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Orlewska K, Klusek J, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Kocańda K, Oblap R, Cedro A, Witczak B, Klusek J, Śliwczyński A, Orlewska E. Association between Glutathione S-Transferases Gene Variants and COVID-19 Severity in Previously Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Polish Patients with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3752. [PMID: 36834445 PMCID: PMC9965089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the outcome of COVID-19 is associated with oxidative stress, it is highly probable that polymorphisms of genes related to oxidative stress were associated with susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the association of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated Polish patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 92 not vaccinated and 84 vaccinated patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 were included. The WHO COVID-19 Clinical Progression Scale was used to assess COVID-19 severity. GSTs genetic polymorphisms were assessed by appropriate PCR methods. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed, including logistic regression analysis. GSTP1 Ile/Val genotype was found to be associated with a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease in the population of vaccinated patients with COVID-19 (OR: 2.75; p = 0.0398). No significant association was observed for any of the assessed GST genotypes with COVID-19 disease severity in unvaccinated patients with COVID-19. In this group of patients, BMI > 25 and serum glucose level > 99 mg% statistically significantly increased the odds towards more severe COVID-19. Our results may contribute to further understanding of risk factors of severe COVID-19 and selecting patients in need of strategies focusing on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Klusek
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Kamila Kocańda
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Ruslan Oblap
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Cedro
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Bartosz Witczak
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jolanta Klusek
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Śliwczyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Orlewska
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
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Topalušić I, Stipić Marković A, Artuković M, Dodig S, Bucić L, Lugović Mihić L. Divergent Trends in the Prevalence of Children's Asthma, Rhinitis and Atopic Dermatitis and Environmental Influences in the Urban Setting of Zagreb, Croatia. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121788. [PMID: 36553232 PMCID: PMC9777289 DOI: 10.3390/children9121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that the allergy epidemic in developed countries has reached its plateau, while a rise is expected in developing ones. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of allergic diseases among schoolchildren from the city of Zagreb, Croatia after sixteen years. METHODS Symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD) and risk factors were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. An allergic profile was determined by a skin prick test. RESULTS The prevalence of current, ever-in-a-lifetime and diagnosed AR of 35.7%, 42.5% and 14.9% and AD of 18.1%, 37.1% and 31.1% demonstrated a significant increase. The asthma prevalence has remained unchanged. The allergen sensitivity rate has remained similar, but pollens have become dominant. Mould and dog exposure are risks for asthma (OR 14.505, OR 2.033). Exposure to cat allergens is protective in AR (OR 0.277). Parental history of allergies is a risk factor in all conditions. CONCLUSION Over sixteen years, the prevalence of AR and AD, but not of asthma, have increased. The proportion of atopy has remained high. The AR/AD symptom rise is probably a consequence of increased pollen sensitisation united with high particulate matter concentrations. The stable asthma trend could be a result of decreasing exposures to indoor allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Topalušić
- Division of Pulmology, Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-98-1857-599
| | - Asja Stipić Marković
- Department of Pulmology, Special Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinko Artuković
- Department of Pulmology, Special Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavica Dodig
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovro Bucić
- Division for Environmental Health, Croatian Institute for Public Health, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Liborija Lugović Mihić
- Department of Dematology, School of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Sisters of Mercy, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Kelchtermans J, Hakonarson H. The role of gene-ambient air pollution interactions in paediatric asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/166/220094. [PMID: 36384702 PMCID: PMC9724879 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0094-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, asthma prevention and treatment remain a challenge. Ambient air pollution (AAP) is an environmental risk factor of special interest in asthma research. AAP is poorly defined and has been subdivided either by the origin of the air pollution or by the specific bioactive compounds. The link between AAP exposure and asthma exacerbations is well established and has been extensively reviewed. In this narrative review, we discuss the specific genetic variants that have been associated with increased AAP sensitivity and impact in paediatric asthma. We highlight the relative importance of variants associated with genes with a role in oxidant defences and the nuclear factor-κB pathway supporting a potential central role for these pathways in AAP sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte Kelchtermans
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,The Center of Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author: Jelte Kelchtermans ()
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,The Center of Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Dai X, Bui DS, Lodge C. Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Associations and Gene-Environment Interactions for Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:31. [PMID: 33970355 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Airway oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative processes in the airways. There is evidence that chronic damage caused by oxidative stress may be involved in asthmatic inflammation and reduced lung function. Given their biological antioxidant function, the antioxidant genes in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family are believed to be associated with development and progression of asthma. This review aims to summarize evidence on the relationship between GST gene polymorphisms and asthma and interactions with environmental exposures. RECENT FINDINGS The current evidence on the association between GST genes and asthma is still weak or inconsistent. Failure to account for environmental exposures may explain the lack of consistency. It is highly likely that environmental exposures interact with GST genes involved in the antioxidant pathway. According to current knowledge, carriers of GSTM1(rs366631)/T1(rs17856199) null genotypes and GSTP1 Val105 (rs1695) genotypes are more susceptible to environmental oxidative exposures and have a higher risk of asthma. Some doubt remains regarding the presence or absence of interactions with different environmental exposures in different study scenarios. The GST-environment interaction may depend on exposure type, asthma phenotype or endotype, ethnics, and other complex gene-gene interaction. Future studies could be improved by defining precise asthma endotypes, involving multiple gene-gene interactions, and increasing sample size and power. Although there is evidence for an interaction between GST genes, and environmental exposures in relation to asthma, results are not concordant. Further investigations are needed to explore the reasons behind the inconsistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dai
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dinh S Bui
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Caroline Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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5
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van de Wetering C, Elko E, Berg M, Schiffers CHJ, Stylianidis V, van den Berge M, Nawijn MC, Wouters EFM, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Reynaert NL. Glutathione S-transferases and their implications in the lung diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Early life susceptibility? Redox Biol 2021; 43:101995. [PMID: 33979767 PMCID: PMC8131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our lungs are exposed daily to airborne pollutants, particulate matter, pathogens as well as lung allergens and irritants. Exposure to these substances can lead to inflammatory responses and may induce endogenous oxidant production, which can cause chronic inflammation, tissue damage and remodeling. Notably, the development of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is linked to the aforementioned irritants. Some inhaled foreign chemical compounds are rapidly absorbed and processed by phase I and II enzyme systems critical in the detoxification of xenobiotics including the glutathione-conjugating enzymes Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). GSTs, and in particular genetic variants of GSTs that alter their activities, have been found to be implicated in the susceptibility to and progression of these lung diseases. Beyond their roles in phase II metabolism, evidence suggests that GSTs are also important mediators of normal lung growth. Therefore, the contribution of GSTs to the development of lung diseases in adults may already start in utero, and continues through infancy, childhood, and adult life. GSTs are also known to scavenge oxidants and affect signaling pathways by protein-protein interaction. Moreover, GSTs regulate reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, known as protein S-glutathionylation. Therefore, GSTs display an array of functions that impact the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. In this review we will provide an overview of the specific functions of each class of mammalian cytosolic GSTs. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of their expression profiles in the lung in healthy subjects, as well as alterations that have been described in (epithelial cells of) asthmatics and COPD patients. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging evidence of the regulatory properties of GSTs beyond detoxification and their contribution to (un)healthy lungs throughout life. By providing a more thorough understanding, tailored therapeutic strategies can be designed to affect specific functions of particular GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Evan Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marijn Berg
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caspar H J Schiffers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Vasili Stylianidis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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6
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Mukhammadiyeva GF, Bakirov AB, Karimov DO, Ziatdinova MM, Valova YV, Borisova AI, Distanova AA. Analysis of the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism association with the development of asthma and phenotypic manifestations. J Asthma 2021; 59:1065-1069. [PMID: 33781157 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1910295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of asthma and its related phenotypes is most likely due to the polymorphism of the so-called modifier genes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the polymorphic locus rs1695 of the GSTP1 gene association with risk factors for developing asthma and its phenotypic manifestations. METHODS This case-control study involved 164 patients with confirmed asthma diagnosis and 147 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients were divided into two groups: with (n = 121) and without complications (n = 43). Among asthmatic patients, 34 manifested hypersensitivity to household allergens. The GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism was genotyped using the technique of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS There were no differences between patients and controls in allelic or genotype frequencies of polymorphic locus rs1695 of the GSTP1 gene. However, the frequency of the A/A genotype in the patient group with complications was significantly lower than that in complication-free patients (p = 0.040), while the frequency of the G allele was higher in patients with complications (p = 0.030). The frequency of the A/A genotype was decreased in the patient group with an allergic reaction to household allergens in comparison with controls (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the carriage of the A/A genotype of polymorphic locus rs1695 of the GSTP1 gene is a protective factor in the development of complications and an allergic reaction to house allergens among asthmatics, while the carriage of the G allele is associated with an increased risk for asthma complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel F Mukhammadiyeva
- Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
| | - Akhat B Bakirov
- Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
| | - Denis O Karimov
- Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
| | - Munira M Ziatdinova
- Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
| | - Yana V Valova
- Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
| | - Alla I Borisova
- Department of Occupational Allergology and Immunorehabilitation, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
| | - Albina A Distanova
- Department of Occupational Allergology and Immunorehabilitation, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, Russia
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7
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Yang SI, Kim HB, Kim HC, Lee SY, Kang MJ, Cho HJ, Yoon J, Jung S, Lee E, Yang HJ, Ahn K, Kim KW, Shin YH, Suh DI, Hong SJ. Particulate matter at third trimester and respiratory infection in infants, modified by GSTM1. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:245-253. [PMID: 31746563 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) exposure during each trimester of pregnancy and development of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) during the first 3 years of life and whether GSTM1 gene polymorphisms modify these effects. METHODS This study included 1,180 mother-child pairs from the Cohort for Childhood Origin of Asthma and allergic diseases. The PM2.5 levels during pregnancy were estimated by residential address using land-use regression models based on a national monitoring system. A diagnosis of LRTIs was based on a parental report of a physician's diagnosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for GSTM1 genotyping. RESULTS Higher PM2.5 exposure during the third trimester was associated with LRTIs at 1 year of age (aRR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.13). This result did not change after adjusting for PM2.5 exposures during the first and second trimesters (aRR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.99-1.13). This association was significant after adjusting for PM2.5 exposures during first year of age (aRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15) and exposures to NO2 and ozone at the third trimester (aRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00-1.16). In addition, PM2.5 exposure during the third trimester increased the risk of LRTIs at 1 year of age in cases with the GSTM1 null genotype (aRR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01-1.57; P for interaction .20). CONCLUSION Higher PM2.5 exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy may increase the susceptibility to LRTIs at 1 year of age. This effect is modified by GSTM1 gene polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-I Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, International St Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jisun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sungsu Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong In Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Genomics of Particulate Matter Exposure Associated Cardiopulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224335. [PMID: 31703266 PMCID: PMC6887978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure is associated with the development of cardiopulmonary disease. Our group has studied the adverse health effects of World Trade Center particulate matter (WTC-PM) exposure on firefighters. To fully understand the complex interplay between exposure, organism, and resultant disease phenotype, it is vital to analyze the underlying role of genomics in mediating this relationship. A PubMed search was performed focused on environmental exposure, genomics, and cardiopulmonary disease. We included original research published within 10 years, on epigenetic modifications and specific genetic or allelic variants. The initial search resulted in 95 studies. We excluded manuscripts that focused on work-related chemicals, heavy metals and tobacco smoke as primary sources of exposure, as well as reviews, prenatal research, and secondary research studies. Seven full-text articles met pre-determined inclusion criteria, and were reviewed. The effects of air pollution were evaluated in terms of methylation (n = 3), oxidative stress (n = 2), and genetic variants (n = 2). There is evidence to suggest that genomics plays a meditating role in the formation of adverse cardiopulmonary symptoms and diseases that surface after exposure events. Genomic modifications and variations affect the association between environmental exposure and cardiopulmonary disease, but additional research is needed to further define this relationship.
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9
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Morales E, Duffy D. Genetics and Gene-Environment Interactions in Childhood and Adult Onset Asthma. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:499. [PMID: 31921716 PMCID: PMC6918916 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that results from the complex interaction between genetic factors and environmental exposures that occur at critical periods throughout life. It seems plausible to regard childhood-onset and adult-onset asthma as different entities, each with a different pathophysiology, trajectory, and outcome. This review provides an overview about the role of genetics and gene-environment interactions in these two conditions. Looking at the genetic overlap between childhood and adult onset disease gives one window into whether there is a correlation, as well as to mechanism. A second window is offered by the genetics of the relationship between each type of asthma and other phenotypes e.g., obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), atopy, vitamin D levels, and inflammatory and immune status; and third, the genetic-specific responses to the many environmental exposures that influence risk throughout life, and particularly those that occur during early-life development. These represent a large number of possible combinations of genetic and environmental factors, at least 150 known genetic loci vs. tobacco smoke, outdoor air pollutants, indoor exposures, farming environment, and microbial exposures. Considering time of asthma onset extends the two-dimensional problem of gene-environment interactions to a three-dimensional problem, since identified gene-environment interactions seldom replicate for childhood and adult asthma, which suggests that asthma susceptibility to environmental exposures may biologically differ from early life to adulthood as a result of different pathways and mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morales
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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10
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Turner S, Francis B, Wani N, Vijverberg S, Pino-Yanes M, Mukhopadhyay S, Tavendale R, Palmer C, Burchard EG, Merid SK, Melén E, Maitland-van der Zee AH, The Pharmacogenomics In Childhood Asthma Consortium OBO. Variants in genes coding for glutathione S-transferases and asthma outcomes in children. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:707-713. [PMID: 29785881 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our hypothesis was that children with mutations in genes coding for glutathione S-transferases (GST) have worse asthma outcomes compared with children with active type genotype. Data were collected in five populations. The rs1695 single nucleotide polymorphism (GSTP1) was determined in all cohorts (3692 children) and GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype were determined in three cohorts (2362 children). GSTT1 null (but not other genotypes) was associated with a minor increased risk for asthma attack and there were no significant associations between GST genotypes and asthma severity. Interactions between GST genotypes and SHS exposure or asthma severity with the study outcomes were nonsignificant. We find no convincing evidence that the GST genotypes studied are related to asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Francis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nuha Wani
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Susanne Vijverberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,Population Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Dundee, UK
| | | | - Colin Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Center for Genes, Environment & Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Simon Kebede Merid
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Mao Z, Shi Y, Cao Q, Chen Y, Sun Y, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Huang M. Transcriptional regulation on the gene expression signature in combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome. Epigenomics 2018; 10:119-131. [PMID: 29334241 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was intended to evaluate transcriptional regulation of gene expression signatures in combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS). MATERIALS & METHODS The blood samples of three patients with CARAS, three patients with allergic rhinitis and three normal controls were obtained. The cuffdiff, miRDeep2 and DEGseq were used to quantify the expression of genes and miRNAs, respectively. And p-value < 0.01 and false discovery rate < 0.001 were considered as significant differences of genes and miRNAs, respectively. Gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to analyze the biological function. And the cut-off value for significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS SLC14A1, SNCA, TNS1, KAT2B and PARP1 were regulated by hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p and hsa-miR-21-5p. Additionally, phagosome (p = 0.00627769839083361) was the only significantly enriched signal pathway involving HLA-DOA, TUBB2A and MRC2. CONCLUSION Disordered expression of genes under the regulation of miRNAs may play an important role in CARAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdao Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.,Departmentof Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yujia Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Departmentof Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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12
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Lin TJ, Karmaus WJJ, Chen ML, Hsu JC, Wang IJ. Interactions Between Bisphenol A Exposure and GSTP1 Polymorphisms in Childhood Asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:172-179. [PMID: 29411558 PMCID: PMC5809766 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure may increase the risk of asthma. Genetic polymorphisms of oxidative stress-related genes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTP1), manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, and microsomal epoxide hydrolase may be related to BPA exposure. The aim is to evaluate whether oxidative stress genes modulates associations of BPA exposure with asthma. Methods We conducted a case-control study comprised of 126 asthmatic children and 327 controls. Urine Bisphenol A glucuronide (BPAG) levels were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and genetic variants were analyzed by a TaqMan assay. Information on asthma and environmental exposure was collected. Analyses of variance and logistic regressions were performed to determine the association of genotypes and urine BPAG levels with asthma. Results BPAG levels were significantly associated with asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.29 per log unit increase in concentration; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.081.55). Compared to the GG genotype, children with a GSTP1 AA genotype had higher urine BPAG concentrations (geometric mean [standard error], 12.72 [4.16] vs 11.42 [2.82]; P=0.036). In children with high BPAG, the GSTP1 AA genotype was related to a higher odds of asthma than the GG genotype (aOR, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.0223.06). Conclusions GSTP1 variants are associated with urine BPA metabolite levels. Oxidative stress genes may modulate the effect of BPA exposure on asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Jen Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Sports Science, College of Exercise and Health Sciences, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wilfried J J Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mei Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiin Chyr Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Meldrum K, Guo C, Marczylo EL, Gant TW, Smith R, Leonard MO. Mechanistic insight into the impact of nanomaterials on asthma and allergic airway disease. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 29157272 PMCID: PMC5697410 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease known for its high susceptibility to environmental exposure. Inadvertent inhalation of engineered or incidental nanomaterials is a concern for human health, particularly for those with underlying disease susceptibility. In this review we provide a comprehensive analysis of those studies focussed on safety assessment of different nanomaterials and their unique characteristics on asthma and allergic airway disease. These include in vivo and in vitro approaches as well as human and population studies. The weight of evidence presented supports a modifying role for nanomaterial exposure on established asthma as well as the development of the condition. Due to the variability in modelling approaches, nanomaterial characterisation and endpoints used for assessment in these studies, there is insufficient information for how one may assign relative hazard potential to individual nanoscale properties. New developments including the adoption of standardised models and focussed in vitro and in silico approaches have the potential to more reliably identify properties of concern through comparative analysis across robust and select testing systems. Importantly, key to refinement and choice of the most appropriate testing systems is a more complete understanding of how these materials may influence disease at the cellular and molecular level. Detailed mechanistic insight also brings with it opportunities to build important population and exposure susceptibilities into models. Ultimately, such approaches have the potential to more clearly extrapolate relevant toxicological information, which can be used to improve nanomaterial safety assessment for human disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Chang Guo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Emma L Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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14
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Interactions of GST Polymorphisms in Air Pollution Exposure and Respiratory Diseases and Allergies. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:85. [PMID: 27878551 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence from recently published original studies investigating how glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms modify the impact of air pollution on asthma, allergic diseases, and lung function. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies in epidemiological and controlled human experiments found evidence to suggest that GSTs modify the impact of air pollution exposure on respiratory diseases and allergies. Of the nine articles included in this review, all except one identified at least one significant interaction with at least one of glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), or glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) genes and air pollution exposure. The findings of these studies, however, are markedly different. This difference can be partially explained by regional variation in the exposure levels and oxidative potential of different pollutants and by other interactions involving a number of unaccounted environment exposures and multiple genes. Although there is evidence of an interaction between GST genes and air pollution exposure for the risk of respiratory disease and allergies, results are not concordant. Further investigations are needed to explore the reasons behind the discordancy.
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15
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Turner S. Gene-Environment Interactions-What Can These Tell Us about the Relationship between Asthma and Allergy? Front Pediatr 2017; 5:118. [PMID: 28589116 PMCID: PMC5438974 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common condition, which is associated with atopy and allergic conditions including hay fever, eczema, and food allergies. Asthma and atopy are both complex conditions where genetic and environmental factors are implicated in causation. Interactions between genetic and environmental factors, likely via epigenetic mechanisms, are widely thought to be important in determining the risk for developing asthma and atopy. The nature of the relationship between asthma and atopy is unclear and the answer to the question "does atopy cause asthma?" remains unknown. This review explores the relationship between asthma and atopy from a gene-environment interaction perspective and tackles the question "are similar gene-environment interactions present for asthma and atopy?" The main finding is that gene-environment interactions are described for asthma and atopy in children but these interactions are seldom sought for both asthma and atopy in the same population. In the few instances where a gene-environment interaction is related to both asthma and atopy, there is no consistent evidence that similar interactions are common to asthma and atopy. Many plausible gene-environment interactions for asthma and atopy are yet to be explored. Overall, from the gene-environment interaction perspective, there is absence of evidence to better understand the complex relationship between asthma and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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16
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Bowatte G, Lodge CJ, Knibbs LD, Lowe AJ, Erbas B, Dennekamp M, Marks GB, Giles G, Morrison S, Thompson B, Thomas PS, Hui J, Perret JL, Abramson MJ, Walters H, Matheson MC, Dharmage SC. Traffic-related air pollution exposure is associated with allergic sensitization, asthma, and poor lung function in middle age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:122-129.e1. [PMID: 27372567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure is associated with allergic airway diseases and reduced lung function in children, but evidence concerning adults, especially in low-pollution settings, is scarce and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether exposure to TRAP in middle age is associated with allergic sensitization, current asthma, and reduced lung function in adults, and whether these associations are modified by variants in Glutathione S-Transferase genes. METHODS The study sample comprised the proband 2002 laboratory study of the Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study. Mean annual residential nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure was estimated for current residential addresses using a validated land-use regression model. Associations between TRAP exposure and allergic sensitization, lung function, current wheeze, and asthma (n = 1405) were investigated using regression models. RESULTS Increased mean annual NO2 exposure was associated with increased risk of atopy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.28 per 1 interquartile range increase in NO2 [2.2 ppb]) and current wheeze (aOR, 1.14; 1.02-1.28). Similarly, living less than 200 m from a major road was associated with current wheeze (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06-1.80) and atopy (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.99-1.62), and was also associated with having significantly lower prebronchodilator and postbronchodilator FEV1 and prebronchodilator forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity. We found evidence of interactions between living less than 200 m from a major road and GSTT1 polymorphism for atopy, asthma, and atopic asthma. Overall, carriers of the GSTT1 null genotype had an increased risk of asthma and allergic outcomes if exposed to TRAP. CONCLUSIONS Even relatively low TRAP exposures confer an increased risk of adverse respiratory and allergic outcomes in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline J Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology & Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martine Dennekamp
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Graham Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, the Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul S Thomas
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Perth, Australia; School of Population Health, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Perret
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haydn Walters
- NHMRC CRE, University of Tasmania Medical School, Hobart, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Li YF, Lin CC, Tai CK. Interaction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) polymorphisms and environmental tobacco smoke on childhood asthma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 11:6504-16. [PMID: 25003170 PMCID: PMC4078592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110606504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease that is particularly common in children. The association between polymorphisms of the gene encoding intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and gene-environment interactions with childhood asthma has not been fully investigated. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate these associations among children in Taiwan. The effects of two functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ICAM1, rs5491 (K56M) and rs5498 (K469E), and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were studied. Two hundred and eighteen asthmatic and 877 nonasthmatic children were recruited from elementary schools. It was found that the genetic effect of each SNP was modified by the other SNP and by exposure to ETS. The risk of asthma was higher for children carrying the rs5491 AT or TT genotypes and the rs5498 GG genotype (odds ratio = 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.09–2.59) than for those with the rs5491 AA and rs5498 AA or AG genotypes (the reference group). The risk for the other two combinations of genotypes did not differ significantly from that of the reference group (p of interaction = 0.0063). The two studied ICAM1 SNPs were associated with childhood asthma among children exposed to ETS, but not among those without ETS exposure (p of interaction = 0.05 and 0.01 for rs5491 and rs5498, respectively). Both ICAM1 and ETS, and interactions between these two factors are likely to be involved in the development of asthma in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Li
- Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, 91 Hsieh-Shih Rd., Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Che-Chen Lin
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsieh-Shih Rd., Taichung 404, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chien-Kuo Tai
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Rd., Min-Hsiung Township, Chia-Yi County 621, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-5-272-0411 (ext. 66508); Fax: +886-5-272-2871
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18
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Environmental effects on immune responses in patients with atopy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1001-8. [PMID: 25439226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite attempts and some successes to improve air quality over the decades, current US national trends suggest that exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution remains a significant risk factor for both the development of asthma and the triggering of asthma symptoms. Emerging science also suggests that environmental exposures during the prenatal period and early childhood years increase the risk of asthma. Multiple mechanisms mediate this risk because a wide range of deleterious air pollutants contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma across a variety of complex asthma phenotypes. In this review we will consider the role of altered innate and adaptive immune responses, gene-environment interactions, epigenetic regulation, and possibly gene-environment-epigene interactions. Gaining a greater understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the effect of exposure to air pollution on asthma, allergies, and other airway diseases can identify targets for therapy. Such interventions will include pollutant source reduction among those most exposed and most vulnerable and novel pharmaceutical strategies to reduce asthma morbidity.
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