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Schork IG, Manzo IA, Beiral De Oliveira MR, Costa FV, Palme R, Young RJ, de Azevedo CS. How environmental conditions affect sleep? An investigation in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Behav Processes 2022; 199:104662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Schork IG, Manzo IA, De Oliveira MRB, da Costa FV, Young RJ, de Azevedo CS. The cyclic interaction between daytime behavior and the sleep behavior of laboratory dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:478. [PMID: 35013533 PMCID: PMC8748904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation has been found to negatively affect an individual´s physical and psychological health. Sleep loss affects activity patterns, increases anxiety-like behaviors, decreases cognitive performance and is associated with depressive states. The activity/rest cycle of dogs has been investigated before, but little is known about the effects of sleep loss on the behavior of the species. Dogs are polyphasic sleepers, meaning the behavior is most observed at night, but bouts are also present during the day. However, sleep can vary with ecological and biological factors, such as age, sex, fitness, and even human presence. In this study, kennelled laboratory adult dogs' sleep and diurnal behavior were recorded during 24-h, five-day assessment periods to investigate sleep quality and its effect on daily behavior. In total, 1560 h of data were analyzed, and sleep metrics and diurnal behavior were quantified. The relationship between sleeping patterns and behavior and the effect of age and sex were evaluated using non-parametric statistical tests and GLMM modelling. Dogs in our study slept substantially less than previously reported and presented a modified sleep architecture with fewer awakenings during the night and almost no sleep during the day. Sleep loss increased inactivity, decreased play and alert behaviors, while increased time spent eating during the day. Males appeared to be more affected by sleep fragmentation than females. Different age groups also experienced different effects of sleep loss. Overall, dogs appear to compensate for the lack of sleep during the night by remaining inactive during the day. With further investigations, the relationship between sleep loss and behavior has the potential to be used as a measure of animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gabriela Schork
- School of Sciences, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford Manchester, Salford, UK
| | - Isabele Aparecida Manzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marcos Roberto Beiral De Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Vieira da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Robert John Young
- School of Sciences, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford Manchester, Salford, UK
| | - Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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3
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Milinski L, Fisher SP, Cui N, McKillop LE, Blanco-Duque C, Ang G, Yamagata T, Bannerman DM, Vyazovskiy VV. Waking experience modulates sleep need in mice. BMC Biol 2021; 19:65. [PMID: 33823872 PMCID: PMC8025572 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeostatic regulation of sleep is reflected in the maintenance of a daily balance between sleep and wakefulness. Although numerous internal and external factors can influence sleep, it is unclear whether and to what extent the process that keeps track of time spent awake is determined by the content of the waking experience. We hypothesised that alterations in environmental conditions may elicit different types of wakefulness, which will in turn influence both the capacity to sustain continuous wakefulness as well as the rates of accumulating sleep pressure. To address this, we compared the effects of repetitive behaviours such as voluntary wheel running or performing a simple touchscreen task, with wakefulness dominated by novel object exploration, on sleep timing and EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) during subsequent NREM sleep. RESULTS We find that voluntary wheel running is associated with higher wake EEG theta-frequency activity and results in longer wake episodes, as compared with exploratory behaviour; yet, it does not lead to higher levels of EEG SWA during subsequent NREM sleep in either the frontal or occipital derivation. Furthermore, engagement in a touchscreen task, motivated by food reward, results in lower SWA during subsequent NREM sleep in both derivations, as compared to exploratory wakefulness, even though the total duration of wakefulness is similar. CONCLUSION Overall, our study suggests that sleep-wake behaviour is highly flexible within an individual and that the homeostatic processes that keep track of time spent awake are sensitive to the nature of the waking experience. We therefore conclude that sleep dynamics are determined, to a large degree, by the interaction between the organism and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Milinski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford/Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford/Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - Nanyi Cui
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford/Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford/Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina Blanco-Duque
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford/Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - Gauri Ang
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomoko Yamagata
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford/Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Park SH, Weber F. Neural and Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1662. [PMID: 32793050 PMCID: PMC7385183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct, homeostatically controlled brain state characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with paralysis of skeletal muscles and is associated with vivid dreaming. Understanding how REM sleep is controlled requires identification of the neural circuits underlying its initiation and maintenance, and delineation of the homeostatic processes regulating its expression on multiple timescales. Soon after its discovery in humans in 1953, the pons was demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient for the generation of REM sleep. But, especially within the last decade, researchers have identified further neural populations in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and medulla that regulate REM sleep by either promoting or suppressing this brain state. The discovery of these populations was greatly facilitated by the availability of novel technologies for the dissection of neural circuits. Recent quantitative models integrate findings about the activity and connectivity of key neurons and knowledge about homeostatic mechanisms to explain the dynamics underlying the recurrence of REM sleep. For the future, combining quantitative with experimental approaches to directly test model predictions and to refine existing models will greatly advance our understanding of the neural and homeostatic processes governing the regulation of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Northeast RC, Huang Y, McKillop LE, Bechtold DA, Peirson SN, Piggins HD, Vyazovskiy VV. Sleep homeostasis during daytime food entrainment in mice. Sleep 2020; 42:5536856. [PMID: 31329251 PMCID: PMC6802571 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four hour rhythms of physiology and behavior are driven by the environment and an internal endogenous timing system. Daily restricted feeding (RF) in nocturnal rodents during their inactive phase initiates food anticipatory activity (FAA) and a reorganization of the typical 24-hour sleep-wake structure. Here, we investigate the effects of daytime feeding, where food access was restricted to 4 hours during the light period ZT4-8 (Zeitgeber time; ZT0 is lights on), on sleep-wake architecture and sleep homeostasis in mice. Following 10 days of RF, mice were returned to ad libitum feeding. To mimic the spontaneous wakefulness associated with FAA and daytime feeding, mice were then sleep deprived between ZT3-6. Although the amount of wake increased during FAA and subsequent feeding, total wake time over 24 hours remained stable as the loss of sleep in the light phase was compensated for by an increase in sleep in the dark phase. Interestingly, sleep that followed spontaneous wake episodes during the dark period and the extended period of wake associated with FAA, exhibited lower levels of slow-wave activity (SWA) when compared to baseline or after sleep deprivation, despite a similar duration of waking. This suggests an evolutionary mechanism of reducing sleep drive during negative energy balance to enable greater arousal for food-seeking behaviors. However, the total amount of sleep and SWA accumulated during the 24 hours was similar between baseline and RF. In summary, our study suggests that despite substantial changes in the daily distribution and quality of wake induced by RF, sleep homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Northeast
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Yige Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - David A Bechtold
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Guillaumin MCC, McKillop LE, Cui N, Fisher SP, Foster RG, de Vos M, Peirson SN, Achermann P, Vyazovskiy VV. Cortical region-specific sleep homeostasis in mice: effects of time of day and waking experience. Sleep 2019; 41:4985519. [PMID: 29697841 PMCID: PMC6047413 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep–wake history, wake behaviors, lighting conditions, and circadian time influence sleep, but neither their relative contribution nor the underlying mechanisms are fully understood. The dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) during sleep can be described using the two-process model, whereby the parameters of homeostatic Process S are estimated using empirical EEG SWA (0.5–4 Hz) in nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), and the 24 hr distribution of vigilance states. We hypothesized that the influence of extrinsic factors on sleep homeostasis, such as the time of day or wake behavior, would manifest in systematic deviations between empirical SWA and model predictions. To test this hypothesis, we performed parameter estimation and tested model predictions using NREMS SWA derived from continuous EEG recordings from the frontal and occipital cortex in mice. The animals showed prolonged wake periods, followed by consolidated sleep, both during the dark and light phases, and wakefulness primarily consisted of voluntary wheel running, learning a new motor skill or novel object exploration. Simulated SWA matched empirical levels well across conditions, and neither waking experience nor time of day had a significant influence on the fit between data and simulation. However, we consistently observed that Process S declined during sleep significantly faster in the frontal than in the occipital area of the neocortex. The striking resilience of the model to specific wake behaviors, lighting conditions, and time of day suggests that intrinsic factors underpinning the dynamics of Process S are robust to extrinsic influences, despite their major role in shaping the overall amount and distribution of vigilance states across 24 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nanyi Cui
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten de Vos
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Langille JJ. Remembering to Forget: A Dual Role for Sleep Oscillations in Memory Consolidation and Forgetting. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:71. [PMID: 30930746 PMCID: PMC6425990 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known since the time of patient H. M. and Karl Lashley's equipotentiality studies that the hippocampus and cortex serve mnestic functions. Current memory models maintain that these two brain structures accomplish unique, but interactive, memory functions. Specifically, most modeling suggests that memories are rapidly acquired during waking experience by the hippocampus, before being later consolidated into the cortex for long-term storage. Sleep has been shown to be critical for the transfer and consolidation of memories in the cortex. Like memory consolidation, a role for sleep in adaptive forgetting has both historical precedent, as Francis Crick suggested in 1983 that sleep was for "reverse-learning," and recent empirical support. In this article I review the evidence indicating that the same brain activity involved in sleep replay associated memory consolidation is responsible for sleep-dependent forgetting. In reviewing the literature, it became clear that both a cellular mechanism for systems consolidation and an agreed upon general, as well as cellular, mechanism for sleep-dependent forgetting is seldom discussed or is lacking. I advocate here for a candidate cellular systems consolidation mechanism wherein changes in calcium kinetics and the activation of consolidative signaling cascades arise from the triple phase locking of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) slow oscillation, sleep spindle and sharp-wave ripple rhythms. I go on to speculatively consider several sleep stage specific forgetting mechanisms and conclude by discussing a notional function of NREM-rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) cycling. The discussed model argues that the cyclical organization of sleep functions to first lay down and edit and then stabilize and integrate engrams. All things considered, it is increasingly clear that hallmark sleep stage rhythms, including several NREMS oscillations and the REMS hippocampal theta rhythm, serve the dual function of enabling simultaneous memory consolidation and adaptive forgetting. Specifically, the same sleep rhythms that consolidate new memories, in the cortex and hippocampus, simultaneously organize the adaptive forgetting of older memories in these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Langille
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Rempe MJ, Grønli J, Pedersen TT, Mrdalj J, Marti A, Meerlo P, Wisor JP. Mathematical modeling of sleep state dynamics in a rodent model of shift work. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:37-51. [PMID: 31236510 PMCID: PMC6584688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are required to work when their physiology is tuned for sleep. By forcing wakefulness out of the body’s normal schedule, shift workers face numerous adverse health consequences, including gastrointestinal problems, sleep problems, and higher rates of some diseases, including cancers. Recent studies have developed protocols to simulate shift work in rodents with the intention of assessing the effects of night-shift work on subsequent sleep (Grønli et al., 2017). These studies have already provided important contributions to the understanding of the metabolic consequences of shift work (Arble et al., 2015; Marti et al., 2016; Opperhuizen et al., 2015) and sleep-wake-specific impacts of night-shift work (Grønli et al., 2017). However, our understanding of the causal mechanisms underlying night-shift-related sleep disturbances is limited. In order to advance toward a mechanistic understanding of sleep disruption in shift work, we model these data with two different approaches. First we apply a simple homeostatic model to quantify differences in the rates at which sleep need, as measured by slow wave activity during slow wave sleep (SWS) rises and falls. Second, we develop a simple and novel mathematical model of rodent sleep and use it to investigate the timing of sleep in a simulated shift work protocol (Grønli et al., 2017). This mathematical framework includes the circadian and homeostatic processes of the two-process model, but additionally incorporates a stochastic process to model the polyphasic nature of rodent sleep. By changing only the time at which the rodents are forced to be awake, the model reproduces some key experimental results from the previous study, including correct proportions of time spent in each stage of sleep as a function of circadian time and the differences in total wake time and SWS bout durations in the rodents representing night-shift workers and those representing day-shift workers. Importantly, the model allows for deeper insight into circadian and homeostatic influences on sleep timing, as it demonstrates that the differences in SWS bout duration between rodents in the two shifts is largely a circadian effect. Our study shows the importance of mathematical modeling in uncovering mechanisms behind shift work sleep disturbances and it begins to lay a foundation for future mathematical modeling of sleep in rodents. Millions of people worldwide are required to work when their physiology is tuned for sleep. Enforcing wakefulness during this time leads to numerous adverse health consequences including sleep problems and higher rates of some diseases. Rodent models of shift work have illuminated some of the effects of night shift work on subsequent sleep. This study uses mathematical modeling to accurately simulate rodent sleep during baseline and shift work conditions. A simple mathematical framework can help us understand possible mechanisms underlying the sleep disturbances seen in shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rempe
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Whitworth University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Janne Grønli
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torhild Thue Pedersen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jelena Mrdalj
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea Marti
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Wisor
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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9
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Effects of Aging on Cortical Neural Dynamics and Local Sleep Homeostasis in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3911-3928. [PMID: 29581380 PMCID: PMC5907054 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2513-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with marked effects on sleep, including its daily amount and architecture, as well as the specific EEG oscillations. Neither the neurophysiological underpinnings nor the biological significance of these changes are understood, and crucially the question remains whether aging is associated with reduced sleep need or a diminished capacity to generate sufficient sleep. Here we tested the hypothesis that aging may affect local cortical networks, disrupting the capacity to generate and sustain sleep oscillations, and with it the local homeostatic response to sleep loss. We performed chronic recordings of cortical neural activity and local field potentials from the motor cortex in young and older male C57BL/6J mice, during spontaneous waking and sleep, as well as during sleep after sleep deprivation. In older animals, we observed an increase in the incidence of non-rapid eye movement sleep local field potential slow waves and their associated neuronal silent (OFF) periods, whereas the overall pattern of state-dependent cortical neuronal firing was generally similar between ages. Furthermore, we observed that the response to sleep deprivation at the level of local cortical network activity was not affected by aging. Our data thus suggest that the local cortical neural dynamics and local sleep homeostatic mechanisms, at least in the motor cortex, are not impaired during healthy senescence in mice. This indicates that powerful protective or compensatory mechanisms may exist to maintain neuronal function stable across the life span, counteracting global changes in sleep amount and architecture. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The biological significance of age-dependent changes in sleep is unknown but may reflect either a diminished sleep need or a reduced capacity to generate deep sleep stages. As aging has been linked to profound disruptions in cortical sleep oscillations and because sleep need is reflected in specific patterns of cortical activity, we performed chronic electrophysiological recordings of cortical neural activity during waking, sleep, and after sleep deprivation from young and older mice. We found that all main hallmarks of cortical activity during spontaneous sleep and recovery sleep after sleep deprivation were largely intact in older mice, suggesting that the well-described age-related changes in global sleep are unlikely to arise from a disruption of local network dynamics within the neocortex.
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10
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Winnebeck EC, Fischer D, Leise T, Roenneberg T. Dynamics and Ultradian Structure of Human Sleep in Real Life. Curr Biol 2017; 28:49-59.e5. [PMID: 29290561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The temporal dynamics that characterize sleep are difficult to capture outside the sleep laboratory. Therefore, longitudinal studies and big-data approaches assessing sleep dynamics are lacking. Here, we present the first large-scale analysis of human sleep dynamics in real life by making use of longitudinal wrist movement recordings of >16,000 sleep bouts from 573 subjects. Through non-linear conversion of locomotor activity to "Locomotor Inactivity During Sleep" (LIDS), movement patterns are exposed that directly reflect ultradian sleep cycles and replicate the dynamics of laboratory sleep parameters. Our current analyses indicate no sex differences in LIDS-derived sleep dynamics, whereas especially age but also shift work have pronounced effects, specifically on decline rates and ultradian amplitude. In contrast, ultradian period and phase emerged as remarkably stable across the tested variables. Our approach and results provide the necessary quantitative sleep phenotypes for large field studies and outcome assessments in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Charlotte Winnebeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tanya Leise
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Rowland NE, Cervantez MR, Robertson KL. Temporal relationships between food acquisition and voluntary exercise in mice. Behav Processes 2017; 145:37-43. [PMID: 29017874 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of operant food acquisition in a closed economy and bouts of either voluntary wheel running (WR) or spontaneous locomotor activity in a standard condition (SC) with no wheel were examined in young adult male and female C57BL/6 mice across a range of nose poke prices (FUP) per food pellet. Both sexes showed vigorous WR or locomotor activity. At each FUP, WR groups had higher food intake than SC groups. Despite substantially higher mean body weight of males compared with females, intakes and activity did not differ by sex in the SC groups and males lost weight more rapidly as FUP increased. In contrast, WR males ran ∼33% further per day than females, increased their food intake (above that of SC counterparts) more than females, and lost less body weight than SC males. By parsing the night in four 3h epochs it was found that food intake declined progressively through the night in both WR and SC mice and that the hyperphagia of WR relative to SC groups was most evident early in the night, coincident with highest activity. No large or systematic sex differences were revealed in these temporal analyses. Analysis of data at 60s resolution showed that pellet acquisition occurred in many small or short bouts, the timing of which was either intercalated or concurrent with either locomotor activity or WR. The results show that increased eating due to WR occurs concurrently with maximum running, and with no evidence of delayed compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Rowland
- University of Florida, Department of Psychology, Gainesville, United States.
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12
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Adenosine A 2A receptor mediates hypnotic effects of ethanol in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12678. [PMID: 28978989 PMCID: PMC5627250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has extensive effects on sleep and daytime alertness, causing premature disability and death. Adenosine, as a potent sleep-promoting substance, is involved in many cellular and behavioral responses to ethanol. However, the mechanisms of hypnotic effects of ethanol remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of adenosine in ethanol-induced sleep using C57BL/6Slac mice, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) knockout mice, and their wild-type littermates. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (3.0 g/kg) at 21:00 decreased the latency to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased the duration of NREM sleep for 5 h. Ethanol dose-dependently increased NREM sleep, which was consistent with decreases in wakefulness in C57BL/6Slac mice compared with their own control. Caffeine (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg), a nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist, dose-dependently and at high doses completely blocked ethanol-induced NREM sleep when administered 30 min prior to (but not after) ethanol injection. Moreover, ethanol-induced NREM sleep was completely abolished in A2AR knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. These findings strongly indicate that A2AR is a key receptor for the hypnotic effects of ethanol, and pretreatment of caffeine might be a strategy to counter the hypnotic effects of ethanol.
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13
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Vyazovskiy VV, Walton ME, Peirson SN, Bannerman DM. Sleep homeostasis, habits and habituation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:202-211. [PMID: 28575718 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of sleep for behavioural performance during waking is long-established, but the underlying reasons and mechanisms remain elusive. Waking and sleep are associated with changes in the levels of GluA1 AMPAR subunit in synaptic membranes, while studies using genetically-modified mice have identified an important role for GluA1-dependent synaptic plasticity in a non-associative form of memory that underlies short-term habituation to recently experienced stimuli. Here we posit that sleep may play a role in dishabituation, which restores attentional capacity and maximises the readiness of the animal for learning and goal-directed behaviour during subsequent wakefulness. Furthermore we suggest that sleep disturbance may fundamentally change the nature of behaviour, making it more model-free and habitual as a result of reduced attentional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark E Walton
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford,South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - David M Bannerman
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford,South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
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14
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Grønli J, Clegern WC, Schmidt MA, Nemri RS, Rempe MJ, Gallitano AL, Wisor JP. Sleep Homeostatic and Waking Behavioral Phenotypes in Egr3-Deficient Mice Associated with Serotonin Receptor 5-HT 2 Deficits. Sleep 2016; 39:2189-2199. [PMID: 28057087 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The expression of the immediate early gene early growth response 3 (Egr3) is a functional marker of brain activity including responses to novelty, sustained wakefulness, and sleep. We examined the role of this gene in regulating wakefulness and sleep. METHODS Electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) were recorded in Egr3-/- and wild-type (WT) mice during 24 h baseline, 6 h sleep disruption and 6 h recovery. Serotonergic signaling was assessed with 6 h EEG/EMG recordings after injections of nonselective 5-HT2 antagonist (clozapine), selective 5-HT2 antagonists (5-HT2A; MDL100907 and 5-HT2BC; SB206553) and a cocktail of both selective antagonists, administered in a randomized order to each animal. RESULTS Egr3-/- mice did not exhibit abnormalities in the timing of wakefulness and slow wave sleep (SWS); however, EEG dynamics in SWS (suppressed 1-3 Hz power) and in quiet wakefulness (elevated 3-8 Hz and 15-35 Hz power) differed in comparison to WT-mice. Egr3-/- mice showed an exaggerated response to sleep disruption as measured by active wakefulness, but with a blunted increase in homeostatic sleep drive (elevated 1-4 Hz power) relative to WT-mice. Egr3-/-mice exhibit greatly reduced sedative effects of clozapine at the electroencephalographic level. In addition, clozapine induced a previously undescribed dissociated state (low amplitude, low frequency EEG and a stable, low muscle tone) lasting up to 2 h in WT-mice. Egr3-/- mice did not exhibit this phenomenon. Selective 5-HT2A antagonist, alone or in combination with selective 5-HT2BC antagonist, caused EEG slowing coincident with behavioral quiescence in WT-mice but not in Egr3-/- mice. CONCLUSION Egr3 has an essential role in regulating cortical arousal, wakefulness, and sleep, presumably by its regulation of 5-HT2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Grønli
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - William C Clegern
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Michelle A Schmidt
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Rahmi S Nemri
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Michael J Rempe
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University.,Mathematics and Computer Science, Whitworth University, Spokane, WA
| | - Amelia L Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan P Wisor
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University
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15
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Fisher SP, Cui N, McKillop LE, Gemignani J, Bannerman DM, Oliver PL, Peirson SN, Vyazovskiy VV. Stereotypic wheel running decreases cortical activity in mice. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13138. [PMID: 27748455 PMCID: PMC5071642 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged wakefulness is thought to gradually increase ‘sleep need' and influence subsequent sleep duration and intensity, but the role of specific waking behaviours remains unclear. Here we report the effect of voluntary wheel running during wakefulness on neuronal activity in the motor and somatosensory cortex in mice. We find that stereotypic wheel running is associated with a substantial reduction in firing rates among a large subpopulation of cortical neurons, especially at high speeds. Wheel running also has longer-term effects on spiking activity across periods of wakefulness. Specifically, cortical firing rates are significantly higher towards the end of a spontaneous prolonged waking period. However, this increase is abolished when wakefulness is dominated by running wheel activity. These findings indicate that wake-related changes in firing rates are determined not only by wake duration, but also by specific waking behaviours. Sleep need is thought to accumulate gradually over waking periods and is associated with changes in neuronal activity. Here the authors show that in mice cortical firing rates increase between the beginning and end of wakefulness periods but this increase is not seen in waking periods with voluntary stereotypic wheel running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nanyi Cui
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Jessica Gemignani
- European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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16
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Abstract
A commonly held view is that extended wakefulness is causal for a broad spectrum of deleterious effects at molecular, cellular, network, physiological, psychological, and behavioral levels. Consequently, it is often presumed that sleep plays an active role in providing renormalization of the changes incurred during preceding waking. Not surprisingly, unequivocal empirical evidence supporting such a simple bi-directional interaction between waking and sleep is often limited or controversial. One difficulty is that, invariably, a constellation of many intricately interrelated factors, including the time of day, specific activities or behaviors during preceding waking, metabolic status and stress are present at the time of measurement, shaping the overall effect observed. In addition to this, although insufficient or disrupted sleep is thought to prevent efficient recovery of specific physiological variables, it is also often difficult to attribute specific changes to the lack of sleep proper. Furthermore, sleep is a complex phenomenon characterized by a multitude of processes, whose unique and distinct contributions to the purported functions of sleep are difficult to determine, because they are interrelated. Intensive research effort over the last decades has greatly progressed current understanding of the cellular and physiological processes underlying the regulation of vigilance states. Notably, it also highlighted the infinite complexity within both waking and sleep, and revealed a number of fundamental conceptual and technical obstacles that need to be overcome in order to fully understand these processes. A promising approach could be to view sleep not as an entity, which has specific function(s) and is subject to direct regulation, but as a manifestation of the process of metaregulation, which enables efficient moment-to-moment integration between internal and external factors, preceding history and current homeostatic needs.
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17
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Anaclet C, Ferrari L, Arrigoni E, Bass CE, Saper CB, Lu J, Fuller PM. The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep-promoting center. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1217-24. [PMID: 25129078 PMCID: PMC4214681 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Work in animals and humans suggest the existence of a slow–wave sleep (SWS) promoting/EEG synchronizing center in the mammalian lower brainstem. While sleep–active GABAergic neurons in the medullary parafacial zone (PZ) are needed for normal SWS, it remains unclear if these neurons can initiate and maintain SWS or EEG slow wave activity (SWA) in behaving mice. We used genetically targeted activation and optogenetic–based mapping to uncover the downstream circuitry engaged by SWS–promoting PZ neurons, and we show that this circuit uniquely and potently initiates SWS and EEG SWA, regardless of the time of day. PZ neurons monosynaptically innervate and release synaptic GABA onto parabrachial neurons that in turn project to and release synaptic glutamate onto cortically–projecting neurons of the magnocellular basal forebrain; hence a circuit substrate is in place through which GABAergic PZ neurons can potently trigger SWS and modulate the cortical EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Anaclet
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Loris Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Vyazovskiy VV, Cui N, Rodriguez AV, Funk C, Cirelli C, Tononi G. The dynamics of cortical neuronal activity in the first minutes after spontaneous awakening in rats and mice. Sleep 2014; 37:1337-47. [PMID: 25083014 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Upon awakening from sleep, a fully awake brain state is not reestablished immediately, but the origin and physiological properties of the distinct brain state during the first min after awakening are unclear. To investigate whether neuronal firing immediately upon arousal is different from the remaining part of the waking episode, we recorded and analyzed the dynamics of cortical neuronal activity in the first 15 min after spontaneous awakenings in freely moving rats and mice. DESIGN Intracortical recordings of the local field potential and neuronal activity in freely-moving mice and rats. SETTING Basic sleep research laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS WKY adult male rats, C57BL/6 adult male mice. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In both species the average population spiking activity upon arousal was initially low, though substantial variability in the dynamics of firing activity was apparent between individual neurons. A distinct population of neurons was found that was virtually silent in the first min upon awakening. The overall lower population spiking initially after awakening was associated with the occurrence of brief periods of generalized neuronal silence (OFF periods), whose frequency peaked immediately after awakening and then progressively declined. OFF periods incidence upon awakening was independent of ongoing locomotor activity but was sensitive to immediate preceding sleep/wake history. Notably, in both rats and mice if sleep before a waking episode was enriched in rapid eye movement sleep, the incidence of OFF periods was initially higher as compared to those waking episodes preceded mainly by nonrapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSION We speculate that an intrusion of sleep-like patterns of cortical neuronal activity into the wake state immediately after awakening may account for some of the changes in the behavior and cognitive function typical of what is referred to as sleep inertia. CITATION Vyazovskiy VV, Cui N, Rodriguez AV, Funk C, Cirelli C, Tononi G. The dynamics of cortical neuronal activity in the first minutes after spontaneous awakening in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nanyi Cui
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chadd Funk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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19
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Vyazovskiy VV, Delogu A. NREM and REM Sleep: Complementary Roles in Recovery after Wakefulness. Neuroscientist 2014; 20:203-19. [PMID: 24598308 DOI: 10.1177/1073858413518152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The overall function of sleep is hypothesized to provide "recovery" after preceding waking activities, thereby ensuring optimal functioning during subsequent wakefulness. However, the functional significance of the temporal dynamics of sleep, manifested in the slow homeostatic process and the alternation between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep remains unclear. We propose that NREM and REM sleep have distinct and complementary contributions to the overall function of sleep. Specifically, we suggest that cortical slow oscillations, occurring within specific functionally interconnected neuronal networks during NREM sleep, enable information processing, synaptic plasticity, and prophylactic cellular maintenance ("recovery process"). In turn, periodic excursions into an activated brain state-REM sleep-appear to be ideally placed to perform "selection" of brain networks, which have benefited from the process of "recovery," based on their offline performance. Such two-stage modus operandi of the sleep process would ensure that its functions are fulfilled according to the current need and in the shortest time possible. Our hypothesis accounts for the overall architecture of normal sleep and opens up new perspectives for understanding pathological conditions associated with abnormal sleep patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Delogu
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Abstract
In the last decades a substantial knowledge about sleep mechanisms has been accumulated. However, the function of sleep still remains elusive. The difficulty with unraveling sleep's function may arise from the lack of understanding of how the multitude of processes associated with waking and sleep-from gene expression and single neuron activity to the whole brain dynamics and behavior-functionally and mechanistically relate to each other. Therefore, novel conceptual frameworks, which integrate and take into account the variety of phenomena occurring during waking and sleep at different levels, will likely lead to advances in our understanding of the function of sleep, above and beyond what merely descriptive or correlative approaches can provide. One such framework, the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, focuses on wake- and sleep-dependent changes in synaptic strength. The core claim of this hypothesis is that learning and experience during wakefulness are associated with a net increase in synaptic strength. In turn, the proposed function of sleep is to provide synaptic renormalization, which has important implications with respect to energy needs, intracranial space, metabolic supplies, and, importantly, enables further plastic changes. In this article we review the empirical evidence for this hypothesis, which was obtained at several levels-from gene expression and cellular excitability to structural synaptic modifications and behavioral outcomes. We conclude that although the mechanisms behind the proposed role of sleep in synaptic homeostasis are undoubtedly complex, this conceptual framework offers a unique opportunity to provide mechanistic and functional explanation for many previously disparate observations, and define future research strategies.
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21
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Walusinski O. How yawning switches the default-mode network to the attentional network by activating the cerebrospinal fluid flow. Clin Anat 2013; 27:201-9. [PMID: 23813685 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Yawning is a behavior to which little research has been devoted. However, its purpose has not yet been demonstrated and remains controversial. In this article, we propose a new theory involving the brain network that is functional during the resting state, that is, the default mode network. When this network is active, yawning manifests a process of switching to the attentional system through its capacity to increase circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thereby increasing clearance of somnogenic factors (prostaglandin D(2), adenosine, and others) accumulating in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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22
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Vyazovskiy VV, Harris KD. Sleep and the single neuron: the role of global slow oscillations in individual cell rest. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:443-51. [PMID: 23635871 PMCID: PMC3972489 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is universal in animals, but its specific functions remain elusive. We propose that sleep's primary function is to allow individual neurons to perform prophylactic cellular maintenance. Just as muscle cells must rest after strenuous exercise to prevent long-term damage, brain cells must rest after intense synaptic activity. We suggest that periods of reduced synaptic input ('off periods' or 'down states') are necessary for such maintenance. This in turn requires a state of globally synchronized neuronal activity, reduced sensory input and behavioural immobility - the well-known manifestations of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy
- University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kenneth D. Harris
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
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23
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Carotenuto M, Gallai B, Parisi L, Roccella M, Esposito M. Acupressure therapy for insomnia in adolescents: a polysomnographic study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:157-62. [PMID: 23378768 PMCID: PMC3559075 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s41892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of acupressure therapy in a sample of adolescents with insomnia using a standard polysomnographic evaluation. METHODS For this study, 25 adolescents affected by psychophysiological insomnia (mean age 15.04 ± 1.18 years, 12 boys) were enrolled. A device known as the Sea-Band(®) was used by the patients in order to improve their symptoms related to difficulty in falling asleep. All subjects enrolled underwent two sets of consecutive overnight polysomnographic studies in the Sleep Laboratory of the Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, comprising two studies at baseline (before treatment) and another two studies at the end of 6 months of treatment. RESULTS At the end of 6 months of treatment, there was a significant increase in all macrostructural parameters of sleep duration, and a reduction in sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and stage 2 sleep. Moreover, the study group showed a significant increase in percent sleep efficiency (P < 0.001) and in slow wave sleep representation. CONCLUSION Acupressure is a noninvasive, safe, and effective method for the management of insomnia in adolescents, with good compliance and no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carotenuto
- Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Beatrice Gallai
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia
| | - Lucia Parisi
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Roccella
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Esposito
- Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Second University of Naples, Naples
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Esposito M, Roccella M, Parisi L, Gallai B, Carotenuto M. Hypersomnia in children affected by migraine without aura: a questionnaire-based case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:289-94. [PMID: 23459616 PMCID: PMC3582477 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s42182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between sleep and headache is meaningful and complex. Children affected by migraines tend to show many sleep disorders, such as insufficient sleep duration and excessive daytime somnolence. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the rate of reported sleep habits and self-reported sleepiness in a large pediatric sample of individuals affected by migraine without aura (MoA). METHODS The study population consisted of 271 children aged between 6 and 13 years affected by MoA. The control group was composed of 305 typically developing children. To assess the sleep habits of all individuals (MoA and control), parents filled out the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, and to check the degree of subjective perceived daytime sleepiness, all subjects were administered the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale. RESULTS The two study groups were matched for age (P = 0.124), sex distribution (P = 0.775), and body mass index z-score (P = 0.107). Parents of children affected by MoA reported a higher total score of sleep disorder symptoms (P <0.001), disorders of initiating and maintaining (P < 0.001), and disorders of arousal (P < 0.001) than did parents of controls. No significant differences were found in disorders of excessive somnolence. Conversely, in the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, migraine children had higher scores (24.67 ± 3.19 vs 11.94 ± 4.81; P < 0.001) and a reduction in referred total sleep time mean duration (469.83 ± 98.112 vs 527.94 ± 83.02; P < 0.001) than typically developing children. CONCLUSION Our study identified differences in sleep habits and found a high prevalence of daytime somnolence in children affected by MoA, suggesting the need for routine sleep screening in the pediatric management of children with migraines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esposito
- Center for Childhood Headache, Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical, and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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