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Bao X, Gänzle MG, Wu J. Ovomucin Hydrolysates Reduce Bacterial Adhesion and Inflammation in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-Challenged Intestinal Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7219-7229. [PMID: 38507577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is the most common cause of diarrhea in neonatal and postweaning pigs. After adhering to small intestinal epithelial cells via glycoprotein receptor recognition, the pathogen can produce enterotoxins, impair intestinal integrity, trigger watery diarrhea, and induce inflammation via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MAPK) pathways. Inhibiting ETEC K88 adhesion to cell surfaces by interfering with the receptor-fimbriae recognition provides a promising strategy to prevent the initiation and progression of infection. Ovomucin is a highly glycosylated protein in chicken egg white with diverse bioactivities. Ovomucin hydrolysates prepared by the enzymes Protex 26L (OP) and pepsin/pancreatin (OPP) were previously revealed to prevent adhesion of ETEC K88 to IPEC-J2 cells. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of ovomucin hydrolysates on ETEC K88-induced barrier integrity damage and inflammation in IPEC-J2 and Caco-2 cells. Both hydrolysates inhibited ETEC K88 adhesion to cells and protected epithelial cell integrity by restoring transepithelial electronic resistance (TEER) values. Removing sialic acids in the hydrolysates reduced their antiadhesive capacities. Ovomucin hydrolysates suppressed ETEC-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in both cell lines. The ability of ETEC K88 in activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK II), elevating intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and inducing oxidative stress was attenuated by both hydrolysates. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of ovomucin hydrolysates to prevent ETEC K88 adhesion and alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Bao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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2
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Qian R, Wu M, Yang Z, Wu Y, Guo W, Zhou Z, Wang X, Li D, Lu Y. Rectifying artificial nanochannels with multiple interconvertible permeability states. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2051. [PMID: 38448408 PMCID: PMC10918189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane channels play a vital role in regulating the permeation process, and have inspired recent development of biomimetic channels. Herein, we report a class of artificial biomimetic nanochannels based on DNAzyme-functionalized glass nanopipettes to realize delicate control of channel permeability, whereby the surface wettability and charge can be tuned by metal ions and DNAzyme-substrates, allowing reversible conversion between different permeability states. We demonstrate that the nanochannels can be reversibly switched between four different permeability states showing distinct permeability to various functional molecules. By embedding the artificial nanochannels into the plasma membrane of single living cells, we achieve selective transport of dye molecules across the cell membrane. Finally, we report on the advanced functions including gene silencing of miR-21 in single cancer cells and selective transport of Ca2+ into single PC-12 cells. In this work, we provide a versatile tool for the design of rectifying artificial nanochannels with on-demand functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruocan Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Mansha Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zerui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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3
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Miller ZA, Mueller A, Kim T, Jolivert JF, Ma RZ, Muthuswami S, Park A, McMahon DB, Nead KT, Carey RM, Lee RJ. Lidocaine induces apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through activation of bitter taste receptor T2R14. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113437. [PMID: 37995679 PMCID: PMC10842818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) have high mortality and significant treatment-related morbidity. It is vital to discover effective, minimally invasive therapies that improve survival and quality of life. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed in HNSCCs, and T2R activation can induce apoptosis. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that also activates bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14). Lidocaine has some anti-cancer effects, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we find that lidocaine causes intracellular Ca2+ mobilization through activation of T2R14 in HNSCC cells. T2R14 activation with lidocaine depolarizes mitochondria, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Concomitant with mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, ROS production causes T2R14-dependent accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that proteasome inhibition contributes to T2R14-induced apoptosis. Lidocaine may have therapeutic potential in HNSCCs as a topical gel or intratumor injection. In addition, we find that HPV-associated (HPV+) HNSCCs are associated with increased TAS2R14 expression. Lidocaine treatment may benefit these patients, warranting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey A Miller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arielle Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - TaeBeom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer F Jolivert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ray Z Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sahil Muthuswami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - April Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Nead
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Salazar V, Bolaños P, del Castillo JR. Enteric Nervous System: Identification of a Novel Neuronal Sensory Network in the Duodenal Epithelium. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:601-630. [PMID: 37791513 PMCID: PMC10617440 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231203038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The communication between the intestinal epithelium and the enteric nervous system has been considered indirect. Mechanical or chemical stimuli activate enteroendocrine cells inducing hormone secretion, which act on sub-epithelial nerve ends, activating the enteric nervous system. However, we identified an epithelial cell that expresses NKAIN4, a neuronal protein associated with the β-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. This cell overexpresses Na+/K+-ATPase and ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase, enzymes involved in active sodium transport. NKAIN4-positive cells also express neuronal markers as NeuN, acetylcholine-esterase, acetylcholine-transferase, α3- and α7-subunits of ACh receptors, glutamic-decarboxylase, and serotonin-receptor-7, suggesting they are neurons. NKAIN4-positive cells show a polarized shape with an oval body, an apical process finished in a knob-like terminal in contact with the lumen, a basal cilia body at the base of the apical extension, and basal axon-like soma projections connecting sub-epithelial nerve terminals, lymphoid nodules, glial cells, and enterochromaffin cells, forming a network that reaches the epithelial surface. We also showed, using retrograde labeling and immunofluorescence, that these cells receive afferent signals from the enteric nervous system. Finally, we demonstrated that acetylcholine activates NKAIN4-positive cells inducing Ca2+ mobilization and probably serotonin secretion in enterochromaffin cells. NKAIN4-positive cells are neurons that would form a part of a duodenal sensory network for physiological or noxious luminal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Salazar
- Light Microscopy Service, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Pura Bolaños
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jesús R. del Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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5
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Wu S, Xie J, Zhao H, Sanchez O, Zhao X, Freeman JL, Yuan C. Pre-differentiation GenX exposure induced neurotoxicity in human dopaminergic-like neurons. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138900. [PMID: 37172627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
GenX, also known as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO) was introduced as a safer alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 2009. After nearly two decades of applications there are increasing safety concerns about GenX due to its association with various organ damages. Few studies, however, have systematically assessed the molecular neurotoxicity of low-dose GenX exposure. Here, we evaluated the effects of pre-differentiation exposure of GenX on dopaminergic (DA) -like neurons using SH-SY5Y cell line; and assessed changes in epigenome, mitochondrion, and neuronal characteristics. Low dose GenX exposure at 0.4 and 4 μg/L prior to differentiation induces persistent changes in nuclear morphology and chromatin arrangements, manifested specifically in the facultative repressive marker H3K27me3. We also observed impaired neuronal network, increased calcium activity along with alterations in Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-Synuclein after prior exposure to GenX. Collectively, our results identified neurotoxicity of low-dose GenX exposure in human DA-like neurons following a developmental exposure scheme. The observed changes in neuronal characteristics suggest GenX as a potential neurotoxin and risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Wu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Junkai Xie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Han Zhao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Oscar Sanchez
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xihui Zhao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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6
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Li L, Dai S, Liu JY, Wu W, Zhao QX, Wang X, Wang N, Xu ZH. Antagonistic Effect and In Vitro Activity of Dauricine on Glucagon Receptor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2035-2043. [PMID: 35834753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal increases in glucagon (GCG) are the primary cause of type II diabetes mellitus. When GCG interacts with a glucagon receptor (GCGR), GCG can increase the blood glucose level. In this paper, a compound that could interfere with the binding of GCG and GCGR to inhibit the increase of blood glucose was investigated. First, molecular docking was used to conduct preliminary screening of compounds whose active components could combine with GCGR by AutoDock Vina. The binding of the receptor-ligand complex was analyzed by PyMOL. Results showed that dauricine could tightly bind to the receptor pocket. Second, the plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-GCGR containing the target gene was transfected into HEK293 cells for expression, which was the cell model established to screen GCGR antagonist. Dauricine, the lead compound of glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA), was screened using the GRA screening model in vitro. Finally, using [Des-His1, Glu9]-Glucagon amide as the positive control, flow cytometry was used to express the antagonistic effect of the compound. Consequently, dauricine can antagonize the GCGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Shuang Dai
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jing-Ya Liu
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qian-Xi Zhao
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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7
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Ballesteros A, Swartz KJ. Regulation of membrane homeostasis by TMC1 mechanoelectrical transduction channels is essential for hearing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5550. [PMID: 35921424 PMCID: PMC9348795 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channel in auditory hair cells converts sound into electrical signals, enabling hearing. Transmembrane-like channel 1 and 2 (TMC1 and TMC2) are implicated in forming the pore of the MET channel. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of MET channels, breakage of the tip links required for MET, or buffering of intracellular Ca... induces pronounced phosphatidylserine externalization, membrane blebbing, and ectosome release at the hair cell sensory organelle, culminating in the loss of TMC1. Membrane homeostasis triggered by MET channel inhibition requires Tmc1 but not Tmc2, and three deafness-causing mutations in Tmc1 cause constitutive phosphatidylserine externalization that correlates with deafness phenotype. Our results suggest that, in addition to forming the pore of the MET channel, TMC1 is a critical regulator of membrane homeostasis in hair cells, and that Tmc1-related hearing loss may involve alterations in membrane homeostasis.
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Ahmed ASI, Sheng MHC, Lau KHW, Wilson SM, Wongworawat MD, Tang X, Ghahramanpouri M, Nehme A, Xu Y, Abdipour A, Zhang XB, Wasnik S, Baylink DJ. Calcium released by osteoclastic resorption stimulates autocrine/paracrine activities in local osteogenic cells to promote coupled bone formation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C977-C990. [PMID: 35385325 PMCID: PMC9109806 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00413.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major cause of osteoporosis is impaired coupled bone formation. Mechanistically, both osteoclast-derived and bone-derived growth factors have been previously implicated. We hypothesize that the release of bone calcium during osteoclastic bone resorption is essential for coupled bone formation. Osteoclastic resorption increases interstitial fluid calcium locally from the normal 1.8 mM up to 5 mM. MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitors, cultured in a 3.6 mM calcium medium, demonstrated that calcium signaling stimulated osteogenic cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Calcium channel knockdown studies implicated calcium channels, Cav1.2, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in regulating bone cell anabolic activities. MC3T3-E1 cultured in a 3.6 mM calcium medium expressed increased gene expression of Wnt signaling and growth factors platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP 2). Our coupling model of bone formation, the Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) treated mouse calvaria, confirmed the role of calcium signaling in coupled bone formation by exhibiting increased gene expression for osterix and osteocalcin. Critically, dual immunocytochemistry showed that RANKL treatment increased osterix positive cells and increased fluorescence intensity of Cav1.2 and CaSR protein expression per osterix positive cell. The data established that calcium released by osteoclasts contributed to the regulation of coupled bone formation. CRISPR/Cas-9 knockout of Cav1.2 in osteoprogenitors cultured in basal calcium medium caused a >80% decrease in the expression of downstream osteogenic genes, emphasizing the large magnitude of the effect of calcium signaling. Thus, calcium signaling is a major regulator of coupled bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Shufian Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States.,The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Matilda H C Sheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Sean M Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - M Daniel Wongworawat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, United States
| | - Mahdis Ghahramanpouri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Antoine Nehme
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University and Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Amir Abdipour
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - David J Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
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9
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Li H, Wu R, Xi Y, Li H, Chang G, Sun F, Wei C, Jiao L, Wen X, Zhang G, Zaid A, Hao J. Dopamine 1 receptors inhibit apoptosis via activating CSE/H 2 S pathway in high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1098-1108. [PMID: 35293655 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High glucose (HG) induced dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Inhibition of cystathionine γ-synthase/hydrogen sulfide (CSE/H2 S) pathway is one of the causes of vascular endothelial cells injury induced by HG. Dopamine D1 receptors (DR1) are widely expressed and regulate important physiological functions in the vascular system. However, the effect of DR1 inhibition on HG-induced vascular endothelial apoptosis by regulating CSE/H2 S pathway is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine if DR1 can regulate the CSE/H2 S pathway and the effect of DR1 on HG-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, we found that HG treatment significantly decreased the expression of DR1 and CSE and the endogenous content of H2 S, DR1 agonist SKF 38393 reversed these effect, while NaHS only increased CSE expression and the endogenous H2 S production and had no effect on DR1 expression. Meanwhile, HG significantly raised intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ), SKF 38393 further increased HG-induced [Ca2+ ]i . In addition, HG increased LDH activity, MDA and ROS contents, apoptotic rate, the expression of cleaved caspase-3, -9 and Cytochrome C and the activity of phosphorylated-IκBα (p-IκBα) and phosphorylated-NF-κB (p-NF-κB), reduced cell viability, SOD activity and Bcl-2 expressions. SKF 38393 and NaHS markedly reversed the effect of HG. The effect of SKF 38393 was similar to NAC (an inhibitor of oxidative stress) or PDTC (a NF-kB inhibitor). Taken together, DR1 up-regulate CSE/H2 S pathway by increasing [Ca2+ ]i , which inhibits HG-induced apoptosis via down-regulating NF-κB/IκBα pathway in vascular endothelial cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhu Li
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361100, Fujian, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ren Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuxin Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guiquan Chang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengqi Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Can Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijie Jiao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Altaany Zaid
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jinghui Hao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
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10
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Chen T, Fu Y, Zhang R, Han G, Li X. KCl-CaCO 3 nanoclusters armoured with Pt nanocrystals for enhanced electro-driven tumor inhibition. Biomater Sci 2021; 10:376-380. [PMID: 34928270 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrodynamic therapy (EDT) has recently emerged as an alternative approach for tumor therapy via the generation of ROS by platinum (Pt) nanoparticles under electric field. An interesting phenomenon observed during EDT is that the increased on-site concentration of chloride ions is highly beneficial for ROS generation and inhibition efficacy. Here, in this study, nanoclusters (KCC), consisting of potassium chloride (KCl) nanocrystals and amorphous calcium carbonate (CaCO3), were synthesized and integrated with platinum nanoparticles (KCCP). In this system, KCC can dissolve and release calcium and chloride ions within tumor cells. The intracellular chloride ions considerably facilitated ROS generation by Pt nanoparticles under an electric field. More importantly, the excessive calcium ions and ROS formed a cycle of mutual promotion and self-amplification in cells, leading to agitated tumor inhibition, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yike Fu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, P.R. China.
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China.
| | - Gaorong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, P.R. China.
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11
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Hu YH, Quan ZY, Li DK, Wang CY, Sun ZX. Inhibition of CYP3A4 enhances aloe-emodin induced hepatocyte injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105276. [PMID: 34875353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (AE) is a natural hydroxyanthraquinone derivative that was found in many medicinal plants and ethnic medicines. AE showed a wide array of pharmacological activities including anticancer, antifungal, laxative, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. However, increasing number of published studies have shown that AE may have some hepatotoxicity effects but the mechanism is not fully understood. Studies have shown that the liver injury induced by some free hydroxyanthraquinone compounds is associated with the inhibition of some metabolic enzymes. In this study, the CYP3A4 and CYP3A1 were found to be the main metabolic enzymes of AE in human and rat liver microsomes respectively. And AE was metabolized by liver microsomes to produce hydroxyl metabolites and rhein. When CYP3A4 was knocked down in L02 and HepaRG cells, the cytotoxicity of AE was increased significantly. Furthermore, AE increased the rates of apoptosis of L02 and HepaRG cells, accompanied by Ca2+ elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. The mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 in L02 and HepaRG cells increased significantly in the high-dose of AE (40 μmol/L) group, and the mRNA expression of quinone oxidoreductase-1 was activated by AE in all concentrations. Taken together, the inhibition of CYP3A4 enhances the hepatocyte injury of AE. AE can induce mitochondrial injury and the imbalance of oxidative stress of hepatocytes, which results in hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Huan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Quan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Deng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Xiao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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12
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Zhang J, Lu X, Liu M, Fan H, Zheng H, Zhang S, Rahman N, Wołczyński S, Kretowski A, Li X. Melatonin inhibits inflammasome-associated activation of endothelium and macrophages attenuating pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:2156-2169. [PMID: 31774487 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pathophysiological syndrome associated with pulmonary/systemic inflammation. Melatonin relieves PAH, but the molecular mode of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of melatonin in normalizing vascular homeostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS Light-time mean serum melatonin concentration was lower in patients with PAH than in normal controls [11.06 ± 3.44 (7.13-15.6) vs. 14.55 ± 1.28 (8.0-19.4) pg/mL], which was negatively correlated with increased serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in patients with PAH. We showed that inflammasomes were activated in the PAH mice model and that melatonin attenuated IL-1β secretion. On one hand, melatonin reduced the number of macrophages in lung by inhibiting the endothelial chemokines and adhesion factors. Moreover, use of Il1r-/- mice, Caspase1/11-/- mice, and melatonin-treated mice revealed that melatonin reduced hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial leakage in the lung. On the other hand, we verified that melatonin reduced the formation of inflammasome multiprotein complexes by modulating calcium ions in macrophages using a live cell station, and melatonin decreased inositol triphosphate and increased cAMP. Furthermore, knockdown of melatonin membrane receptors blocked melatonin function, and a melatonin membrane receptors agonist inactivated inflammasomes in macrophages. CONCLUSION Melatonin attenuated inflammasome-associated vascular disorders by directly improving endothelial leakage and decreasing the formation of inflammasome multiprotein complexes in macrophages. Taken together, our data provide a theoretical basis for applying melatonin clinically, and inflammasomes may be a possible target of PAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 102628, China
| | - Hanlu Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nafis Rahman
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wołczyński
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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13
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Di Y, Xu T, Tian Y, Ma T, Qu D, Wang Y, Lin Y, Bao D, Yu L, Liu S, Wang A. Ursolic acid protects against cisplatin‑induced ototoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and TRPV1‑mediated Ca2+‑signaling. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:806-816. [PMID: 32626955 PMCID: PMC7307815 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely used in clinical settings for the treatment of various cancers. However, ototoxicity is a major side effect of CDDP, and there is an associated risk of irreversible hearing loss. We previously demonstrated that CDDP could induce ototoxicity via activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) pathway and subsequent induction of oxidative stress. The present study investigated whether ursolic acid (UA) treatment could protect against CDDP‑induced ototoxicity. UA is a triterpenoid with strong antioxidant activity widely used in China for the treatment of liver diseases. This traditional Chinese medicine is mainly isolated from bearberry, a Chinese herb. The present results showed that CDDP increased auditory brainstem response threshold shifts in frequencies associated with observed damage to the outer hair cells. Moreover, CDDP increased the expression of TRPV1, calpain 2 and caspase‑3 in the cochlea, and the levels of Ca2+ and 4‑hydroxynonenal. UA co‑treatment significantly attenuated CDDP‑induced hearing loss and inhibited TRPV1 pathway activation. In addition, UA enhanced CDDP‑induced growth inhibition in the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3, suggesting that UA synergizes with CDDP in vitro. Collectively, the present data suggested that UA could effectively attenuate CDDP‑induced hearing loss by inhibiting the TRPV1/Ca²+/calpain‑oxidative stress pathway without impairing the antitumor effects of CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Xu
- Life Science Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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14
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Qiao J, Hwang YH, Kim DP, Qi L. Simultaneous Monitoring of Temperature and Ca2+ Concentration Variation by Fluorescent Polymer during Intracellular Heat Production. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8579-8583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yoon-Ho Hwang
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Nam-Gu, Pohang-Si, Gyungsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Nam-Gu, Pohang-Si, Gyungsangbuk-do 37673, South Korea
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Zhang X, Fang Q, Ma Y, Zou S, Liu Q, Wang H. Protease activated receptor 2 mediates tryptase-induced cell migration through MYO10 in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1995-2006. [PMID: 31598400 PMCID: PMC6780659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MYO10 is an actin-based motor protein and correlates with cancer metastasis. However, the regulation of MYO10 by tumor microenvironment is unknown. In the current study, we found that the expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) was highly correlated with that of MYO10 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) specimens. Both MYO10 and PAR2 were up-regulated in lymph node metastasis group compared with non-metastasis group. Activation of PAR2 significantly induced cell migration through the up-regulation of MYO10, which was mediated by repression of miR-204 in multiple cell lines. Interestingly, it was observed that tryptase was highly expressed in adjacent tissue around primary tumor of CRC. Furthermore, tryptase stimulated cell migration and up-regulated MYO10 expression through a PAR2-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings showed that PAR2 enhanced the expression of MYO10 through the repression of miR-204. PAR2 mediated tryptase-induced cell migration and might contribute to the invasion of cancer cells at the edge of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Shuangmei Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
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16
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Wang J, Li W, Zhou F, Feng R, Wang F, Zhang S, Li J, Li Q, Wang Y, Xie J, Wen T. ATP11B deficiency leads to impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:688-702. [PMID: 31152587 PMCID: PMC7261485 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is known to regulate and support signal transduction between neurons, while synaptic dysfunction contributes to multiple neurological and other brain disorders; however, the specific mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. In the present study, abnormal neural and dendritic morphology was observed in the hippocampus following knockout of Atp11b both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ATP11B modified synaptic ultrastructure and promoted spine remodeling via the asymmetrical distribution of phosphatidylserine and enhancement of glutamate release, glutamate receptor expression, and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Furthermore, experimental results also indicate that ATP11B regulated synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons through the MAPK14 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data shed light on the possible mechanisms underlying the regulation of synaptic plasticity and lay the foundation for the exploration of proteins involved in signal transduction during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruili Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fushuai Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Xie
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tieqiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Holman HA, Poppi LA, Frerck M, Rabbitt RD. Spontaneous and Acetylcholine Evoked Calcium Transients in the Developing Mouse Utricle. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:186. [PMID: 31133810 PMCID: PMC6514437 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous calcium transients are present during early postnatal development in the mouse retina and cochlea, and play an important role in maturation of the sensory organs and neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS). It is not known whether similar calcium transients occur during postnatal development in the vestibular sensory organs. Here we demonstrate spontaneous intracellular calcium transients in sensory hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) in the murine utricular macula during the first two postnatal weeks. Calcium transients were monitored using a genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP5G (G5), at 100 ms-frame−1 in excised utricle sensory epithelia, including HCs, SCs, and neurons. The reporter line expressed G5 and tdTomato (tdT) in a Gad2-Cre dependent manner within a subset of utricular HCs, SCs and neurons. Kinetics of the G5 reporter limited temporal resolution to calcium events lasting longer than 200 ms. Spontaneous calcium transients lasting 1-2 s were observed in the expressing population of HCs at birth and slower spontaneous transients lasting 10-30 s appeared in SCs by P3. Beginning at P5, calcium transients could be modulated by application of the efferent neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). In mature mice, calcium transients in the utricular macula occurred spontaneously, had a duration 1-2 s, and could be modulated by the exogenous application of acetylcholine (ACh) or muscarine. Long-lasting calcium transients evoked by ACh in mature mice were blocked by atropine, consistent with previous reports describing the role of muscarinic receptors expressed in calyx bearing afferents in efferent control of vestibular sensation. Large spontaneous and ACh evoked transients were reversibly blocked by the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) antagonist aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). Results demonstrate long-lasting calcium transients are present in the utricular macula during the first postnatal week, and that responses to ACh mature over this same time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Holman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Lauren A Poppi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Micah Frerck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Richard D Rabbitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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18
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Chang JYA, Yu F, Shi L, Ko ML, Ko GYP. Melatonin Affects Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in the Diabetic Retina. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:8463125. [PMID: 31098384 PMCID: PMC6487082 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8463125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission and fusion are dependent on cellular nutritional states, and maintaining this dynamics is critical for the health of cells. Starvation triggers mitochondrial fusion to maintain bioenergetic efficiency, but during nutrient overloads (as with hyperglycemic conditions), fragmenting mitochondria is a way to store nutrients to avoid waste of energy. In addition to ATP production, mitochondria play an important role in buffering intracellular calcium (Ca2+). We found that in cultured 661W cells, a photoreceptor-derived cell line, hyperglycemic conditions triggered an increase of the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a protein marker of mitochondrial fission, and a decrease of mitofusin 2 (MFN2), a protein for mitochondrial fusion. Further, these hyperglycemic cells also had decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ but increased cytosolic Ca2+. Treating these hyperglycemic cells with melatonin, a multifaceted antioxidant, averted hyperglycemia-altered mitochondrial fission-and-fusion dynamics and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. To mimic how people most commonly take melatonin supplements, we gave melatonin to streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 1 diabetic mice by daily oral gavage and determined the effects of melatonin on diabetic eyes. We found that melatonin was not able to reverse the STZ-induced systemic hyperglycemic condition, but it prevented STZ-induced damage to the neural retina and retinal microvasculature. The beneficial effects of melatonin in the neural retina in part were through alleviating STZ-caused changes in mitochondrial dynamics and Ca2+ buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Ya-An Chang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Liheng Shi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Michael L. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gladys Y.-P. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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19
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Rationally Designed α-Conotoxin Analogues Maintained Analgesia Activity and Weakened Side Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020337. [PMID: 30669328 PMCID: PMC6358911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of specificity is restricting the further application of conotoxin from Conus bullatus (BuIA). In this study, an analogue library of BuIA was established and virtual screening was used, which identified high α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-selectivity analogues. The analogues were synthesized and tested for their affinity to functional human α7 nAChR and for the regulation of intracellular calcium ion capacity in neurons. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and patch clamp results showed that the analogues maintained their capacity for calcium regulation. The results of the hot-plate model and paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy model indicated that, when compared with natural BuIA, the analgesia activities of the analogues in different models were maintained. To analyze the adverse effects and toxicity of BuIA and its analogues, the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and open field test were used. The results showed that the safety and toxicity of the analogues were significantly better than BuIA. The analogues of BuIA with an appropriate and rational mutation showed high selectivity and maintained the regulation of Ca2+ capacity in neurons and activities of analgesia, whereas the analogues demonstrated that the adverse effects of natural α-conotoxins could be reduced.
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20
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Lukasz D, Kindt KS. In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30582593 DOI: 10.3791/58794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Lukasz
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, NIDCD/National Institutes of Health; National Institutes of Health-Johns Hopkins University Graduate Partnerships Program
| | - Katie S Kindt
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, NIDCD/National Institutes of Health;
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21
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Ballesteros A, Fenollar-Ferrer C, Swartz KJ. Structural relationship between the putative hair cell mechanotransduction channel TMC1 and TMEM16 proteins. eLife 2018; 7:38433. [PMID: 30063209 PMCID: PMC6067890 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The hair cell mechanotransduction (MET) channel complex is essential for hearing, yet it's molecular identity and structure remain elusive. The transmembrane channel-like 1 (TMC1) protein localizes to the site of the MET channel, interacts with the tip-link responsible for mechanical gating, and genetic alterations in TMC1 alter MET channel properties and cause deafness, supporting the hypothesis that TMC1 forms the MET channel. We generated a model of TMC1 based on X-ray and cryo-EM structures of TMEM16 proteins, revealing the presence of a large cavity near the protein-lipid interface that also harbors the Beethoven mutation, suggesting that it could function as a permeation pathway. We also find that hair cells are permeable to 3 kDa dextrans, and that dextran permeation requires TMC1/2 proteins and functional MET channels, supporting the presence of a large permeation pathway and the hypothesis that TMC1 is a pore forming subunit of the MET channel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ballesteros
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Cristina Fenollar-Ferrer
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Molecular Biology and Genetics Section, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kenton Jon Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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22
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Tompkins N, Spinelli KJ, Choi D, Barr-Gillespie PG. A Model for Link Pruning to Establish Correctly Polarized and Oriented Tip Links in Hair Bundles. Biophys J 2017; 113:1868-1881. [PMID: 29045880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tip links are thought to gate the mechanically sensitive transduction channels of hair cells, but how they form during development and regeneration remains mysterious. In particular, it is unclear how tip links are strung between stereocilia so that they are oriented parallel to a single axis; why their polarity is uniform despite their constituent molecules' intrinsic asymmetry; and why only a single tip link is present at each tip-link position. We present here a series of simple rules that reasonably explain why these phenomena occur. In particular, our model relies on each of the two ends of the tip link having distinct Ca2+-dependent stability and being connected to different motor complexes. A simulation employing these rules allowed us to explore the parameter space for the model, demonstrating the importance of the feedback between transduction channels and angled links, links that are 60° off-axis with respect to mature tip links. We tested this key aspect of the model by examining angled links in chick cochlea hair cells. As implied by the assumptions used to generate the model, we found that angled links were stabilized if there was no tip link at the tip of the upper stereocilium, and appeared when transduction channels were blocked. The model thus plausibly explains how tip-link formation and pruning can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tompkins
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kateri J Spinelli
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dongseok Choi
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter G Barr-Gillespie
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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Hsiao YH, Hsu CH, Chen C. A High-Throughput Automated Microfluidic Platform for Calcium Imaging of Taste Sensing. Molecules 2016; 21:E896. [PMID: 27399663 PMCID: PMC6273845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human enteroendocrine L cell line NCI-H716, expressing taste receptors and taste signaling elements, constitutes a unique model for the studies of cellular responses to glucose, appetite regulation, gastrointestinal motility, and insulin secretion. Targeting these gut taste receptors may provide novel treatments for diabetes and obesity. However, NCI-H716 cells are cultured in suspension and tend to form multicellular aggregates, preventing high-throughput calcium imaging due to interferences caused by laborious immobilization and stimulus delivery procedures. Here, we have developed an automated microfluidic platform that is capable of trapping more than 500 single cells into microwells with a loading efficiency of 77% within two minutes, delivering multiple chemical stimuli and performing calcium imaging with enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions when compared to bath perfusion systems. Results revealed the presence of heterogeneity in cellular responses to the type, concentration, and order of applied sweet and bitter stimuli. Sucralose and denatonium benzoate elicited robust increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. However, glucose evoked a rapid elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) followed by reduced responses to subsequent glucose stimulation. Using Gymnema sylvestre as a blocking agent for the sweet taste receptor confirmed that different taste receptors were utilized for sweet and bitter tastes. This automated microfluidic platform is cost-effective, easy to fabricate and operate, and may be generally applicable for high-throughput and high-content single-cell analysis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsing Hsiao
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsien Hsu
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Wang W, Sheng X, Shu Z, Li D, Pan J, Ye X, Chang P, Li X, Wang Y. Combined Cytological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway Involved in Cold-Inhibited Camellia sinensis Pollen Tube Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:456. [PMID: 27148289 PMCID: PMC4830839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule plays crucial roles in many abiotic stresses in plant development processes, including pollen tube growth. Here, the signaling networks dominated by NO during cold stress that inhibited Camellia sinensis pollen tube growth are investigated in vitro. Cytological analysis show that cold-induced NO is involved in the inhibition of pollen tube growth along with disruption of the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) gradient, increase in ROS content, acidification of cytoplasmic pH and abnormalities in organelle ultrastructure and cell wall component distribution in the pollen tube tip. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs)-related to signaling pathway, such as NO synthesis, cGMP, Ca(2+), ROS, pH, actin, cell wall, and MAPK cascade signal pathways, are identified and quantified using transcriptomic analyses and qRT-PCR, which indicate a potential molecular mechanism for the above cytological results. Taken together, these findings suggest that a complex signaling network dominated by NO, including Ca(2+), ROS, pH, RACs signaling and the crosstalk among them, is stimulated in the C. sinensis pollen tube in response to cold stress, which further causes secondary and tertiary alterations, such as ultrastructural abnormalities in organelles and cell wall construction, ultimately resulting in perturbed pollen tube extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xianyong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zaifa Shu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Dongqin Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Junting Pan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Pinpin Chang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Sargoy A, Barnes S, Brecha NC, Pérez De Sevilla Müller L. Immunohistochemical and calcium imaging methods in wholemount rat retina. J Vis Exp 2014:e51396. [PMID: 25349920 DOI: 10.3791/51396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for immunohistochemistry and, 2) calcium imaging for the study of voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) mediated calcium signaling in retinal ganglion cells. The calcium imaging method we describe circumvents issues concerning non-specific loading of displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sargoy
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Departments of Neurobiology and Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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26
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Figueroa JAL, Vignesh KS, Deepe GS, Caruso J. Selectivity and specificity of small molecule fluorescent dyes/probes used for the detection of Zn2+ and Ca2+ in cells. Metallomics 2014; 6:301-15. [PMID: 24356796 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes are widely used in the detection of labile (free or exchangeable) Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) in living cells. However, their specificity over other cations and selectivity for detection of labile vs. protein-bound metal in cells remains unclear. We characterized these important properties for commonly used Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) dyes in a cellular environment. By tracing the fluorescence emission signal along with UV-Vis and size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) in tandem, we demonstrated that among the dyes used for Zn(2+), Zinpyr-1 fluoresces in the low molecular mass (LMM) region containing labile Zn(2+), but also fluoresces in different molecular mass regions where zinc ion is detected. However, FluoZin™-3 AM, Newport Green™ DCF and Zinquin ethyl ester display weak fluorescence, lack of metal specificity and respond strongly in the high molecular mass (HMM) region. Four Ca(2+) dyes were studied in an unperturbed cellular environment, and two of these were tested for binding behavior under an intracellular Ca(2+) release stimulus. A majority of Ca(2+) was in the labile form as tested by SEC-ICP-MS, but the fluorescence from Calcium Green-1™ AM, Oregon Green® 488 BAPTA-1, Fura red™ AM and Fluo-4 NW dyes in cells did not correspond to free Ca(2+) detection. Instead, the dyes showed non-specific fluorescence in the mid- and high-molecular mass regions containing Zn, Fe and Cu. Proteomic analysis of one of the commonly seen fluorescing regions showed the possibility for some dyes to recognize Zn and Cu bound to metallothionein 2. These studies indicate that Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) binding dyes manifest fluorescence responses that are not unique to recognition of labile metals and bind other metals, leading to suboptimal specificity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Landero Figueroa
- Metallomics Research Center, Department of Chemistry, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Avenarius MR, Saylor KW, Lundeberg MR, Wilmarth PA, Shin JB, Spinelli KJ, Pagana JM, Andrade L, Kachar B, Choi D, David LL, Barr-Gillespie PG. Correlation of actin crosslinker and capper expression levels with stereocilia growth phases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:606-20. [PMID: 24319057 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.033704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the chick cochlea, actin crosslinkers and barbed-end cappers presumably influence growth and remodeling of the actin paracrystal of hair cell stereocilia. We used mass spectrometry to identify and quantify major actin-associated proteins of the cochlear sensory epithelium from E14 to E21, when stereocilia widen and lengthen. Tight actin crosslinkers (i.e. fascins, plastins, and espin) are expressed dynamically during cochlear epithelium development between E7 and E21, with FSCN2 replacing FSCN1 and plastins remaining low in abundance. Capping protein, a barbed-end actin capper, is located at stereocilia tips; it is abundant during growth phase II, when stereocilia have ceased elongating and are increasing in diameter. Capping protein levels then decline during growth phase III, when stereocilia reinitiate barbed-end elongation. Although actin crosslinkers are readily detected by electron microscopy in developing chick cochlea stereocilia, quantitative mass spectrometry of stereocilia isolated from E21 chick cochlea indicated that tight crosslinkers are present there in stoichiometric ratios relative to actin that are much lower than their ratios for vestibular stereocilia. These results demonstrate the value of quantitation of global protein expression in chick cochlea during stereocilia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Avenarius
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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