enzyme. Melatonin and histamine are previously reported to modulate circadian rhythms by pathways incorporating various modulators in which the nuclear factor-binding near the κ light-chain gene in B cells, NF-κB, is the common key factor. NF-κB interacts with the core clock genes and disrupts the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators such as IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-α. Currently, there has been no study evaluating the interdependence between melatonin and histamine with respect to circadian oscillations in MCs. Accumulating evidence suggests that restoring circadian rhythms in MCs by targeting melatonin and histamine via NF-κB may be promising therapeutic strategy for MC-mediated inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent findings for circadian-mediated MC functional roles and activation paradigms, as well as the therapeutic potentials of targeting circadian-mediated melatonin and histamine signaling in MC-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University – Central Texas, Killeen, TX, USA
| | | | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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7
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Environmental Light Is Required for Maintenance of Long-Term Memory in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1427-1439. [PMID: 31932417 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1282-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) is stored as functional modifications of relevant neural circuits in the brain. A large body of evidence indicates that the initial establishment of such modifications through the process known as memory consolidation requires learning-dependent transcriptional activation and de novo protein synthesis. However, it remains poorly understood how the consolidated memory is maintained for a long period in the brain, despite constant turnover of molecular substrates. Using the Drosophila courtship conditioning assay of adult males as a memory paradigm, here, we show that in Drosophila, environmental light plays a critical role in LTM maintenance. LTM is impaired when flies are kept in constant darkness (DD) during the memory maintenance phase. Because light activates the brain neurons expressing the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf), we examined the possible involvement of Pdf neurons in LTM maintenance. Temporal activation of Pdf neurons compensated for the DD-dependent LTM impairment, whereas temporal knockdown of Pdf during the memory maintenance phase impaired LTM in light/dark cycles. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is required in the memory center, namely, the mushroom bodies (MBs), for LTM maintenance, and Pdf signaling regulates light-dependent transcription via CREB. Our results demonstrate for the first time that universally available environmental light plays a critical role in LTM maintenance by activating the evolutionarily conserved memory modulator CREB in MBs via the Pdf signaling pathway.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Temporary memory can be consolidated into long-term memory (LTM) through de novo protein synthesis and functional modifications of neuronal circuits in the brain. Once established, LTM requires continual maintenance so that it is kept for an extended period against molecular turnover and cellular reorganization that may disrupt memory traces. How is LTM maintained mechanistically? Despite the critical importance of LTM maintenance, its molecular and cellular underpinnings remain elusive. This study using Drosophila is significant because it revealed for the first time in any organism that universally available environmental light plays an essential role in LTM maintenance. Interestingly, light does so by activating the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein via peptidergic signaling.
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8
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Zhang SX, Rogulja D, Crickmore MA. Recurrent Circuitry Sustains Drosophila Courtship Drive While Priming Itself for Satiety. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3216-3228.e9. [PMID: 31474539 PMCID: PMC6783369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Motivations intensify over hours or days, promoting goals that are achieved in minutes or hours, causing satiety that persists for hours or days. Here we develop Drosophila courtship as a system to study these long-timescale motivational dynamics. We identify two neuronal populations engaged in a recurrent excitation loop, the output of which elevates a dopamine signal that increases the propensity to court. Electrical activity within the recurrent loop accrues with abstinence and, through the activity-dependent transcription factor CREB2, drives the production of activity-suppressing potassium channels. Loop activity is decremented by each mating to reduce subsequent courtship drive, and the inhibitory loop environment established by CREB2 during high motivation slows the reaccumulation of activity for days. Computational modeling reproduces these behavioral and physiological dynamics, generating predictions that we validate experimentally and illustrating a causal link between the motivation that drives behavior and the satiety that endures after goal achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen X Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dragana Rogulja
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Michael A Crickmore
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Chatterjee A, Lamaze A, De J, Mena W, Chélot E, Martin B, Hardin P, Kadener S, Emery P, Rouyer F. Reconfiguration of a Multi-oscillator Network by Light in the Drosophila Circadian Clock. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2007-2017.e4. [PMID: 29910074 PMCID: PMC6039274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The brain clock that drives circadian rhythms of locomotor activity relies on a multi-oscillator neuronal network. In addition to synchronizing the clock with day-night cycles, light also reformats the clock-driven daily activity pattern. How changes in lighting conditions modify the contribution of the different oscillators to remodel the daily activity pattern remains largely unknown. Our data in Drosophila indicate that light readjusts the interactions between oscillators through two different modes. We show that a morning s-LNv > DN1p circuit works in series, whereas two parallel evening circuits are contributed by LNds and other DN1ps. Based on the photic context, the master pacemaker in the s-LNv neurons swaps its enslaved partner-oscillator-LNd in the presence of light or DN1p in the absence of light-to always link up with the most influential phase-determining oscillator. When exposure to light further increases, the light-activated LNd pacemaker becomes independent by decoupling from the s-LNvs. The calibration of coupling by light is layered on a clock-independent network interaction wherein light upregulates the expression of the PDF neuropeptide in the s-LNvs, which inhibits the behavioral output of the DN1p evening oscillator. Thus, light modifies inter-oscillator coupling and clock-independent output-gating to achieve flexibility in the network. It is likely that the light-induced changes in the Drosophila brain circadian network could reveal general principles of adapting to varying environmental cues in any neuronal multi-oscillator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chatterjee
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Angélique Lamaze
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joydeep De
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wilson Mena
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth Chélot
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Martin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paul Hardin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-3258, USA
| | | | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - François Rouyer
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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10
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Calcium and cAMP directly modulate the speed of the Drosophila circadian clock. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007433. [PMID: 29879123 PMCID: PMC6007936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to animal behavior and physiology. At their core, circadian rhythms are produced by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL). TTFLs may be altered by extracellular signals whose actions are mediated intracellularly by calcium and cAMP. In mammals these messengers act directly on TTFLs via the calcium/cAMP-dependent transcription factor, CREB. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, calcium and cAMP also regulate the periodicity of circadian locomotor activity rhythmicity, but whether this is due to direct actions on the TTFLs themselves or are a consequence of changes induced to the complex interrelationship between different classes of central pacemaker neurons is unclear. Here we investigated this question focusing on the peripheral clock housed in the non-neuronal prothoracic gland (PG), which, together with the central pacemaker in the brain, controls the timing of adult emergence. We show that genetic manipulations that increased and decreased the levels of calcium and cAMP in the PG caused, respectively, a shortening and a lengthening of the periodicity of emergence. Importantly, knockdown of CREB in the PG caused an arrhythmic pattern of eclosion. Interestingly, the same manipulations directed at central pacemaker neurons caused arrhythmicity of eclosion and of adult locomotor activity, suggesting a common mechanism. Our results reveal that the calcium and cAMP pathways can alter the functioning of the clock itself. In the PG, these messengers, acting as outputs of the clock or as second messengers for stimuli external to the PG, could also contribute to the circadian gating of adult emergence. Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to animal behavior and physiology. At their core, circadian rhythms are produced by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL). TTFLs may be altered by extracellular signals whose actions are mediated intracellularly by calcium and cAMP. In Drosophila, calcium and cAMP levels affect the periodicity of Drosophila circadian rhythms, but whether this is due to direct actions on the TTFLs themselves or is a consequence of changes induced to the complex interrelationship between different classes of central pacemaker neurons is unclear. Here we used the non-neuronal circadian clock located in the prothoracic gland (PG) to show that these messengers affect the speed of the circadian clock that controls the timing of adult emergence and suggest that these actions are mediated by CREB. Importantly, since calcium and cAMP are also output signals of the clock, they may contribute to the mechanism that imposes a circadian gating to the timing of adult emergence.
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11
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Lee PT, Lin G, Lin WW, Diao F, White BH, Bellen HJ. A kinase-dependent feedforward loop affects CREBB stability and long term memory formation. eLife 2018; 7:33007. [PMID: 29473541 PMCID: PMC5825208 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, long-term memory (LTM) requires the cAMP-dependent transcription factor CREBB, expressed in the mushroom bodies (MB) and phosphorylated by PKA. To identify other kinases required for memory formation, we integrated Trojan exons encoding T2A-GAL4 into genes encoding putative kinases and selected for genes expressed in MB. These lines were screened for learning/memory deficits using UAS-RNAi knockdown based on an olfactory aversive conditioning assay. We identified a novel, conserved kinase, Meng-Po (MP, CG11221, SBK1 in human), the loss of which severely affects 3 hr memory and 24 hr LTM, but not learning. Remarkably, memory is lost upon removal of the MP protein in adult MB but restored upon its reintroduction. Overexpression of MP in MB significantly increases LTM in wild-type flies showing that MP is a limiting factor for LTM. We show that PKA phosphorylates MP and that both proteins synergize in a feedforward loop to control CREBB levels and LTM. key words: Drosophila, Mushroom bodies, SBK1, deGradFP, T2A-GAL4, MiMIC
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Fengqiu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Benjamin H White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
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12
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Temporal calcium profiling of specific circadian neurons in freely moving flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8780-E8787. [PMID: 28973886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706608114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no general methods for reliably assessing the firing properties or even calcium profiles of specific neurons in freely moving flies. To this end, we adapted a GFP-based calcium reporter to luciferase that was expressed in small subsets of circadian neurons. This Tric-LUC reporter allowed a direct comparison of luciferase activity with locomotor activity, which was assayed in the same flies with video recording. The LUC profile from activity-promoting E cells paralleled evening locomotor activity, and the LUC profile from sleep-promoting glutamatergic DN1s (gDN1s) paralleled daytime sleep. Similar profiles were generated by novel reporters recently identified based on transcription factor activation. As E cell and gDN1 activity is necessary and sufficient for normal evening locomotor activity and daytime sleep profiles, respectively, we suggest that their luciferase profiles reflect their neuronal calcium and in some cases firing profiles in wake-behaving flies.
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13
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Qian Y, Liu F, Yang K, Zhang G, Yao C, Ma J. Spatiotemporal dynamics in excitable homogeneous random networks composed of periodically self-sustained oscillation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11885. [PMID: 28928389 PMCID: PMC5605731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective behaviors of networks are often dependent on the network connections and bifurcation parameters, also the local kinetics plays an important role in contributing the consensus of coupled oscillators. In this paper, we systematically investigate the influence of network structures and system parameters on the spatiotemporal dynamics in excitable homogeneous random networks (EHRNs) composed of periodically self-sustained oscillation (PSO). By using the dominant phase-advanced driving (DPAD) method, the one-dimensional (1D) Winfree loop is exposed as the oscillation source supporting the PSO, and the accurate wave propagation pathways from the oscillation source to the whole network are uncovered. Then, an order parameter is introduced to quantitatively study the influence of network structures and system parameters on the spatiotemporal dynamics of PSO in EHRNs. Distinct results induced by the network structures and the system parameters are observed. Importantly, the corresponding mechanisms are revealed. PSO influenced by the network structures are induced not only by the change of average path length (APL) of network, but also by the invasion of 1D Winfree loop from the outside linking nodes. Moreover, PSO influenced by the system parameters are determined by the excitation threshold and the minimum 1D Winfree loop. Finally, we confirmed that the excitation threshold and the minimum 1D Winfree loop determined PSO will degenerate as the system size is expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Nonlinear Research Institute, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721007, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Nonlinear Research Institute, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721007, China
| | - Keli Yang
- Nonlinear Research Institute, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721007, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Physics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Chenggui Yao
- Department of Mathematics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Physics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,King Abdulaziz Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Math, NAAM Res Grp, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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14
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O'Keeffe SM, Beynon AL, Davies JS, Moynagh PN, Coogan AN. NF-κB signalling is involved in immune-modulation, but not basal functioning, of the mouse suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1111-1123. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. O'Keeffe
- Department of Psychology; Maynooth University; National University of Ireland; John Hume Building Maynooth Ireland
| | - A. L. Beynon
- Institute of Life Science; School of Medicine; Swansea University; Wales UK
| | - J. S. Davies
- Institute of Life Science; School of Medicine; Swansea University; Wales UK
| | - P. N. Moynagh
- Department of Biology; Maynooth University; National University of Ireland; Maynooth Ireland
| | - A. N. Coogan
- Department of Psychology; Maynooth University; National University of Ireland; John Hume Building Maynooth Ireland
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15
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Chen X, Rahman R, Guo F, Rosbash M. Genome-wide identification of neuronal activity-regulated genes in Drosophila. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27936378 PMCID: PMC5148613 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-regulated genes (ARGs) are important for neuronal functions like long-term memory and are well-characterized in mammals but poorly studied in other model organisms like Drosophila. Here we stimulated fly neurons with different paradigms and identified ARGs using high-throughput sequencing from brains as well as from sorted neurons: they included a narrow set of circadian neurons as well as dopaminergic neurons. Surprisingly, many ARGs are specific to the stimulation paradigm and very specific to neuron type. In addition and unlike mammalian immediate early genes (IEGs), fly ARGs do not have short gene lengths and are less enriched for transcription factor function. Chromatin assays using ATAC-sequencing show that the transcription start sites (TSS) of ARGs do not change with neural firing but are already accessible prior to stimulation. Lastly based on binding site enrichment in ARGs, we identified transcription factor mediators of firing and created neuronal activity reporters. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19942.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Reazur Rahman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Fang Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
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16
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Sørensen AT, Cooper YA, Baratta MV, Weng FJ, Zhang Y, Ramamoorthi K, Fropf R, LaVerriere E, Xue J, Young A, Schneider C, Gøtzsche CR, Hemberg M, Yin JC, Maier SF, Lin Y. A robust activity marking system for exploring active neuronal ensembles. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27661450 PMCID: PMC5035142 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain captures transient experience and converts it into long lasting changes in neural circuits requires the identification and investigation of the specific ensembles of neurons that are responsible for the encoding of each experience. We have developed a Robust Activity Marking (RAM) system that allows for the identification and interrogation of ensembles of neurons. The RAM system provides unprecedented high sensitivity and selectivity through the use of an optimized synthetic activity-regulated promoter that is strongly induced by neuronal activity and a modified Tet-Off system that achieves improved temporal control. Due to its compact design, RAM can be packaged into a single adeno-associated virus (AAV), providing great versatility and ease of use, including application to mice, rats, flies, and potentially many other species. Cre-dependent RAM, CRAM, allows for the study of active ensembles of a specific cell type and anatomical connectivity, further expanding the RAM system's versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T Sørensen
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yonatan A Cooper
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael V Baratta
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Feng-Ju Weng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kartik Ramamoorthi
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Robin Fropf
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Emily LaVerriere
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jian Xue
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Andrew Young
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Colleen Schneider
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Casper René Gøtzsche
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Martin Hemberg
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Cp Yin
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Yingxi Lin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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17
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Eck S, Helfrich-Förster C, Rieger D. The Timed Depolarization of Morning and Evening Oscillators Phase Shifts the Circadian Clock of Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:428-42. [PMID: 27269519 DOI: 10.1177/0748730416651363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase response curves (PRCs) for light or temperature stimuli have been shown to be most valuable in understanding how circadian clocks are entrained to daily environmental cycles. Nowadays, PRC experiments in which clock neurons are manipulated in a temporally restricted manner by thermogenetic or optogenetic tools are also useful to comprehend clock network properties. Here, we temporally depolarized specific clock neurons of Drosophila melanogaster by activating temperature-sensitive dTrpA1 channels to unravel their role in phase shifting the flies' activity rhythm. The depolarization of all clock neurons caused a PRC resembling the flies' light PRC, with strong phase delays in the first half of the subjective night and modest phase advances in its second half. However, the activation of the flies' pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-positive morning (M) neurons (s-LNvs) only induced phase advances, and these reached into the subjective day, where the light PRC has its dead zone. This indicates that the M neurons are very potent in accelerating the clock, which is in line with previous observations. In contrast, the evening (E) neurons together with the PDF-positive l-LNvs appear to mediate phase delays. Most interestingly, the molecular clock (Period protein cycling) of the depolarized clock neurons was shifted in parallel to the behavior, and this shift was already visible within the first cycle after the temperature pulse. We identified cAMP response element binding protein B (CREB) as a putative link between membrane depolarization and the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Eck
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Mushroom body signaling is required for locomotor activity rhythms in Drosophila. Neurosci Res 2016; 111:25-33. [PMID: 27106579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, circadian rhythms of locomotor activity under constant darkness are controlled by pacemaker neurons. To understand how behavioral rhythmicity is generated by the nervous system, it is essential to identify the output circuits from the pacemaker neurons. A recent study of Drosophila has suggested that pacemaker neurons project to mushroom body (MB) neurons, which are considered the memory center in Drosophila. MBs also regulate spontaneous locomotor activity without learning, suggesting that MB neuronal activity regulates behavioral rhythms. However, the importance of MBs in generating behavioral rhythmicity remains controversial because contradicting results have been reported as follows: (1) locomotor activity in MB-ablated flies is substantially rhythmic, but (2) activation of restricted neuronal populations including MB neurons induces arrhythmic locomotor activity. Here, we report that neurotransmission in MBs is required for behavioral rhythmicity. For adult-specific disruption of neurotransmission in MBs, we used the GAL80/GAL4/UAS ternary gene expression system in combination with the temperature-sensitive dynamin mutation shibire(ts1). Blocking of neurotransmission in GAL4-positive neurons including MB neurons induced arrhythmic locomotor activity, whereas this arrhythmicity was rescued by the MB-specific expression of GAL80. Our results indicate that MB signaling plays a key role in locomotor activity rhythms in Drosophila.
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19
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Gonzales ED, Tanenhaus AK, Zhang J, Chaffee RP, Yin JCP. Early-onset sleep defects in Drosophila models of Huntington's disease reflect alterations of PKA/CREB signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:837-52. [PMID: 26604145 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurological disorder whose non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances. Whether sleep and activity abnormalities are primary molecular disruptions of mutant Huntingtin (mutHtt) expression or result from neurodegeneration is unclear. Here, we report Drosophila models of HD exhibit sleep and activity disruptions very early in adulthood, as soon as sleep patterns have developed. Pan-neuronal expression of full-length or N-terminally truncated mutHtt recapitulates sleep phenotypes of HD patients: impaired sleep initiation, fragmented and diminished sleep, and nighttime hyperactivity. Sleep deprivation of HD model flies results in exacerbated sleep deficits, indicating that homeostatic regulation of sleep is impaired. Elevated PKA/CREB activity in healthy flies produces patterns of sleep and activity similar to those in our HD models. We were curious whether aberrations in PKA/CREB signaling were responsible for our early-onset sleep/activity phenotypes. Decreasing signaling through the cAMP/PKA pathway suppresses mutHtt-induced developmental lethality. Genetically reducing PKA abolishes sleep/activity deficits in HD model flies, restores the homeostatic response and extends median lifespan. In vivo reporters, however, show dCREB2 activity is unchanged, or decreased when sleep/activity patterns are abnormal, suggesting dissociation of PKA and dCREB2 occurs early in pathogenesis. Collectively, our data suggest that sleep defects may reflect a primary pathological process in HD, and that measurements of sleep and cAMP/PKA could be prodromal indicators of disease, and serve as therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan P Chaffee
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA and
| | - Jerry C P Yin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705-2281, USA
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20
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Garelli A, Heredia F, Casimiro AP, Macedo A, Nunes C, Garcez M, Dias ARM, Volonte YA, Uhlmann T, Caparros E, Koyama T, Gontijo AM. Dilp8 requires the neuronal relaxin receptor Lgr3 to couple growth to developmental timing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8732. [PMID: 26510564 PMCID: PMC4640092 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How different organs in the body sense growth perturbations in distant tissues to coordinate their size during development is poorly understood. Here we mutate an invertebrate orphan relaxin receptor gene, the Drosophila Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 3 (Lgr3), and find body asymmetries similar to those found in insulin-like peptide 8 (dilp8) mutants, which fail to coordinate growth with developmental timing. Indeed, mutation or RNA intereference (RNAi) against Lgr3 suppresses the delay in pupariation induced by imaginal disc growth perturbation or ectopic Dilp8 expression. By tagging endogenous Lgr3 and performing cell type-specific RNAi, we map this Lgr3 activity to a new subset of CNS neurons, four of which are a pair of bilateral pars intercerebralis Lgr3-positive (PIL) neurons that respond specifically to ectopic Dilp8 by increasing cAMP-dependent signalling. Our work sheds new light on the function and evolution of relaxin receptors and reveals a novel neuroendocrine circuit responsive to growth aberrations. The orphan ligand Dilp8 has been shown to coordinate growth and developmental timing in Drosophila. Here, using Gal4 drivers and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches, Garelli et al. identify a role for relaxin-like receptor Lgr3 in regulating the Dilp8 developmental delay pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garelli
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Camino La Carrindanga km7, Bahía Blanca B8000 FWB, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Heredia
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Andreia P Casimiro
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Andre Macedo
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Catarina Nunes
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Marcia Garcez
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Angela R Mantas Dias
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Yanel A Volonte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Camino La Carrindanga km7, Bahía Blanca B8000 FWB, Argentina
| | - Thomas Uhlmann
- Dualsystems Biotech AG, Grabenstrasse 11a, Schlieren CH-8952, Switzerland
| | - Esther Caparros
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ctra. Alicante-Valencia, km 87, San Juan, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Alisson M Gontijo
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
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21
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Vallejo DM, Juarez-Carreño S, Bolivar J, Morante J, Dominguez M. A brain circuit that synchronizes growth and maturation revealed through Dilp8 binding to Lgr3. Science 2015; 350:aac6767. [PMID: 26429885 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Body-size constancy and symmetry are signs of developmental stability. Yet, it is unclear exactly how developing animals buffer size variation. Drosophila insulin-like peptide Dilp8 is responsive to growth perturbations and controls homeostatic mechanisms that coordinately adjust growth and maturation to maintain size within the normal range. Here we show that Lgr3 is a Dilp8 receptor. Through the use of functional and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate assays, we defined a pair of Lgr3 neurons that mediate homeostatic regulation. These neurons have extensive axonal arborizations, and genetic and green fluorescent protein reconstitution across synaptic partners show that these neurons connect with the insulin-producing cells and prothoracicotropic hormone-producing neurons to attenuate growth and maturation. This previously unrecognized circuit suggests how growth and maturation rate are matched and co-regulated according to Dilp8 signals to stabilize organismal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Vallejo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Juarez-Carreño
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolivar
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Poligono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain.
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22
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Krishnan HC, Lyons LC. Synchrony and desynchrony in circadian clocks: impacts on learning and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:426-37. [PMID: 26286653 PMCID: PMC4561405 DOI: 10.1101/lm.038877.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks evolved under conditions of environmental variation, primarily alternating light dark cycles, to enable organisms to anticipate daily environmental events and coordinate metabolic, physiological, and behavioral activities. However, modern lifestyle and advances in technology have increased the percentage of individuals working in phases misaligned with natural circadian activity rhythms. Endogenous circadian oscillators modulate alertness, the acquisition of learning, memory formation, and the recall of memory with examples of circadian modulation of memory observed across phyla from invertebrates to humans. Cognitive performance and memory are significantly diminished when occurring out of phase with natural circadian rhythms. Disruptions in circadian regulation can lead to impairment in the formation of memories and manifestation of other cognitive deficits. This review explores the types of interactions through which the circadian clock modulates cognition, highlights recent progress in identifying mechanistic interactions between the circadian system and the processes involved in memory formation, and outlines methods used to remediate circadian perturbations and reinforce circadian adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini C Krishnan
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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23
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Zordan MA, Sandrelli F. Circadian Clock Dysfunction and Psychiatric Disease: Could Fruit Flies have a Say? Front Neurol 2015; 6:80. [PMID: 25941512 PMCID: PMC4403521 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of a link between the circadian system and psychiatric diseases. Studies in humans and mammals suggest that environmental and/or genetic disruption of the circadian system leads to an increased liability to psychiatric disease. Disruption of clock genes and/or the clock network might be related to the etiology of these pathologies; also, some genes, known for their circadian clock functions, might be associated to mental illnesses through clock-independent pleiotropy. Here, we examine the features which we believe make Drosophila melanogaster a model apt to study the role of the circadian clock in psychiatric disease. Despite differences in the organization of the clock system, the molecular architecture of the Drosophila and mammalian circadian oscillators are comparable and many components are evolutionarily related. In addition, Drosophila has a rather complex nervous system, which shares much at the cell and neurobiological level with humans, i.e., a tripartite brain, the main neurotransmitter systems, and behavioral traits: circadian behavior, learning and memory, motivation, addiction, social behavior. There is evidence that the Drosophila brain shares some homologies with the vertebrate cerebellum, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, the dysfunctions of which have been tied to mental illness. We discuss Drosophila in comparison to mammals with reference to the: organization of the brain and neurotransmitter systems; architecture of the circadian clock; clock-controlled behaviors. We sum up current knowledge on behavioral endophenotypes, which are amenable to modeling in flies, such as defects involving sleep, cognition, or social interactions, and discuss the relationship of the circadian system to these traits. Finally, we consider if Drosophila could be a valuable asset to understand the relationship between circadian clock malfunction and psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Agostino Zordan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Brain glial cells, in particular astrocytes and microglia, secrete signaling molecules that regulate glia-glia or glia-neuron communication and synaptic activity. While much is known about roles of glial cells in nervous system development, we are only beginning to understand the physiological functions of such cells in the adult brain. Studies in vertebrate and invertebrate models, in particular mice and Drosophila, have revealed roles of glia-neuron communication in the modulation of complex behavior. This chapter emphasizes recent evidence from studies of rodents and Drosophila that highlight the importance of glial cells and similarities or differences in the neural circuits regulating circadian rhythms and sleep in the two models. The chapter discusses cellular, molecular, and genetic approaches that have been useful in these models for understanding how glia-neuron communication contributes to the regulation of rhythmic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Fanny S Ng
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sukanya Sengupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha You
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Zhang J, Tanenhaus AK, Davis JC, Hanlon BM, Yin JCP. Spatio-temporal in vivo recording of dCREB2 dynamics in Drosophila long-term memory processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 118:80-8. [PMID: 25460038 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, playing key roles in synaptic plasticity, intrinsic excitability and long-term memory (LTM) formation. The Drosophila homologue of mammalian CREB, dCREB2, is also important for LTM. However, the spatio-temporal nature of dCREB2 activity during memory consolidation is poorly understood. Using an in vivo reporter system, we examined dCREB2 activity continuously in specific brain regions during LTM processing. Two brain regions that have been shown to be important for Drosophila LTM are the ellipsoid body (EB) and the mushroom body (MB). We found that dCREB2 reporter activity is persistently elevated in EB R2/R4m neurons, but not neighboring R3/R4d neurons, following LTM-inducing training. In multiple subsets of MB neurons, dCREB2 reporter activity is suppressed immediately following LTM-specific training, and elevated during late windows. In addition, we observed heterogeneous responses across different subsets of neurons in MB αβ lobe during LTM processing. All of these changes suggest that dCREB2 functions in both the EB and MB for LTM formation, and that this activity contributes to the process of systems consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Neuroscience Training Program, 1300 University Ave., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Genetics, 3434 Genetics/Biotechnology, 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Anne K Tanenhaus
- Neuroscience Training Program, 1300 University Ave., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Genetics, 3434 Genetics/Biotechnology, 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - John C Davis
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Bret M Hanlon
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Jerry C P Yin
- Department of Genetics, 3434 Genetics/Biotechnology, 425 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Neurology, 1685 Highland Ave., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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26
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Zwarts L, Van Eijs F, Callaerts P. Glia in Drosophila behavior. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:879-93. [PMID: 25336160 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells constitute about 10 % of the Drosophila nervous system. The development of genetic and molecular tools has helped greatly in defining different types of glia. Furthermore, considerable progress has been made in unraveling the mechanisms that control the development and differentiation of Drosophila glia. By contrast, the role of glia in adult Drosophila behavior is not well understood. We here summarize recent work describing the role of glia in normal behavior and in Drosophila models for neurological and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zwarts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Center for Human Genetics, KULeuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, Box 602, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
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27
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Kayser MS, Yue Z, Sehgal A. A critical period of sleep for development of courtship circuitry and behavior in Drosophila. Science 2014; 344:269-74. [PMID: 24744368 PMCID: PMC4479292 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most animals sleep more early in life than in adulthood, but the function of early sleep is not known. Using Drosophila, we found that increased sleep in young flies was associated with an elevated arousal threshold and resistance to sleep deprivation. Excess sleep results from decreased inhibition of a sleep-promoting region by a specific dopaminergic circuit. Experimental hyperactivation of this circuit in young flies results in sleep loss and lasting deficits in adult courtship behaviors. These deficits are accompanied by impaired development of a single olfactory glomerulus, VA1v, which normally displays extensive sleep-dependent growth after eclosion. Our results demonstrate that sleep promotes normal brain development that gives rise to an adult behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Guo L, Karpac J, Tran SL, Jasper H. PGRP-SC2 promotes gut immune homeostasis to limit commensal dysbiosis and extend lifespan. Cell 2014; 156:109-22. [PMID: 24439372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between commensals and the host impact the metabolic and immune status of metazoans. Their deregulation is associated with age-related pathologies like chronic inflammation and cancer, especially in barrier epithelia. Maintaining a healthy commensal population by preserving innate immune homeostasis in such epithelia thus promises to promote health and longevity. Here, we show that, in the aging intestine of Drosophila, chronic activation of the transcription factor Foxo reduces expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein SC2 (PGRP-SC2), a negative regulator of IMD/Relish innate immune signaling, and homolog of the anti-inflammatory molecules PGLYRP1-4. This repression causes deregulation of Rel/NFkB activity, resulting in commensal dysbiosis, stem cell hyperproliferation, and epithelial dysplasia. Restoring PGRP-SC2 expression in enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium, in turn, prevents dysbiosis, promotes tissue homeostasis, and extends lifespan. Our results highlight the importance of commensal control for lifespan of metazoans and identify SC-class PGRPs as longevity-promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Guo
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Susan L Tran
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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29
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Fropf R, Zhang J, Tanenhaus AK, Fropf WJ, Siefkes E, Yin JCP. Time of day influences memory formation and dCREB2 proteins in Drosophila. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:43. [PMID: 24744705 PMCID: PMC3978337 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological phenomena oscillate under the control of the circadian system, exhibiting peaks and troughs of activity across the day/night cycle. In most animal models, memory formation also exhibits this property, but the underlying neuronal and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The dCREB2 transcription factor shows circadian regulated oscillations in its activity, and has been shown to be important for both circadian biology and memory formation. We show that the time-of-day (TOD) of behavioral training affects Drosophila memory formation. dCREB2 exhibits complex changes in protein levels across the daytime and nighttime, and these changes in protein abundance are likely to contribute to oscillations in dCREB2 activity and TOD effects on memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Fropf
- Departments of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Departments of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anne K Tanenhaus
- Departments of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Whitney J Fropf
- Departments of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellen Siefkes
- Departments of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jerry C P Yin
- Departments of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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30
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Neyen C, Bretscher AJ, Binggeli O, Lemaitre B. Methods to study Drosophila immunity. Methods 2014; 68:116-28. [PMID: 24631888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms are well conserved throughout evolution, and many theoretical concepts, molecular pathways and gene networks are applicable to invertebrate model organisms as much as vertebrate ones. Drosophila immunity research benefits from an easily manipulated genome, a fantastic international resource of transgenic tools and over a quarter century of accumulated techniques and approaches to study innate immunity. Here we present a short collection of ways to challenge the fruit fly immune system with various pathogens and parasites, as well as read-outs to assess its functions, including cellular and humoral immune responses. Our review covers techniques for assessing the kinetics and efficiency of immune responses quantitatively and qualitatively, such as survival analysis, bacterial persistence, antimicrobial peptide gene expression, phagocytosis and melanisation assays. Finally, we offer a toolkit of Drosophila strains available to the research community for current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Neyen
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J Bretscher
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Binggeli
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Huang Y, Ainsley JA, Reijmers LG, Jackson FR. Translational profiling of clock cells reveals circadianly synchronized protein synthesis. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001703. [PMID: 24348200 PMCID: PMC3864454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes, for the first time, the rhythmic translational program within circadian
clock cells. The results indicate that most clock cell mRNAs are translated at low-energy times of
either mid-day or mid-night, and also that related cellular functions are coordinately regulated by
the synchronized translation of relevant mRNAs at the same time of day. Genome-wide studies of circadian transcription or mRNA translation have been hindered by the
presence of heterogeneous cell populations in complex tissues such as the nervous system. We
describe here the use of a Drosophila cell-specific translational profiling
approach to document the rhythmic “translatome” of neural clock cells for the first time
in any organism. Unexpectedly, translation of most clock-regulated transcripts—as assayed by
mRNA ribosome association—occurs at one of two predominant circadian phases, midday or
mid-night, times of behavioral quiescence; mRNAs encoding similar cellular functions are translated
at the same time of day. Our analysis also indicates that fundamental cellular
processes—metabolism, energy production, redox state (e.g., the thioredoxin system), cell
growth, signaling and others—are rhythmically modulated within clock cells via synchronized
protein synthesis. Our approach is validated by the identification of mRNAs known to exhibit
circadian changes in abundance and the discovery of hundreds of novel mRNAs that show translational
rhythms. This includes Tdc2, encoding a neurotransmitter synthetic enzyme, which we
demonstrate is required within clock neurons for normal circadian locomotor activity. The circadian clock controls daily rhythms in physiology and behavior via mechanisms that
regulate gene expression. While numerous studies have examined the clock regulation of gene
transcription and documented rhythms in mRNA abundance, less is known about how circadian changes in
protein synthesis contribute to the orchestration of physiological and behavioral programs. Here we
have monitored mRNA ribosomal association (as a proxy for translation) to globally examine the
circadian timing of protein synthesis specifically within clock cells of
Drosophila. The results reveal, for the first time in any organism, the complete
circadian program of protein synthesis (the “circadian translatome”) within these cells.
A novel finding is that most mRNAs within clock cells are translated at one of two predominant
circadian phases—midday or mid-night—times of low energy expenditure. Our work also
finds that many clock cell processes, including metabolism, redox state, signaling,
neurotransmission, and even protein synthesis itself, are coordinately regulated such that mRNAs
required for similar cellular functions are translated in synchrony at the same time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (Y.H.);
(F.R.J.)
| | - Joshua A. Ainsley
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leon G. Reijmers
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - F. Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (Y.H.);
(F.R.J.)
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32
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Górska-Andrzejak J. Glia-related circadian plasticity in the visual system of Diptera. Front Physiol 2013; 4:36. [PMID: 23986707 PMCID: PMC3750947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian changes in morphology of the first visual neuropil or lamina of Diptera represent an example of the neuronal plasticity controlled by the circadian clock (circadian plasticity). It is observed in terminals of the compound eye photoreceptor cells, the peripheral oscillators expressing the clock genes. However, it has been found also in their postsynaptic partners, the L1 and L2 monopolar cells, in which the activity of the clock genes have not yet been detected. The circadian input that the L1 and L2 receive seems to originate not only from the retina photoreceptors and from the circadian pacemaker neurons located in the brain, but also from the glial cells that express the clock genes and thus contain circadian oscillators. This paper summarizes the morphological and biochemical rhythms in glia of the optic lobe, shows how they contribute to circadian plasticity, and discusses how glial clocks may modulate circadian rhythms in the lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Górska-Andrzejak
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
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