1
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Khan SA, Anwar M, Gohar A, Roosan MR, Hoessli DC, Khatoon A, Shakeel M. Predisposing deleterious variants in the cancer-associated human kinases in the global populations. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298747. [PMID: 38635549 PMCID: PMC11025791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human kinases play essential and diverse roles in the cellular activities of maintaining homeostasis and growth. Genetic mutations in the genes encoding the kinases (or phosphotransferases) have been linked with various types of cancers. In this study, we cataloged mutations in 500 kinases genes in >65,000 individuals of global populations from the Human Genetic Diversity Project (HGDP) and ExAC databases, and assessed their potentially deleterious impact by using the in silico tools SIFT, Polyphen2, and CADD. The analysis highlighted 35 deleterious non-synonymous SNVs in the ExAC and 5 SNVs in the HGDP project. Notably, a higher number of deleterious mutations was observed in the Non-Finnish Europeans (26 SNVs), followed by the Africans (14 SNVs), East Asians (13 SNVs), and South Asians (12 SNVs). The gene set enrichment analysis highlighted NTRK1 and FGFR3 being most significantly enriched among the kinases. The gene expression analysis revealed over-expression of NTRK1 in liver cancer, whereas, FGFR3 was found over-expressed in lung, breast, and liver cancers compared to their expression in the respective normal tissues. Also, 13 potential drugs were identified that target the NTRK1 protein, whereas 6 potential drugs for the FGFR3 target were identified. Taken together, the study provides a framework for exploring the predisposing germline mutations in kinases to suggest the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in cancers. The potential drugs are also suggested for personalized cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed Khan
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Dow College of Biotechnology (DCoB), Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, Pakistan
- DOW-DOGANA Advanced Molecular Genetics and Genomics Disease Research and Treatment Center (AMGGDRTC), Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Anwar
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Atia Gohar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Moom R. Roosan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Hoessli
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ambrina Khatoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Garcia OA, Arslanian K, Whorf D, Thariath S, Shriver M, Li JZ, Bigham AW. The Legacy of Infectious Disease Exposure on the Genomic Diversity of Indigenous Southern Mexicans. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:7023365. [PMID: 36726304 PMCID: PMC10016042 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize host risk factors for infectious disease in Mesoamerican populations, we interrogated 857,481 SNPs assayed using the Affymetrix 6.0 genotyping array for signatures of natural selection in immune response genes. We applied three statistical tests to identify signatures of natural selection: locus-specific branch length (LSBL), the cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), and the integrated haplotype score (iHS). Each of the haplotype tests (XP-EHH and iHS) were paired with LSBL and significance was determined at the 1% level. For the paired analyses, we identified 95 statistically significant windows for XP-EHH/LSBL and 63 statistically significant windows for iHS/LSBL. Among our top immune response loci, we found evidence of recent directional selection associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling pathway. These findings illustrate that Mesoamerican populations' immunity has been shaped by exposure to infectious disease. As targets of selection, these variants are likely to encode phenotypes that manifest themselves physiologically and therefore may contribute to population-level variation in immune response. Our results shed light on past selective events influencing the host response to modern diseases, both pathogenic infection as well as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed A Garcia
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Daniel Whorf
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Serena Thariath
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Mark Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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3
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Boahen CK, Temba GS, Kullaya VI, Matzaraki V, Joosten LAB, Kibiki G, Mmbaga BT, van der Ven A, de Mast Q, Netea MG, Kumar V. A functional genomics approach in Tanzanian population identifies distinct genetic regulators of cytokine production compared to European population. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:471-485. [PMID: 35167808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit remarkable interindividual and interpopulation immune response variability upon microbial challenges. Cytokines play a vital role in regulating inflammation and immune responses, but dysregulation of cytokine responses has been implicated in different disease states. Host genetic factors were previously shown to significantly impact cytokine response heterogeneity mainly in European-based studies, but it is unclear whether these findings are transferable to non-European individuals. Here, we aimed to identify genetic variants modulating cytokine responses in healthy adults of East African ancestry from Tanzania. We leveraged both cytokine and genetic data and performed genome-wide cytokine quantitative trait loci (cQTLs) mapping. The results were compared with another cohort of healthy adults of Western European ancestry via direct overlap and functional enrichment analyses. We also performed meta-analyses to identify cQTLs with congruent effect direction in both populations. In the Tanzanians, cQTL mapping identified 80 independent suggestive loci and one genome-wide significant locus (TBC1D22A) at chromosome 22; SNP rs12169244 was associated with IL-1b release after Salmonella enteritidis stimulation. Remarkably, the identified cQTLs varied significantly when compared to the European cohort, and there was a very limited percentage of overlap (1.6% to 1.9%). We further observed ancestry-specific pathways regulating induced cytokine responses, and there was significant enrichment of the interferon pathway specifically in the Tanzanians. Furthermore, contrary to the Europeans, genetic variants in the TLR10-TLR1-TLR6 locus showed no effect on cytokine response. Our data reveal both ancestry-specific effects of genetic variants and pathways on cytokine response heterogeneity, hence arguing for the importance of initiatives to include diverse populations into genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins K Boahen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Godfrey S Temba
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 251, Tanzania
| | - Vesla I Kullaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 251, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 251, Tanzania
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Gibson Kibiki
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 251, Tanzania; Department of Paediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 251, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 251, Tanzania
| | - Andre van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 251, Tanzania
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands; Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Medical Sciences Complex, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India.
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4
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Boahen CK, Joosten LA, Netea MG, Kumar V. Conceptualization of population-specific human functional immune-genomics projects to identify factors that contribute to variability in immune and infectious diseases. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06755. [PMID: 33912719 PMCID: PMC8066384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system presents remarkable inter-individual variability in response to pathogens or perturbations. Recent high-throughput technologies have enabled the identification of both heritable and non-heritable determinants of immune response variation between individuals. In this review, we summarize the advances made through the Human Functional Genomics Projects (HFGPs), challenges and the need for more refined strategies. Inter-individual variability in stimulation-induced cytokine responses is influenced in part by age, gender, seasonality, and gut microbiome. Host genetic regulators especially single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple immune gene loci, particularly the TLR1-TLR6-TLR10 locus, have been identified using individuals of predominantly European descent. However, transferability of such findings to other populations is challenging. We are beginning to incorporate diverse population cohorts and leverage multi-omics approaches at single cell level to bridge the current knowledge gap. We believe that such an approach presents the opportunities to comprehensively assess both genetic and environmental factors driving variation seen in immune response phenotype and a better understanding of the molecular and biological mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins K. Boahen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A.B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Medical Sciences Complex, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
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5
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Zhang C, Ostrom QT, Hansen HM, Gonzalez-Maya J, Hu D, Ziv E, Morimoto L, de Smith AJ, Muskens IS, Kline CN, Vaksman Z, Hakonarson H, Diskin SJ, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Ramaswamy V, Ali-Osman F, Bondy ML, Taylor MD, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Walsh KM. European genetic ancestry associated with risk of childhood ependymoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:1637-1646. [PMID: 32607579 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymoma is a histologically defined central nervous system tumor most commonly occurring in childhood. Population-level incidence differences by race/ethnicity are observed, with individuals of European ancestry at highest risk. We aimed to determine whether extent of European genetic ancestry is associated with ependymoma risk in US populations. METHODS In a multi-ethnic study of Californian children (327 cases, 1970 controls), we estimated the proportions of European, African, and Native American ancestry among recently admixed Hispanic and African American subjects and estimated European admixture among non-Hispanic white subjects using genome-wide data. We tested whether genome-wide ancestry differences were associated with ependymoma risk and performed admixture mapping to identify associations with local ancestry. We also evaluated race/ethnicity-stratified ependymoma incidence data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS). RESULTS CBTRUS data revealed that African American and Native American children have 33% and 36%, respectively, reduced incidence of ependymoma compared with non-Hispanic whites. In genetic analyses, a 20% increase in European ancestry was associated with a 1.31-fold higher odds of ependymoma among self-reported Hispanics and African Americans (95% CI: 1.08-1.59, Pmeta = 6.7 × 10-3). Additionally, eastern European ancestral substructure was associated with increased ependymoma risk in non-Hispanic whites (P = 0.030) and in Hispanics (P = 0.043). Admixture mapping revealed a peak at 20p13 associated with increased local European ancestry, and targeted fine-mapping identified a lead variant at rs6039499 near RSPO4 (odds ratio = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.45-2.73; P = 2.2 × 10-5) but which was not validated in an independent set of posterior fossa type A patients. CONCLUSIONS Interethnic differences in ependymoma risk are recapitulated in the genomic ancestry of ependymoma patients, implicating regions to target in future association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA
| | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julio Gonzalez-Maya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elad Ziv
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Libby Morimoto
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ivo S Muskens
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cassie N Kline
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zalman Vaksman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon J Diskin
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Kruchko
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francis Ali-Osman
- Department of Neurosurgery and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Karnes JH, Schwantes-An TH, Kittles R, Desai AA. Reply to Non and Chang: Challenging the Role of Genetic Ancestry in Explaining Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:398-399. [PMID: 33125257 PMCID: PMC7874327 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3846le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rick Kittles
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Duarte, California
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7
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Chen F, Dow M, Ding S, Lu Y, Jiang X, Tang H, Wang S. PREMIX: PRivacy-preserving EstiMation of Individual admiXture. AMIA ... ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. AMIA SYMPOSIUM 2017; 2016:1747-1755. [PMID: 28269933 PMCID: PMC5333197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we proposed a framework: PRivacy-preserving EstiMation of Individual admiXture (PREMIX) using Intel software guard extensions (SGX). SGX is a suite of software and hardware architectures to enable efficient and secure computation over confidential data. PREMIX enables multiple sites to securely collaborate on estimating individual admixture within a secure enclave inside Intel SGX. We implemented a feature selection module to identify most discriminative Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) based on informativeness and an Expectation Maximization (EM)-based Maximum Likelihood estimator to identify the individual admixture. Experimental results based on both simulation and 1000 genome data demonstrated the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed framework. PREMIX ensures a high level of security as all operations on sensitive genomic data are conducted within a secure enclave using SGX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michelle Dow
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sijie Ding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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8
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Morrison MA, Magalhaes TR, Ramke J, Smith SE, Ennis S, Simpson CL, Portas L, Murgia F, Ahn J, Dardenne C, Mayne K, Robinson R, Morgan DJ, Brian G, Lee L, Woo SJ, Zacharaki F, Tsironi EE, Miller JW, Kim IK, Park KH, Bailey-Wilson JE, Farrer LA, Stambolian D, DeAngelis MM. Ancestry of the Timorese: age-related macular degeneration associated genotype and allele sharing among human populations from throughout the world. Front Genet 2015. [PMID: 26217379 PMCID: PMC4496576 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed that the third leading cause of blindness in the world, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), occurs at a very low documented frequency in a population-based cohort from Timor-Leste. Thus, we determined a complete catalog of the ancestry of the Timorese by analysis of whole exome chip data and haplogroup analysis of SNP genotypes determined by sequencing the Hypervariable I and II regions of the mitochondrial genome and 17 genotyped YSTR markers obtained from 535 individuals. We genotyped 20 previously reported AMD-associated SNPs in the Timorese to examine their allele frequencies compared to and between previously documented AMD cohorts of varying ethnicities. For those without AMD (average age > 55 years), genotype and allele frequencies were similar for most SNPs with a few exceptions. The major risk allele of HTRA1 rs11200638 (10q26) was at a significantly higher frequency in the Timorese, as well as 3 of the 5 protective CFH (1q32) SNPs (rs800292, rs2284664, and rs12066959). Additionally, the most commonly associated AMD-risk SNP, CFH rs1061170 (Y402H), was also seen at a much lower frequency in the Korean and Timorese populations than in the assessed Caucasian populations (C ~7 vs. ~40%, respectively). The difference in allele frequencies between the Timorese population and the other genotyped populations, along with the haplogroup analysis, also highlight the genetic diversity of the Timorese. Specifically, the most common ancestry groupings were Oceanic (Melanesian and Papuan) and Eastern Asian (specifically Han Chinese). The low prevalence of AMD in the Timorese population (2 of 535 randomly selected participants) may be due to the enrichment of protective alleles in this population at the 1q32 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Morrison
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tiago R Magalhaes
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland ; Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Silvia E Smith
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sean Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institute of Population Genetics, The National Research Council Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institute of Population Genetics, The National Research Council Sassari, Italy
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center Seoul, South Korea
| | - Caitlin Dardenne
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katie Mayne
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Garry Brian
- The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Lee
- The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand ; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London London, UK
| | - Se J Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam, South Korea
| | - Fani Zacharaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine Larissa, Greece
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyu H Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam, South Korea
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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9
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Afshinnekoo E, Meydan C, Chowdhury S, Jaroudi D, Boyer C, Bernstein N, Maritz JM, Reeves D, Gandara J, Chhangawala S, Ahsanuddin S, Simmons A, Nessel T, Sundaresh B, Pereira E, Jorgensen E, Kolokotronis SO, Kirchberger N, Garcia I, Gandara D, Dhanraj S, Nawrin T, Saletore Y, Alexander N, Vijay P, Hénaff EM, Zumbo P, Walsh M, O'Mullan GD, Tighe S, Dudley JT, Dunaif A, Ennis S, O'Halloran E, Magalhaes TR, Boone B, Jones AL, Muth TR, Paolantonio KS, Alter E, Schadt EE, Garbarino J, Prill RJ, Carlton JM, Levy S, Mason CE. Geospatial Resolution of Human and Bacterial Diversity with City-Scale Metagenomics. Cell Syst 2015; 1:72-87. [PMID: 26594662 PMCID: PMC4651444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The panoply of microorganisms and other species present in our environment influence human health and disease, especially in cities, but have not been profiled with metagenomics at a city-wide scale. We sequenced DNA from surfaces across the entire New York City (NYC) subway system, the Gowanus Canal, and public parks. Nearly half of the DNA (48%) does not match any known organism; identified organisms spanned 1,688 bacterial, viral, archaeal, and eukaryotic taxa, which were enriched for harmless genera associated with skin (e.g., Acinetobacter). Predicted ancestry of human DNA left on subway surfaces can recapitulate U.S. Census demographic data, and bacterial signatures can reveal a station’s history, such as marine-associated bacteria in a hurricane-flooded station. Some evidence of pathogens was found (Bacillus anthracis), but a lack of reported cases in NYC suggests that the pathogens represent a normal, urban microbiome. This baseline metagenomic map of NYC could help long-term disease surveillance, bioterrorism threat mitigation, and health management in the built environment of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York (CUNY) Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shanin Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; CUNY Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dyala Jaroudi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Collin Boyer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nick Bernstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julia M Maritz
- Center for Genomics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Darryl Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; Tri-Institutional Program on Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jorge Gandara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sofia Ahsanuddin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; CUNY Brooklyn College, Department of Biology, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Amber Simmons
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nell Kirchberger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isaac Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Gandara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean Dhanraj
- CUNY Brooklyn College, Department of Biology, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Tanzina Nawrin
- CUNY Brooklyn College, Department of Biology, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Yogesh Saletore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; Tri-Institutional Program on Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Noah Alexander
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priyanka Vijay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; Tri-Institutional Program on Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Hénaff
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Walsh
- State University of New York, Downstate, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Gregory D O'Mullan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York (CUNY) Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Scott Tighe
- University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anya Dunaif
- Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin 4, Ireland ; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Eoghan O'Halloran
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tiago R Magalhaes
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin 4, Ireland ; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Braden Boone
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Angela L Jones
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Theodore R Muth
- CUNY Brooklyn College, Department of Biology, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | | | | | - Eric E Schadt
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Robert J Prill
- Accelerated Discovery Lab, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA ; The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Zidan J, Ben-Avraham D, Carmi S, Maray T, Friedman E, Atzmon G. Genotyping of geographically diverse Druze trios reveals substructure and a recent bottleneck. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:1093-9. [PMID: 25370042 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Druze individuals rarely marry outside their faith (often practicing consanguinity) and are thus believed to form a genetic isolate. To comprehensively characterize the genetic structure of the Druze population, we recruited and genotyped 40 parent-offspring trios from the Upper Galilee in Israel and the Golan Heights, attempting to capture different extended families (clans) across various geographical locations. Principal component (PC) and ADMIXTURE analyses demonstrated that Druze are close to, yet distinct from, other Middle-Eastern groups (Bedouins and Palestinians), supporting the Druze's Middle-Eastern origin and their recent genetic isolation. Reconstruction of the Druze demographic history using identical-by-descent (IBD) segments suggested an ≈15-fold reduction in population size taking place ≈22-47 generations ago, close to the documented time of the foundation of the Druze faith at the 11th century. Combining the Galilee and Golan Druze genotypes with previously published data on Druze from the Carmel (Israel) and Lebanon demonstrated that all four Druze communities are genetically distinct. The Lebanese group shared less IBD segments (within the group and with other groups) compared with the Israeli Druze and showed higher heterozygosity (suggesting less consanguinity), but was less diverse in PC space. These findings suggest complex recent and ancient demographic history of the Druze population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Zidan
- The Oncology Department, Ziv Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel
| | - Dan Ben-Avraham
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shai Carmi
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taiseer Maray
- Golan for Development, Madjal Shams, The Golan Heights, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- 1] The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel [2] The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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11
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Genetic characterization of the Makrani people of Pakistan from mitochondrial DNA control-region data. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2014; 17:134-9. [PMID: 25454536 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To estimate genetic and forensic parameters, the entire mitochondrial DNA control region of 100 unrelated Makrani individuals (males, n=96; females, n=4) living in Pakistan (Turbat, Panjgur, Awaran, Kharan, Nasirabad, Gwadar, Buleda, Karachi and Burewala) was sequenced. We observed a total of 70 different haplotypes of which 54 were unique and 16 were shared by more than one individual. The Makrani population showed a high genetic diversity (0.9688) and, consequently, a high power of discrimination (0.9592). Our results revealed a strongly admixed mtDNA pool composed of African haplogroups (28%), West Eurasian haplogroups (26%), South Asian haplogroups (24%), and East Asian haplogroups (2%), while the origin of the remaining individuals (20%) could not be confidently assigned. The results of this study are a valuable contribution to build a database of mtDNA variation in Pakistan.
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12
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Moreira DP, Griesi-Oliveira K, Bossolani-Martins AL, Lourenço NCV, Takahashi VNO, da Rocha KM, Moreira ES, Vadasz E, Meira JGC, Bertola D, Halloran EO, Magalhães TR, Fett-Conte AC, Passos-Bueno MR. Investigation of 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 CNVs in autism spectrum disorder Brazilian individuals with and without epilepsy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107705. [PMID: 25255310 PMCID: PMC4177849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) are an important cause of ASD and those located at 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 have been reported as the most frequent. These CNVs exhibit variable clinical expressivity and those at 15q11-q13 and 16p11.2 also show incomplete penetrance. In the present work, through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis of 531 ethnically admixed ASD-affected Brazilian individuals, we found that the combined prevalence of the 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 CNVs is 2.1% (11/531). Parental origin could be determined in 8 of the affected individuals, and revealed that 4 of the CNVs represent de novo events. Based on CNV prediction analysis from genome-wide SNP arrays, the size of those CNVs ranged from 206 kb to 2.27 Mb and those at 15q11-q13 were limited to the 15q13.3 region. In addition, this analysis also revealed 6 additional CNVs in 5 out of 11 affected individuals. Finally, we observed that the combined prevalence of CNVs at 15q13.3 and 22q13 in ASD-affected individuals with epilepsy (6.4%) was higher than that in ASD-affected individuals without epilepsy (1.3%; p<0.014). Therefore, our data show that the prevalence of CNVs at 15q13.3, 16p11.2 and 22q13 in Brazilian ASD-affected individuals is comparable to that estimated for ASD-affected individuals of pure or predominant European ancestry. Also, it suggests that the likelihood of a greater number of positive MLPA results might be found for the 15q13.3 and 22q13 regions by prioritizing ASD-affected individuals with epilepsy.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Base Sequence
- Brazil
- Child
- Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/complications
- Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Epilepsy/complications
- Female
- Genomics
- Humans
- Male
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P. Moreira
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Karina Griesi-Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana L. Bossolani-Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Naila C. V. Lourenço
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vanessa N. O. Takahashi
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Kátia M. da Rocha
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eloisa S. Moreira
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Estevão Vadasz
- Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Joanna Goes Castro Meira
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Debora Bertola
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto da Criança da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eoghan O’ Halloran
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tiago R. Magalhães
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agnes C. Fett-Conte
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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13
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Advances in Human Biology: Combining Genetics and Molecular Biophysics to Pave the Way for Personalized Diagnostics and Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/471836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in several biology-oriented initiatives such as genome sequencing and structural genomics, along with the progress made through traditional biological and biochemical research, have opened up a unique opportunity to better understand the molecular effects of human diseases. Human DNA can vary significantly from person to person and determines an individual’s physical characteristics and their susceptibility to diseases. Armed with an individual’s DNA sequence, researchers and physicians can check for defects known to be associated with certain diseases by utilizing various databases. However, for unclassified DNA mutations or in order to reveal molecular mechanism behind the effects, the mutations have to be mapped onto the corresponding networks and macromolecular structures and then analyzed to reveal their effect on the wild type properties of biological processes involved. Predicting the effect of DNA mutations on individual’s health is typically referred to as personalized or companion diagnostics. Furthermore, once the molecular mechanism of the mutations is revealed, the patient should be given drugs which are the most appropriate for the individual genome, referred to as pharmacogenomics. Altogether, the shift in focus in medicine towards more genomic-oriented practices is the foundation of personalized medicine. The progress made in these rapidly developing fields is outlined.
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14
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The population genomic landscape of human genetic structure, admixture history and local adaptation in Peninsular Malaysia. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1169-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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