1
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Chen Y, Huang X, Chen H, Yi C. An easy-to-perform method for microvessel isolation and primary brain endothelial cell culture to study Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33077. [PMID: 38994107 PMCID: PMC11238044 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been increasingly recognised as a critical early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Central to this mechanism is the impaired function of brain endothelial cells (BECs), the primary structural constituents of the BBB, the study of which is imperative for understanding AD pathophysiology. However, the published methods to isolate BECs are time-consuming and have a low success rate. Here, we developed a rapid and streamlined protocol for BEC isolation without using transgenic reporters, flow cytometry, and magnetic beads, which are essential for existing methods. Using this novel protocol, we isolated high-purity BECs from cell clusters of cortical microvessels from wild-type and APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1, a classical AD model) mice at 2, 4 and 9 months of age. Reduced levels of tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and Zonula Occludens-1, as well as glucose transporter 1, were observed in the isolated cortical microvessels from APP/PS1 mice and amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer-treated BECs from wild-type mice. Trans-well permeability assay showed increased FITC-dextran leakage in BECs treated with Aβ, suggesting impaired BBB permeability. BECs obtained using our novel protocol can undergo various experimental analyses, including immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, real-time PCR, and trans-well permeability assay. In conclusion, our novel protocol represents a reliable and valuable tool for in vitro modelling BBB to study AD-related mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Boppana A, Lee S, Malhotra R, Halushka M, Gustilo KS, Quardokus EM, Herr BW, Börner K, Weber GM. Anatomical structures, cell types, and biomarkers of the healthy human blood vasculature. Sci Data 2023; 10:452. [PMID: 37468503 PMCID: PMC10356915 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 150 scientists from 17 consortia are collaborating on an international project to build a Human Reference Atlas, which maps all 37 trillion cells in the healthy adult human body. The initial release of this atlas provided hierarchical lists of the anatomical structures, cell types, and biomarkers in 11 organs. Here, we describe the methods we used as part of this initiative to build the first open, computer-readable, and comprehensive database of the adult human blood vasculature, called the Human Reference Atlas-Vasculature Common Coordinate Framework (HRA-VCCF). It includes 993 vessels and their branching connections, 10 cell types, and 10 biomarkers. With this paper we are releasing additional details on vessel types and subtypes, branching sequence, anastomoses, portal systems, microvasculature, functional tissue units, mappings to regions vessels supply or drain, geometric properties of vessels, and links to 3D reference objects. Future versions will add variants and connections to the lymph vasculature; and, it will iteratively expand and improve the database as additional experimental data become available through the participating consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine S Gustilo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Ellen M Quardokus
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce W Herr
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Katy Börner
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Griffin M Weber
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Callegari K, Dash S, Uchida H, Shingai Y, Liu C, Khodarkovskaya A, Lee Y, Ito A, Lopez A, Zhang T, Xiang J, Kluk MJ, Sanchez T. Molecular profiling of the stroke-induced alterations in the cerebral microvasculature reveals promising therapeutic candidates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2205786120. [PMID: 37058487 PMCID: PMC10120001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205786120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-induced cerebral microvascular dysfunction contributes to aggravation of neuronal injury and compromises the efficacy of current reperfusion therapies. Understanding the molecular alterations in cerebral microvessels in stroke will provide original opportunities for scientific investigation of novel therapeutic strategies. Toward this goal, using a recently optimized method which minimizes cell activation and preserves endothelial cell interactions and RNA integrity, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of cerebral microvessels in a mouse model of stroke and compared these transcriptomic alterations with the ones observed in human, nonfatal, brain stroke lesions. Results from these unbiased comparative analyses have revealed the common alterations in mouse stroke microvessels and human stroke lesions and identified shared molecular features associated with vascular disease (e.g., Serpine1/Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, Hemoxygenase-1), endothelial activation (e.g., Angiopoietin-2), and alterations in sphingolipid metabolism and signaling (e.g., Sphigosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2). Sphingolipid profiling of mouse cerebral microvessels validated the transcript data and revealed the enrichment of sphingomyelin and sphingoid species in the cerebral microvasculature compared to brain and the stroke-induced increase in ceramide species. In summary, our study has identified novel molecular alterations in several microvessel-enriched, translationally relevant, and druggable targets, which are potent modulators of endothelial function. Our comparative analyses have revealed the presence of molecular features associated with cerebral microvascular dysfunction in human chronic stroke lesions. The results shared here provide a detailed resource for therapeutic discovery of candidates for neurovascular protection in stroke and potentially, other pathologies exhibiting cerebral microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Callegari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Hiroki Uchida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Yuto Shingai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Catherine Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Anne Khodarkovskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Amanda Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Michael J. Kluk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
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4
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Cerebrovascular injuries in traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 223:107479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Deng W, Guo S, van Veluw SJ, Yu Z, Chan SJ, Takase H, Arai K, Ning M, Greenberg SM, Lo EH, Bacskai BJ. Effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on the brain vasculome. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13503. [PMID: 35851991 PMCID: PMC9381891 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β‐amyloid (Aβ) deposits in brain blood vessel walls underlie the vascular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Growing evidence has suggested the involvement of cerebrovascular dysfunction in the initiation and progression of cognitive impairment in AD and CAA patients. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the brain vasculome in a mouse model in order to identify cerebrovascular pathways that may be involved in AD and CAA vascular pathogenesis in the context of aging. Brain endothelial cells were isolated from young and old wild‐type mice, and young and old transgenic mice expressing Swedish mutation in amyloid precursor protein and exon 9 deletion in presenilin 1 (APPswe/PSEN1dE9). Microarray profiling of these endothelial transcriptomes demonstrated that accumulation of vascular Aβ in the aging APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mouse is associated with impaired endothelial expression of neurotransmitter receptors and calcium signaling transductors, while the genes involved in cell cycle and inflammation were upregulated. These results suggest that the vascular pathology of AD and CAA may involve the disruption of neurovascular coupling, reactivation of cell cycle in quiescent endothelial cells, and enhanced inflammation. Further dissection of these endothelial mechanisms may offer opportunities to pursue therapies to ameliorate vascular dysfunction in the aging brain of AD and CAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
- Department of Neurology Clinical Proteomics Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Susanne J. van Veluw
- Department of Neurology J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Su Jing Chan
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
- Department of Neurology Clinical Proteomics Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven M. Greenberg
- Department of Neurology J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories Department of Radiology and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
- Department of Neurology Clinical Proteomics Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Brian J. Bacskai
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown Massachusetts USA
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6
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Li W, Cao F, Takase H, Arai K, Lo EH, Lok J. Blood-Brain Barrier Mechanisms in Stroke and Trauma. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:267-293. [PMID: 33580391 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment is tightly regulated. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is composed of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, plays an important role in maintaining the brain homeostasis by regulating the transport of both beneficial and detrimental substances between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. After brain injury and disease, BBB tightness becomes dysregulated, thus leading to inflammation and secondary brain damage. In this chapter, we overview the fundamental mechanisms of BBB damage and repair after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding these mechanisms may lead to therapeutic opportunities for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Cao
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Gliovascular Mechanisms and White Matter Injury in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Stokum JA, Shim B, Huang W, Kane M, Smith JA, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. A large portion of the astrocyte proteome is dedicated to perivascular endfeet, including critical components of the electron transport chain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2546-2560. [PMID: 33818185 PMCID: PMC8504955 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The perivascular astrocyte endfoot is a specialized and diffusion-limited subcellular compartment that fully ensheathes the cerebral vasculature. Despite their ubiquitous presence, a detailed understanding of endfoot physiology remains elusive, in part due to a limited understanding of the proteins that distinguish the endfoot from the greater astrocyte body. Here, we developed a technique to isolate astrocyte endfeet from brain tissue, which was used to study the endfoot proteome in comparison to the astrocyte somata. In our approach, brain microvessels, which retain their endfoot processes, were isolated from mouse brain and dissociated, whereupon endfeet were recovered using an antibody-based column astrocyte isolation kit. Our findings expand the known set of proteins enriched at the endfoot from 10 to 516, which comprised more than 1/5th of the entire detected astrocyte proteome. Numerous critical electron transport chain proteins were expressed only at the endfeet, while enzymes involved in glycogen storage were distributed to the somata, indicating subcellular metabolic compartmentalization. The endfoot proteome also included numerous proteins that, while known to have important contributions to blood-brain barrier function, were not previously known to localize to the endfoot. Our findings highlight the importance of the endfoot and suggest new routes of investigation into endfoot function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bosung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse A Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Ghibaudi M, Boido M, Green D, Signorino E, Berto GE, Pourshayesteh S, Singh A, Di Cunto F, Dalmay T, Vercelli A. miR-7b-3p Exerts a Dual Role After Spinal Cord Injury, by Supporting Plasticity and Neuroprotection at Cortical Level. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:618869. [PMID: 33869277 PMCID: PMC8044879 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.618869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects 6 million people worldwide with no available treatment. Despite research advances, the inherent poor regeneration potential of the central nervous system remains a major hurdle. Small RNAs (sRNAs) 19-33 nucleotides in length are a set of non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and have emerged as key players in regulating cellular events occurring after SCI. Here we profiled a class of sRNA known as microRNAs (miRNAs) following SCI in the cortex where the cell bodies of corticospinal motor neurons are located. We identified miR-7b-3p as a candidate target given its significant upregulation after SCI in vivo and we screened by miRWalk PTM the genes predicted to be targets of miR-7b-3p (among which we identified Wipf2, a gene regulating neurite extension). Moreover, 16 genes, involved in neural regeneration and potential miR-7b-3p targets, were found to be downregulated in the cortex following SCI. We also analysed miR-7b-3p function during cortical neuron development in vitro: we observed that the overexpression of miR-7b-3p was important (1) to maintain neurons in a more immature and, likely, plastic neuronal developmental phase and (2) to contrast the apoptotic pathway; however, in normal conditions it did not affect the Wipf2 expression. On the contrary, the overexpression of miR-7b-3p upon in vitro oxidative stress condition (mimicking the SCI environment) significantly reduced the expression level of Wipf2, as observed in vivo, confirming it as a direct miR-7b-3p target. Overall, these data suggest a dual role of miR-7b-3p: (i) the induction of a more plastic neuronal condition/phase, possibly at the expense of the axon growth, (ii) the neuroprotective role exerted through the inhibition of the apoptotic cascade. Increasing the miR-7b-3p levels in case of SCI could reactivate in adult neurons silenced developmental programmes, supporting at the same time the survival of the axotomised neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Ghibaudi
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
- Polymers and Biomaterials, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Boido
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Signorino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Gaia Elena Berto
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Soraya Pourshayesteh
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Archana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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10
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AKAP12 Supports Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity against Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239078. [PMID: 33260683 PMCID: PMC7730430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) is a scaffolding protein that associates with intracellular molecules to regulate multiple signal transductions. Although the roles of AKAP12 in the central nervous system are still relatively understudied, it was previously shown that AKAP12 regulates blood-retinal barrier formation. In this study, we asked whether AKAP12 also supports the function and integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a mouse model of focal ischemia, the expression level of AKAP12 in cerebral endothelial cells was upregulated during the acute phase of stroke. Also, in cultured cerebral endothelial cells, oxygen-glucose deprivation induced the upregulation of AKAP12. When AKAP12 expression was suppressed by an siRNA approach in cultured endothelial cells, endothelial permeability was increased along with the dysregulation of ZO-1/Claudin 5 expression. In addition, the loss of AKAP12 expression caused an upregulation/activation of the Rho kinase pathway, and treatment of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 mitigated the increase of endothelial permeability in AKAP12-deficient endothelial cell cultures. These in vitro findings were confirmed by our in vivo experiments using Akap12 knockout mice. Compared to wild-type mice, Akap12 knockout mice showed a larger extent of BBB damage after stroke. However, the inhibition of rho kinase by Y-27632 tightened the BBB in Akap12 knockout mice. These data may suggest that endogenous AKAP12 works to alleviate the damage and dysfunction of the BBB caused by ischemic stress. Therefore, the AKAP12-rho-kinase signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic target for stroke.
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11
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Embryonic periventricular endothelial cells demonstrate a unique pro-neurodevelopment and anti-inflammatory gene signature. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20393. [PMID: 33230288 PMCID: PMC7683543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain embryonic periventricular endothelial cells (PVEC) crosstalk with neural progenitor cells (NPC) promoting mutual proliferation, formation of tubular-like structures in the former and maintenance of stemness in the latter. To better characterize this interaction, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of mouse PVEC vs. adult brain endothelial cells (ABEC) in mono-culture or NPC co-culture. We identified > 6000 differentially expressed genes (DEG), regardless of culture condition. PVEC exhibited a 30-fold greater response to NPC than ABEC (411 vs. 13 DEG). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEG that were higher or lower in PVEC vs. ABEC identified "Nervous system development" and "Response to Stress" as the top significantly different biological process, respectively. Enrichment in canonical pathways included HIF1A, FGF/stemness, WNT signaling, interferon signaling and complement. Solute carriers (SLC) and ABC transporters represented an important subset of DEG, underscoring PVEC's implication in blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance of nutrient-rich/non-toxic environment. Our work characterizes the gene signature of PVEC and their important partnership with NPC, underpinning their unique role in maintaining a healthy neurovascular niche, and in supporting brain development. This information may pave the way for additional studies to explore their therapeutic potential in neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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12
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Abstract
Stroke remains a major unmet clinical need that warrants novel therapies. Following an ischemic insult, the cerebral vasculature secretes inflammatory molecules, creating the stroke vasculome profile. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects of endothelial cells on the inflammation-associated stroke vasculome. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that specific inflammation-related vasculome genes BRM, IκB, Foxf1, and ITIH-5 significantly upregulated by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD. Interestingly, co-culture of human endothelial cells (HEN6) with human endothelial cells (EPCs) during OGD significantly blocked the elevations of BRM, IκB, and Foxf1, but not ITIH-5. Next, employing the knockdown/antisense technology, silencing the inflammation-associated stroke vasculome gene, IκB, as opposed to scrambled knockdown, blocked the EPC-mediated protection of HEN6 against OGD. In vivo, stroke animals transplanted with intracerebral human EPCs (300,000 cells) into the striatum and cortex 4 h post ischemic stroke displayed significant behavioral recovery up to 30 days post-transplantation compared to vehicle-treated stroke animals. At 7 days post-transplantation, quantification of the fluorescent staining intensity in the cortex and striatum revealed significant upregulation of the endothelial marker RECA1 and a downregulation of the stroke-associated vasculome BRM, IKB, Foxf1, ITIH-5 and PMCA2 in the ipsilateral side of cortex and striatum of EPC-transplanted stroke animals relative to vehicle-treated stroke animals. Altogether, these results demonstrate that EPCs exert therapeutic effects in experimental stroke possibly by modulating the inflammation-plagued vasculome.
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13
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Paraiso HC, Wang X, Kuo PC, Furnas D, Scofield BA, Chang FL, Yen JH, Yu IC. Isolation of Mouse Cerebral Microvasculature for Molecular and Single-Cell Analysis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:84. [PMID: 32327974 PMCID: PMC7160798 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvasculature forms a specialized structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to maintain homeostasis and integrity of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB dysfunction is emerging as a critical contributor to multiple neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, autoimmune multiple sclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The brain microvasculature exhibits highly cellular and regional heterogeneity to accommodate dynamic changes of microenvironment during homeostasis and diseases. Thus, investigating the underlying mechanisms that contribute to molecular or cellular changes of the BBB is a significant challenge. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to purify microvessels from the mouse cerebral cortex using mechanical homogenization and density-gradient centrifugation, while maintaining the structural integrity and functional activity of the BBB. We show that the isolated microvessel fragments consist of BBB cell populations, including endothelial cells, astrocyte end-feet, pericytes, as well as tight junction proteins that seal endothelial cells. Furthermore, we describe the procedures to generate single-cell suspensions from isolated microvessel fragments. We demonstrate that cells in the single-cell suspensions are highly viable and suitable for single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. This protocol does not require transgenic mice and cell sorting equipment to isolate fluorescence-labeled endothelial cells. The optimized procedures can be applied to different disease models to generate viable cells for single-cell analysis to uncover transcriptional or epigenetic landscapes of BBB component cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallel C Paraiso
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Ping-Chang Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Destin Furnas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Barbara A Scofield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Fen-Lei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - I-Chen Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
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14
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Weber GM, Ju Y, Börner K. Considerations for Using the Vasculature as a Coordinate System to Map All the Cells in the Human Body. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:29. [PMID: 32232057 PMCID: PMC7082726 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several ongoing international efforts are developing methods of localizing single cells within organs or mapping the entire human body at the single cell level, including the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative's Human Cell Atlas (HCA), and the Knut and Allice Wallenberg Foundation's Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and the National Institutes of Health's Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP). Their goals are to understand cell specialization, interactions, spatial organization in their natural context, and ultimately the function of every cell within the body. In the same way that the Human Genome Project had to assemble sequence data from different people to construct a complete sequence, multiple centers around the world are collecting tissue specimens from diverse populations that vary in age, race, sex, and body size. A challenge will be combining these heterogeneous tissue samples into a 3D reference map that will enable multiscale, multidimensional Google Maps-like exploration of the human body. Key to making alignment of tissue samples work is identifying and using a coordinate system called a Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), which defines the positions, or "addresses," in a reference body, from whole organs down to functional tissue units and individual cells. In this perspective, we examine the concept of a CCF based on the vasculature and describe why it would be an attractive choice for mapping the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin M Weber
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yingnan Ju
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Katy Börner
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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15
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Maiese K. Cognitive impairment with diabetes mellitus and metabolic disease: innovative insights with the mechanistic target of rapamycin and circadian clock gene pathways. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:23-34. [PMID: 31794280 PMCID: PMC6959472 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1698288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Dementia is the 7th leading cause of death that imposes a significant financial and service burden on the global population. Presently, only symptomatic care exists for cognitive loss, such as Alzheimer's disease.Areas covered: Given the advancing age of the global population, it becomes imperative to develop innovative therapeutic strategies for cognitive loss. New studies provide insight to the association of cognitive loss with metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus.Expert opinion: Diabetes mellitus is increasing in incidence throughout the world and affects 350 million individuals. Treatment strategies identifying novel pathways that oversee metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders offer exciting prospects to treat dementia. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and circadian clock gene pathways that include AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), erythropoietin (EPO), and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1) provide novel strategies to treat cognitive loss that has its basis in metabolic cellular dysfunction. However, these pathways are complex and require precise regulation to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize any potential clinical disability. Further investigations hold great promise to treat both the onset and progression of cognitive loss that is associated with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022
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16
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Haffner C. Proteostasis in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1142. [PMID: 31798396 PMCID: PMC6874119 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the homeostasis of proteins (proteostasis) by controlling their synthesis, folding and degradation is a central task of cells and tissues. The gradual decline of the capacity of the various proteostasis machineries, frequently in combination with their overload through mutated, aggregation-prone proteins, is increasingly recognized as an important catalyst of age-dependent pathologies in the brain, most prominently neurodegenerative disorders. A dysfunctional proteostasis might also contribute to neurovascular disease as indicated by the occurrence of excessive protein accumulation or massive extracellular matrix expansion within vessel walls in conditions such as cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), a major cause of ischemic stroke, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Recent advances in brain vessel isolation techniques and mass spectrometry methodology have facilitated the analysis of cerebrovascular proteomes and fueled efforts to determine the proteomic signatures associated with neurovascular disease. In several studies in humans and mice considerable differences between healthy and diseased vessel proteomes were observed, emphasizing the critical contribution of an impaired proteostasis to disease pathogenesis. These findings highlight the important role of a balanced proteostasis for cerebrovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Haffner
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Lee YK, Uchida H, Smith H, Ito A, Sanchez T. The isolation and molecular characterization of cerebral microvessels. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:3059-3081. [PMID: 31586162 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of cerebral microvessels is becoming increasingly important in a wide variety of conditions, such as stroke, sepsis, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral microvascular dysfunction in these conditions are largely unknown. The molecular characterization of cerebral microvessels in experimental disease models has been hindered by the lack of a standardized method to reproducibly isolate intact cerebral microvessels with consistent cellular compositions and without the use of enzymatic digestion, which causes undesirable molecular and metabolic changes. Herein, we describe an optimized protocol for microvessel isolation from mouse brain cortex that yields microvessel fragments with consistent populations of discrete blood-brain barrier (BBB) components (endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocyte end feet) while retaining high RNA integrity and protein post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation). We demonstrate that this protocol allows the quantification of changes in gene expression in a disease model (stroke) and the activation of signaling pathways in mice subjected to drug administration in vivo. We also describe the isolation of genomic DNA (gDNA) and bisulfite treatment for the assessment of DNA methylation, as well as the optimization of chromatin extraction and shearing from cortical microvessels. This optimized protocol and the described applications should improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing cerebral microvascular dysfunction, which may help in the development of novel therapies for stroke and other neurologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroki Uchida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Duran D, Zeng X, Jin SC, Choi J, Nelson-Williams C, Yatsula B, Gaillard J, Furey CG, Lu Q, Timberlake AT, Dong W, Sorscher MA, Loring E, Klein J, Allocco A, Hunt A, Conine S, Karimy JK, Youngblood MW, Zhang J, DiLuna ML, Matouk CC, Mane S, Tikhonova IR, Castaldi C, López-Giráldez F, Knight J, Haider S, Soban M, Alper SL, Komiyama M, Ducruet AF, Zabramski JM, Dardik A, Walcott BP, Stapleton CJ, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Rodesch G, Jackson E, Smith ER, Orbach DB, Berenstein A, Bilguvar K, Vikkula M, Gunel M, Lifton RP, Kahle KT. Mutations in Chromatin Modifier and Ephrin Signaling Genes in Vein of Galen Malformation. Neuron 2019; 101:429-443.e4. [PMID: 30578106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal vascular development includes the formation and specification of arteries, veins, and intervening capillaries. Vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) are among the most common and severe neonatal brain arterio-venous malformations, shunting arterial blood into the brain's deep venous system through aberrant direct connections. Exome sequencing of 55 VOGM probands, including 52 parent-offspring trios, revealed enrichment of rare damaging de novo mutations in chromatin modifier genes that play essential roles in brain and vascular development. Other VOGM probands harbored rare inherited damaging mutations in Ephrin signaling genes, including a genome-wide significant mutation burden in EPHB4. Inherited mutations showed incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, with mutation carriers often exhibiting cutaneous vascular abnormalities, suggesting a two-hit mechanism. The identified mutations collectively account for ∼30% of studied VOGM cases. These findings provide insight into disease biology and may have clinical implications for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bogdan Yatsula
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Gaillard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michelle A Sorscher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Loring
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - August Allocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ava Hunt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sierra Conine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark W Youngblood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael L DiLuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles C Matouk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - James Knight
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shozeb Haider
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Mariya Soban
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, London, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masaki Komiyama
- Department of Neurointervention, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph M Zabramski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alan Dardik
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P Walcott
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Stapleton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Georges Rodesch
- Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Eric Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Neurointerventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darren B Orbach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurointerventional Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Berenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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19
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Guo S, Tjärnlund-Wolf A, Deng W, Tejima-Mandeville E, Lo LJ, Xing C, Arai K, Ning M, Zhou Y, Lo EH. Comparative transcriptome of neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation: Potential differences in neuroprotection versus reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2236-2250. [PMID: 30152713 PMCID: PMC6282217 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18795986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the context of ischemic stroke, rescuing neurons can be theoretically achieved with either reperfusion or neuroprotection. Reperfusion works via the rapid restoration of oxygen and glucose delivery. Neuroprotection comprises molecular strategies that seek to block excitotoxicity, oxidative stress or various cell death pathways. Here, we propose the hypothesis that neurons rescued with reperfusion are different from neurons rescued with molecular neuroprotection. Neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and then treated with "in vitro reperfusion" (i.e. energetic rescue via restoration of oxygen and glucose) or Z-VADfmk (to block apoptosis) or MK-801 (to block excitotoxicity). Levels of injury were titrated so that equivalent levels of neuronal salvage were achieved with reperfusion or neuroprotection. Gene arrays showed that OGD significantly altered the transcriptomic profiles of surviving neurons. Pathway analysis confirmed that a large spectrum of metabolic, inflammation, and signaling genes were perturbed. In spite of the fact that equal levels of neuronal salvage were achieved, energetic rescue renormalized the transcriptomic profiles in surviving neurons to a larger degree compared to neuroprotection with either Z-VADfmk or MK-801. These findings suggest that upstream reperfusion may bring salvaged neurons back "closer to normal" compared to downstream molecular neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Guo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Tjärnlund-Wolf
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wenjun Deng
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiri Tejima-Mandeville
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren J Lo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changhong Xing
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiming Zhou
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Guo S, Deng W, Xing C, Zhou Y, Ning M, Lo EH. Effects of aging, hypertension and diabetes on the mouse brain and heart vasculomes. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 126:117-123. [PMID: 30031157 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging concept of the vasculome suggests that microvessels contribute to function and dysfunction in every organ. In the brain, aging and comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes significantly influence a wide variety of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are complex and remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we hypothesize that aging, hypertension and diabetes perturb gene networks in the vasculome. Microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from mouse brain and heart, and their transcriptomes were profiled with microarrays. For aging, we compared 5 mo vs 15 mo old C57BL6 male mice. For hypertension, we compared 4 mo old normotensive BPN vs hypertensive BPH male mice. For diabetes, we compared 3 mo old diabetic db/db mice with their matching C57BLKS controls. Four overall patterns arose from these comparative analyses. First, organ differences between brain and heart were larger than effects of age and co-morbidities per se. Second, across all conditions, more genes were altered in the brain vasculome compared with the heart. Third, age, hypertension and diabetes perturbed the brain and heart vasculomes in mostly distinct ways, with little overlap. Fourth, nevertheless, a few common pathways were detected in the brain, expressed mostly as a suppression of immune response. These initial drafts of the brain and heart vasculomes in the context of aging and vascular comorbidities should provide a framework for designing future investigations into potential targets and mechanisms in CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories and Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, MA, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories and Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, MA, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories and Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, MA, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories and Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, MA, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories and Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, MA, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories and Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, MA, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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21
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Nelson JW, Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA, Minnier J, Kaul S, Ellison DH, Barnes AP. Endothelial transcriptomics reveals activation of fibrosis-related pathways in hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:104-116. [PMID: 29212850 PMCID: PMC5867617 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00111.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension poses a significant challenge to vasculature homeostasis and stands as the most common cardiovascular disease in the world. Its effects are especially profound on endothelial cells that form the inner lining of the vasculature and are directly exposed to the effects of excess pressure. Here, we characterize the in vivo transcriptomic response of cardiac endothelial cells to hypertension by rapidly isolating these cells from the spontaneous hypertension mouse model BPH/2J and its normotensive BPN/3J control strain and performing and RNA sequencing on both. Comparison of transcriptional differences between these groups reveals statistically significant changes in cellular pathways consistent with cardiac fibrosis found in hypertensive animals. Importantly, many of the fibrosis-linked genes identified also differ significantly between juvenile prehypertensive and adult hypertensive BPH/2J mice, suggesting that these transcriptional differences are hypertension related. We examined the dynamic nature of these transcriptional changes by testing whether blood pressure normalization using either a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine) or a angiotensin II receptor blocker (losartan) is able to reverse these expression patterns associated with hypertension. We find that blood pressure reduction is capable of reversing some gene-expression patterns, while other transcripts are recalcitrant to therapeutic intervention. This illuminates the possibility that unmanaged hypertension may irreversibly alter some endothelial transcriptional patterns despite later intervention. This study quantifies how endothelial cells are remodeled at the molecular level in cardiovascular pathology and advances our understanding of the transcriptional events associated with endothelial response to hypertensive challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Nelson
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica Minnier
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Sanjiv Kaul
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Anthony P Barnes
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
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22
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Helms HC, Aldana BI, Groth S, Jensen MM, Waagepetersen HS, Nielsen CU, Brodin B. Characterization of the L-glutamate clearance pathways across the blood-brain barrier and the effect of astrocytes in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3744-3758. [PMID: 28145808 PMCID: PMC5718321 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17690760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to characterize the clearance pathways for L-glutamate from the brain interstitial fluid across the blood-brain barrier using a primary in vitro bovine endothelial/rat astrocyte co-culture. Transporter profiling was performed using uptake studies of radiolabeled L-glutamate with co-application of transporter inhibitors and competing amino acids. Endothelial abluminal L-glutamate uptake was almost abolished by co-application of an EAAT-1 specific inhibitor, whereas luminal uptake was inhibited by L-glutamate and L-aspartate (1 mM). L-glutamate uptake followed Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics with high and low affinity at the abluminal and luminal membrane, respectively. This indicated that L-glutamate is taken up via EAAT-1 at the abluminal membrane and exits at the luminal membrane via a low affinity glutamate/aspartate transporter. Metabolism of L-glutamate and transport of metabolites was examined using [U-13C] L-glutamate. Intact L-glutamate and metabolites derived from oxidative metabolism were transported through the endothelial cells. High amounts of L-glutamate-derived lactate in the luminal medium indicated cataplerosis via malic enzyme. Thus, L-glutamate can be transported intact from brain to blood via the concerted action of abluminal and luminal transport proteins, but the total brain clearance is highly dependent on metabolism in astrocytes and endothelial cells followed by transport of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Cc Helms
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- 2 Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Groth
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten M Jensen
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- 2 Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten U Nielsen
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,3 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Gurol ME, Ayata C, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2017; 140:1829-1850. [PMID: 28334869 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a common, well-defined small vessel disease and a largely untreatable cause of intracerebral haemorrhage and contributor to age-related cognitive decline. The term 'cerebral amyloid angiopathy' now encompasses not only a specific cerebrovascular pathological finding, but also different clinical syndromes (both acute and progressive), brain parenchymal lesions seen on neuroimaging and a set of diagnostic criteria-the Boston criteria, which have resulted in increasingly detected disease during life. Over the past few years, it has become clear that, at the pathophysiological level, cerebral amyloid angiopathy appears to be in part a protein elimination failure angiopathy and that this dysfunction is a feed-forward process, which potentially leads to worsening vascular amyloid-β accumulation, activation of vascular injury pathways and impaired vascular physiology. From a clinical standpoint, cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by individual focal lesions (microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, microinfarcts) and large-scale alterations (white matter hyperintensities, structural connectivity, cortical thickness), both cortical and subcortical. This review provides an interdisciplinary critical outlook on various emerging and changing concepts in the field, illustrating mechanisms associated with amyloid cerebrovascular pathology and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Edip Gurol
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Vadivelu S, Xu K, Tolj V, Rege R, Darkins L, Vishwanath K. Neurovascular toxicity of N-methyl-d-aspartate is markedly enhanced in the developing mouse central nervous system. Neurosci Lett 2017. [PMID: 28636928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Penumbral perfusion is critical to brain viability. Proximal arterial occlusion and deep brain stroke has variable effect on cortical dysfunction. Cortical microvessel collaterals may be recruited and at times sufficient for partial parenchymal perfusion. Postnatal neural and endothelial cells are markedly vulnerable to glutamate excitotoxicity. Early vascular cell stress may promote partial protective neural preconditioning though postnatally a developmental window of the cerebral microvasculature may be particularly vulnerable to injury. We tested the hypothesis that postnatal NMDA excitotoxic injury, when cerebral endothelial cells' central energy source is via glycolysis, is age specific. Neurovascular responses of cortical viability were directly identified with diffuse reflectance patterns of perfusion properties in a non-invasive manner, over time. Histological evaluation for neural and vascular cytoarchitectonic abnormalities were evaluated 4- 7days post injury. Optical diffuse reflectance recordings were obtained at the injection site prior to, immediately after and 48h post injury. Extent of neurovascular injury at the infarct zone was greatest at PND 5 and cortical perfusion responses identified with recordings of pattern change. These data further suggest excitotoxic injury to both neural and vascular cells, in vivo, can enhance CNS injury in the young and neuroprotective strategies may benefit from vascular directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Vadivelu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Kui Xu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vanja Tolj
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rahul Rege
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lindsay Darkins
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
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25
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Porte B, Chatelain C, Hardouin J, Derambure C, Zerdoumi Y, Hauchecorne M, Dupré N, Bekri S, Gonzalez B, Marret S, Cosette P, Leroux P. Proteomic and transcriptomic study of brain microvessels in neonatal and adult mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171048. [PMID: 28141873 PMCID: PMC5283732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants born before 29 weeks gestation incur a major risk of preterm encephalopathy and subependymal/intracerebral/intraventricular haemorrhage. In mice, an ontogenic window of haemorrhage risk was recorded up to 5 days after birth in serpine1 knock-out animals. Using proteome and transcriptome approaches in mouse forebrain microvessels, we previously described the remodelling of extracellular matrix and integrins likely strengthening the vascular wall between postnatal day 5 (P5) and P10. Haemorrhage is the ultimate outcome of vessel damage (i.e., during ischaemia), although discreet vessel insults may be involved in the aetiology of preterm encephalopathy. In this study, we examined proteins identified by mass spectrometry and segregating in gene ontology pathways in forebrain microvessels in P5, P10, and adult wild type mice. In parallel, comparative transcript levels were obtained using RNA hybridization microarrays and enriched biological pathways were extracted from genes exhibiting at least a two-fold change in expression. Five major biological functions were observed in those genes detected both as proteins and mRNA expression undergoing at least a two-fold change in expression in one or more age comparisons: energy metabolism, protein metabolism, antioxidant function, ion exchanges, and transport. Adult microvessels exhibited the highest protein and mRNA expression levels for a majority of genes. Energy metabolism-enriched gene ontology pathways pointed to the preferential occurrence of glycolysis in P5 microvessels cells versus P10 and adult preparations enriched in aerobic oxidative enzymes. Age-dependent levels of RNA coding transport proteins at the plasma membrane and mitochondria strengthened our findings based on protein data. The data suggest that immature microvessels have fewer energy supply alternatives to glycolysis than mature structures. In the context of high energy demand, this constraint might account for vascular damage and maintenance of the high bleeding occurrence in specific areas in immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Porte
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Clémence Chatelain
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UMR-6270, CNRS, IRIB, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Proteomic Facility PISSARO, IRIB, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Céline Derambure
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UMR-S905, INSERM, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Yasmine Zerdoumi
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Michèle Hauchecorne
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gonzalez
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- Neonatal Pediatrics and Intensive Care Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UMR-6270, CNRS, IRIB, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Proteomic Facility PISSARO, IRIB, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe Leroux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1245, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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Blatt NL, Khaiboullin TI, Lombardi VC, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF. The Skin-Brain Connection Hypothesis, Bringing Together CCL27-Mediated T-Cell Activation in the Skin and Neural Cell Damage in the Adult Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 7:683. [PMID: 28138328 PMCID: PMC5237636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discovery of an association of low serum melatonin levels with relapse in multiple sclerosis (MS) opens a new horizon in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. Skin is the main organ for sensing seasonal changes in duration of sunlight exposure. Level of melatonin production is dependent on light exposure. The molecular mechanisms connecting peripheral (skin) sensing of the light exposure and developing brain inflammation (MS) have not been investigated. We hypothesize that there is a connection between the reaction of skin to seasonal changes in sunlight exposure and the risk of MS and that seasonal changes in light exposure cause peripheral (skin) inflammation, the production of cytokines, and the subsequent inflammation of the brain. In skin of genetically predisposed individuals, cytokines attract memory cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA+) T lymphocytes, which then maintain local inflammation. Once inflammation is resolved, CLA+ lymphocytes return to the circulation, some of which eventually migrate to the brain. Once in the brain these lymphocytes may initiate an inflammatory response. Our observation of increased CC chemokine ligand 27 (CCL27) in MS sera supports the involvement of skin in the pathogenesis of MS. Further, the importance of our data is that CCL27 is a chemokine released by activated keratinocytes, which is upregulated in inflamed skin. We propose that high serum levels of CCL27 in MS are the result of skin inflammation due to exposure to seasonal changes in the sunlight. Future studies will determine whether CCL27 serum level correlates with seasonal changes in sunlight exposure, MS exacerbation, and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya L Blatt
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| | | | - Vincent C Lombardi
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, Reno, NV, USA
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27
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Bosetti F, Galis ZS, Bynoe MS, Charette M, Cipolla MJ, Del Zoppo GJ, Gould D, Hatsukami TS, Jones TLZ, Koenig JI, Lutty GA, Maric-Bilkan C, Stevens T, Tolunay HE, Koroshetz W. "Small Blood Vessels: Big Health Problems?": Scientific Recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Workshop. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004389. [PMID: 27815267 PMCID: PMC5210346 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bosetti
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Zorina S Galis
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Marc Charette
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresa L Z Jones
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - James I Koenig
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Christine Maric-Bilkan
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | - H Eser Tolunay
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Walter Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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Moon JH, Na JY, Lee MC, Choi KH, Lee JK, Min JJ, Kim KT, Park JT, Park MS, Kim HS. Neuroprotective effects of systemic cerebral endothelial cell transplantation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2343-2353. [PMID: 27347342 PMCID: PMC4891447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC)/D3 cells, which are from a stable clonal cell line of human immortalized cerebral endothelial cells, were intra-arterially transplanted through the common carotid artery in a rat model of photochemical-induced cerebral ischemia. Their therapeutic effects on infarct size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and outcome were examined. The hCMEC/D3 cells were genetically modified with the firefly luciferase gene for in vivo imaging post-transplantation. Transplanted hCMEC/D3 cells were identified in the infarcted brain by bioluminescence imaging at 1 day after transplantation. Compared with the control group, the hCMEC/D3-transplanted group showed reduced infarct size on day 3, reduced Evans blue dye leakage on day 1 indicating decreased BBB breakdown, and early recovery from Rotarod test neurological deficits. The hCMEC/D3-transplanted group also showed decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which were inversely correlated with TIMP-1 levels on post-transplantation days 1 and 3. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were markedly diminished in the hCMEC/D3-transplanted group compared with controls. The systemically transplanted cells selectively migrated and integrated into the ischemically lesioned area, which accelerated neurological recovery. This new cerebral endothelial cell-based therapy may hold promise for clinical trials in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gwangju Christian HospitalGwangju, Korea
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje UniversityGoyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
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29
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Helms HC, Abbott NJ, Burek M, Cecchelli R, Couraud PO, Deli MA, Förster C, Galla HJ, Romero IA, Shusta EV, Stebbins MJ, Vandenhaute E, Weksler B, Brodin B. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:862-90. [PMID: 26868179 PMCID: PMC4853841 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16630991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial interface for exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolites between blood and brain, and as a barrier for neurotoxic components of plasma and xenobiotics. This "blood-brain barrier" function is a major hindrance for drug uptake into the brain parenchyma. Cell culture models, based on either primary cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines, have been developed, in order to facilitate in vitro studies of drug transport to the brain and studies of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology. In this review, we aim to give an overview of established in vitro blood-brain barrier models with a focus on their validation regarding a set of well-established blood-brain barrier characteristics. As an ideal cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier is yet to be developed, we also aim to give an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of the different models described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Helms
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carola Förster
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Babette Weksler
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Guo S, Lok J, Zhao S, Leung W, Som AT, Hayakawa K, Wang Q, Xing C, Wang X, Ji X, Zhou Y, Lo EH. Effects of Controlled Cortical Impact on the Mouse Brain Vasculome. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1303-16. [PMID: 26528928 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in blood vessels play a critical role in the pathophysiology of brain injury and neurodegeneration. Here, we use a systematic genome-wide transcriptome screening approach to investigate the vasculome after brain trauma in mice. Mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact and brains were extracted for analysis at 24 h post-injury. The core of the traumatic lesion was removed and then cortical microvesels were isolated from nondirectly damaged ipsilateral cortex. Compared to contralateral cortex and normal cortex from sham-operated mice, we identified a wide spectrum of responses in the vasculome after trauma. Up-regulated pathways included those involved in regulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix processes. Decreased pathways included those involved in regulation of metabolism, mitochondrial function, and transport systems. These findings suggest that microvascular perturbations can be widespread and not necessarily localized to core areas of direct injury per se and may further provide a broader gene network context for existing knowledge regarding inflammation, metabolism, and blood-brain barrier alterations after brain trauma. Further efforts are warranted to map the vasculome with higher spatial and temporal resolution from acute to delayed phase post-trauma. Investigating the widespread network responses in the vasculome may reveal potential mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers for traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Guo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Josephine Lok
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Song Zhao
- 3 The Department of Spine Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Wendy Leung
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Angel T Som
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Changhong Xing
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xunming Ji
- 4 Cerebrovascular Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Eng H Lo
- 1 Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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31
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Lambert C, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Role of Wnt Signaling in Central Nervous System Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2297-311. [PMID: 25976365 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly sensitive to external mechanical damage, presenting a limited capacity for regeneration explained in part by its inability to restore either damaged neurons or the synaptic network. The CNS may suffer different types of external injuries affecting its function and/or structure, including stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury. These pathologies critically affect the quality of life of a large number of patients worldwide and are often fatal because available therapeutics are ineffective and produce limited results. Common effects of the mentioned pathologies involves the triggering of several cellular and metabolic responses against injury, including infiltration of blood cells, inflammation, glial activation, and neuronal death. Although some of the underlying molecular mechanisms of those responses have been elucidated, the mechanisms driving these processes are poorly understood in the context of CNS injury. In the last few years, it has been suggested that the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway could be important in the regenerative response after CNS injury, activating diverse protective mechanisms including the stimulation of neurogenesis, blood brain structure consolidation and the recovery of cognitive brain functions. Because Wnt signaling is involved in several physiological processes, the putative positive role of its activation after injury could be the basis for novel therapeutic approaches to CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lambert
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,Centro UC, Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Maiese K. Novel applications of trophic factors, Wnt and WISP for neuronal repair and regeneration in metabolic disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:518-28. [PMID: 26170801 PMCID: PMC4424733 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.155427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects almost 350 million individuals throughout the globe resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Of further concern is the growing population of individuals that remain undiagnosed but are susceptible to the detrimental outcomes of this disorder. Diabetes mellitus leads to multiple complications in the central and peripheral nervous systems that include cognitive impairment, retinal disease, neuropsychiatric disease, cerebral ischemia, and peripheral nerve degeneration. Although multiple strategies are being considered, novel targeting of trophic factors, Wnt signaling, Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1, and stem cell tissue regeneration are considered to be exciting prospects to overcome the cellular mechanisms that lead to neuronal injury in diabetes mellitus involving oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Pathways that involve insulin-like growth factor-1, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and erythropoietin can govern glucose homeostasis and are intimately tied to Wnt signaling that involves Wnt1 and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (CCN4) to foster control over stem cell proliferation, wound repair, cognitive decline, β-cell proliferation, vascular regeneration, and programmed cell death. Ultimately, cellular metabolism through Wnt signaling is driven by primary metabolic pathways of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and AMP activated protein kinase. These pathways offer precise biological control of cellular metabolism, but are exquisitely sensitive to the different components of Wnt signaling. As a result, unexpected clinical outcomes can ensue and therefore demand careful translation of the mechanisms that govern neural repair and regeneration in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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33
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Lok J, Wang XS, Xing CH, Maki TK, Wu LM, Guo SZ, Noviski N, Arai K, Whalen MJ, Lo EH, Wang XY. Targeting the neurovascular unit in brain trauma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:304-8. [PMID: 25475543 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neurovascular unit was originally developed as a conceptual framework for stroke, it is now recognized that these cell-cell interactions play critical roles in many other CNS disorders as well. In brain trauma, perturbations within the neurovascular unit may be especially important. Changes in neurovascular coupling may disrupt blood flow and metabolic regulation. Disruption of transmitter release-reuptake kinetics in neurons and astrocytes may augment excitotoxicity. Alterations in gliovascular signaling may underlie blood-brain barrier disruptions and traumatic edema. Perturbations in cell-cell signaling between all neuronal, glial, and vascular compartments may increase susceptibility to cell death. Finally, repairing the brain after trauma requires the integrated restoration of all neural, glial, and vascular connectivity for effective functional recovery. Just as in stroke, saving neurons alone may also be insufficient for treating brain trauma. In this minireview, we attempt to briefly highlight some of these pathways to underscore the importance of rescuing the entire neurovascular unit in brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Lok
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Glutamate efflux at the blood-brain barrier: cellular mechanisms and potential clinical relevance. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:639-45. [PMID: 25446623 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate is considered the most important excitatory amino acid in the mammalian brain. Strict control of its concentration in the brain interstitial fluid is important to maintain neurotransmission and avoid excitotoxicity. The role of astrocytes in handling L-glutamate transport and metabolism is well known, however endothelial cells may also play an important role through mediating brain-to-blood L-glutamate efflux. Expression of excitatory amino acid transporters has been demonstrated in brain endothelial cells of bovine, human, murine, rat and porcine origin. These can account for high affinity concentrative uptake of L-glutamate from the brain interstitial fluid into the capillary endothelial cells. The mechanisms in between L-glutamate uptake in the endothelial cells and L-glutamate appearing in the blood are still unclear and may involve a luminal transporter for L-glutamate, metabolism of L-glutamate and transport of metabolites or a combination of the two. However, both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated blood-to-brain transport of L-glutamate, at least during pathological events. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the brain-to-blood L-glutamate efflux hypothesis including possible mechanisms to account for the transport, in vivo studies on blood glutamate scavenging and potential clinical relevance of the phenomenon.
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35
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Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg RB, Greenberg JB, Peng B, Mieling I, Jin K, Greenberg DA. Flow-induced regulation of brain endothelial cells in vitro. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Guo S, Lok J, Liu Y, Hayakawa K, Leung W, Xing C, Ji X, Lo EH. Assays to examine endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and gene expression profiles. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:393-402. [PMID: 24510881 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Common methods for studying angiogenesis in vitro include the tube formation assay, the migration assay, and the study of the endothelial genome. The formation of capillary-like tubes in vitro on basement membrane matrix mimics many steps of the angiogenesis process in vivo and is used widely as a screening test for angiogenic or antiangiogenic factors. Other assays related to the study of angiogenesis include the cell migration assay, the study of gene expression changes during the process of angiogenesis, and the study of endothelial-derived microparticles. Protocols for these procedures will be described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of stroke is complex. Adaptive and maladaptive signalling occurs between multiple cell types in the brain. There is crosstalk between central and systemic responses. And there are overlapping pathways during initial injury and subsequent repair. These numerous feed-forward and feed-back interactions have made it difficult to translate experimental discoveries into clinical applications. An emerging hypothesis in biomedical research now suggests that contrary to a traditional model, translation may not be efficiently obtained without a rigorous understanding of mechanisms. Hence, to optimize diagnostics and therapeutics for stroke patients, it is necessary to identify and define causal mechanisms. Mirroring the multi-compartment interactions in stroke pathophysiology, bench-to-bedside, and bedside-back-to-bench advances in stroke may be best achieved with inter-disciplinary collaborations between basic research, neuroimaging, and broadly based clinical science. Causation can then be two-fold, ie, dissecting mechanisms and targets, as well as developing future scientists who can blur the boundaries between basic, translational, and clinical research. In systems theory, a critical goal is to distinguish causation from correlation. In stroke research, causation may perhaps be found through a collaborative search for mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng H Lo
- From the Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown
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Ishikawa H, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, Vasconcellos J, Kaneko Y, Lee HJ, Mimura O, Dezawa M, Kim SU, Borlongan CV. Vasculogenesis in experimental stroke after human cerebral endothelial cell transplantation. Stroke 2013; 44:3473-81. [PMID: 24130140 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the reported functional recovery in transplanted stroke models and patients, the mechanism of action underlying stem cell therapy remains not well understood. Here, we examined the role of stem cell-mediated vascular repair in stroke. METHODS Adult rats were exposed to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and 3 hours later randomly stereotaxically transplantated with 100K, 200K, or 400K human cerebral endothelial cell 6 viable cells or vehicle. Animals underwent neurological examination and motor test up to day 7 after transplantation then euthanized for immunostaining against neuronal, vascular, and specific human antigens. A parallel in vitro study cocultured rat primary neuronal cells with human cerebral endothelial cell 6 under oxygen-glucose deprivation and treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-VEGF. RESULTS Stroke animals that received vehicle infusion displayed typical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery-induced behavioral impairments that were dose-dependently reduced in transplanted stroke animals at days 3 and 7 after transplantation and accompanied by increased expression of host neuronal and vascular markers adjacent to the transplanted cells. Some transplanted cells showed a microvascular phenotype and juxtaposed to the host vasculature. Infarct volume in transplanted stroke animals was significantly smaller than vehicle-infused stroke animals. Moreover, rat neurons cocultured with human cerebral endothelial cell 6 or treated with VEGF exhibited significantly less oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death that was blocked by anti-VEGF treatment. CONCLUSIONS We found attenuation of behavioral and histological deficits coupled with robust vasculogenesis and neurogenesis in endothelial cell-transplanted stroke animals, suggesting that targeting vascular repair sets in motion a regenerative process in experimental stroke possibly via the VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ishikawa
- From the Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (H.I., N.T., K.S., J.V., Y.K., C.V.B.); Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan (H.I., O.M.); Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.J.L.); Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology and Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (M.D.); and Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.U.K.)
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