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Jo G, Chae JB, Jung SA, Lyu J, Chung H, Lee JH. Sulfated CXCR3 Peptide Trap Use as a Promising Therapeutic Approach for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Biomedicines 2024; 12:241. [PMID: 38275412 PMCID: PMC10813770 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chemokines have various biological functions and potential roles in the development or progression of neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the specific pathogenic roles of chemokines in the major cause for vision loss among the elderly, the leading cause of blindness in older individuals, remain elusive. Chemokines interact with their receptors expressed in the endothelium and on leukocytes. The sulfation of tyrosine residues in chemokine receptors increases the strength of ligand-receptor interaction and modulates signaling. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to construct a human recombinant sulfated CXCR3 peptide trap (hCXCR3-S2) and mouse recombinant sulfated CXCR3 peptide trap (mCXCR3-S2) to demonstrate in vivo effects in preventing choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and chemotaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated expression vectors for mCXCR3-S2 and hCXCR3-S2 with GST domains and their respective cDNA sequences. Following overexpression in E. coli BL21 (DE3), we purified the fusion proteins from cell lysates using affinity chromatography. First, the impact of hCXCR3-S2 was validated in vitro. Subsequently, the in vivo efficacy of mCXCR3-S2 was investigated using a laser-induced CNV mouse model, a mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RESULTS hCXCR3-S2 inhibited the migration and invasion of two human cancer cell lines. Intravitreal injection of mCXCR3-S2 attenuated CNV and macrophage recruitment in neovascular lesions of mouse models. These in vitro and in vivo effects were significantly stronger with CXCR3-S2 than with wild-type CXCR3 peptides. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the sulfated form of the CXCR3 peptide trap is a valuable tool that could be supplemented with antivascular endothelial growth factors in AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gukheui Jo
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Kim’s Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 07301, Republic of Korea; (G.J.); (S.-A.J.)
| | - Jae-Byoung Chae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sun-Ah Jung
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Kim’s Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 07301, Republic of Korea; (G.J.); (S.-A.J.)
| | - Jungmook Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joon H. Lee
- Myung-Gok Eye Research Institute, Kim’s Eye Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 07301, Republic of Korea; (G.J.); (S.-A.J.)
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Samanta A, Ahamed A, Alam SSM, Ali S, Shahnawaz Khan M, Al-Amri AM, Tabrez S, Hoque M. Non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human ACE2 Gene May Affect the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2891-2901. [PMID: 38018194 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128275739231106055502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which first appeared in December 2019. Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, present on the host cells, interacts with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and facilitates the viral entry into host cells. METHODS Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the ACE2 gene may have an impact on the protein's stability and its function. The deleterious or harmful nsSNPs of the ACE2 gene that can change the strength as well as the pattern of interaction with the RBD of S protein were selected for this study. RESULTS The ACE2:RBD interactions were analyzed by protein-protein docking study. The missense mutations A242V, R708W, G405E, D292N, Y633C, F308L, and G405E in ACE2 receptor were found to interact with RBD of Omicron subvariants with stronger binding affinity. Among the other selected nsSNPs of human ACE2 (hACE2), R768W, Y654S, F588S, R710C, R710C, A191P, and R710C were found to have lower binding affinity for RBD of Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that the nsSNPs present in the human ACE2 gene alter the structure and function of the protein and, consequently, the susceptibility to Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Samanta
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata 700160, India
| | - Ashif Ahamed
- Department of Zoology, Netaji Subhas Open University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Safdar Ali
- Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata 700160, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Al-Amri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata 700160, India
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Gao F, Zhang PF, Gao J, Song J, Chi S. The CCL2 rs4586 SNP Is Associated with Slower Amyloid-β Deposition and Faster Tau Accumulation of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1647-1657. [PMID: 36314210 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), the key immunomodulatory chemokine for microglial activation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether the association of CCL2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of AD is still controversial. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether CCL2 rs4586 SNP is associated with the pathological changes and cognitive decline of AD. METHODS A total of 486 participants with longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β (Aβ) and phospho-tau (P-tau) biomarkers, 18F-Florbetapir and 18F-flortaucipir-positron emission tomography (PET), and cognitive assessments from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative were included in the study. The effects of CCL2 rs4586 SNP on the pathological changes and cognitive decline of AD were assessed with linear mixed-effects models and evaluated according to the Aβ-status so as to identify whether the effects were independent of Aβ status. RESULTS CCL2 rs4586-CC carriers exhibited a slower global Aβ-PET accumulation, particularly within stage I and stage II. However, they exhibited a faster accumulation of CSF P-tau and global tau-PET standard uptake value ratios, especially in Braak I and Braak III/IV and the inferior temporal gyrus. The congruent effects of CCL2 rs4586 on tau accumulation existed only in the Aβ-group, as is shown in global tau-PET and Braak I. However, CCL2 rs4586 was not associated with the cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that the CCL2 rs4586-CC (versus TT/TC) genotype was associated with slower Aβ deposition and faster tau accumulation, and the latter of which was independent of Aβ status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Hangzhou Juno Genomics Inc, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinghui Song
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Chi
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Wong JHC, Ma JYW, Jobling AI, Brandli A, Greferath U, Fletcher EL, Vessey KA. Exploring the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration: A review of the interplay between retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and the innate immune system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1009599. [PMID: 36408381 PMCID: PMC9670140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1009599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the older population. Classical hallmarks of early and intermediate AMD are accumulation of drusen, a waste deposit formed under the retina, and pigmentary abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). When the disease progresses into late AMD, vision is affected due to death of the RPE and the light-sensitive photoreceptors. The RPE is essential to the health of the retina as it forms the outer blood retinal barrier, which establishes ocular immune regulation, and provides support for the photoreceptors. Due to its unique anatomical position, the RPE can communicate with the retinal environment and the systemic immune environment. In AMD, RPE dysfunction and the accumulation of drusen drive the infiltration of retinal and systemic innate immune cells into the outer retina. While recruited endogenous or systemic mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) contribute to the removal of noxious debris, the accumulation of MPs can also result in chronic inflammation and contribute to AMD progression. In addition, direct communication and indirect molecular signaling between MPs and the RPE may promote RPE cell death, choroidal neovascularization and fibrotic scarring that occur in late AMD. In this review, we explore how the RPE and innate immune cells maintain retinal homeostasis, and detail how RPE dysfunction and aberrant immune cell recruitment contribute to AMD pathogenesis. Evidence from AMD patients will be discussed in conjunction with data from preclinical models, to shed light on future therapeutic targets for the treatment of AMD.
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CCL2, CCR2 Gene Variants and CCL2, CCR2 Serum Levels Association with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071038. [PMID: 35888126 PMCID: PMC9322437 DOI: 10.3390/life12071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of progressive and irreversible blindness in developed countries. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, AMD is a multifactorial pathology with an accumulation of inflammatory components and macrophages and a strong genetic predisposition. Our purpose was to investigate the association between early AMD and CCL2 (rs1024611, rs4586, rs2857656) and CCR2 (rs1799865) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CCL2, CCR2 serum levels in a Lithuanian population. Methods: The study included 310 patients with early AMD and 384 healthy subjects. Genotyping of CCL2 rs1024611, rs4586, rs2857656, and CCR2 rs1799865 was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method, while CCL2 and CCR2 chemokines serum concentrations were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We found that the G allele at CCL2 rs1024611 was more prevalent in the early AMD group than in controls (29.2% vs. 24.1%, p = 0.032). Similarly, the C allele in CCL2 rs2857656 is more common in the early AMD group than in controls (29.2% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.037). Binomial logistic regression revealed that each G allele in rs1024611 was associated with 1.3-fold increased odds of developing early AMD under the additive model (OR = 1.322; 95% CI: 1.032–1.697, p = 0.027) as was each C allele in rs2857656 under the additive model (OR = 1.314; 95% CI: 1.025–1.684, p = 0.031). Haplotype analysis revealed that the C-A-G haplotype of CCL2 SNPs was associated with 35% decreased odds of early AMD development. Further analysis showed elevated CCL2 serum levels in the group with early AMD compared to controls (median (IQR): 1181.6 (522.6) pg/mL vs. 879.9 (494.4) pg/mL, p = 0.013); however, there were no differences between CCR2 serum levels within groups. Conclusions: We found the associations between minor alleles at CCL2 rs1024611 and rs2857656, elevated CCL2 serum levels, and early AMD development.
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Battu P, Sharma K, Thangavel R, Singh R, Sharma S, Srivastava V, Anand A. Genotyping of Clinical Parameters in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:517-529. [PMID: 35241908 PMCID: PMC8888136 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s318098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Battu
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Ramandeep Singh
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Sharma
- Department of Statistics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Srivastava
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS, USA
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Correspondence: Akshay Anand, Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India, Tel +911722756094, Email
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Sharma K, Battu P, Singh R, Sharma SK, Anand A. Modulated anti-VEGF therapy under the influence of lipid metabolizing proteins in Age related macular degeneration: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:714. [PMID: 35027571 PMCID: PMC8758686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating retinal disease that results in irreversible vision loss in the aged population. The complex genetic nature and degree of genetic penetrance require a redefinition of the current therapeutic strategy for AMD. We aimed to investigate the role of modifiers for current anti-VEGF therapy especially for non-responder AMD patients. We recruited 78 wet AMD cases (out of 278 AMD patients) with their socio-demographic and treatment regimen. Serum protein levels were estimated by ELISA in AMD patients. Data pertaining to the number of anti-VEGF injections given (in 1 year) along with clinical images (FFA and OCT) of AMD patients were also included. Visual acuity data (logMAR) for 46 wet AMD cases out of a total of 78 patients were also retrieved to examine the response of anti-VEGF injections in wet AMD cases. Lipid metabolizing genes (LIPC and APOE) have been identified as chief biomarkers for anti-VEGF response in AMD patients. Both genotypes 'CC' and 'GC' of LIPC have found to be associated with a number of anti-VEGF injections in AMD patients which could influence the expression of B3GALTL,HTRA1, IER3, LIPC and SLC16A8 proteins in patients bearing both genotypes as compared to reference genotype. Elevated levels of APOE were also observed in group 2 wet AMD patients as compared to group 1 suggesting the significance of APOE levels in anti-VEGF response. The genotype of B3GALTL has also been shown to have a significant association with the number of anti-VEGF injections. Moreover, visual acuity of group 1 (≤ 4 anti-VEGF injections/year) AMD patients was found significantly improved after 3 doses of anti-VEGF injections and maintained longitudinally as compared to groups 2 and 3. Lipid metabolising genes may impact the outcome of anti-VEGF AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priya Battu
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Anand A, Tyagi R, Khosla R, Bali P, Rain M, Maity K, Verma P, Gupta SJ, Nadholta P, Kaur N, Sharma K, Tripathi S, Avti P, Singh A. Integrative Approach to COVID-19: An Indian Facebook Recipe for Mental Health. Ann Neurosci 2022; 28:183-190. [PMID: 35341237 PMCID: PMC8948334 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211052971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has given the world a big blow and has forced the entire world to develop a new thought process. To cope with the stress of lockdown, it was important for people to indulge in educational and health activities to save them from the threats being caused by the news and social media. A Facebook page named Yoga scholars Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) was created where three sessions were held per day for 225 days regularly. This activity resulted in people adopting an integrative approach towards alternative medicine. This also made possible a trial of Ashwagandha for COVID-19 treatment by the Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) ministry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Centre for Mind Body Interventions through Yoga (CCRYN), PGIMER, Chandigarh
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Khosla
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parul Bali
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjari Rain
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kalyan Maity
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Yoga, Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, Union Yoga Ayurveda, Singapore
| | - Prashant Verma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheetal J Gupta
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Yoga, Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, Union Yoga Ayurveda, Singapore
| | - Pooja Nadholta
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kiran Sharma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Satyam Tripathi
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Amit Singh
- Department of Yoga, Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, Union Yoga Ayurveda, Singapore
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Predictive Biomarkers of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Response to Anti-VEGF Treatment. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121329. [PMID: 34945801 PMCID: PMC8706948 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an incurable disease associated with aging that destroys sharp and central vision. Increasing evidence implicates both systemic and local inflammation in the pathogenesis of AMD. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents is currently the first-line therapy for choroidal neovascularization in AMD patients. However, a high number of patients do not show satisfactory responses to anti-VEGF treatment after three injections. Predictive treatment response models are one of the most powerful tools for personalized medicine. Therefore, the application of these models is very helpful to predict the optimal treatment for an early application on each patient. We analyzed the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AMD patients before treatment to identify biomarkers of response to ranibizumab. A classification model comprised of four mRNAs and one miRNA isolated from PBMCs was able to predict the response to ranibizumab with high accuracy (Area Under the Curve of the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve = 0.968), before treatment. We consider that our classification model, based on mRNA and miRNA from PBMCs allows a robust prediction of patients with insufficient response to anti-VEGF treatment. In addition, it could be used in combination with other methods, such as specific baseline characteristics, to identify patients with poor response to anti-VEGF treatment to establish patient-specific treatment plans at the first visit.
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10
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Palestine AG, Wagner BD, Patnaik JL, Baldermann R, Mathias MT, Mandava N, Lynch AM. Plasma C-C Chemokine Concentrations in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:710595. [PMID: 34869411 PMCID: PMC8636771 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.710595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the relationship between plasma concentrations of the C-C chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) patients compared with control inidividuals to further define the inflammatory pathways associated with age-related macular degeneration. Methods: The concentrations of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 were measured using multiplex assays in plasma collected from 210 patients with iAMD and 102 control individuals with no macular degeneration as defined by multi-modal imaging. Non-inflammatory data included in the analysis were: age, sex, family history of AMD, history of smoking, body mass index, presence of reticular pseudo-drusen and cardiovascular disease. Median concentrations as well as a cutoff value for each chemokine were compared between the two groups. Results: The median concentrations of CCL2 and CCL4 did not differ between control and iAMD groups, however, CCL2 was elevated in iAMD when a cutoff comparison was used (p < 0.05). Median CCL3 and CCL5 concentrations were significantly decreased in the macular degeneration group compared with controls (p < 0.001) as well as when a cutoff value comparison was used. CCL3 and CCL5 were negatively correlated in cases and positively correlated in controls. Conclusions: Plasma CCL3 and CCL5 concentrations were significantly decreased and CCL2 concentrations were increased in patients with iAMD compared with controls, suggesting a role for C-C chemokines in the systemic inflammatory processes associated with disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Palestine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer L Patnaik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca Baldermann
- Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marc T Mathias
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Naresh Mandava
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anne M Lynch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Mehra P, Bali P, Singh J, Saha PK, Anand A. Effect of Retinal Injury Induced by Laser Photocoagulation on Visuospatial Memory in Mouse Model. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:586-591. [PMID: 34295116 PMCID: PMC8289539 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual pathway reveals the connection between neuronal activity of the brain and eye. The neural networks of brain amplify the retinal signals resulting in the formation of visual image. The laser injury in the retina may affect the visual pathway and may lead to disruption of neuronal signals/activity. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of retinal injury induced by laser on cognitive abilities in laser-induced mouse model. We have established laser model to understand the relation between retina and brain by disrupting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer and evaluate the effect of laser-induced retinal injury on visuospatial memory. Age- and sex-matched C57BL/6J male mice were taken for conducting the experiments. The laser model was established by using laser photocoagulator to disrupt the RPE layer of the retina. After defined irradiation of laser onto mouse retina, the fundus fluorescein angiography was performed to confirm the laser spots. The visuospatial and short-term memory was performed using neurobehavioral test, that is, Morris water maze (MWM), and passive avoidance, respectively. In MWM experiment, results showed that escape latency time, which was taken by healthy and laser-injured mice was comparable. This was further validated by another neurobehavioral analysis, that is, passive avoidance that showed nonsignificant difference between these two groups using independent t -test. Visuospatial memory may not be affected by retinal injury induced by laser photocoagulation. It may depend on the power of the laser and duration of the laser. The severe injury in the retina such as optic nerve damage may cause dysfunctioning of visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mehra
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parul Bali
- Department of Biological Science, IISER - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Saha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sharma K, Singh R, Sharma SK, Anand A. Sleeping pattern and activities of daily living modulate protein expression in AMD. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248523. [PMID: 34061866 PMCID: PMC8168906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of macular photoreceptors is a prominent characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which leads to devastating and irreversible vision loss in the elderly population. In this exploratory study, the contribution of environmental factors on the progression of AMD pathology by probing the expression of candidate proteins was analyzed. Four hundred and sixty four participants were recruited in the study comprising of AMD (n = 277) and controls (n = 187). Genetics related data was analyzed to demonstrate the activities of daily living (ADL) by using regression analysis and statistical modeling, including contrast estimate, multinomial regression analysis in AMD progression. Regression analysis revealed contribution of smoking, alcohol, and sleeping hours on AMD by altered expression of IER-3, HTRA1, B3GALTL, LIPC and TIMP3 as compared to normal levels. Contrast estimate supports the gender polarization phenomenon in AMD by significant decreased expression of SLC16A8 and LIPC in control population which was found to be unaltered in AMD patients. The smoking, food habits and duration of night sleeping hours also contributed in AMD progression as evident from multinomial regression analysis. Predicted model (prediction estimate = 86.7%) also indicated the crucial role of night sleeping hours along with the decreased expression of TIMP-3, IER3 and SLC16A8. Results revealed an unambiguous role of environmental factors in AMD progression mediated by various regulatory proteins which might result in intermittent AMD phenotypes and possibly influence the outcome of anti-VEGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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13
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) prediction model derived from plasma and CSF biomarkers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247025. [PMID: 33606761 PMCID: PMC7894922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder of motor neurons which leads to complete loss of movement in patients. The only FDA approved drug Riluzole provides only symptomatic relief to patients. Early Diagnosis of the disease warrants the importance of diagnostic and prognostic models for predicting disease and disease progression respectively. In the present study we represent the predictive statistical model for ALS using plasma and CSF biomarkers. Forward stepwise (Binary likelihood) Logistic regression model is developed for prediction of ALS. The model has been shown to have excellent validity (94%) with good sensitivity (98%) and specificity (93%). The area under the ROC curve is 99.3%. Along with age and BMI, VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), VEGFR2 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2) and TDP43 (TAR DNA Binding Protein 43) in CSF and VEGFR2 and OPTN (Optineurin) in plasma are good predictors of ALS.
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Nagarathna R, Bali P, Anand A, Srivastava V, Patil S, Sharma G, Manasa K, Pannu V, Singh A, Nagendra HR. Prevalence of Diabetes and Its Determinants in the Young Adults Indian Population-Call for Yoga Intervention. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:507064. [PMID: 33362708 PMCID: PMC7759624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.507064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The young Indian population, which constitutes 65% of the country, is fast adapting to a new lifestyle, which was not known earlier. They are at a high risk of the increasing burden of diabetes and associated complications. The new evolving lifestyle is not only affecting people's health but also mounting the monetary burden on a developing country such as India. Aim We aimed to collect information regarding the prevalence of risk of diabetes in young adults (<35 years) in the 29 most populous states and union territories (7 zones) of India, using a validated questionnaire. Methods A user-friendly questionnaire-based survey using a mobile application was conducted on all adults in the 29 most populous states/union territories of India, after obtaining ethical clearance for the study. Here, we report the estimation of the prevalence of the risk of diabetes and self-reported diabetes on 58,821 young individuals below the age of 35 years. Risk for diabetes was assessed using a standardized instrument, the Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS), that has 4 factors (age, family history of diabetes, waist circumference, and physical activity). Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to check the correlations. Results The prevalence of high (IDRS score > 60), moderate (IDRS score 30-50), and low (IDRS < 30) diabetes risk in young adults (<35 years) was 10.2%, 33.1%, and 56.7%, respectively. Those with high-risk scores were highest (14.4%) in the Jammu zone and lowest (4.1%) in the central zone. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 1.8% with a small difference between men (1.7%) and women (1.9%), and the highest (8.4%) in those with a parental history of diabetes. The south zone had the highest (2.5%), and the north west zone had the lowest (4.4%) prevalence. Conclusions Indian youth are at high risk for diabetes, which calls for an urgent action plan through intensive efforts to promote lifestyle behavior modifications during the pandemics of both communicable and noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Bali
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Srivastava
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Suchitra Patil
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Guruprasad Sharma
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Krishna Manasa
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Viraaj Pannu
- Government Medical College and Hospital Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Hongasandra R. Nagendra
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
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Maity K, Nagarathna R, Anand A, Patil SS, Singh A, Rajesh SK, Ramesh L, Sridhar P, Thakur UK, Nagendra HR. Sleep Disorders in Individuals With High Risk for Diabetes in Indian Population. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:183-189. [PMID: 34556958 PMCID: PMC8455005 DOI: 10.1177/0972753121998470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep restores physiology and neurochemical components of our body and is essential for physical and mental health. Sleep disorders (SDs) are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. The association between SDs and diabetes needs to be understood in the Indian population. Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the association between SD and diabetes in the Indian population. Methods: As a part of nationwide Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata Abhiyaan-2017 (NMB-2017), a cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected from seven zones of India, after screening through the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). The sleep quality was assessed on a scale of 1 to 4 (very good = 1, very bad = 4). The time taken to fall asleep (sleep latency) was assessed on a scale of 0 to 5 (“0” = nil and “5” = >1.5 h). Stress was assessed by the perceived stress scale. Results: Bad sleep quality was positively (odds ratio 1.055, CI [1.001, 1.113], and P < .01) associated with self-reported known diabetes. Increased time taken to fall in sleep (sleep latency) was associated significantly with IDRS high risk (odds ratio 1.085, CI [1.008, 1.168], and P = .01), with an average sleep latency /time takes to fall in sleep (maximum range 5 [>1.5 h], mode 2 [10 to 30 min]) minutes. Moderate stress was significantly associated with bad sleep quality (odds ratio 1.659). Conclusion: A positive association of bad sleep quality and stress with diabetes, and an increased sleep latency in the IDRS high-risk population point to the role of modifiable risk factors. Behavioral modification and stress reduction by using yoga may be beneficial in the better management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Maity
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Arogyadhama, Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,Centre for Mind Body Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.,Centre of Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suchitra S Patil
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S K Rajesh
- Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Latha Ramesh
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P Sridhar
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Thakur
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Mohanty S, Nagarathna R, Metri K, Patil S, Kumar S, Singh A, Nagendra HR. Trends of Hypertension and Neurological Diseases in India: A Nationwide Survey Reporting the Distribution Across Geographical Areas. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:162-168. [PMID: 34556955 PMCID: PMC8455011 DOI: 10.1177/0972753120987457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension has remained an imperative risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, increasing the national burden of premature deaths over the decades. PURPOSE There is limited data on the prevalence of hypertension and its distribution across all geographic regions in India. This nationwide survey was conducted in 2017 to assess the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension among the Indian adults. METHODS A multilevel stratified cluster sampling technique, with a random selection among the urban and rural populations, was adopted to achieve a sample of 70,031 adults from 24 states and 4 union territories. Blood pressure was measured twice using automated oscillometric machines with a minimum of 3-min gap, and the average was recorded. This was later categorized into prehypertension (elevated blood pressure) and hypertension subgroups as defined by the new 2017 American Heart Association guidelines. RESULTS The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in our study population across all ages was found to be 18.2% and 24%, respectively. Prehypertension was common at a younger age, whereas the prevalence of hypertension was higher in the older age groups. The urban population (24.4%) and males (24.7%) were positively associated with prehypertension and hypertension. The western zone had the highest prevalence of hypertension, whereas the eastern population had the lowest. CONCLUSION Our study revealed an alarmingly high prevalence of hypertension, accounting up to one hypertensive in every four adults in India. There is a need for more robust national strategies for identifying and treating hypertension to reduce the national and the global burden of hypertension by 25% before 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriloy Mohanty
- Centre of Integrative Medicine and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Arogyadhama, Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kashinath Metri
- Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suchitra Patil
- Department of Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Health, Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karanataka, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Hongasandra R Nagendra
- Department of Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Venkatrao M, Nagarathna R, Majumdar V, Patil SS, Rathi S, Nagendra H. Prevalence of Obesity in India and Its Neurological Implications: A Multifactor Analysis of a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:153-161. [PMID: 34556954 PMCID: PMC8455012 DOI: 10.1177/0972753120987465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India is undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition, from underweight to overweight/obese population. Obesity is a major risk factor in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, and is also implicated as a factor in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. A robust, pan-Indian estimate of obesity is not yet available. PURPOSE This study estimates the pan-Indian prevalence of obesity, stratified across nonmodifiable (age and gender) and modifiable (education and physical activity levels) factors, and across zones and urban/rural. METHODOLOGY Data for 1,00,531 adults from a nationwide randomized cluster sample survey (Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata 2017, phase 1) were analyzed. Obesity was determined using body mass index, and cross-tabulations were calculated across zones, age, gender, education, physical activity, and area. To determine statistical significance, t-tests were used. The odds of obesity within each category of the various factors were calculated using binary logistic regression. RESULTS Prevalence of obesity in India is 40.3%. Zonal variations were seen as follows: south highest at 46.51% and east lowest at 32.96%. Obesity was higher among women than men (41.88% vs. 38.67%), urban than rural (44.17% vs. 36.08%), and over 40 than under 40 (45.81% vs. 34.58%). More education implied a higher obesity (44.6% college vs. 38% uneducated), as did lowered physical activity (43.71% inactive vs. 32.56% vigorously active). The odds ratio for physical activity was 3.83, stronger than age (1.58), education (1.4), urban (1.3), and gender (1.2). CONCLUSION Obesity levels in India are very high, across all zones. The odds of being obese increases with age, and is higher among women and among urban dwellers. Obesity is the highest among aging urban men and women who are college educated and are sedentary. Physical activity and aging are the strongest determinants of obesity. Given the high cost of obesity in terms of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease, urgent public health measures are necessary to reduce its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Venkatrao
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, SVYASA University, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, SVYASA University, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijaya Majumdar
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, SVYASA University, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchitra S. Patil
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, SVYASA University, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunanda Rathi
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, SVYASA University, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hongasandra Nagendra
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, SVYASA University, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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J J, Vanisree AJ. Naringenin Sensitizes Resistant C6 Glioma Cells with a Repressive Impact on the Migrating Ability. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:114-123. [PMID: 34556949 PMCID: PMC8455008 DOI: 10.1177/0972753120950057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioma, the most common form of a malignant brain tumour is characterised by a poor prognosis, which is attributable to its resistance against current therapeutic approaches. Temozolomide (TMZ), a DNA alkylating agent, is the first-line drug for glioma treatment. Long-term treatment using TMZ was reported to culminate in the development of resistance with overexpression of multidrug resistance 1 gene coded protein P-glycoprotein, which in turn releases the drugs from the tumour cells. Purpose: Thus, to circumvent such resistance issues, the current study attempted to explore the effect of naringenin (a flavanone) with proven antiglial tumour potential, in mitigating the features of TMZ resistance. Methods: Colony-forming assay, invasion assay and scratch wound assay were performed among the groups, namely tumour control (C6), vehicle control (V), naringenin (NGEN)-treated, drug-resistant tumour cells (C6R), and drug resistance cells added with NGEN (C6R+NGEN), to examine the impact of NGEN on migration and invasion. The effect of NGEN on filopodia length and density during cell migration was also studied in addition to the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and p-ERK levels. Results and Conclusion: NGEN and C6R+NGEN groups had shown significant reduction (P < .01) in length and density of filopodia, colony formation, invasion and wound healing. Further, NGEN could also modify the assessed protein levels (P < .001), which were involved in migration and invasion in sensitive and resistant cells. Our study had provided the first evidence on NGEN-induced enhanced sensitivity against TMZ resistance with profound influence as an antimigratory and anti-invasive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi J
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Podder V, Nagarathna R, Anand A, Patil SS, Singh AK, Nagendra HR. Physical Activity Patterns in India Stratified by Zones, Age, Region, BMI and Implications for COVID-19: A Nationwide Study. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:193-203. [PMID: 34556960 PMCID: PMC8455010 DOI: 10.1177/0972753121998507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: India has a high prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which can be lowered by regular physical activity. To understand this association, recent population data is required which is representative of all the states and union territories of the country. Objective: We aimed to investigate the patterns of physical activity in India, stratified by zones, body mass index (BMI), urban, rural areas, and gender. Method: We present the analysis of physical activity status from the data collected during the phase 1 of a pan-India study. This (Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata 2017) was a multicenter pan-India cluster sampled trial with dual objectives. A survey to identify all individuals at a high risk for diabetes, using a validated instrument called the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), was followed by a two-armed randomized yoga-based lifestyle intervention for the primary prevention of diabetes. The physical activity was scored as per IDRS (vigorous exercise or strenuous at work = 0, moderate exercise at home/work = 10, mild exercise at home/work = 20, no exercise = 30). This was done in a selected cluster using a mobile application. A weighted prevalence was calculated based on the nonresponse rate and design weight. Results: We analyzed the data from 2,33,805 individuals; the mean age was 41.4 years (SD 13.4). Of these, 50.6% were females and 49.4% were males; 45.8% were from rural areas and 54% from urban areas. The BMI was 24.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2. Briefly, 20% were physically inactive and 57% of the people were either inactive or mildly active. 21.2% of females were found physically inactive, whereas 19.2% of males were inactive. Individuals living in urban localities were proportionately more inactive (21.7% vs. 18.8%) or mildly active (38.9% vs. 34.8%) than the rural people. Individuals from the central (29.6%) and south zones (28.6%) of the country were also relatively inactive, in contrast to those from the northwest zone (14.2%). The known diabetics were found to be physically inactive (28.3% vs. 19.8%) when compared with those unaware of their diabetic status. Conclusion: 20% and 37% of the population in India are not active or mildly active, respectively, and thus 57% of the surveyed population do not meet the physical activity regimen recommended by the World Health Organization. This puts a large Indian population at risk of developing various NCDs, which are being increasingly reported to be vulnerable to COVID-19 infections. India needs to adopt the four strategic objectives recommended by the World Health Organization for reducing the prevalence of physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Podder
- Department of General Medicine, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Suchitra S Patil
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Sivapuram MS, Srivastava V, Kaur N, Anand A, Nagarathna R, Patil S, Biman S, Chander I, Jyoti S, Nagendra HR. Ayurveda Body-Mind Constitutional Types and Role of Yoga Intervention Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Population of Chandigarh and Panchkula Regions. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:214-223. [PMID: 34556962 PMCID: PMC8454998 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes needs a better understanding of etiological factors and management strategies based on lifestyle and constitutional factors, given its high association rate with many cardiovascular, neurological disorders, and COVID-19 infection. Purpose: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Diabetes-specific integrated Yoga lifestyle Protocol (DYP) on glycemic control and lipid profiles of diabetic adults. Along with the DYP intervention, the individuals residing in Chandigarh and Panchkula union territories in the northern part of India were assessed for Ayurveda-based body–mind constitutional type. Ayurveda describes body–mind constitution as “prakriti,” which has been discussed from two angles, namely physiological and psychological as body and mind are correlated. Methods: Cluster sampling of waitlist control study subjects was used as the sampling method for the study. A total of 1,215 registered subjects (81 diabetic) responded in randomly selected clusters in Chandigarh and Panchkula. Ayurveda physicians did Ayurveda body–mind constitutional assessment called prakriti assessment (physiological body–mind constitution assessment) in 35 participants (23 diabetic, 12 prediabetic) as a part of the study. Results: A group of 50 subjects was randomly selected for yoga intervention out of 81 diabetes mellitus adults, and 31 subjects were enrolled as waitlist controls. A significant decrease in the glycosylated hemoglobin levels from 8.49 ± 1.94% to 7.97 ± 2.20% in the intervention group was noticed. The lipid profiles of the DYP intervention and control groups were monitored. Three-month follow-up results of lipid profile diagnostic tests in intervention and control groups showed a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Most diabetic and prediabetic individuals were found to have pitta dosha (pitta controls all heat, metabolism, and transformation in the mind and body) as dominant constitution type. Conclusion: The study results demonstrated significant positive effects of yoga in diabetic individuals. This study has indicated the evidence for the safety and efficacy of the validated DYP for community-level interventions to prevent maladies like brain damage and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhava Sai Sivapuram
- Department of General Medicine, Dr Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinna-Avutapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Srivastava
- Department of Social Work, College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, USA
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Physical Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Collaborative Centre for Mind Body Intervention through Yoga, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Centre for Cognitive Sciences and Phenomenology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, india
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchitra Patil
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saranga Biman
- Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Saras Jyoti
- Department of AYUSH, Haryana Yoga Council, Haryana, India
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Mathur D, Anand A, Srivastava V, Patil SS, Singh A, Rajesh SK, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. Depression in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes Adults. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:204-213. [PMID: 34556961 PMCID: PMC8455004 DOI: 10.1177/0972753121990181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus are two to three times more vulnerable to develop depressive symptomatology. PURPOSE To report the association between depression and high-risk diabetes in India. METHODS A total of 1,606 adults were recruited for the study. A patient health questionnaire was used to determine the depression on the basis of score. A statistical analysis was done using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression to determine the association between diabetes categories and four degrees of depression. RESULTS Out of 1,606 participants, 52.6% were males and 47.4% were females, 56.4% belonged to the urban area and 43.6% to the rural area. However, 19.5% (314) had diabetes; 29.1% of diabetes individuals had minimal depression, 38.7% had mild, 17.2% moderate, 12.0% moderately severe, and 3.1% had severe depression. In the self-reported diabetic participant group (N = 142), there was a significantly higher degree of severe depression (3.3%) in the uncontrolled group (HbA1c >7%) as compared to the well-controlled diabetes group (HbA1c <7%). ANCOVA in gender differences in the uncontrolled diabetes group showed that male gender had significantly (P = -.02) higher mean scores of depression. CONCLUSION This study found that there is a positive association between depression and uncontrolled diabetes in male gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Mathur
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Srivastava
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, USA
| | - Suchitra S. Patil
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - SK Rajesh
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - HR Nagendra
- Department of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Department of Arogyadhama, Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (VYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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22
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Sharma K, Battu P, Anand A, Nagarathna R, Kaur N, Malik N, Singh A, Nagendra HR. Management of Type II Diabetes by Modulating the Modifiable Risk Factors: A Future Roadmap for Prevention of Cerebrovascular Complications. Ann Neurosci 2020; 27:266-272. [PMID: 34556967 PMCID: PMC8455006 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a screening tool for quantifying the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) development in the Indian population. The present study has evaluated the level of risk of developing DM in Chandigarh and Panchkula based on the IDRS score. Methods: As a part of a national diabetes control trial funded by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, 1,916 participants from the Chandigarh and Panchkula regions were assessed for the risk of developing DM. Risk assessment was done on the basis of the IDRS score which includes age, family history, waist circumference, and physical activity as its contributing factors. Participants with an IDRS score <30 were in the low-risk category, those with 30 to 50 were in the moderate-risk category, and those with >60 were in the high-risk category for DM. Results: Out of the 1,916 screened respondents (59.86% females and 40.14% males), 894 participants (46.65%) were at a high risk for DM (IDRS >60), 764 (39.87%) were at a moderate risk (IDRS = 30–60), and 258 (13.46%) were at a low risk (IDRS <30). Waist circumference contributed to 35.90% of the high-risk category followed by age (19.67%) and physical activity (11.67%). Age and waist circumference also showed a strong correlation with the total IDRS score. Conclusion: The Chandigarh and Panchkula population showed a high tendency to develop DM based on the IDRS score. Modifiable risk factors such as waist circumference and physical activity were the major contributing factors. Apart from the modifiable risk factors, age was also another major contributing risk factor. Based on these outcomes, lifestyle modifications like yoga and exercise can be proposed for this population as a preventive approach to reduce the risk of developing DM and other associated cerebrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanupriya Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,These contributed equally to this work
| | - Priya Battu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,These contributed equally to this work
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Centre for Mind-Body Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,Centre for Cognitive Sciences and Phenomenology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- VYASA Arogyadhama, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Physical Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeru Malik
- Dev Samaj College of Education, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
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23
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Sørensen JØ, Subhi Y, Molbech CR, Krogh Nielsen M, Sørensen TL. Plasma levels of inflammatory chemokines in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:384-389. [PMID: 31680415 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemokines are a group of cytokines that guide immune cell migration. We studied plasma levels of inflammatory chemokines in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and compared with healthy age-matched control individuals. METHODS This was a clinic-based prospective case-control study of participants (n = 60) with either PCV (n = 26) or age-matched healthy controls (n = 34). We sampled fresh venous blood and isolated plasma for analysis. We used U-PLEX Human Assays to quantify concentrations of the inflammatory chemokines MCP-1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5, eotaxin/CCL11, IP-10/CXCL10 and fractalkine/CX3CL1. RESULTS Plasma levels of fractalkine was significantly higher in patients with PCV when compared to healthy controls (mean ± SD: 7291 ± 2461 pg/ml versus 5879 ± 2001 pg/ml; p = 0.021). Plasma levels of MCP-1 (p = 0.846), RANTES (p = 0.288), eotaxin (p = 0.496) and IP-10 (p = 0.352) did not differ significantly between the groups. To evaluate possible biomarker quality of fractalkine, we used a ROC analysis and found a positive but weak discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.68). CONCLUSION Patients with PCV have a higher plasma level of fractalkine. Although the differences do not possess strong biomarker qualities, they inform on disease processes of a poorly understood disease and suggest that the fractalkine-CX3CR1 axis may be involved. As this study did not investigate local chemokine concentrations, we are unable to confirm or disprove any local chorioretinal interaction, and our findings should be interpreted with such caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Ørskov Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Division Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
| | - Yousif Subhi
- Clinical Eye Research Division Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
| | - Christopher R. Molbech
- Clinical Eye Research Division Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Clinical Eye Research Division Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
| | - Torben L. Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Division Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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24
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Abokyi S, To CH, Lam TT, Tse DY. Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7901270. [PMID: 32104539 PMCID: PMC7035553 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7901270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly. There are very limited therapeutic options for AMD with the predominant therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of patients afflicted with wet AMD. Hence, it is important to remind readers, especially those interested in AMD, about current studies that may help to develop novel therapies for other stages of AMD. This study, therefore, provides a comprehensive review of studies on human specimens as well as rodent models of the disease, to identify and analyze the molecular mechanisms behind AMD development and progression. The evaluation of this information highlights the central role that oxidative damage in the retina plays in contributing to major pathways, including inflammation and angiogenesis, found in the AMD phenotype. Following on the debate of oxidative stress as the earliest injury in the AMD pathogenesis, we demonstrated how the targeting of oxidative stress-associated pathways, such as autophagy and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, might be the futuristic direction to explore in the search of an effective treatment for AMD, as the dysregulation of these mechanisms is crucial to oxidative injury in the retina. In addition, animal models of AMD have been discussed in great detail, with their strengths and pitfalls included, to assist inform in the selection of suitable models for investigating any of the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Chi-Ho To
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Tim T. Lam
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Dennis Y. Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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25
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Spindler J, Zandi S, Pfister IB, Gerhardt C, Garweg JG. Cytokine profiles in the aqueous humor and serum of patients with dry and treated wet age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203337. [PMID: 30157273 PMCID: PMC6114931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify disease-specific cytokine profile differences in the aqueous humor (AH) (other than the vascular endothelial growth factor) between patients with dry and treated wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy controls. METHODS This retrospective study drew on a case-series of patients diagnosed with dry AMD (n = 25) and treated wet AMD (n = 19), as well as on healthy controls (no systemic therapy; n = 20) undergoing phacoemulsification or vitrectomy. Samples of AH and serum were collected in parallel at the beginning of surgery. The levels of 43 cytokines were simultaneously determined using the Bio-Plex® multiplex beads system. Differences between the three groups were statistically compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H-Test after applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p<0.0012). RESULTS The concentrations of three cytokines were elevated in the AH of patients with dry AMD (CXCL6; p = 0.00067) and treated wet AMD (CXCL5, CXCL6, MIG/XCXL; all p<0.001) relative to those in the healthy controls. No other differences between the three groups were identified. The AH levels of seven cytokines (16%), including CXCL6, ranged below the lower limit of quantitation of the assay. Without the correction for multiple comparisons (p<0.05), the levels of 31 of the 43 cytokines in the AH of patients with AMD would have differed significantly from those in the control. The systemic cytokine profiles (serum) were similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS No systematic differences in the AH cytokine environment were identified between patients with dry AMD and those with treated wet AMD. This finding might indicate that AMD is either the result of a persistent imbalance in the physiological tissue milieu, or that the localized process induces no significant change in the cytokine environment of the anterior ocular segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spindler
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Souska Zandi
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabel B. Pfister
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christin Gerhardt
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Justus G. Garweg
- Swiss Eye Institute and Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Sharma NK, Sharma K, Singh R, Sharma SK, Anand A. CCL2 single nucleotide polymorphism of rs1024611 implicates prominence of inflammatory cascade by univariate modeling in Indian AMD. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193423. [PMID: 29664944 PMCID: PMC5903598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of chemotactic protein CCL2/MCP-1 has been widely explored in age related macular degeneration (AMD) patients as well as animal models through our previous studies. Aim Aim of the study was to examine the association of another variance of CCL2, rs1024611 in pathophysiology of AMD. Methods This particular SNP has been found to be involved in inflammatory processes in various diseases. Total 171 subjects were recruited in the study with all demographic details by administering a standard questionnaire. SNP analysis was performed with TaqMan assay. Linear univariate and ANCOVA modeling was performed to show the interaction of rs1024611 with another SNP variant of CCL-2/CCR-2 (rs4586 and rs1799865) and impact of individual genotypes on CCL-2 expression in the context of AMD pathology. Results Results showed that both heterozygous (AG, p = 0.01) and homozygous (GG, p = 0.0001) genotypes are associated with AMD pathology. Allele frequency analysis showed that ‘G’ allele is frequent in AMD patients as compared to controls (p = 0.0001). Moreover, AMD patients who smoke were found to be associated with ‘AG’ genotype (p = 0.0145). Although, we did not find any significant interaction between the SNP variants by linear univariate analysis but results show the effect of ‘CT’ genotype on ‘TT’ genotype in rs4586 by considering rs1024611 as covariate. Conclusion Based on these results it is imperative that CCL2 mediated pathology may be associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Kamal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Statistics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail: (AA); (SKS)
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail: (AA); (SKS)
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27
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Kersten E, Paun CC, Schellevis RL, Hoyng CB, Delcourt C, Lengyel I, Peto T, Ueffing M, Klaver CCW, Dammeier S, den Hollander AI, de Jong EK. Systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:9-39. [PMID: 28522341 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers can help unravel mechanisms of disease and identify new targets for therapy. They can also be useful in clinical practice for monitoring disease progression, evaluation of treatment efficacy, and risk assessment in multifactorial diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a highly prevalent progressive retinal disorder for which multiple genetic and environmental risk factors have been described, but the exact etiology is not yet fully understood. Many compounds have been evaluated for their association with AMD. We performed an extensive literature review of all compounds measured in serum, plasma, vitreous, aqueous humor, and urine of AMD patients. Over 3600 articles were screened, resulting in more than 100 different compounds analyzed in AMD studies, involved in neovascularization, immunity, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix, oxidative stress, diet, hormones, and comorbidities (such as kidney disease). For each compound, we provide a short description of its function and discuss the results of the studies in relation to its usefulness as AMD biomarker. In addition, biomarkers identified by hypothesis-free techniques, including metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics, are covered. In summary, compounds belonging to the oxidative stress pathway, the complement system, and lipid metabolism are the most promising biomarker candidates for AMD. We hope that this comprehensive survey of the literature on systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in AMD will provide a stepping stone for future research and possible implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Constantin C Paun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa L Schellevis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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28
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Sharma K, Tyagi R, Singh R, Sharma SK, Anand A. Serum Levels of TIMP-3, LIPC, IER3, and SLC16A8 in CFH-Negative AMD Cases. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2087-2095. [PMID: 27966779 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AMD is a complex eye disease predominantly occurring in aged population. Till now about 53 genetic loci have been found to be associated with the AMD pathology. AMD pathogenesis is being increasingly known to progress through mechanisms independent of the CFH mediated pathway. Therefore, our aim for current study was to examine the genes by analyzing their expression levels in AMD. We recruited about 50 AMD and same number of age matched controls. We analyzed the CFH duplication and deletion by multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and found no duplication and deletion in CFH gene in AMD patients. We also estimated the IER-3, SLC16A8, LIPC, and TIMP-3 expression levels in both CFH-negative AMD cases (i.e. no duplication and deletion in CFH gene) besides examining these in AMD and controls. We found that the expression level of LIPC, SLC16A8, and TIMP-3 was significantly associated with AMD pathology in both groups (LIPC: P = 0.008, SLC16A8: P < 0.001, TIMP-3: P < 0.001, respectively). However, we did not find any significant difference in IER-3 levels in AMD and controls. Therefore, the evidence from current study, suggests that AMD pathology may be mediated through mechanistic pathways linked to other genetic loci. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2087-2095, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Departement of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Departement of Statistics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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29
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Bonyadi M, Jabbarpoor Bonyadi MH, Yaseri M, Mohammadian T, Fotouhi N, Javadzadeh A, Soheilian M. Joint association of complement component 3 and CC-cytokine ligand2 (CCL2) or complement component 3 and CFH polymorphisms in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:365-370. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1242019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Bonyadi
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadian
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nikou Fotouhi
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Javadzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Soheilian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Bonyadi M, Foruzandeh Z, Mohammadian T, Fotouhi N, Soheilian M, Jabbarpoor Bonyadi MH, Javadzadeh A, Moein H, Yaseri M. Evaluation of CC-cytokine ligand 2 and complementary factor H Y402H polymorphisms and their interactional association with age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:e779-e785. [PMID: 27316788 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association of CC-cytokine ligand 2 CCL2-2518 (rs1024611) single nucleotide polymorphism, complement factor H (CFH Y402H) and their possible interaction in developing advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS In this case-control study, DNA samples from 266 patients with advanced AMD and 229 healthy controls were genotyped for CCL2 polymorphism and also 254 patients and 164 healthy controls were genotyped for CFH polymorphism. The possible associations of these polymorphisms with susceptibility to AMD independently and in different joint combinations were evaluated. RESULTS The genotype frequency for CFH was found to be significantly different between AMD and normal controls (31.5% versus 20.7%, OR = 3.56, p < 0.001 for CC and 52.4% versus 41.5%, OR = 2.96, p < 0.001 for CT genotype). However, no significant association between CCL2 polymorphism and AMD was observed in this cohort (OR = 1.15 and OR = 0.8, p = 0.172). Interestingly, studying the joint effects of two genotypes (TT genotype of CFH Y402H and AG genotype of CCL2-2518) showed more significant protective effect against AMD (p = 0.0001), while the risk effect of CC and CT genotypes of CFH was only visible in the presence of AA genotype of CCL2-2518 (p = 0.044 and p = 0.05). CONCLUSION Complement factor H Y402H polymorphism is strongly associated with advanced type AMD. Although this study revealed no association of CCL2-2518 with AMD, the risk effect of CFH genotypes was only visible in the presence of AA genotype of CCL2-2518. AG genotype of CCL2-2518 in combination with TT genotype of CFH Y402H showed significant protective effect against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Bonyadi
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Zahra Foruzandeh
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadian
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Nikou Fotouhi
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Masoud Soheilian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center; Ophthalmic Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Jabbarpoor Bonyadi
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center; Ophthalmic Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Javadzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamidreza Moein
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center; Ophthalmic Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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31
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Wang W, He M, Huang W. Association of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene 2518A/G polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:40-6. [PMID: 27505625 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) 2518 A/G polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy (DR) attracted intense interest recently, but the reported results are controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the MCP-1 polymorphism associated with DR susceptibility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Eligible studies were identified from PubMed, Embase, Web of science, Chinese Biomedical database, and references of retrieved articles. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by fixed or random-effects models. RESULTS Six studies involving 3415 patients without DR and 3468 with any DR were included in the final meta-analysis. Each 5 studies evaluated the associations of MCP-1 polymorphism and any DR and proliferative DR (PDR), respectively. Meta-analysis in fixed model demonstrated a significant association between MCP-1 polymorphism and any DR under the homozygous model (OR=1.36; 95%CI: 1.15-1.62, P<0.001), heterozygous model (OR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.02-1.42, P=0.031), dominant model (OR=1.28; 95%CI: 1.10-1.50, P=0.002), recessive model (OR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31, P=0.004), and allelic model (OR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.07-1.25, P<0.001). Furthermore, a significant association of MCP-1 polymorphism and DR progression from non-proliferative DR to proliferative DR was identified under heterozygous model (OR=1.45; 95%CI: 1.04-2.02, P=0.030). Sensitivity analyses did not draw different findings. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis of existing data suggested that MCP-1 2518 A/G polymorphism affected the risk of presence and progression of DR in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao He
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyong Huang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Anand A, Sharma K, Sharma SK, Singh R, Sharma NK, Prasad K. AMD Genetics in India: The Missing Links. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:115. [PMID: 27252648 PMCID: PMC4876307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration is a disease which occurs in aged individuals. There are various changes that occur at the cellular, molecular and physiological level with advancing age (Samiec et al., 1988; Sharma K. et al., 2014). Drusen deposition between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane (BM) is one of the key features in AMD patients (Mullins et al., 2000; Hageman et al., 2001) similar to Aβ/tau aggregates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The primary goal of this review is to discuss whether the various candidate genes and associated biomarkers, that are known to play an independent role in progression of AMD, exert deleterious effect on phenotype, alone or in combination, in Indian AMD patients from the same ethnic group and the significance of such research. A statistical model for probable interaction between genes could be derived from such analysis. Therefore, one can use multiple modalities to identify and enrol AMD patients based on established clinical criteria and examine the risk factors to determine if these genes are associated with risk factors, biomarkers or disease by Mendelian randomization. Similarly, there are large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in human population. Even non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) are believed to induce deleterious effects on the functionality of various proteins. The study of such snSNPs could provide a better genetic insight for diverse phenotypes of AMD patients, predicting significant risk factors for the disease in Indian population. Therefore, the prediction of biological effect of nsSNPs in the candidate genes and the associated grant applications in the subject are highly solicited.Therefore, genotyping and levels of protein expression of various genes would provide wider canvas in genetic complexity of AMD pathology which should be evaluated by valid statistical and bioinformatics’ tools. Longitudinal follow up of Indian AMD patients to evaluate the temporal effect of SNPs and biomarkers on progression of disease would provide a unique strategy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India; Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Suresh K Sharma
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India; Department of Statistics, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Neel K Sharma
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keshava Prasad
- Institute of BioinformaticsBangalore, India; YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya UniversityMangalore, India; NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangalore, India
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Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, Keegan D, Hogg RE, Ambati BK. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:64-102. [PMID: 27156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, much research and effort has been invested in the identification of different biomarkers to predict disease incidence, identify at risk individuals, elucidate causative pathophysiological etiologies, guide screening, monitoring and treatment parameters, and predict disease outcomes. To date, a host of genetic, environmental, proteomic, and cellular targets have been identified as both risk factors and potential biomarkers for AMD. Despite this, their use has been confined to research settings and has not yet crossed into the clinical arena. A greater understanding of these factors and their use as potential biomarkers for AMD can guide future research and clinical practice. This article will discuss known risk factors and novel, potential biomarkers of AMD in addition to their application in both academic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Lambert
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hanan ElShelmani
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Malkit K Singh
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fiona C Mansergh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael A Wride
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maximilian Padilla
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David Keegan
- Mater Misericordia Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science Block A, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Co.Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Ha Y, Liu H, Xu Z, Yokota H, Narayanan SP, Lemtalsi T, Smith SB, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB, Zhang W. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated CXCR3 pathway mediates inflammation and neuronal injury in acute glaucoma. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1900. [PMID: 26448323 PMCID: PMC4632306 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in East Asia. The mechanisms underlying retinal neuronal injury induced by a sudden rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) remain obscure. Here we demonstrate that the activation of CXCL10/CXCR3 axis, which mediates the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, has a critical role in a mouse model of acute glaucoma. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCL10 and CXCR3 were significantly increased after IOP-induced retinal ischemia. Blockade of the CXCR3 pathway by deleting CXCR3 gene significantly attenuated ischemic injury-induced upregulation of inflammatory molecules (interleukin-1β and E-selectin), inhibited the recruitment of microglia/monocyte to the superficial retina, reduced peroxynitrite formation, and prevented the loss of neurons within the ganglion cell layer. In contrast, intravitreal delivery of CXCL10 increased leukocyte recruitment and retinal cell apoptosis. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with chemical chaperones partially blocked ischemic injury-induced CXCL10 upregulation, whereas induction of ER stress with tunicamycin enhanced CXCL10 expression in retina and primary retinal ganglion cells. Interestingly, deleting CXCR3 attenuated ER stress-induced retinal cell death. In conclusion, these results indicate that ER stress-medicated activation of CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway has an important role in retinal inflammation and neuronal injury after high IOP-induced ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - H Liu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Z Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Yokota
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - S P Narayanan
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - T Lemtalsi
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - S B Smith
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R W Caldwell
- Department of pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Sharma K, Sharma NK, Singh R, Anand A. Exploring the role of VEGF in Indian Age related macular degeneration. Ann Neurosci 2015; 22:232-7. [PMID: 26526736 PMCID: PMC4627204 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is major devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive irreversible vision loss in the elderly persons. In spite of several genetic and environmental factors, the role of VEGF and CFH predispose the pathological phenomenon in the AMD patients. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to estimate the VEGF levels in the serum of AMD patients and its correlation with co-morbidity of the participants. METHODS The study recruited the 98 AMD patients and 59 controls with proper consent of the participants as per the exclusion-inclusion criteria. The co-morbidity and socio-economic details were obtained by introducing the standard questionnaire amongst the participants. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was estimated by ELISA and compared with the control population of the study. The levels of VEGF in the serum of AMD patients and controls were compared with Mann-Whitney U-test. Kruskal Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze more than two variables in the study. RESULTS Elevated level of VEGF was found in AMD patients as compared to controls. Surprisingly, we did not find significant changes among wet AMD subtypes i.e. minimal, predominant and classic wet AMD. However, we have demonstrated the intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment (avastin) in AMD patients could reduce the systemic VEGF levels although it was not significant. Moreover, the heart ailment in the AMD patients could also influence the VEGF levels. CONCLUSION Our study is consistent with previous studies describing the imperative significance of VEGF in AMD pathology. However, our study did not reveal the role of VEGF in wet AMD progression but it is well established causative agent for the same. The increased levels of VEGF in heart ailment among AMD patients are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Centre for Systems biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- *Both contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Neel K Sharma
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, USA
- *Both contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Revisiting the dilution factor as vital parameter for sensitivity of ELISA assay in CSF and Plasma. Ann Neurosci 2015; 22:37-42. [PMID: 26124549 PMCID: PMC4410526 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is very sensitive assay which provides quantitative data about expression of antigens. However, its utility is based on certain parameters which vary in the experimental situations. Purpose We aimed to analyse the dilution factor as an important parameter for determining the sensitivity of ELISA in human samples. Methods Total of n = 57 ALS patients and n = 48 normal controls were selected for the study. All the patients were recruited from, Department for Neurology and Anaesthesia, PGIMER. Blood and CSF sample was collected and ELISA run was performed in both plasma and blood sample. ELISA of OPTN and TDP-43 was employed to check the respective protein concentration in CSF and Plasma. Results There was no significant difference which was reported for Plasma as well as CSF values of TDP-43 and OPTN. Dilution test prior to actual experiment made a significant impact in deciding the actual concentration of sample and led to overshootingbeyond range of reference protein. Conclusion Negative results from our study highlights the significance of determining the dilution factor as an important parameter for conduct of ELISA.
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects approximately one-third of Americans over 70 and is characterized by lipoprotein-rich sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (sub-RPE) deposits. Substantial evidence has emerged that implicates complement factor H (CFH) in the pathogenesis of AMD. Here, we conduct an in vivo analysis to elucidate the role of CFH in AMD pathology. We show that (i) CFH and lipoproteins compete for binding in the sub-RPE extracellular matrix such that decreasing CFH leads to lipoprotein accumulation and sub-RPE deposit formation; and (ii) detrimental complement activation within sub-RPE deposits leads to RPE damage and vision loss. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in development of AMD-like pathology paves the way for identifying more targeted therapeutic strategies for AMD. Complement factor H (CFH) is a major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, its impact on AMD pathobiology is unresolved. Here, the role of CFH in the development of AMD pathology in vivo was interrogated by analyzing aged Cfh+/− and Cfh−/− mice fed a high-fat, cholesterol-enriched diet. Strikingly, decreased levels of CFH led to increased sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (sub-RPE) deposit formation, specifically basal laminar deposits, following high-fat diet. Mechanistically, our data show that deposits are due to CFH competition for lipoprotein binding sites in Bruch’s membrane. Interestingly and despite sub-RPE deposit formation occurring in both Cfh+/− and Cfh−/− mice, RPE damage accompanied by loss of vision occurred only in old Cfh+/− mice. We demonstrate that such pathology is a function of excess complement activation in Cfh+/− mice versus complement deficiency in Cfh−/− animals. Due to the CFH-dependent increase in sub-RPE deposit height, we interrogated the potential of CFH as a previously unidentified regulator of Bruch’s membrane lipoprotein binding and show, using human Bruch’s membrane explants, that CFH removes endogenous human lipoproteins in aged donors. Thus, advanced age, high-fat diet, and decreased CFH induce sub-RPE deposit formation leading to complement activation, which contributes to RPE damage and visual function impairment. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in AMD-like pathology provides an improved foundation for the development of targeted therapies for AMD.
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Variations in genes involved in immune response checkpoints and association with outcomes in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:521-9. [PMID: 25752522 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM), liver resection offers the possibility of cure and long-term survival. The liver is a highly immunogenic organ harboring ~80% of the body's tissue macrophages. Emerging data demonstrate a critical role of the immune response for cancer treatment. We investigated variations within genes involved in immune response checkpoints and their association with outcomes in patients with CLM who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy including bevacizumab and liver resection. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes (CCL2, CCR2, LAG3, NT5E, PDCD1, CD274, IDO1, CTLA4 and CD24) were analyzed in genomic DNA from 149 patients with resected bevacizumab-pretreated CLM by direct Sanger DNA sequencing, and correlated with response, recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), probability of cure and recurrence patterns. IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase) rs3739319 G>A and CD24 rs8734 G>A showed a significant difference in 3-year OS rates. In addition, IDO1 rs3739319 G>A was significantly associated with extrahepatic recurrence. Recursive partitioning analyses revealed that IDO1 rs3739319 G>A was the dominant SNP predicting RFS and OS. Our data suggest that variants within genes involved in immune response checkpoints are associated with outcomes in patients with resected CLM and might lead to improved treatment strategies modulating anti-tumor immune response by targeting novel immune checkpoints.
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Comparison of neurophysiological and MRI findings of patients with multiple sclerosis using oligoclonal band technique. Ann Neurosci 2014; 20:149-54. [PMID: 25206039 PMCID: PMC4117134 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The correlation of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and intrathecal IgG synthesis are not yet clear in multiple sclerosis (MS). Purpose In this study, we investigated the OCB situation and IgG index, cranial and cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and also compared visual evoked potentials (VEP) and somatosensorial evoked potentials (SEP) in order to better understand the OCB pattern and pathogenesis. Methods Retrospective study included 40 patients (19 male, 21 female, mean age 29 ± 4,24) with precise MS diagnosis according to McDonald criteria. Result Sixteen of the patients were OCB negative, and 24 patients were positive. The different between the OCB situation and number of plaques in cranial and cervical MRI, atrophy, oedema and contrast material retention were insignificant. The different between the OCB situation and VEP and SEP were insignificant. Conclusion These laboratory findings are all specific, all developing via independent mechanisms and are not related to each other during the silence periods of patients.
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Glycine gated spiking inhibitory postsynaptic membrane at the synaptic cleft. Ann Neurosci 2014; 21:134-7. [PMID: 25452673 PMCID: PMC4248464 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.210404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzyme modified field effect transistor (ENFET) may be used to represent the variable conductance of transmitter-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic region of the neuron. Purpose The objective of this work is to develop a simple analog circuit model that can simulate the function of neurotransmitter glycine gated ion channels of postsynaptic membrane at the synaptic cleft. Methods In this paper, Glycine sensitive ENFET is incorporated into the Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) circuit model of the postsynaptic membrane at the synaptic cleft. Results Simulation of the circuit model yields an output representing the membrane potential of the synaptic region. Simulation is performed in MATLAB environment for inhibitory action of synapses. Conclusion This model can be used in neuro-bioengineering fields for simulation of binding activity and electrical activity of the postsynaptic region.
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Study of five novel non-synonymous polymorphisms in human brain-expressed genes in a Colombian sample. Ann Neurosci 2014; 21:138-43. [PMID: 25452674 PMCID: PMC4248474 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.210405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in brain-expressed genes represent interesting candidates for genetic research in neuropsychiatric disorders. Purpose To study novel nsSNPs in brain-expressed genes in a sample of Colombian subjects. Methods We applied an approach based on in silico mining of available genomic data to identify and select novel nsSNPs in brain-expressed genes. We developed novel genotyping assays, based in allele-specific PCR methods, for these nsSNPs and genotyped them in 171 Colombian subjects. Results Five common nsSNPs (rs6855837; p.Leu395Ile, rs2305160; p.Thr394Ala, rs10503929; p.Met289Thr, rs2270641; p.Thr4Pro and rs3822659; p.Ser735Ala) were studied, located in the CLOCK, NPAS2, NRG1, SLC18A1 and WWC1 genes. We reported allele and genotype frequencies in a sample of South American healthy subjects. There is previous experimental evidence, arising from genome-wide expression and association studies, for the involvement of these genes in several neuropsychiatric disorders and endophenotypes, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders or memory performance. Conclusions Frequencies for these nsSNPSs in the Colombian samples varied in comparison to different HapMap populations. Future study of these nsSNPs in brain-expressed genes, a synaptogenomics approach, will be important for a better understanding of neuropsychiatric diseases and endophenotypes in different populations.
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Anand A, Sharma K, Chen W, Sharma NK. Using current data to define new approach in age related macular degeneration: need to accelerate translational research. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:266-77. [PMID: 25132797 PMCID: PMC4133950 DOI: 10.2174/1389202915666140516204512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major retinal degenerative disease of ageing whose complex genetic basis remains undeciphered. The involvement of various other factors like mitochondrial genes, cytoskeletal proteins and the role of epigenetics has been described in this review. Several population based AMD genetic studies have been carried out worldwide. Despite the increased publication of reports, clinical translation still eludes this davastating disease. We suggest models to address roadblocks in clinical translation hoping that these would be beneficial to drive AMD research towards innovative biomarkers and therapeutics Therefore, addressing the need large autopsy studies and combining it with efficient use of bioinformatic tools, statistical modeling and probing SNP-biomarker association are key to time bound resolution of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - Neel Kamal Sharma
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, USA
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Sharma K, Sharma NK, Anand A. Why AMD is a disease of ageing and not of development: mechanisms and insights. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:151. [PMID: 25071560 PMCID: PMC4091411 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing disorders can be defined as the progressive and cumulative outcome of several defective cellular mechanisms as well as metabolic pathways, consequently resulting in degeneration. Environment plays an important role in its pathogenesis. In contrast, developmental disorders arise from inherited mutations and usually the role of environmental factors in development of disease is minimal. Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is one such retinal degenerative disorder which starts with the progression of age. Metabolism plays an important role in initiation of such diseases of ageing. Cholesterol metabolism and their oxidized products like 7-ketocholesterol have been shown to adversely impact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. These molecules can initiate mitochondrial apoptotic processes and also influence the complements factors and expression of angiogenic proteins like VEGF etc. In this review we highlight why and how AMD is an ageing disorder and not a developmental disease substantiated by disrupted cholesterol metabolism common to several age related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Neel Kamal Sharma
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
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Role of early life exposure and environment on neurodegeneration: implications on brain disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:9. [PMID: 24847438 PMCID: PMC4028099 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and retinal degeneration have been studied extensively and varying molecular mechanisms have been proposed for onset of such diseases. Although genetic analysis of these diseases has also been described, yet the mechanisms governing the extent of vulnerability to such diseases remains unresolved. Recent studies have, therefore, focused on the role of environmental exposure in progression of such diseases especially in the context of prenatal and postnatal life, explaining how molecular mechanisms mediate epigenetic changes leading to degenerative diseases. This review summarizes both the animal and human studies describing various environmental stimuli to which an individual or an animal is exposed during in-utero and postnatal period and mechanisms that promote neurodegeneration. The SNPs mediating gene environment interaction are also described. Further, preventive and therapeutic strategies are suggested for effective intervention.
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Does toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) have any role in Indian AMD phenotype? Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Does DcR1 (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing-ligand Receptor 3) have any role in human AMD pathogenesis? Sci Rep 2014; 4:4114. [PMID: 24534820 PMCID: PMC3927205 DOI: 10.1038/srep04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that there is a link between age related degenerative diseases and cancer. The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to selectively kill tumor cells by binding to pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic receptors. Our aim was to study the levels of anti-apoptotic receptor (DcR1) in age related macular degeneration (AMD) and controls. AMD patients (115) were classified into two groups: Dry and Wet AMD. Wet AMDs were further classified into occult, predominant classic and minimal classic. 61 healthy individuals were recruited as normal controls. After normalization with total protein, DcR1 levels were analyzed by ELISA. Mann Whitney U-statistic was used for analysis of DcR1 ELISA results. We have observed DcR1 levels in serum sample which were significantly lower in AMD patients as compared to controls (p = 0.001). On the other hand, we did not find difference in DcR1 levels between wet and dry AMD. The present study defines the plausible role of DcR1 in AMD pathology signifying a new therapeutic target for AMD.
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Superoxide dismutase1 levels in North Indian population with age-related macular degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:365046. [PMID: 24363822 PMCID: PMC3864086 DOI: 10.1155/2013/365046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The aim of the study was to estimate the levels of superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) in patients of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and examine the role of oxidative stress, smoking, hypertension, and other factors involved in the pathogenesis of AMD. Methods. 115 AMD patients and 61 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Serum SOD1 levels were determined by ELISA and were correlated to various risk factors. Logistic regression model of authenticity, by considering SOD1 as independent variable, has been developed along with ROC curve. Results. The SOD1 levels were significantly higher in AMD patients as compared to those of the controls. The difference was not significant for wet and dry AMD. However, the difference was significant between wet AMD subtypes. Nonsignificance of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit statistic (χ2 = 10.516, df = 8, P = 0.231) indicates the appropriateness of logistic regression model to predict AMD. Conclusion. Oxidative stress in AMD patients may mount compensatory response resulting in increased levels of SOD1 in AMD patients. To predict the risk of AMD on the basis of SOD1, a logistic regression model shows authenticity of 78%, and area under the ROC curve (0.827, P = .0001) with less standard error of 0.033 coupled with 95% confidence interval of 0.762–0.891 further validates the model.
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Association between CFH Y402H polymorphism and age related macular degeneration in North Indian cohort. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70193. [PMID: 23922956 PMCID: PMC3726372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine serum complement factor H (CFH) levels in patients of age related macular degeneration (AMD) and examine its association with CFH Y402H polymorphism. 115 AMD patients and 61 normal controls were recruited in this study. The single nucleotide polymorphism was assayed by real time PCR and serum CFH levels were measured by ELISA and standardized to total serum protein. Chi-square test was applied to polymorphism analysis while Mann Whitney U-statistic for CFH-levels. Mendelian randomization approach was used for determining causal relationship. The genotype frequency differed between the AMD patients (TT- 18.3%, TC-41.3% and CC-40.4%) and controls (TT-76.3%, TC-13.6%, and CC-10.1%) (p = 0001). The frequency of alleles was also significantly different when AMD (T-39% and C-61%) was compared to controls (T-83% and C-17%) (p = 0.0001). Level of serum CFH was significantly lower in AMD patients as compared to normal controls (p = 0.001). Our data showed that the CFH Y402H polymorphism is a risk factor for AMD in the North Indian population. Mendelian randomization approach revealed that CFH Y402H polymorphism affects AMD risk through the modification of CFH serum levels.
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Sharma NK, Sharma SK, Gupta A, Prabhakar S, Singh R, Anand A. Predictive model for earlier diagnosis of suspected age-related macular degeneration patients. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:549-55. [PMID: 23848218 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of tailored medicine is to presymptomatically identify individuals at high risk for disease using information of each individual's genetic profile and collection of environmental risk factors. Recently, algorithms were given the strong recognition of several replicated risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), this distant goal is beginning to seem less mysterious. The purpose of the study was to develop a statistical model for AMD. This study includes total 106 subjects. To identify the risk of earlier diagnosis of suspected AMD patients, 22 independent variables were included in the study. Forward stepwise (likelihood ratio) binary logistic regression has been used to find significant variables associated with the risk of AMD. Prediction equation, based on significant risk factors, and model authenticity have been developed. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit statistic (χ(2)=0.143, df=8, p=1.0), which is nonsignificant, indicates the appropriateness of the logistic regression model to predict AMD. After going through stepwise logistic regression, only 6 variables out of the 22 independent variables, namely, serum complement factor H (CFH), serum chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), serum superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), polymorphism in CCL2 (rs4586), stress, and comorbidity were found to be significant (p<0.05). The binary logistic regression model is an appropriate tool to predict AMD in the presence of serum CFH, serum CCL2, serum SOD1, polymorphism in CCL2 (rs4586), stress, and comorbidity with high specificity and sensitivity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.909, p=0.001) with less standard error of 0.034 and close 95% confidence intervals (0.842-0.976) further validates the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Kamal Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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