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Bonetto V, Magnelli V, Sabbatini M, Caprì F, van Loon JJWA, Tavella S, Masini MA. The importance of gravity vector on adult mammalian organisms: Effects of hypergravity on mouse testis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282625. [PMID: 37773950 PMCID: PMC10540970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the age of space exploration, the effect of hypergravity on human physiology is a relatively neglected topic. However, astronauts have several experiences of hypergravity during their missions. The main disturbance of altered gravity can be imputed to cell cytoskeleton alteration and physiologic homeostasis of the body. Testis has proved to be a particularly sensible organ, subject to environmental alteration and physiological disturbance. This makes testis an organ eligible for investigating the alteration following exposure to altered gravity. In our study, mice were exposed to hypergravity (3g for 14 days) in the Large Diameter Centrifuge machine (ESA, Netherland). We have observed a morphological alteration of the regular architecture of the seminiferous tubules of testis as well as an altered expression of factors involved in the junctional complexes of Sertoli cells, responsible for ensuring the morpho-functional integrity of the organ. The expression of key receptors in physiological performance, such as Androgen Receptors and Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone receptors, was found lower expressed. All these findings indicate the occurrence of altered physiological organ performance such as the reduction of the spermatozoa number and altered endocrine parameters following hypergravity exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bonetto
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont (UPO), Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | - Valeria Magnelli
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont (UPO), Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | - Maurizio Sabbatini
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont (UPO), Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | - Flavia Caprì
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont (UPO), Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | - Jack J. W. A. van Loon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Amsterdam Bone Center (ABC), Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam & Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Life Support and Physical Sciences Section (TEC-MMG), European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherland
| | - Sara Tavella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa (GE), Italy
| | - Maria Angela Masini
- Department of Science and Technology Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont (UPO), Alessandria (AL), Italy
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2
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Preparation and characterization of submicron-cerium oxide by hypergravity coprecipitation method. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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3
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López-Martín E, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Relova-Quintero JL, Salas-Sánchez AA, Ares-Pena FJ. Exposure to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency modulates calcitonin-dependent activity and HSP-90 protein in parafollicular cells of rat thyroid gland. Tissue Cell 2021; 68:101478. [PMID: 33373917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we analyzed the response of parafollicular cells in rat thyroid gland after exposure to radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz using a subthermal experimental diathermy model. Forty-two Sprague Dawley rats, divided into two groups of 21 rats each, were individually exposed at 0 (control), 3 or 12 W in a Gigahertz Transverse Electro-Magnetic (GTEM) chamber for 30 min. After radiation, we used simple or fluorescence immunohistochemistry to measure calcitonin cells or cellular stress levels, indicated by the presence hyperplasia of parafollicular cells, heat shock protein (HSP) 90. Immunomarking of calcitonin-positive cells was statistically significant higher in the thyroid tissue of rats exposed to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency and cell hyperplasia appeared 90 min after radiation at the SAR levels studied. At the same time, co-localized expression of HSP-90 and calcitonin in parafollicular cells was statistically significant attenuated 90 min after radiation and remained statistically significantly low 24 h after radiation, even though parafollicular cell levels normalized. These facts indicate that subthermal radiofrequency (RF) at 2.45 GHz constitutes a negative external stress stimulus that alters the activity and homeostasis of parafollicular cells in the rat thyroid gland. However, further research is needed to determine if there is toxic action in human C cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E López-Martín
- CRETUS Institute, Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - F J Jorge-Barreiro
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Relova-Quintero
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A A Salas-Sánchez
- CRETUS Institute, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; ELEDIA@UniTN - DISI - University of Trento, 38123, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy
| | - F J Ares-Pena
- CRETUS Institute, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Willis CRG, Szewczyk NJ, Costes SV, Udranszky IA, Reinsch SS, Etheridge T, Conley CA. Comparative Transcriptomics Identifies Neuronal and Metabolic Adaptations to Hypergravity and Microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. iScience 2020; 23:101734. [PMID: 33376968 PMCID: PMC7756135 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep space exploration is firmly within reach, but health decline during extended spaceflight remains a key challenge. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans responses to varying degrees of hypergravity and to two spaceflight experiments (ICE-FIRST and CERISE). We found that progressive hypergravitational load concomitantly increases the extent of differential gene regulation and that subtle changes in ∼1,000 genes are reproducibly observed during spaceflight-induced microgravity. Consequently, we deduce those genes that are concordantly regulated by altered gravity per se or that display inverted expression profiles during hypergravity versus microgravity. Through doing so, we identify several candidate targets with terrestrial roles in neuronal function and/or cellular metabolism, which are linked to regulation by daf-16/FOXO signaling. These data offer a strong foundation from which to expedite mechanistic understanding of spaceflight-induced maladaptation in higher organisms and, ultimately, promote future targeted therapeutic development. Comparative transcriptomics in C. elegans exposed to hypergravity and spaceflight Bioinformatics identifies novel putative regulators of altered gravitational load Candidate molecules infer a close gravity > daf-16/FOXO > neuronal link
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R G Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 43147, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Sigrid S Reinsch
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Catharine A Conley
- Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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5
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Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent mitogenic cytokine with a high affinity for the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Although it is most strongly associated with neural development during embryogenesis and the neonatal period, its expression has also been linked to a plethora of other physiological events including cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, bone development, and inflammation. A considerable amount of research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms by which PTN regulates these events. In particular, PTN has now been shown to bind a diverse collection of receptors including many GAG-containing proteoglycans. These interactions lead to the activation of many intracellular kinases and, ultimately, activation and transformation of cells. Structural studies of PTN in complex with both GAG and domains from its non-proteoglycan receptors reveal a binding mechanism that relies on electrostatic interactions and points to PTN-induced receptor oligomerization as one of the possible ways PTN uses to control cellular functions.
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The effects of simulated +Gz and microgravity on intervertebral disc degeneration in rabbits. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16608. [PMID: 31719640 PMCID: PMC6851093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that +Gz (hypergravity/positive acceleration) and microgravity can both aggravate intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Due to +Gz and microgravity, many pilots develop IVDD. However, the lack of animal models of IVDD under conditions of simulated +Gz and microgravity has hampered research on the onset and prevention of IVDD. Rabbits were randomly allotted to a control group, microgravity group, +Gz group, or mixed (+Gz + microgravity) group. A tail-suspension model was utilized to simulate a microgravity environment and an animal centrifuge to mimic +Gz conditions. After exposure to the above conditions for 4, 8, and 24 weeks, the body weights (BW) of animals in the control group gradually increased over time, while those of animals in the microgravity and mixed groups both decreased (p < 0.001). As compared with the control group, the proteoglycan content of animals in the other three groups was significantly reduced (F = 192.83, p < 0.001). The imageological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical changes to the L6-S1 intervertebral disc samples suggests that the effects of +Gz and microgravity can aggravate IVDD over time. The mixed effects of +Gz and microgravity had the greatest effect on degeneration and +Gz had a particularly greater effect than microgravity.
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Langen B, Rudqvist N, Spetz J, Helou K, Forssell-Aronsson E. Deconvolution of expression microarray data reveals 131I-induced responses otherwise undetected in thyroid tissue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197911. [PMID: 30001320 PMCID: PMC6042689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput gene expression analysis is increasingly used in radiation research for discovery of damage-related or absorbed dose-dependent biomarkers. In tissue samples, cell type-specific responses can be masked in expression data due to mixed cell populations which can preclude biomarker discovery. In this study, we deconvolved microarray data from thyroid tissue in order to assess possible bias from mixed cell type data. Transcript expression data [GSE66303] from mouse thyroid that received 5.9 Gy from 131I over 24 h (or 0 Gy from mock treatment) were deconvolved by cell frequency of follicular cells and C-cells using csSAM and R and processed with Nexus Expression. Literature-based signature genes were used to assess the relative impact from ionizing radiation (IR) or thyroid hormones (TH). Regulation of cellular functions was inferred by enriched biological processes according to Gene Ontology terms. We found that deconvolution increased the detection rate of significantly regulated transcripts including the biomarker candidate family of kallikrein transcripts. Detection of IR-associated and TH-responding signature genes was also increased in deconvolved data, while the dominating trend of TH-responding genes was reproduced. Importantly, responses in biological processes for DNA integrity, gene expression integrity, and cellular stress were not detected in convoluted data–which was in disagreement with expected dose-response relationships–but upon deconvolution in follicular cells and C-cells. In conclusion, previously reported trends of 131I-induced transcriptional responses in thyroid were reproduced with deconvolved data and usually with a higher detection rate. Deconvolution also resolved an issue with detecting damage and stress responses in enriched data, and may reduce false negatives in other contexts as well. These findings indicate that deconvolution can optimize microarray data analysis of heterogeneous sample material for biomarker screening or other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Langen
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Nils Rudqvist
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Spetz
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Forssell-Aronsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Albi E, Krüger M, Hemmersbach R, Lazzarini A, Cataldi S, Codini M, Beccari T, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Curcio F. Impact of Gravity on Thyroid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E972. [PMID: 28471415 PMCID: PMC5454885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and mental health requires a correct functioning of the thyroid gland, which controls cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous, and immune systems, and affects behavior and cognitive functions. Microgravity, as occurs during space missions, induces morphological and functional changes within the thyroid gland. Here, we review relevant experiments exposing cell cultures (normal and cancer thyroid cells) to simulated and real microgravity, as well as wild-type and transgenic mice to hypergravity and spaceflight conditions. Well-known mechanisms of damage are presented and new ones, such as changes of gene expression for extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton proteins, thyrocyte phenotype, sensitivity of thyrocytes to thyrotropin due to thyrotropin receptor modification, parafollicular cells and calcitonin production, sphingomyelin metabolism, and the expression and movement of cancer molecules from thyrocytes to colloids are highlighted. The identification of new mechanisms of thyroid injury is essential for the development of countermeasures, both on the ground and in space, against thyroid cancer. We also address the question whether normal and cancer cells show a different sensitivity concerning changes of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, Perugia, via Ponchielli 4, 06073 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, San Costanzo, via Romana, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Curcio
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), University of Udine, p.le M. Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Faour O, Gilloteaux J. Calcitonin: Survey of new anatomy data to pathology and therapeutic aspects. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Riwaldt S, Bauer J, Wehland M, Slumstrup L, Kopp S, Warnke E, Dittrich A, Magnusson NE, Pietsch J, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm D. Pathways Regulating Spheroid Formation of Human Follicular Thyroid Cancer Cells under Simulated Microgravity Conditions: A Genetic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:528. [PMID: 27070589 PMCID: PMC4848984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity induces three-dimensional (3D) growth in numerous cell types. Despite substantial efforts to clarify the underlying mechanisms for spheroid formation, the precise molecular pathways are still not known. The principal aim of this paper is to compare static 1g-control cells with spheroid forming (MCS) and spheroid non-forming (AD) thyroid cancer cells cultured in the same flask under simulated microgravity conditions. We investigated the morphology and gene expression patterns in human follicular thyroid cancer cells (UCLA RO82-W-1 cell line) after a 24 h-exposure on the Random Positioning Machine (RPM) and focused on 3D growth signaling processes. After 24 h, spheroid formation was observed in RPM-cultures together with alterations in the F-actin cytoskeleton. qPCR indicated more changes in gene expression in MCS than in AD cells. Of the 24 genes analyzed VEGFA, VEGFD, MSN, and MMP3 were upregulated in MCS compared to 1g-controls, whereas ACTB, ACTA2, KRT8, TUBB, EZR, RDX, PRKCA, CAV1, MMP9, PAI1, CTGF, MCP1 were downregulated. A pathway analysis revealed that the upregulated genes code for proteins, which promote 3D growth (angiogenesis) and prevent excessive accumulation of extracellular proteins, while genes coding for structural proteins are downregulated. Pathways regulating the strength/rigidity of cytoskeletal proteins, the amount of extracellular proteins, and 3D growth may be involved in MCS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riwaldt
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Markus Wehland
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lasse Slumstrup
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Warnke
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Anita Dittrich
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Nils E Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Pietsch
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
To elucidate the pure impact of microgravity on small mammals despite uncontrolled factors that exist in the International Space Station, it is necessary to construct a 1 g environment in space. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has developed a novel mouse habitat cage unit that can be installed in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility in the Kibo module of the International Space Station. The Cell Biology Experiment Facility has a short-arm centrifuge to produce artificial 1 g gravity in space for mouse experiments. However, the gravitational gradient formed inside the rearing cage is larger when the radius of gyration is shorter; this may have some impact on mice. Accordingly, biological responses to hypergravity induced by a short-arm centrifuge were examined and compared with those induced by a long-arm centrifuge. Hypergravity induced a significant Fos expression in the central nervous system, a suppression of body mass growth, an acute and transient reduction in food intake, and impaired vestibulomotor coordination. There was no difference in these responses between mice raised in a short-arm centrifuge and those in a long-arm centrifuge. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a short-arm centrifuge for mouse experiments.
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Misa-Agustiño MJ, Jorge-Mora T, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Suarez-Quintanilla J, Moreno-Piquero E, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín E. Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1123-35. [PMID: 25649190 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214567611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ionizing radiation at 2.45 GHz may modify the morphology and expression of genes that codify heat shock proteins (HSP) in the thyroid gland. Diathermy is the therapeutic application of non-ionizing radiation to humans for its beneficial effects in rheumatological and musculo-skeletal pain processes. We used a diathermy model on laboratory rats subjected to maximum exposure in the left front leg, in order to study the effects of radiation on the nearby thyroid tissue. Fifty-six rats were individually exposed once or repeatedly (10 times in two weeks) for 30 min to 2.45 GHz radiation in a commercial chamber at different non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs), which were calculated using the finite difference time domain technique. We used immunohistochemistry methods to study the expression of HSP-90 and morphological changes in thyroid gland tissues. Ninety minutes after radiation with the highest SAR, the central and peripheral follicles presented increased size and the thickness of the peripheral septa had decreased. Twenty-four hours after radiation, only peripheral follicles radiated at 12 W were found to be smaller. Peripheral follicles increased in size with repeated exposure at 3 W power. Morphological changes in the thyroid tissue may indicate a glandular response to acute or repeated stress from radiation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Further research is needed to determine if the effect of this physical agent over time may cause disease in the human thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Misa-Agustiño
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa Jorge-Mora
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Jorge-Barreiro
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez-Quintanilla
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Piquero
- Applied Physics Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Applied Physics Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena López-Martín
- Morphological Sciences Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lamprou M, Kaspiris A, Panagiotopoulos E, Giannoudis PV, Papadimitriou E. The role of pleiotrophin in bone repair. Injury 2014; 45:1816-23. [PMID: 25456495 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone has an enormous capacity for growth, regeneration, and remodelling, largely due to induction of osteoblasts that are recruited to the site of bone formation. Although the pathways involved have not been fully elucidated, it is well accepted that the immediate environment of the cells is likely to play a role via cell–matrix interactions, mediated by several growth factors. Formation of new blood vessels is also significant and interdependent to bone formation, suggesting that enhancement of angiogenesis could be beneficial during the process of bone repair. Pleiotrophin (PTN), also called osteoblast-specific factor 1, is a heparin-binding angiogenic growth factor, with a well-defined and significant role in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. In this review we summarise the existing evidence on the role of PTN in bone repair.
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14
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Albi E, Curcio F, Lazzarini A, Floridi A, Cataldi S, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. How microgravity changes galectin-3 in thyroid follicles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:652863. [PMID: 25328888 PMCID: PMC4190981 DOI: 10.1155/2014/652863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After long-term exposure to real microgravity thyroid gland in vivo undergoes specific changes, follicles are made up of larger thyrocytes that produce more cAMP and express more thyrotropin-receptor, caveolin-1, and sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin-synthase; parafollicular spaces lose C cells with consequent reduction of calcitonin production. Here we studied four immunohistochemical tumor markers (HBME-1, MIB-1, CK19, and Galectin-3) in thyroid of mice housed in the Mouse Drawer System and maintained for 90 days in the International Space Station. Results showed that MIB-1 proliferative index and CK19 are negative whereas HBME-1 and Galectin-3 are overexpressed. The positivity of Galectin-3 deserves attention not only for its expression but also and especially for its localization. Our results highlighted that, in microgravity conditions, Galectin-3 leaves thyrocytes and diffuses in colloid. It is possible that the gravity force contributes to the maintenance of the distribution of the molecules in both basal membrane side and apical membrane side and that the microgravity facilitates slippage of Galectin-3 in colloid probably due to membrane remodelling-microgravity induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Samuela Cataldi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Remo Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Loreti
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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Albi E, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Lazzarini A, Lazzarini R, Floridi A, Cataldi S, Loreti E, Ferri I, Curcio F. Reinterpretation of mouse thyroid changes under space conditions: the contribution of confinement to damage. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:563-567. [PMID: 24945896 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During space missions, astronauts work in a state of separation from their daily social environment and in physical confinement. It has been shown that confinement influences mood and brain cortical activity, but no data has been obtained with regard to its effect on the thyroid gland, the structure and function of which change during spaceflights. Here, we report the results of a study on the effects of confinement on mouse thyroid, which was implemented with the Mice Drawer System Facility maintained on the ground, a system used for spaceflight experiments. The results show that confinement changes the microscopic structure of the thyroid gland and that it exhibits symptoms similar to those that result from physiological and/or pathological hyperfunction. What is left unchanged, however, is the sphingomyelinase-thyrotropin receptor relationship, which is important for thyrotropin response with a consequential production of hormones that act on the metabolism of almost all tissues and reduces the production of calcitonin, a hormone involved in bone metabolism. During space missions, the overexpression of pleiotrophin, a widespread cytokine up-regulated after tissue injury that acts on bone remodeling, attenuates changes to the thyroid that are spaceflight-dependent; therefore we studied the thyroids of pleiotrophin-transgenic mice in the Mice Drawer System Facility. In confinement, pleiotrophin overexpression does not protect from the loss of calcitonin. The contribution of confinement to thyroid damage during spaceflights is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albi
- 1 Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology , CRABiON, Perugia, Italy
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16
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Albi E, Curcio F, Lazzarini A, Floridi A, Cataldi S, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. A firmer understanding of the effect of hypergravity on thyroid tissue: cholesterol and thyrotropin receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98250. [PMID: 24866829 PMCID: PMC4035327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a good health requires the maintenance of a body homeostasis which largely depends on correct functioning of thyroid gland. The cells of the thyroid tissue are strongly sensitive to hypogravity, as already proven in mice after returning to the earth from long-term space missions. Here we studied whether hypergravity may be used to counteract the physiological deconditioning of long-duration spaceflight. We investigated the influence of hypergravity on key lipids and proteins involved in thyroid tissue function. We quantified cholesterol (CHO) and different species of sphingomyelin (SM) and ceramide, analysed thyrotropin (TSH) related molecules such as thyrotropin-receptor (TSHR), cAMP, Caveolin-1 and molecule signalling such as Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). The hypergravity treatment resulted in the upregulation of the TSHR and Caveolin-1 and downregulation of STAT3 without changes of cAMP. TSHR lost its specific localization and spread throughout the cell membrane; TSH treatment facilitated the shedding of α subunit of TSHR and its releasing into the extracellular space. No specific variations were observed for each species of SM and ceramide. Importantly, the level of CHO was strongly reduced. In conclusion, hypergravity conditions induce change in CHO and TSHR of thyroid gland. The possibility that lipid rafts are strongly perturbed by hypergravity-induced CHO depletion by influencing TSH-TSHR interaction was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABioN, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABioN, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Samuela Cataldi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABioN, Perugia, Italy
| | - Remo Lazzarini
- Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABioN, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Loreti
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology - University of Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia - Piazzale Menghini, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy and Histology - University of Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia - Piazzale Menghini, Italy
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Grimm D, Wehland M, Pietsch J, Aleshcheva G, Wise P, van Loon J, Ulbrich C, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Bauer J. Growing tissues in real and simulated microgravity: new methods for tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:555-66. [PMID: 24597549 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering in simulated (s-) and real microgravity (r-μg) is currently a topic in Space medicine contributing to biomedical sciences and their applications on Earth. The principal aim of this review is to highlight the advances and accomplishments in the field of tissue engineering that could be achieved by culturing cells in Space or by devices created to simulate microgravity on Earth. Understanding the biology of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures is very important for a more complete appreciation of in vivo tissue function and advancing in vitro tissue engineering efforts. Various cells exposed to r-μg in Space or to s-μg created by a random positioning machine, a 2D-clinostat, or a rotating wall vessel bioreactor grew in the form of 3D tissues. Hence, these methods represent a new strategy for tissue engineering of a variety of tissues, such as regenerated cartilage, artificial vessel constructs, and other organ tissues as well as multicellular cancer spheroids. These aggregates are used to study molecular mechanisms involved in angiogenesis, cancer development, and biology and for pharmacological testing of, for example, chemotherapeutic drugs or inhibitors of neoangiogenesis. Moreover, they are useful for studying multicellular responses in toxicology and radiation biology, or for performing coculture experiments. The future will show whether these tissue-engineered constructs can be used for medical transplantations. Unveiling the mechanisms of microgravity-dependent molecular and cellular changes is an up-to-date requirement for improving Space medicine and developing new treatment strategies that can be translated to in vivo models while reducing the use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
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