1
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Miyazaki S, Yamano H, Motooka D, Tashiro F, Matsuura T, Miyazaki T, Miyazaki JI. Zfp296 knockout enhances chromatin accessibility and induces a unique state of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:771. [PMID: 37488353 PMCID: PMC10366109 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zfp296 gene encodes a zinc finger-type protein. Its expression is high in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but rapidly decreases following differentiation. Zfp296-knockout (KO) ESCs grew as flat colonies, which were reverted to rounded colonies by exogenous expression of Zfp296. KO ESCs could not form teratomas when transplanted into mice but could efficiently contribute to germline-competent chimeric mice following blastocyst injection. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Zfp296 deficiency up- and down-regulates a distinct group of genes, among which Dppa3, Otx2, and Pou3f1 were markedly downregulated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing demonstrated that ZFP296 binding is predominantly seen in the vicinity of the transcription start sites (TSSs) of a number of genes, and ZFP296 was suggested to negatively regulate transcription. Consistently, chromatin accessibility assay clearly showed that ZFP296 binding reduces the accessibility of the TSS regions of target genes. Zfp296-KO ESCs showed increased histone H3K9 di- and trimethylation. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed interaction of ZFP296 with G9a and GLP. These results show that ZFP296 plays essential roles in maintaining the global epigenetic state of ESCs through multiple mechanisms including activation of Dppa3, attenuation of chromatin accessibility, and repression of H3K9 methylation, but that Zfp296-KO ESCs retain a unique state of pluripotency while lacking the teratoma-forming ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamano
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takumi Matsuura
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.
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2
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Endoh M, Niwa H. Stepwise pluripotency transitions in mouse stem cells. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55010. [PMID: 35903955 PMCID: PMC9442314 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells in mouse embryos, which first emerge in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, undergo gradual transition marked by changes in gene expression, developmental potential, polarity, and morphology as they develop from the pre-implantation until post-implantation gastrula stage. Recent studies of cultured mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have clarified the presence of intermediate pluripotent stages between the naïve pluripotent state represented by embryonic stem cells (ESCs-equivalent to the pre-implantation epiblast) and the primed pluripotent state represented by epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs-equivalent to the late post-implantation gastrula epiblast). In this review, we discuss these recent findings in light of our knowledge on peri-implantation mouse development and consider the implications of these new PSCs to understand their temporal sequence and the feasibility of using them as model system for pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Endoh
- Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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3
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Duethorn B, Groll F, Rieger B, Drexler HCA, Brinkmann H, Kremer L, Stehling M, Borowski MT, Mildner K, Zeuschner D, Zernicka-Goetz M, Stemmler MP, Busch KB, Vaquerizas JM, Bedzhov I. Lima1 mediates the pluripotency control of membrane dynamics and cellular metabolism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:610. [PMID: 35105859 PMCID: PMC8807836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lima1 is an extensively studied prognostic marker of malignancy and is also considered to be a tumour suppressor, but its role in a developmental context of non-transformed cells is poorly understood. Here, we characterise the expression pattern and examined the function of Lima1 in mouse embryos and pluripotent stem cell lines. We identify that Lima1 expression is controlled by the naïve pluripotency circuit and is required for the suppression of membrane blebbing, as well as for proper mitochondrial energetics in embryonic stem cells. Moreover, forcing Lima1 expression enables primed mouse and human pluripotent stem cells to be incorporated into murine pre-implantation embryos. Thus, Lima1 is a key effector molecule that mediates the pluripotency control of membrane dynamics and cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyamin Duethorn
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Groll
- Regulatory Genomics group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Rieger
- Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes C A Drexler
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heike Brinkmann
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ludmila Kremer
- Transgenic Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Stehling
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Borowski
- Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Karina Mildner
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Plasticity and Self-Organization Group, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, FAU University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin B Busch
- Institut für Integrative Zellbiologie und Physiologie, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Juan M Vaquerizas
- Regulatory Genomics group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ivan Bedzhov
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Yeh CY, Huang WH, Chen HC, Meir YJJ. Capturing Pluripotency and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123558. [PMID: 34944066 PMCID: PMC8700150 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of a multicellular organism, the specification of different cell lineages originates in a small group of pluripotent cells, the epiblasts, formed in the preimplantation embryo. The pluripotent epiblast is protected from premature differentiation until exposure to inductive cues in strictly controlled spatially and temporally organized patterns guiding fetus formation. Epiblasts cultured in vitro are embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which recapitulate the self-renewal and lineage specification properties of their endogenous counterparts. The characteristics of totipotency, although less understood than pluripotency, are becoming clearer. Recent studies have shown that a minor ESC subpopulation exhibits expanded developmental potential beyond pluripotency, displaying a characteristic reminiscent of two-cell embryo blastomeres (2CLCs). In addition, reprogramming both mouse and human ESCs in defined media can produce expanded/extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) similar to but different from 2CLCs. Further, the molecular roadmaps driving the transition of various potency states have been clarified. These recent key findings will allow us to understand eutherian mammalian development by comparing the underlying differences between potency network components during development. Using the mouse as a paradigm and recent progress in human PSCs, we review the epiblast's identity acquisition during embryogenesis and their ESC counterparts regarding their pluripotent fates and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Wei-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-Y.Y.); (W.-H.H.)
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (Y.-J.J.M.)
| | - Yaa-Jyuhn James Meir
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (Y.-J.J.M.)
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5
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Pera MF, Rossant J. The exploration of pluripotency space: Charting cell state transitions in peri-implantation development. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1896-1906. [PMID: 34672948 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells in the mammalian embryo undergo state transitions marked by changes in patterns of gene expression and developmental potential as they progress from pre-implantation through post-implantation stages of development. Recent studies of cultured mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have identified cells representative of an intermediate stage (referred to as the formative state) between naive pluripotency (equivalent to pre-implantation epiblast) and primed pluripotency (equivalent to late post-implantation epiblast). We examine these recent findings in light of our knowledge of peri-implantation mouse and human development, and we consider the implications of this work for deriving human embryo models from pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Rossant
- The Hospital for Sick Children and the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Gairdner Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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6
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Dierolf JG, Watson AJ, Betts DH. Differential localization patterns of pyruvate kinase isoforms in murine naïve, formative, and primed pluripotent states. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112714. [PMID: 34181938 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) represent opposite ends of the pluripotency continuum, referred to as naïve and primed pluripotent states, respectively. These divergent pluripotent states differ in several ways, including growth factor requirements, transcription factor expression, DNA methylation patterns, and metabolic profiles. Naïve cells employ both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas primed cells preferentially utilize aerobic glycolysis, a trait shared with cancer cells referred to as the Warburg Effect. Until recently, metabolism has been regarded as a by-product of cell fate, however, evidence now supports metabolism as being a driver of stem cell state and fate decisions. Pyruvate kinase muscle isoforms (PKM1 and PKM2) are important for generating and maintaining pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and mediating the Warburg Effect. Both isoforms catalyze the final, rate limiting step of glycolysis, generating adenosine triphosphate and pyruvate, however, the precise role(s) of PKM1/2 in naïve and primed pluripotency is not well understood. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the cellular expression and localization patterns of PKM1 and PKM2 in mESCs, chemically transitioned epiblast-like cells (mEpiLCs) representing formative pluripotency, and mEpiSCs using immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. The results indicate that PKM1 and PKM2 are not only localized to the cytoplasm, but also accumulate in differential subnuclear regions of mESC, mEpiLCs, and mEpiSCs as determined by a quantitative confocal microscopy employing orthogonal projections and airyscan processing. Importantly, we discovered that the subnuclear localization of PKM1/2 changes during the transition from mESCs, mEpiLCs, and mEpiSCs. Finally, we have comprehensively validated the appropriateness and power of the Pearson's correlation coefficient and Manders's overlap coefficient for assessing nuclear and cytoplasmic protein colocalization in PSCs by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. We propose that nuclear PKM1/2 may assist with distinct pluripotency state maintenance and lineage priming by non-canonical mechanisms. These results advance our understanding of the overall mechanisms controlling naïve, formative, and primed pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Dierolf
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Andrew J Watson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Children's Health Research Institute (CHRI), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Children's Health Research Institute (CHRI), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.
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7
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Zheng C, Ballard EB, Wu J. The road to generating transplantable organs: from blastocyst complementation to interspecies chimeras. Development 2021; 148:dev195792. [PMID: 34132325 PMCID: PMC10656466 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing human organs in animals sounds like something from the realm of science fiction, but it may one day become a reality through a technique known as interspecies blastocyst complementation. This technique, which was originally developed to study gene function in development, involves injecting donor pluripotent stem cells into an organogenesis-disabled host embryo, allowing the donor cells to compensate for missing organs or tissues. Although interspecies blastocyst complementation has been achieved between closely related species, such as mice and rats, the situation becomes much more difficult for species that are far apart on the evolutionary tree. This is presumably because of layers of xenogeneic barriers that are a result of divergent evolution. In this Review, we discuss the current status of blastocyst complementation approaches and, in light of recent progress, elaborate on the keys to success for interspecies blastocyst complementation and organ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Emily B. Ballard
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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8
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Wang X, Xiang Y, Yu Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Sun H, Zhao ZA, Jiang X, Wang X, Lu X, Qin D, Quan Y, Zhang J, Shyh-Chang N, Wang H, Jing N, Xie W, Li L. Formative pluripotent stem cells show features of epiblast cells poised for gastrulation. Cell Res 2021; 31:526-541. [PMID: 33608671 PMCID: PMC8089102 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency of mammalian early and late epiblast could be recapitulated by naïve embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primed epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), respectively. However, these two states of pluripotency may not be sufficient to reflect the full complexity and developmental potency of the epiblast during mammalian early development. Here we report the establishment of self-renewing formative pluripotent stem cells (fPSCs) which manifest features of epiblast cells poised for gastrulation. fPSCs can be established from different mouse ESCs, pre-/early-gastrula epiblasts and induced PSCs. Similar to pre-/early-gastrula epiblasts, fPSCs show the transcriptomic features of formative pluripotency, which are distinct from naïve ESCs and primed EpiSCs. fPSCs show the unique epigenetic states of E6.5 epiblast, including the super-bivalency of a large set of developmental genes. Just like epiblast cells immediately before gastrulation, fPSCs can efficiently differentiate into three germ layers and primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro. Thus, fPSCs highlight the feasibility of using PSCs to explore the development of mammalian epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yunlong Xiang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yang Yu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ran Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Qianhua Xu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hao Sun
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiangxiang Jiang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xukun Lu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Dandan Qin
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yujun Quan
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Naihe Jing
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Wei Xie
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lei Li
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Innovation Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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9
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Junyent S, Reeves J, Gentleman E, Habib SJ. Pluripotency state regulates cytoneme selectivity and self-organization of embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202005095. [PMID: 33606876 PMCID: PMC7903188 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To coordinate cell fate with changes in spatial organization, stem cells (SCs) require specific and adaptable systems of signal exchange and cell-to-cell communication. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) use cytonemes to pair with trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and form synthetic embryonic structures in a Wnt-dependent manner. How these interactions vary with pluripotency states remains elusive. Here we show that ESC transition to an early primed ESC (pESC) state reduces their pairing with TSCs and impairs synthetic embryogenesis. pESCs can activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in response to soluble Wnt ligands, but their cytonemes form unspecific and unstable interactions with localized Wnt sources. This is due to an impaired crosstalk between Wnt and glutamate receptor activity and reduced generation of Ca2+ transients on the cytonemes upon Wnt source contact. Induced iGluR activation can partially restore cytoneme function in pESCs, while transient overexpression of E-cadherin improves pESC-TSC pairing. Our results illustrate how changes in pluripotency state alter the mechanisms SCs use to self-organize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Junyent
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Reeves
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shukry J. Habib
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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10
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Tomoda K, Kime C. Synthetic embryology: Early mammalian embryo modeling systems from cell cultures. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:116-126. [PMID: 33540477 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the fields of embryology, developmental biology, stem cell biology, and cell reprogramming, have intersected with synthetic embryo systems (SESs) from cultured cells. Among such SESs, several approaches have engaged early-embryo-like cells, cells with atypical potency, or assembled traditional in vitro stem cell populations with synergy, to advance life discovery systems that may yield emergent knowledge and biotechnical advance. Such models center on the competent generation of blastocyst-like and post-implantation embryo-like forms. Our group, and several others have recently pioneered unique SES strategies covering a broad spectrum of key early embryo-like developmental stages and features to seed an emerging SES field. Herein, we provide a comprehensive perspective of synthetic embryology and the powerful promise that excites us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Tomoda
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto, Japan.,Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cody Kime
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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11
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Kinoshita M, Barber M, Mansfield W, Cui Y, Spindlow D, Stirparo GG, Dietmann S, Nichols J, Smith A. Capture of Mouse and Human Stem Cells with Features of Formative Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:453-471.e8. [PMID: 33271069 PMCID: PMC7939546 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells emerge as a naive founder population in the blastocyst, acquire capacity for germline and soma formation, and then undergo lineage priming. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSCs) represent the initial naive and final primed phases of pluripotency, respectively. Here, we investigate the intermediate formative stage. Using minimal exposure to specification cues, we derive stem cells from formative mouse epiblast. Unlike ESCs or EpiSCs, formative stem (FS) cells respond directly to germ cell induction. They colonize somatic tissues and germline in chimeras. Whole-transcriptome analyses show similarity to pre-gastrulation formative epiblast. Signal responsiveness and chromatin accessibility features reflect lineage capacitation. Furthermore, FS cells show distinct transcription factor dependencies, relying critically on Otx2. Finally, FS cell culture conditions applied to human naive cells or embryos support expansion of similar stem cells, consistent with a conserved staging post on the trajectory of mammalian pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinoshita
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Michael Barber
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - William Mansfield
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yingzhi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Daniel Spindlow
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Giuliano Giuseppe Stirparo
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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12
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Cermola F, D'Aniello C, Tatè R, De Cesare D, Martinez-Arias A, Minchiotti G, Patriarca EJ. Gastruloid Development Competence Discriminates Different States of Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:354-369. [PMID: 33482102 PMCID: PMC7878839 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Floating spheroidal aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells can develop into polarized/elongated organoids, namely gastruloids. We set up a high-performing assay to measure gastruloid formation efficiency (GFE), and found that GFE decreases as pluripotency progresses from naive (GFE ≥ 95%) to primed (GFE = 0) state. Specifically, we show that primed EpiSCs fail to generate proper cell aggregates, while early-primed EpiLCs aggregate but eventually fail to develop into elongated gastruloids. Moreover, we characterized proline-induced cells (PiCs), a LIF-dependent reversible early-primed state of pluripotency, and show that PiCs are able to generate gastruloids (GFE ∼ 50%) and are also competent to differentiate into primordial germ cell-like cells. Thus, we propose the GFE assay as a valuable functional tool to discriminate different states of the pluripotency continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cermola
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina D'Aniello
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosarita Tatè
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario De Cesare
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Jorge Patriarca
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Tagliaferri D, Mazzone P, Noviello TMR, Addeo M, Angrisano T, Del Vecchio L, Visconte F, Ruggieri V, Russi S, Caivano A, Cantone I, De Felice M, Ceccarelli M, Cerulo L, Falco G. Retinoic Acid Induces Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) Transition to 2 Cell-Like State Through a Coordinated Expression of Dux and Duxbl1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:385. [PMID: 32010697 PMCID: PMC6979039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst. In serum/LIF culture condition, they show variable expression of pluripotency genes that mark cell fluctuation between pluripotency and differentiation metastate. The ESCs subpopulation marked by zygotic genome activation gene (ZGA) signature, including Zscan4, retains a wider differentiation potency than epiblast-derived ESCs. We have recently shown that retinoic acid (RA) significantly enhances Zscan4 cell population. However, it remains unexplored how RA initiates the ESCs to 2-cell like reprogramming. Here we found that RA is decisive for ESCs to 2C-like cell transition, and reconstructed the gene network surrounding Zscan4. We revealed that RA regulates 2C-like population co-activating Dux and Duxbl1. We provided novel evidence that RA dependent ESCs to 2C-like cell transition is regulated by Dux, and antagonized by Duxbl1. Our suggested mechanism could shed light on the role of RA on ESC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tagliaferri
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Mazzone
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Teresa M R Noviello
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Martina Addeo
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vitalba Ruggieri
- IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Sabino Russi
- IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Antonella Caivano
- IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Irene Cantone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Felice
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Cerulo
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Geppino Falco
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore," Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy
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14
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Kime C, Kiyonari H, Ohtsuka S, Kohbayashi E, Asahi M, Yamanaka S, Takahashi M, Tomoda K. Induced 2C Expression and Implantation-Competent Blastocyst-like Cysts from Primed Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:485-498. [PMID: 31402336 PMCID: PMC6739768 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after fertilization, the few totipotent cells of mammalian embryos diverge to form a structure called the blastocyst (BC). Although numerous cell types, including germ cells and extended-pluripotency stem cells, have been developed from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in vitro, generating functional BCs only from PSCs remains elusive. Here, we describe induced self-organizing 3D BC-like cysts (iBLCs) generated from mouse PSC culture. Resembling natural BCs, iBLCs have a blastocoel-like cavity and were formed with outer cells expressing trophectoderm lineage markers and with inner cells expressing pluripotency markers. iBLCs transplanted to pseudopregnant mice uteruses implanted, induced decidualization, and exhibited growth and development before resorption, demonstrating that iBLCs are implantation competent. iBLC precursor intermediates required the transcription factor Prdm14 and concomitantly activated the totipotency-related cleavage-stage MERVL reporter and 2C genes. Thus, our system may contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning totipotency, embryogenesis, and implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Kime
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Lab of Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Eiko Kohbayashi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Lab of Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tomoda
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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15
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Feeders facilitate telomere maintenance and chromosomal stability of embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2620. [PMID: 29976922 PMCID: PMC6033898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeder cells like mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been widely applied for culture of pluripotent stem cells, but their roles remain elusive. Noticeably, ESCs cultured on the feeders display transcriptional heterogeneity. We investigated roles of feeder cells by examining the telomere maintenance. Here we show that telomere is longer in mESCs cultured with than without the feeders. mESC cultures without MEF feeders exhibit telomere loss, chromosomal fusion, and aneuploidy with increasing passages. Notably, feeders facilitate heterogeneous transcription of 2-cell genes including Zscan4 and telomere elongation. Moreover, feeders produce Fstl1 that together with BMP4 periodically activate Zscan4. Interestingly, Zscan4 is repressed in mESCs cultured in 2i (inhibitors of Mek and Gsk3β signaling) media, associated with shorter telomeres and increased chromosome instability. These data suggest the important role of feeders in maintaining telomeres for long-term stable self-renewal and developmental pluripotency of mESCs. Feeder cells are widely used for the culture of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but their specific effects are not well known. Here, the authors demonstrate that mouse ESCs exhibit telomere loss and chromosomal aberrations associated with reduced Zscan4 with increasing passages in the absence of feeders
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16
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Adachi K, Kopp W, Wu G, Heising S, Greber B, Stehling M, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Boerno ST, Timmermann B, Vingron M, Schöler HR. Esrrb Unlocks Silenced Enhancers for Reprogramming to Naive Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:266-275.e6. [PMID: 29910149 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF)-mediated reprogramming to pluripotency is a slow and inefficient process, because most pluripotency TFs fail to access relevant target sites in a refractory chromatin environment. It is still unclear how TFs actually orchestrate the opening of repressive chromatin during the long latency period of reprogramming. Here, we show that the orphan nuclear receptor Esrrb plays a pioneering role in recruiting the core pluripotency factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog to inactive enhancers in closed chromatin during the reprogramming of epiblast stem cells. Esrrb binds to silenced enhancers containing stable nucleosomes and hypermethylated DNA, which are inaccessible to the core factors. Esrrb binding is accompanied by local loss of DNA methylation, LIF-dependent engagement of p300, and nucleosome displacement, leading to the recruitment of core factors within approximately 2 days. These results suggest that TFs can drive rapid remodeling of the local chromatin structure, highlighting the remarkable plasticity of stable epigenetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kopp
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Heising
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Stehling
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Stefan T Boerno
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Vingron
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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17
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Yamane M, Ohtsuka S, Matsuura K, Nakamura A, Niwa H. Overlapping functions of Krüppel-like factor family members: targeting multiple transcription factors to maintain the naïve pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.162404. [PMID: 29739838 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (Klfs) have a pivotal role in maintaining self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). The functions of three Klf family members (Klf2, Klf4 and Klf5) have been identified, and are suggested to largely overlap. For further dissection of their functions, we applied an inducible knockout system for these Klf family members and assessed the effects of combinatorial loss of function. As a result, we confirmed that any one of Klf2, Klf4 and Klf5 was sufficient to support self-renewal, whereas the removal of all three compromised it. The activity of any single transcription factor, except for a Klf family member, was not sufficient to restore self-renewal of triple-knockout mESCs. However, some particular combinations of transcription factors were capable of the restoration. The triple-knockout mESCs were successfully captured at primed state. These data indicate that the pivotal function of a Klf family member is transduced into the activation of multiple transcription factors in a naïve-state-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yamane
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kumi Matsuura
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Germline Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan .,Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.,JST, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1020075, Japan
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18
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Amlani B, Liu Y, Chen T, Ee LS, Lopez P, Heguy A, Apostolou E, Kim SY, Stadtfeld M. Nascent Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Efficiently Generate Entirely iPSC-Derived Mice while Expressing Differentiation-Associated Genes. Cell Rep 2018; 22:876-884. [PMID: 29420174 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to differentiate into all adult cell types makes them attractive for research and regenerative medicine; however, it remains unknown when and how this capacity is established. We characterized the acquisition of developmental pluripotency in a suitable reprogramming system to show that iPSCs prior to passaging become capable of generating all tissues upon injection into preimplantation embryos. The developmental potential of nascent iPSCs is comparable to or even surpasses that of established pluripotent cells. Further functional assays and genome-wide molecular analyses suggest that cells acquiring developmental pluripotency exhibit a unique combination of properties that distinguish them from canonical naive and primed pluripotency states. These include reduced clonal self-renewal potential and the elevated expression of differentiation-associated transcriptional regulators. Our observations close a gap in the understanding of induced pluripotency and provide an improved roadmap of cellular reprogramming with ramifications for the use of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhishma Amlani
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Edward and Sandra Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Taotao Chen
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ly-Sha Ee
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Lopez
- Cytometry and Cell Sorting Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology and Office for Collaborative Science, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Effie Apostolou
- Edward and Sandra Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology and Office for Collaborative Science, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Kinoshita M, Smith A. Pluripotency Deconstructed. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:44-52. [PMID: 29359419 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency denotes the flexible capacity of single cells to give rise to all somatic lineages and typically also the germline. Mouse ES cells and post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSC) are widely used pluripotent cell culture systems. These two in vitro stem cell types have divergent characteristics. They are considered as representative of distinct developmental stages, distinguished by using the terms "naïve" and "primed". A binary description is an over-simplification, however. Here, we discuss an intermediate stage of pluripotency that we term "formative". Formative pluripotency features a gene regulatory network switch from the naïve state and comprises capacitation of enhancers, signaling pathways and epigenetic machinery in order to install competence for lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinoshita
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Smith A. Formative pluripotency: the executive phase in a developmental continuum. Development 2017; 144:365-373. [PMID: 28143843 PMCID: PMC5430734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulative capability of single cells to give rise to all primary embryonic lineages is termed pluripotency. Observations of fluctuating gene expression and phenotypic heterogeneity in vitro have fostered a conception of pluripotency as an intrinsically metastable and precarious state. However, in the embryo and in defined culture environments the properties of pluripotent cells change in an orderly sequence. Two phases of pluripotency, called naïve and primed, have previously been described. In this Hypothesis article, a third phase, called formative pluripotency, is proposed to exist as part of a developmental continuum between the naïve and primed phases. The formative phase is hypothesised to be enabling for the execution of pluripotency, entailing remodelling of transcriptional, epigenetic, signalling and metabolic networks to constitute multi-lineage competence and responsiveness to specification cues. Summary: This Hypothesis article poses that a third state of pluripotency, called formative pluripotency, exists between the naïve and primed states, and is enabling for the execution of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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21
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Tapponnier Y, Afanassieff M, Aksoy I, Aubry M, Moulin A, Medjani L, Bouchereau W, Mayère C, Osteil P, Nurse-Francis J, Oikonomakos I, Joly T, Jouneau L, Archilla C, Schmaltz-Panneau B, Peynot N, Barasc H, Pinton A, Lecardonnel J, Gocza E, Beaujean N, Duranthon V, Savatier P. Reprogramming of rabbit induced pluripotent stem cells toward epiblast and chimeric competency using Krüppel-like factors. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:106-117. [PMID: 28889080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit induced pluripotent stem cells (rbiPSCs) possess the characteristic features of primed pluripotency as defined in rodents and primates. In the present study, we reprogrammed rbiPSCs using human Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) 2 and 4 and cultured them in a medium supplemented with fetal calf serum and leukemia inhibitory factor. These cells (designated rbEKA) were propagated by enzymatic dissociation for at least 30 passages, during which they maintained a normal karyotype. This new culturing protocol resulted in transcriptional and epigenetic reconfiguration, as substantiated by the expression of transcription factors and the presence of histone modifications associated with naïve pluripotency. Furthermore, microarray analysis of rbiPSCs, rbEKA cells, rabbit ICM cells, and rabbit epiblast showed that the global gene expression profile of the reprogrammed rbiPSCs was more similar to that of rabbit ICM and epiblast cells. Injection of rbEKA cells into 8-cell stage rabbit embryos resulted in extensive colonization of ICM in 9% early-blastocysts (E3.5), epiblast in 10% mid-blastocysts (E4.5), and embryonic disk in 1.4% pre-gastrulae (E6). Thus, these results indicate that KLF2 and KLF4 triggered the conversion of rbiPSCs into epiblast-like, embryo colonization-competent PSCs. Our results highlight some of the requirements to achieve bona fide chimeric competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Tapponnier
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Marielle Afanassieff
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Irène Aksoy
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Maxime Aubry
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Anaïs Moulin
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Lucas Medjani
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Wilhelm Bouchereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Chloé Mayère
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Jazmine Nurse-Francis
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Ioannis Oikonomakos
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Thierry Joly
- ISARA-Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; VetAgroSup, UPSP ICE, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Archilla
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nathalie Peynot
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harmonie Barasc
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, F-31076 Toulouse, France; ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Pinton
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, F-31076 Toulouse, France; ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérome Lecardonnel
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elen Gocza
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Nathalie Beaujean
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France
| | | | - Pierre Savatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, INRA USC 1361, 69500 Bron, France.
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Abstract
Chimeras are widely acknowledged as the gold standard for assessing stem cell pluripotency, based on their capacity to test donor cell lineage potential in the context of an organized, normally developing tissue. Experimental chimeras provide key insights into mammalian developmental mechanisms and offer a resource for interrogating the fate potential of various pluripotent stem cell states. We highlight the applications and current limitations presented by intra- and inter-species chimeras and consider their future contribution to the stem cell field. Despite the technical and ethical demands of experimental chimeras, including human-interspecies chimeras, they are a provocative resource for achieving regenerative medicine goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Mascetti
- British Heart Foundation Oxbridge Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Roger A Pedersen
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
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23
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Masaki H, Kato-Itoh M, Takahashi Y, Umino A, Sato H, Ito K, Yanagida A, Nishimura T, Yamaguchi T, Hirabayashi M, Era T, Loh KM, Wu SM, Weissman IL, Nakauchi H. Inhibition of Apoptosis Overcomes Stage-Related Compatibility Barriers to Chimera Formation in Mouse Embryos. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 19:587-592. [PMID: 27814480 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell types more advanced in development than embryonic stem cells, such as EpiSCs, fail to contribute to chimeras when injected into pre-implantation-stage blastocysts, apparently because the injected cells undergo apoptosis. Here we show that transient promotion of cell survival through expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 enables EpiSCs and Sox17+ endoderm progenitors to integrate into blastocysts and contribute to chimeric embryos. Upon injection into blastocyst, BCL2-expressing EpiSCs contributed to all bodily tissues in chimeric animals while Sox17+ endoderm progenitors specifically contributed in a region-specific fashion to endodermal tissues. In addition, BCL2 expression enabled rat EpiSCs to contribute to mouse embryonic chimeras, thereby forming interspecies chimeras that could survive to adulthood. Our system therefore provides a method to overcome cellular compatibility issues that typically restrict chimera formation. Application of this type of approach could broaden the use of embryonic chimeras, including region-specific chimeras, for basic developmental biology research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Masaki
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Nishimura
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki-shi, Aichi-ken 444-0864, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Bates LE, Silva JC. Reprogramming human cells to naïve pluripotency: how close are we? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:58-65. [PMID: 28668635 PMCID: PMC6112416 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to revolutionise biomedical science; however, while it is simple to reproducibly obtain comparable, stable cell lines in mouse, those produced from human material typically show significant variability both within and between cell lines. This is likely due to differences in the cell identity of conventional mouse and human PSCs. It is hoped that recently identified conditions to reprogram human cells to a naïve-like state will produce better PSCs resulting in reproducible experimental outcomes and more consistent differentiation protocols. In this review we discuss the latest literature on the discovery of human naïve-like stem cells and examine how similar they are to both mouse naïve cells and the preimplantation human epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Bates
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - José Cr Silva
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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25
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Zimmerlin L, Park TS, Zambidis ET. Capturing Human Naïve Pluripotency in the Embryo and in the Dish. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1141-1161. [PMID: 28537488 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were first derived almost 20 years ago, it was only recently acknowledged that they share closer molecular and functional identity to postimplantation lineage-primed murine epiblast stem cells than to naïve preimplantation inner cell mass-derived mouse ESCs (mESCs). A myriad of transcriptional, epigenetic, biochemical, and metabolic attributes have now been described that distinguish naïve and primed pluripotent states in both rodents and humans. Conventional hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) appear to lack many of the defining hallmarks of naïve mESCs. These include important features of the naïve ground state murine epiblast, such as an open epigenetic architecture, reduced lineage-primed gene expression, and chimera and germline competence following injection into a recipient blastocyst-stage embryo. Several transgenic and chemical methods were recently reported that appear to revert conventional human PSCs to mESC-like ground states. However, it remains unclear if subtle deviations in global transcription, cell signaling dependencies, and extent of epigenetic/metabolic shifts in these various human naïve-reverted pluripotent states represent true functional differences or alternatively the existence of distinct human pluripotent states along a spectrum. In this study, we review the current understanding and developmental features of various human pluripotency-associated phenotypes and discuss potential biological mechanisms that may support stable maintenance of an authentic epiblast-like ground state of human pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tea Soon Park
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- 1 Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, Maryland
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26
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Morgani S, Nichols J, Hadjantonakis AK. The many faces of Pluripotency: in vitro adaptations of a continuum of in vivo states. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28610558 PMCID: PMC5470286 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency defines the propensity of a cell to differentiate into, and generate, all somatic, as well as germ cells. The epiblast of the early mammalian embryo is the founder population of all germ layer derivatives and thus represents the bona fide in vivo pluripotent cell population. The so-called pluripotent state spans several days of development and is lost during gastrulation as epiblast cells make fate decisions towards a mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm identity. It is now widely recognized that the features of the pluripotent population evolve as development proceeds from the pre- to post-implantation period, marked by distinct transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. During this period of time epiblast cells mature through a continuum of pluripotent states with unique properties. Aspects of this pluripotent continuum can be captured in vitro in the form of stable pluripotent stem cell types. In this review we discuss the continuum of pluripotency existing within the mammalian embryo, using the mouse as a model, and the cognate stem cell types that can be derived and propagated in vitro. Furthermore, we speculate on embryonic stage-specific characteristics that could be utilized to identify novel, developmentally relevant, pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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27
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Muramatsu D, Kimura H, Kotoshiba K, Tachibana M, Shinkai Y. Pericentric H3K9me3 Formation by HP1 Interaction-defective Histone Methyltransferase Suv39h1. Cell Struct Funct 2016; 41:145-152. [PMID: 27733730 DOI: 10.1247/csf.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentric regions form epigenetically organized, silent heterochromatin structures that accumulate histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), a methylated H3K9-binding protein. At pericentric regions, Suv39h is the major enzyme that generates H3K9me3. Suv39h also interacts directly with HP1. However, the importance of HP1 interaction for Suv39h-mediated H3K9me3 formation at the pericentromere is not well characterized. To address this question, we introduced HP1 binding-defective, N-terminally truncated mouse Suv39h1 (ΔN) into Suv39h-deficient cells. Pericentric H3K9me3-positive cells were not detected by endogenous-level expression of ΔN. Notably, ΔN could induce pericentric accumulation of H3K9me3 as wild type Suv39h1 did if it was overexpressed. These findings demonstrate that the N-terminal region of Suv39h1, presumably via HP1-Suv39h1 interaction, is required for Suv39h1-mediated pericentric H3K9me3 formation, but can be overridden if Suv39h1 is overproduced, indicating that Suv39h1-mediated heterochromatin formation is controlled by multiple modules, including HP1.
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28
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Sessions JW, Skousen CS, Price KD, Hanks BW, Hope S, Alder JK, Jensen BD. CRISPR-Cas9 directed knock-out of a constitutively expressed gene using lance array nanoinjection. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1521. [PMID: 27652094 PMCID: PMC5017990 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and labeling has emerged as an important tool in biologic research, particularly in regards to potential transgenic and gene therapy applications. Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 plasmids to target cells is typically done by non-viral methods (chemical, physical, and/or electrical), which are limited by low transfection efficiencies or with viral vectors, which are limited by safety and restricted volume size. In this work, a non-viral transfection technology, named lance array nanoinjection (LAN), utilizes a microfabricated silicon chip to physically and electrically deliver genetic material to large numbers of target cells. To demonstrate its utility, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit the genome of isogenic cells. Two variables related to the LAN process were tested which include the magnitude of current used during plasmid attraction to the silicon lance array (1.5, 4.5, or 6.0 mA) and the number of times cells were injected (one or three times). Results Results indicate that most successful genome editing occurred after injecting three times at a current control setting of 4.5 mA, reaching a median level of 93.77 % modification. Furthermore, we found that genome editing using LAN follows a non-linear injection-dose response, meaning samples injected three times had modification rates as high as nearly 12 times analogously treated single injected samples. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the LAN’s ability to deliver genetic material to cells and indicate that successful alteration of the genome is influenced by a serial injection method as well as the electrical current settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Sessions
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Craig S Skousen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Kevin D Price
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Brad W Hanks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Jonathan K Alder
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Brian D Jensen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
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29
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Selective de-repression of germ cell-specific genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts in a permissive epigenetic environment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32932. [PMID: 27608931 PMCID: PMC5016969 DOI: 10.1038/srep32932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play crucial roles on establishment of tissue-specific transcription profiles and cellular characteristics. Direct conversions of fibroblasts into differentiated tissue cells by over-expression of critical transcription factors have been reported, but the epigenetic mechanisms underlying these conversions are still not fully understood. In addition, conversion of somatic cells into germ cells has not yet been achieved. To understand epigenetic mechanisms that underlie germ cell characteristics, we attempted to use defined epigenetic factors to directly convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into germ cells. Here, we successfully induced germ cell-specific genes by inhibiting repressive epigenetic modifications via RNAi or small-molecule compounds. Under these conditions, some tissue-specific genes and stimulus-inducible genes were also induced. Meanwhile, the treatments did not result in genome-wide transcriptional activation. These results suggested that a permissive epigenetic environment resulted in selective de-repression of stimulus- and differentiation-inducible genes including germ cell-specific genes in MEFs.
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30
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Developing HSCs become Notch independent by the end of maturation in the AGM region. Blood 2016; 128:1567-77. [PMID: 27421959 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-708164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The first definitive hematopoietic stem cells (dHSCs) in the mouse emerge in the dorsal aorta of the embryonic day (E) 10.5 to 11 aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. Notch signaling is essential for early HSC development but is dispensable for the maintenance of adult bone marrow HSCs. How Notch signaling regulates HSC formation in the embryo is poorly understood. We demonstrate here that Notch signaling is active in E10.5 HSC precursors and involves both Notch1 and Notch2 receptors, but is gradually downregulated while they progress toward dHSCs at E11.5. This downregulation is accompanied by gradual functional loss of Notch dependency. Thus, as early as at final steps in the AGM region, HSCs begin acquiring the Notch independency characteristic of adult bone marrow HSCs as part of the maturation program. Our data indicate that fine stage-dependent tuning of Notch signaling may be required for the generation of definitive HSCs from pluripotent cells.
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31
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Garg V, Morgani S, Hadjantonakis AK. Capturing Identity and Fate Ex Vivo: Stem Cells from the Mouse Blastocyst. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 120:361-400. [PMID: 27475857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation development, three molecularly, morphologically, and spatially distinct lineages are formed, the embryonic epiblast, the extraembryonic primitive endoderm, and the trophectoderm. Stem cell lines representing each of these lineages have now been derived and can be indefinitely maintained and expanded in culture, providing an unlimited source of material to study the interplay of tissue-specific transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in these fundamental cell fate decisions. Here we outline our current understanding of the derivation, maintenance, and properties of these in vitro stem cell models representing the preimplantation embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - S Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.
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32
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Takata N, Sakakura E, Kasukawa T, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Sasai Y. Establishment of Functional Genomics Pipeline in Mouse Epiblast-Like Tissue by Combining Transcriptomic Analysis and Gene Knockdown/Knockin/Knockout, Using RNA Interference and CRISPR/Cas9. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:436-50. [PMID: 26839115 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiblast (foremost embryonic ectoderm) generates all three germ layers and therefore has crucial roles in the formation of all mammalian body cells. However, regulation of epiblast gene expression is poorly understood because of the difficulty of manipulating epiblast tissues in vivo. In the present study, using the self-organizing properties of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC), we generated and characterized epiblast-like tissue in three-dimensional culture. We identified significant genome-wide gene expression changes in this epiblast-like tissue by transcriptomic analysis. In addition, we identified the particular significance of the Erk/Mapk and integrin-linked kinase pathways, and genes related to ectoderm/epithelial formation, using the bioinformatics resources IPA and DAVID. Here, we focused on Fgf5, which ranked in the top 10 among the discovered genes. To develop a functional analysis of Fgf5, we created an efficient method combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering and RNA interference (RNAi). Notably, we show one-step generation of various Fgf5 reporter lines including heterozygous and homozygous knockins (the GET method). For time- and dose-dependent depletion of fgf5 over the course of development, we generated an ESC line harboring Tol2 transposon-mediated integration of an inducible short hairpin RNA interference system (pdiRNAi). Our findings raised the possibility that Fgf/Erk signaling and apicobasal epithelial integrity are important factors in epiblast development. In addition, our methods provide a framework for a broad array of applications in the areas of mammalian genetics and molecular biology to understand development and to improve future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Takata
- 1 Laboratory for In Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology , Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eriko Sakakura
- 1 Laboratory for In Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology , Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeya Kasukawa
- 2 Large Scale Data Managing Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies , Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- 3 Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- 3 Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- 4 Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology , Hyogo, Japan
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33
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Souilhol C, Gonneau C, Lendinez JG, Batsivari A, Rybtsov S, Wilson H, Morgado-Palacin L, Hills D, Taoudi S, Antonchuk J, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Inductive interactions mediated by interplay of asymmetric signalling underlie development of adult haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10784. [PMID: 26952187 PMCID: PMC4786750 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, adult haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge preferentially in the ventral domain of the aorta in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. Several signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Shh and RA are implicated in this process, yet how these interact to regulate the emergence of HSCs has not previously been described in mammals. Using a combination of ex vivo and in vivo approaches, we report here that stage-specific reciprocal dorso-ventral inductive interactions and lateral input from the urogenital ridges are required to drive HSC development in the aorta. Our study strongly suggests that these inductive interactions in the AGM region are mediated by the interplay between spatially polarized signalling pathways. Specifically, Shh produced in the dorsal region of the AGM, stem cell factor in the ventral and lateral regions, and BMP inhibitory signals in the ventral tissue are integral parts of the regulatory system involved in the development of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Souilhol
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Christèle Gonneau
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Javier G. Lendinez
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Antoniana Batsivari
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Lucia Morgado-Palacin
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - David Hills
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Samir Taoudi
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052 Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052 Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052 Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Suling Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
During development, cells transition from a pluripotent to a differentiated state, generating all the different types of cells in the body. Development is generally considered an irreversible process, meaning that a differentiated cell is thought to be unable to return to the pluripotent state. However, it is now possible to reprogram mature cells to pluripotency. It is generally thought that reprogramming is accomplished by reversing the natural developmental differentiation process, suggesting that the two mechanisms are closely related. Therefore, a detailed study of cell reprogramming has the potential to shed light on unexplained developmental mechanisms and, conversely, a better understanding of developmental differentiation can help improve cell reprogramming. However, fundamental differences between reprogramming processes and multi-lineage specification during early embryonic development have also been uncovered. In addition, there are multiple routes by which differentiated cells can re-enter the pluripotent state. In this Review, we discuss the connections and disparities between differentiation and reprogramming, and assess the degree to which reprogramming can be considered as a simple reversal of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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35
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Wang JQ, Cao WG. Key Signaling Events for Committing Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells to the Germline Fate. Biol Reprod 2015; 94:24. [PMID: 26674564 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of germline development carries genetic information and preparatory totipotency across generations. The last decade has witnessed remarkable successes in the generation of germline cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells, especially induced germline cells with the capacity for producing viable offspring, suggesting clinical applications of induced germline cells in humans. However, to date, the culture systems for germline induction with accurate sex-specific meiosis and epigenetic reprogramming have not been well-established. In this study, we primarily focus on the mouse model to discuss key signaling events for germline induction. We review mechanisms of competent regulators on primordial germ cell induction and discuss current achievements and difficulties in inducing sex-specific germline development. Furthermore, we review the developmental identities of mouse embryonic stem cells and epiblast stem cells under certain defined culture conditions as it relates to the differentiation process of becoming germline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qi Wang
- Transgenic and Stem Cell Core, Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Guang Cao
- Transgenic and Stem Cell Core, Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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36
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De Los Angeles A, Ferrari F, Xi R, Fujiwara Y, Benvenisty N, Deng H, Hochedlinger K, Jaenisch R, Lee S, Leitch HG, Lensch MW, Lujan E, Pei D, Rossant J, Wernig M, Park PJ, Daley GQ. Hallmarks of pluripotency. Nature 2015; 525:469-78. [PMID: 26399828 DOI: 10.1038/nature15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells self-renew and generate specialized progeny through differentiation, but vary in the range of cells and tissues they generate, a property called developmental potency. Pluripotent stem cells produce all cells of an organism, while multipotent or unipotent stem cells regenerate only specific lineages or tissues. Defining stem-cell potency relies upon functional assays and diagnostic transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic states. Here we describe functional and molecular hallmarks of pluripotent stem cells, propose a checklist for their evaluation, and illustrate how forensic genomics can validate their provenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro De Los Angeles
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Francesco Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ruibin Xi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,School of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hongkui Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Harry G Leitch
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - M William Lensch
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ernesto Lujan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Duanqing Pei
- South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Janet Rossant
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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37
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Hawkins K, Keramari M, Soncin F, Segal JM, Mohamet L, Miazga N, Ritson S, Bobola N, Merry CLR, Ward CM. Novel cell lines isolated from mouse embryonic stem cells exhibiting de novo methylation of the E-cadherin promoter. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2869-79. [PMID: 25074424 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and epiblast stem cells represent the naïve and primed pluripotent states, respectively. These cells self-renew via distinct signaling pathways and can transition between the two states in the presence of appropriate growth factors. Manipulation of signaling pathways has therefore allowed the isolation of novel pluripotent cell types such as Fibroblast growth factor, Activin and BIO-derived stem cells and IESCs. However, the effect of cell seeding density on pluripotency remains unexplored. In this study, we have examined whether mESCs can epigenetically regulate E-cadherin to enter a primed-like state in response to low cell seeding density. We show that low density seeding in the absence of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces decreased apoptosis and maintenance of pluripotency via Activin/Nodal, concomitant with loss of E-cadherin, Signal transducer and activator of transcription phosphorylation, and chimera-forming ability. These cells, E-cadherin negative proliferating stem cells (ENPSCs) can be reverted to a naïve phenotype by addition of LIF or forced E-cadherin expression. However, prolonged culture of ENPSCs without LIF leads to methylation of the E-cadherin promoter (ENPSC(M)), which cannot be reversed by LIF supplementation, and increased histone H3K27 and decreased H3K4 trimethylation. Transcript analysis of ENPSC(M) revealed a primed-like phenotype and their differentiation leads to enrichment of neuroectoderm cells. The generation of ENPSCs is similar to tumorigenesis as ENPSCs exhibit transcript alterations associated with neoplasia, hyperplasia, carcinoma, and metastasis. We therefore describe a novel cell model to elucidate the role of E-cadherin in pluripotency and to investigate epigenetic regulation of this gene during mESC differentiation and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hawkins
- Stem Cell Research Group, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom
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38
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Abstract
Pluripotency is the remarkable capacity of a single cell to engender all the specialized cell types of an adult organism. This property can be captured indefinitely through derivation of self-renewing embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which represent an invaluable platform to investigate cell fate decisions and disease. Recent advances have revealed that manipulation of distinct signaling cues can render ESCs in a uniform "ground state" of pluripotency, which more closely recapitulates the pluripotent naive epiblast. Here we discuss the extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory principles that underpin the nature of pluripotency and consider the emerging spectrum of pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Hackett
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
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39
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Fujii S, Nishikawa-Torikai S, Futatsugi Y, Toyooka Y, Yamane M, Ohtsuka S, Niwa H. Nr0b1 is a negative regulator of Zscan4c in mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9146. [PMID: 25772165 PMCID: PMC5390923 DOI: 10.1038/srep09146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1 (Nr0b1, also known as Dax1) is regarded as an important component of the transcription factor network that governs pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we generated inducible knockout ES cells for Nr0b1 using the Cre-loxP system and analyzed its precise function. We succeeded in establishing the Nr0b1-null ES cells and confirmed their pluripotency by showing their contribution to chimeric embryos. However, they proliferated slowly with over-expression of 2-cell stage specific transcripts including Zscan4c, which is known to be involved in telomere elongation in ES cells. We revealed that over-expression of Zscan4c prevents normal self-renewal by inducing arrest at G2 phase followed by cell death and that Nr0b1 directly represses the Zscan4c promoter. These data indicated that Nr0b1 is not essential to maintain pluripotency but is involved in the proper activation of 2-cell specific transcripts for self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Fujii
- 1] Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2] JST, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Satomi Nishikawa-Torikai
- 1] Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2] JST, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yoko Futatsugi
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Toyooka
- 1] Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2] Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamane
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- 1] Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2] Laboratory for Development and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan [3] JST, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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40
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Ohtsuka S, Niwa H. The differential activation of intracellular signaling pathways confers the permissiveness of embryonic stem cell derivation from different mouse strains. Development 2015; 142:431-7. [PMID: 25564647 PMCID: PMC4302992 DOI: 10.1242/dev.112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for the establishment and maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) depends on the genetic background of the ESC origin. To reveal the molecular basis of the strain-dependent function of LIF, we compared the activation of the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of LIF in ESCs with different genetic backgrounds. We found that the JAK-Stat3 pathway was dominantly activated in ESCs derived from 'permissive' mouse strains (129Sv and C57BL6), whereas the MAP kinase pathway was hyperactivated in ESCs from 'non-permissive' strains (NOD, CBA and FVB). Artificial activation of Stat3 supported stable self-renewal of ESCs from non-permissive strains. These data suggest that the difference in the balance between the two intracellular signaling pathways underlies the differential response to LIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Minatojima-minamimachi 2-2-3, Chuo-Ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Minatojima-minamimachi 2-2-3, Chuo-Ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), Japan Science Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Laboratory for Development and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500017, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Pluripotent cells in embryos are situated near the apex of the hierarchy of developmental potential. They are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body proper. Therefore, they are the exemplar of stem cells. In vivo, pluripotent cells exist transiently and become expended within a few days of their establishment. Yet, when explanted into artificial culture conditions, they can be indefinitely propagated in vitro as pluripotent stem cell lines. A host of transcription factors and regulatory genes are now known to underpin the pluripotent state. Nonetheless, how pluripotent cells are equipped with their vast multilineage differentiation potential remains elusive. Consensus holds that pluripotency transcription factors prevent differentiation by inhibiting the expression of differentiation genes. However, this does not explain the developmental potential of pluripotent cells. We have presented another emergent perspective, namely, that pluripotency factors function as lineage specifiers that enable pluripotent cells to differentiate into specific lineages, therefore endowing pluripotent cells with their multilineage potential. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the developmental biology, transcription factors, and extrinsic signaling associated with pluripotent cells, and their accompanying subtypes, in vitro heterogeneity and chromatin states. Although much has been learned since the appreciation of mammalian pluripotency in the 1950s and the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines in 1981, we will specifically emphasize what currently remains unclear. However, the view that pluripotency factors capacitate differentiation, recently corroborated by experimental evidence, might perhaps address the long-standing question of how pluripotent cells are endowed with their multilineage differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Genome Institute of Singapore, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; and Department of Medicine and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bing Lim
- Department of Developmental Biology and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Genome Institute of Singapore, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; and Department of Medicine and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Department of Developmental Biology and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Genome Institute of Singapore, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; and Department of Medicine and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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42
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Murayama H, Masaki H, Sato H, Hayama T, Yamaguchi T, Nakauchi H. Successful reprogramming of epiblast stem cells by blocking nuclear localization of β-catenin. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:103-113. [PMID: 25556568 PMCID: PMC4297867 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) in mice and rats are primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). They barely contribute to chimeric embryos when injected into blastocysts. Reprogramming of EpiSCs to embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells (rESCs) may occur in response to LIF-STAT3 signaling; however, low reprogramming efficiency hampers potential use of rESCs in generating chimeras. Here, we describe dramatic improvement of conversion efficiency from primed to naive-like PSCs through upregulation of E-cadherin in the presence of the cytokine LIF. Analysis revealed that blocking nuclear localization of β-CATENIN with small-molecule inhibitors significantly enhances reprogramming efficiency of mouse EpiSCs. Although activation of Wnt/β-catenin signals has been thought desirable for maintenance of naive PSCs, this study provides the evidence that inhibition of nuclear translocation of β-CATENIN enhances conversion of mouse EpiSCs to naive-like PSCs (rESCs). This affords better understanding of gene regulatory circuits underlying pluripotency and reprogramming of PSCs. E-cadherin overexpression considerably increases reprogramming efficiency of EpiSCs E-cadherin overexpression negatively regulates β-catenin signaling in EpiSCs Blocking nuclear localization of β-CATENIN enhances reprogramming of EpiSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Murayama
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5461, USA.
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43
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Kurek D, Neagu A, Tastemel M, Tüysüz N, Lehmann J, van de Werken HJG, Philipsen S, van der Linden R, Maas A, van IJcken WFJ, Drukker M, Ten Berge D. Endogenous WNT signals mediate BMP-induced and spontaneous differentiation of epiblast stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:114-128. [PMID: 25544567 PMCID: PMC4297870 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) requires precise control over their differentiation. However, spontaneous differentiation is prevalent, and growth factors induce multiple cell types; e.g., the mesoderm inducer BMP4 generates both mesoderm and trophoblast. Here we identify endogenous WNT signals as BMP targets that are required and sufficient for mesoderm induction, while trophoblast induction is WNT independent, enabling the exclusive differentiation toward either lineage. Furthermore, endogenous WNT signals induce loss of pluripotency in hESCs and their murine counterparts, epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). WNT inhibition obviates the need to manually remove differentiated cells to maintain cultures and improves the efficiency of directed differentiation. In EpiSCs, WNT inhibition stabilizes a pregastrula epiblast state with novel characteristics, including the ability to contribute to blastocyst chimeras. Our findings show that endogenous WNT signals function as hidden mediators of growth factor-induced differentiation and play critical roles in the self-renewal of hESCs and EpiSCs. BMP induces WNT-dependent and -independent differentiation pathways in hESCs Modulating WNT and BMP directs differentiation toward mesoderm or trophoblast WNT inhibition returns epiblast stem cells to a chimera-competent pregastrula state WNT inhibition prevents spontaneous differentiation of hESCs and epiblast stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kurek
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Neagu
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melodi Tastemel
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nesrin Tüysüz
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier van der Linden
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus MC Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Derk Ten Berge
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
In mice, three pluripotent stem cell lines have been established from different stage of developing embryo, which are embryonic stem (ES) cell, post-implantation epiblast stem cell (EpiSC), and embryonic germ (EG) cell. ES cell and EG cell share many common features including factor requirement, colony morphology, and gene expression pattern. On the other hand, EpiSC needs different external signal inputs, exhibits flattened colony morphology, and a different set of gene expression patterns. In addition, the germ line competency of EpiSCs is still unclear. To distinguish the differences between them, they are defined by the words "naïve" and "primed" pluripotent cells, respectively. This article introduces how pluripotent stem cell lines are established in culture, and how much those cells in vitro are similar or relevant to their in vivo origin and the knowledge about transcription factors to support this state.
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Pieters T, van Roy F. Role of cell–cell adhesion complexes in embryonic stem cell biology. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2603-13. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.146720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew or differentiate into any cell type within an organism. Here, we focus on the roles of cadherins and catenins – their cytoplasmic scaffold proteins – in the fate, maintenance and differentiation of mammalian ESCs. E-cadherin is a master stem cell regulator that is required for both mouse ESC (mESC) maintenance and differentiation. E-cadherin interacts with key components of the naive stemness pathway and ablating it prevents stem cells from forming well-differentiated teratomas or contributing to chimeric animals. In addition, depleting E-cadherin converts naive mouse ESCs into primed epiblast-like stem cells (EpiSCs). In line with this, a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) occurs during reprogramming of somatic cells towards induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), leading to downregulation of N-cadherin and acquisition of high E-cadherin levels. β-catenin exerts a dual function; it acts in cadherin-based adhesion and in WNT signaling and, although WNT signaling is important for stemness, the adhesive function of β-catenin might be crucial for maintaining the naive state of stem cells. In addition, evidence is rising that other junctional proteins are also important in ESC biology. Thus, precisely regulated levels and activities of several junctional proteins, in particular E-cadherin, safeguard naive pluripotency and are a prerequisite for complete somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Unit, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Maintenance of pluripotency in mouse ES cells without Trp53. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2944. [PMID: 24126347 PMCID: PMC3796736 DOI: 10.1038/srep02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor Trp53 works as a guardian of the genome in somatic cells. In mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, it was reported that Trp53 represses pluripotency-associated transcription factor Nanog to induce differentiation. However, since Trp53-null mice develop to term, Trp53 is dispensable for both the maintenance and differentiation of the pluripotent stem cell population in vivo, suggesting the differential functions of Trp53 in ES cells and embryos. To reveal the basis of this discrepancy, here we established a new line of Trp53-null ES cells by sequential gene targeting and evaluated their ability to differentiate in vitro and in vivo. We found that Trp53-null ES cells had defects in differentiation in vitro as reported previously, whereas they were able to contribute to normal development in chimeric embryos. These data indicated that the requirement of Trp53 for maintaining and executing the ES pluripotency is not absolute.
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Festuccia N, Osorno R, Wilson V, Chambers I. The role of pluripotency gene regulatory network components in mediating transitions between pluripotent cell states. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:504-11. [PMID: 23932125 PMCID: PMC3790975 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency is a property that early embryonic cells possess over a considerable developmental time span. Accordingly, pluripotent cell lines can be established from the pre-implantation or post-implantation mouse embryo as embryonic stem (ES) or epiblast stem (EpiSC) cell lines, respectively. Maintenance of the pluripotent phenotype depends on the function of specific transcription factors (TFs) operating within a pluripotency gene regulatory network (PGRN). As cells move from an ES cell to an EpiSC state, the PGRN changes with expression of some TFs reduced (e.g. Nanog) or eliminated (e.g. Esrrb). Re-expressing such TFs can move cells back to an earlier developmental identity and is being applied to attempt establishment of human cell lines with the properties of mouse ES cells.
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Sumi T, Oki S, Kitajima K, Meno C. Epiblast ground state is controlled by canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the postimplantation mouse embryo and epiblast stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63378. [PMID: 23691040 PMCID: PMC3653965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are primed pluripotent stem cells and can be derived from postimplantation mouse embryos. We now show that the absence of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for maintenance of the undifferentiated state in mouse EpiSCs and in the epiblast of mouse embryos. Attenuation of Wnt signaling with the small-molecule inhibitor XAV939 or deletion of the β-catenin gene blocked spontaneous differentiation of EpiSCs toward mesoderm and enhanced the expression of pluripotency factor genes, allowing propagation of EpiSCs as a homogeneous population. EpiSCs were efficiently established and propagated from single epiblast cells in the presence of both XAV939 and the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632. Cell transplantation revealed that EpiSCs were able to contribute to primordial germ cells and descendants of all three germ layers in a host embryo, suggesting that they maintained pluripotency, even after prolonged culture with XAV939. Such an improvement in the homogeneity of pluripotency achieved with the use of a Wnt inhibitor should prove advantageous for manipulation of primed pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sumi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikara Meno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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