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Desgrouas C, Thalheim T, Cerino M, Badens C, Bonello-Palot N. Perilipin 1: a systematic review on its functions on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in mice and humans. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:237-248. [PMID: 38214891 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of perilipin 1 in human metabolism was recently highlighted by the description of PLIN1 variants associated with various pathologies. These include severe familial partial lipodystrophy and early onset acute coronary syndrome. Additionally, certain variants have been reported to have a protective effect on cardiovascular diseases. The role of this protein remains controversial in mice and variant interpretation in humans is still conflicting. This literature review has two primary objectives (i) to clarify the function of the PLIN1 gene in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis by examining functional studies performed in cells (adipocytes) and mice and (ii) to understand the impact of PLIN1 variants identified in humans based on the variant's location within the protein and the type of variant (missense or frameshift). To achieve these objectives, we conducted an extensive analysis of the relevant literature on perilipin 1, its function in cellular models and mice, and the consequences of its mutations in humans. We also utilized bioinformatics tools and consulted the Human Genetics Cardiovascular Disease Knowledge Portal to enhance the pathogenicity assessment of PLIN1 missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Desgrouas
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Faculte de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Tabea Thalheim
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Faculte de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Cerino
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Faculte de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
- AP-HM, Service de Biochimie, Hôpital de la Timone 264 rue Saint Pierre 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Badens
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Faculte de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
- AP-HM, Service de Biochimie, Hôpital de la Timone 264 rue Saint Pierre 13005 Marseille, France
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Hôpital de la Timone 264 rue Saint Pierre 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Bonello-Palot
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Faculte de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Hôpital de la Timone 264 rue Saint Pierre 13005 Marseille, France
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2
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Jussila A, Zhang B, Kirti S, Atit R. Tissue fibrosis associated depletion of lipid-filled cells. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15054. [PMID: 38519432 PMCID: PMC10977660 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is primarily described as the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, but in many tissues it also involves a loss of lipid or lipid-filled cells. Lipid-filled cells are critical to tissue function and integrity in many tissues including the skin and lungs. Thus, loss or depletion of lipid-filled cells during fibrogenesis, has implications for tissue function. In some contexts, lipid-filled cells can impact ECM composition and stability, highlighting their importance in fibrotic transformation. Recent papers in fibrosis address this newly recognized fibrotic lipodystrophy phenomenon. Even in disparate tissues, common mechanisms are emerging to explain fibrotic lipodystrophy. These findings have implications for fibrosis in tissues composed of fibroblast and lipid-filled cell populations such as skin, lung, and liver. In this review, we will discuss the roles of lipid-containing cells, their reduction/loss during fibrotic transformation, and the mechanisms of that loss in the skin and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jussila
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sakin Kirti
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Radhika Atit
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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3
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Arisawa K, Matsuoka A, Ozawa N, Ishikawa T, Ichi I, Fujiwara Y. GPER/PKA-Dependent Enhancement of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Piceatannol. Nutrients 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 38201867 PMCID: PMC10781143 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that piceatannol (PIC) had an anti-obesity effect only in ovariectomized (OVX) postmenopausal obesity mice. PIC was found to induce the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (pHSL) in OVX mice. To elucidate the mechanism by which PIC activates HSL, we investigated the effect of PIC using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PIC induced HSL phosphorylation at Ser563 in 3T3-L1 cells, as in vivo experiments showed. pHSL (Ser563) is believed to be activated through the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways; however, the addition of a selective inhibitor of β-AR did not inhibit the effect of PIC. The addition of a PKA inhibitor with PIC blocked pHSL (Ser563), suggesting that the effects are mediated by PKA in a different pathway than β-AR. The addition of G15, a selective inhibitor of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), reduced the activation of HSL by PIC. Furthermore, PIC inhibited insulin signaling and did not induce pHSL (Ser565), which represents its inactive form. These results suggest that PIC acts as a phytoestrogen and phosphorylates HSL through a novel pathway that activates GPER and its downstream PKA, which may be one of the inhibitory actions of PIC on fat accumulation in estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoko Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Ayumi Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Natsuki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (I.I.)
- Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, Chiba 271-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (I.I.)
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.M.); (N.O.)
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (T.I.); (I.I.)
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4
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Calderón-DuPont D, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A. Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? The role of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Biochimie 2023; 204:48-68. [PMID: 36099940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) refers to a reduction in the ability of insulin to exert its metabolic effects in organs such as adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM), leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is the main cause of IR, however not all subjects with obesity develop clinical insulin resistance, and not all clinically insulin-resistant people have obesity. Recent evidence implies that IR onset is tissue-dependent (AT or SM) and/or substrate-specific (glucometabolic or lipometabolic). Therefore, the aims of the present review are 1) to describe the glucometabolic and lipometabolic activities of insulin in AT and SM in the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis, 2) to discuss the pathophysiology of substrate-specific IR in AT and SM, and 3) to highlight novel validated tests to assess tissue and substrate-specific IR that are easy to perform in clinical practice. In AT, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose availability for glycerol and fatty acid synthesis, thus decreasing the esterification and synthesis of signaling bioactive lipids. Lipometabolic IR in AT impairs the antilipolytic effect of insulin and lipogenesis, leading to an increase in circulating FFAs and generating lipotoxicity in peripheral tissues. In SM, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose uptake, whereas lipometabolic IR impairs mitochondrial lipid oxidation, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which lead to metabolic inflexibility. Understanding tissue-dependent and substrate-specific IR is of paramount importance for early detection before clinical manifestations and for the development of more specific treatments or direct interventions to prevent chronic life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Calderón-DuPont
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional en Ciencias Médicas y Nutricíon Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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Lizardo K, Ayyappan JP, Oswal N, Weiss LM, Scherer PE, Nagajyothi JF. Fat tissue regulates the pathogenesis and severity of cardiomyopathy in murine chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008964. [PMID: 33826636 PMCID: PMC8055007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) caused by a parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is a life-threatening disease in Latin America, for which there is no effective drug or vaccine. The pathogenesis of CCC is complex and multifactorial. Previously, we demonstrated T. cruzi infected mice lose a significant amount of fat tissue which correlates with progression of CCC. Based on this an investigation was undertaken during both acute and chronic T. cruzi infection utilizing the FAT-ATTAC murine model (that allows modulation of fat mass) to understand the consequences of the loss of adipocytes in the regulation of cardiac parasite load, parasite persistence, inflammation, mitochondrial stress, ER stress, survival, CCC progression and CCC severity. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 5x104 and 103 trypomastigotes to generate acute and chronic Chagas models, respectively. Ablation of adipocytes was carried out in uninfected and infected mice by treatment with AP21087 for 10 days starting at 15DPI (acute infection) and at 65DPI (indeterminate infection). During acute infection, cardiac ultrasound imaging, histological, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that fat ablation increased cardiac parasite load, cardiac pathology and right ventricular dilation and decreased survival. During chronic indeterminate infection ablation of fat cells increased cardiac pathology and caused bi-ventricular dilation. These data demonstrate that dysfunctional adipose tissue not only affects cardiac metabolism but also the inflammatory status, morphology and physiology of the myocardium and increases the risk of progression and severity of CCC in murine Chagas disease. An estimated eight million individuals worldwide are chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD). Of these infected individuals, 30% will develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CD endemic regions for which there is currently no effective drug or vaccine. The molecular mechanisms underlying CCC pathogenesis, progression and severity are complex, multi-factorial and not completely understood. Earlier, it was demonstrated that T. cruzi persists in adipose tissue, alters adipocyte physiology, and causes loss of body fat mass in T. cruzi infected mice with CCC. In this study, the authors examined the role of visceral fat pad (adipose tissue) in regulating the pathogenic signalling in the development and progression of CCC using a fat mass modulatable transgenic mouse CD model. Loss of fat cells increased cardiac lipid load and deregulated cardiac lipid metabolism leading to mitochondrial oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress and severe CCC. In addition, loss of fat cells increased cardiac parasite load during acute infection and altered immune signalling in the hearts of infected mice during chronic infection. These discoveries underscore the importance of adipose tissue in the development of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Neelam Oswal
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- The Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Depommier C, Van Hul M, Everard A, Delzenne NM, De Vos WM, Cani PD. Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila increases whole-body energy expenditure and fecal energy excretion in diet-induced obese mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1231-1245. [PMID: 32167023 PMCID: PMC7524283 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1737307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel candidate to prevent or treat obesity-related metabolic disorders. We recently observed, in mice and in humans, that pasteurization of A. muciniphila increases its beneficial effects on metabolism. However, it is currently unknown if the observed beneficial effects on body weight and fat mass gain are due to specific changes in energy expenditure. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pasteurized A. muciniphila on whole-body energy metabolism during high-fat diet feeding by using metabolic chambers. We confirmed that daily oral administration of pasteurized A. muciniphila alleviated diet-induced obesity and decreased food energy efficiency. We found that this effect was associated with an increase in energy expenditure and spontaneous physical activity. Strikingly, we discovered that energy expenditure was enhanced independently from changes in markers of thermogenesis or beiging of the white adipose tissue. However, we found in brown and white adipose tissues that perilipin2, a factor associated with lipid droplet and known to be altered in obesity, was decreased in expression by pasteurized A. muciniphila. Finally, we observed that treatment with pasteurized A. muciniphila increased energy excretion in the feces. Interestingly, we demonstrated that this effect was not due to the modulation of intestinal lipid absorption or chylomicron synthesis but likely involved a reduction of carbohydrates absorption and enhanced intestinal epithelial turnover. In conclusion, this study further dissects the mechanisms by which pasteurized A. muciniphila reduces body weight and fat mass gain. These data also further support the impact of targeting the gut microbiota by using specific bacteria to control whole-body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Depommier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem M. De Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium,CONTACT Patrice D. Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique De Louvain, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Av. E. Mounier, 73 Box B1.73.11, B-1200Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Moss FJ, Mahinthichaichan P, Lodowski DT, Kowatz T, Tajkhorshid E, Engel A, Boron WF, Vahedi-Faridi A. Aquaporin-7: A Dynamic Aquaglyceroporin With Greater Water and Glycerol Permeability Than Its Bacterial Homolog GlpF. Front Physiol 2020; 11:728. [PMID: 32695023 PMCID: PMC7339978 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus oocytes expressing human aquaporin-7 (AQP7) exhibit greater osmotic water permeability and 3H-glycerol uptake vs. those expressing the bacterial glycerol facilitator GlpF. AQP7-expressing oocytes exposed to increasing extracellular [glycerol] under isosmolal conditions exhibit increasing swelling rates, whereas GlpF-expressing oocytes do not swell at all. To provide a structural basis for these observed physiological differences, we performed X-ray crystallographic structure determination of AQP7 and molecular-dynamics simulations on AQP7 and GlpF. The structure reveals AQP7 tetramers containing two monomers with 3 glycerols, and two monomers with 2 glycerols in the pore. In contrast to GlpF, no glycerol is bound at the AQP7 selectivity filter (SF), comprising residues F74, G222, Y223, and R229. The AQP7 SF is resolved in its closed state because F74 blocks the passage of small solutes. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that F74 undergoes large and rapid conformational changes, allowing glycerol molecules to permeate without orientational restriction. The more rigid GlpF imposes orientational constraints on glycerol molecules passing through the SF. Moreover, GlpF-W48 (analogous to AQP7-F74) undergoes rare but long-lasting conformational changes that block the pore to H2O and glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser J. Moss
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paween Mahinthichaichan
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - David T. Lodowski
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Kowatz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andreas Engel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Walter F. Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ardeschir Vahedi-Faridi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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8
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Schopow N, Kallendrusch S, Gong S, Rapp F, Körfer J, Gericke M, Spindler N, Josten C, Langer S, Bechmann I. Examination of ex-vivo viability of human adipose tissue slice culture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233152. [PMID: 32453755 PMCID: PMC7250419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with significantly higher mortality rates, and excess adipose tissue is involved in respective pathologies. Here we established a human adipose tissue slice cultures (HATSC) model ex vivo. HATSC match the in vivo cell composition of human adipose tissue with, among others, mature adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells as well as stroma tissue and immune cells. This is a new method, optimized for live imaging, to study adipose tissue and cell-based mechanisms of obesity in particular. HATSC survival was tested by means of conventional and immunofluorescence histological techniques, functional analyses and live imaging. Surgery-derived tissue was cut with a tissue chopper in 500 μm sections and transferred onto membranes building an air-liquid interface. HATSC were cultured in six-well plates filled with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), insulin, transferrin, and selenium, both with and without serum. After 0, 1, 7 and 14 days in vitro, slices were fixated and analyzed by morphology and Perilipin A for tissue viability. Immunofluorescent staining against IBA1, CD68 and Ki67 was performed to determine macrophage survival and proliferation. These experiments showed preservation of adipose tissue as well as survival and proliferation of monocytes and stroma tissue for at least 14 days in vitro even in the absence of serum. The physiological capabilities of adipocytes were functionally tested by insulin stimulation and measurement of Phospho-Akt on day 7 and 14 in vitro. Viability was further confirmed by live imaging using Calcein-AM (viable cells) and propidium iodide (apoptosis/necrosis). In conclusion, HATSC have been successfully established by preserving the monovacuolar form of adipocytes and surrounding macrophages and connective tissue. This model allows further analysis of mature human adipose tissue biology ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Schopow
- Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Siming Gong
- Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rapp
- Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Justus Körfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nick Spindler
- Department for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Josten
- Department for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Langer
- Department for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Yang Y, Fu M, Li MD, Zhang K, Zhang B, Wang S, Liu Y, Ni W, Ong Q, Mi J, Yang X. O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits visceral fat lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:181. [PMID: 31924761 PMCID: PMC6954210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. The visceral fat is highly susceptible to the availability of external nutrients. Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. Mechanistically, visceral fat maintains a high level of O-GlcNAcylation during fasting. Loss of OGT decreases O-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. Moreover, adipose OGT overexpression inhibits lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targeting O-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yang
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Minnie Fu
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Min-Dian Li
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kaisi Zhang
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Bichen Zhang
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Simeng Wang
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Weiming Ni
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Qunxiang Ong
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jia Mi
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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10
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Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1359] [Impact Index Per Article: 226.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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Nicu C, Pople J, Bonsell L, Bhogal R, Ansell DM, Paus R. A guide to studying human dermal adipocytes in situ. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:589-602. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | | | - Laura Bonsell
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | | | - David M. Ansell
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
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12
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Rogne M, Chu DT, Küntziger TM, Mylonakou MN, Collas P, Tasken K. OPA1-anchored PKA phosphorylates perilipin 1 on S522 and S497 in adipocytes differentiated from human adipose stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1487-1501. [PMID: 29688805 PMCID: PMC6014102 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-09-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) is the A-kinase anchoring protein targeting the pool of protein kinase A (PKA) responsible for perilipin 1 phosphorylation, a gatekeeper for lipolysis. However, the involvement of OPA1-bound PKA in the downstream regulation of lipolysis is unknown. Here we show up-regulation and relocation of OPA1 from mitochondria to lipid droplets during adipocytic differentiation of human adipose stem cells. We employed various biochemical and immunological approaches to demonstrate that OPA1-bound PKA phosphorylates perilipin 1 at S522 and S497 on lipolytic stimulation. We show that the first 30 amino acids of OPA1 are essential for its lipid droplet localization as is OMA1-dependent processing. Finally, our results indicate that presence of OPA1 is necessary for lipolytic phosphorylation of downstream targets. Our results show for the first time, to our knowledge, how OPA1 mediates adrenergic control of lipolysis in human adipocytes by regulating phosphorylation of perilipin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rogne
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Maria-Niki Mylonakou
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Norewegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Tasken
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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13
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McDonough PM, Prigozhina NL, Basa RCB, Price JH. Assay of Calcium Transients and Synapses in Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Kinetic Image Cytometry and High-Content Analysis: An In Vitro Model System for Postchemotherapy Cognitive Impairment. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 15:220-236. [PMID: 28723268 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Postchemotherapy cognitive impairment (PCCI) is commonly exhibited by cancer patients treated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents, including the endocrine disruptor tamoxifen (TAM). The etiology of PCCI is poorly understood. Our goal was to develop high-throughput assay methods to test the effects of chemicals on neuronal function applicable to PCCI. Rat hippocampal neurons (RHNs) were plated in 96- or 384-well dishes and exposed to test compounds (forskolin [FSK], 17β-estradiol [ES]), TAM or fulvestrant [FUL], aka ICI 182,780) for 6-14 days. Kinetic Image Cytometry™ (KIC™) methods were developed to quantify spontaneously occurring intracellular calcium transients representing the activity of the neurons, and high-content analysis (HCA) methods were developed to quantify the expression, colocalization, and puncta formed by synaptic proteins (postsynaptic density protein-95 [PSD-95] and presynaptic protein Synapsin-1 [Syn-1]). As quantified by KIC, FSK increased the occurrence and synchronization of the calcium transients indicating stimulatory effects on RHN activity, whereas TAM had inhibitory effects. As quantified by HCA, FSK also increased PSD-95 puncta and PSD-95:Syn-1 colocalization, whereas ES increased the puncta of both PSD-95 and Syn-1 with little effect on colocalization. The estrogen receptor antagonist FUL also increased PSD-95 puncta. In contrast, TAM reduced Syn-1 and PSD-95:Syn-1 colocalization, consistent with its inhibitory effects on the calcium transients. Thus TAM reduced activity and synapse formation by the RHNs, which may relate to the ability of this agent to cause PCCI. The results illustrate that KIC and HCA can be used to quantify neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of chemicals in RHNs to investigate mechanisms and potential therapeutics for PCCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey H Price
- 1 Vala Sciences Inc. , San Diego, California.,3 The Scintillon Institute , San Diego, California
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14
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Miao C, Lv Y, Zhang W, Chai X, Feng L, Fang Y, Liu X, Zhang X. Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate (PDTC) Attenuates Cancer Cachexia by Affecting Muscle Atrophy and Fat Lipolysis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:915. [PMID: 29311924 PMCID: PMC5733020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a kind of whole body metabolic disorder syndrome accompanied with severe wasting of muscle and adipose tissue. NF-κB signaling plays an important role during skeletal muscle atrophy and fat lipolysis. As an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling, Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was reported to relieve cancer cachexia; however, its mechanism remains largely unknown. In our study, we showed that PDTC attenuated cancer cachexia symptom in C26 tumor bearing mice models in vivo without influencing tumor volume. What’s more, PDTC inhibited muscle atrophy and lipolysis in cells models in vitro induced by TNFα and C26 tumor medium. PDTC suppressed atrophy of myotubes differentiated from C2C12 by reducing MyoD and upregulating MuRF1, and preserving the expression of perilipin as well as blocking the activation of HSL in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. Meaningfully, we observed that PDTC also inhibited p38 MAPK signaling besides the NF-κB signaling in cancer cachexia in vitro models. In addition, PDTC also influenced the protein synthesis of skeletal muscle by activating AKT signaling and regulated fat energy metabolism by inhibiting AMPK signaling. Therefore, PDTC primarily influenced different pathways in different tissues. The study not only established a simple and reliable screening drugs model of cancer cachexia in vitro but also provided new theoretical basis for future treatment of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Chai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixing Feng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfen Fang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Visualization of lipid directed dynamics of perilipin 1 in human primary adipocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15011. [PMID: 29118433 PMCID: PMC5678101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilipin 1 is a lipid droplet coating protein known to regulate lipid metabolism in adipocytes by serving as a physical barrier as well as a recruitment site for lipases to the lipid droplet. Phosphorylation of perilipin 1 by protein kinase A rapidly initiates lipolysis, but the detailed mechanism on how perilipin 1 controls lipolysis is unknown. Here, we identify specific lipid binding properties of perilipin 1 that regulate the dynamics of lipolysis in human primary adipocytes. Cellular imaging combined with biochemical and biophysical analyses demonstrate that perilipin 1 specifically binds to cholesteryl esters, and that their dynamic properties direct segregation of perilipin 1 into topologically distinct micro domains on the lipid droplet. Together, our data points to a simple unifying mechanism that lipid assembly and segregation control lipolysis in human primary adipocytes.
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16
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Wang G, Williams CA, McConn BR, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. A high fat diet enhances the sensitivity of chick adipose tissue to the effects of centrally injected neuropeptide Y on gene expression of adipogenesis-associated factors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28625910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) affect mRNA abundance of factors associated with lipid metabolism in chick adipose tissue. Chicks were fed one of three isocaloric (3000kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg) diets after hatch: high carbohydrate (HC; control), high fat (HF; 30% of ME from soybean oil) or high protein (HP; 25% crude protein). On day 4 post-hatch, vehicle or 0.2nmol of NPY was injected intracerebroventricularly and abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots collected 1h later. In abdominal fat, mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) increased after NPY injection in HF diet-fed chicks. NPY injection decreased expression of PPARγ and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) in the subcutaneous fat of HC diet-fed chicks, whereas SREBP1 expression was increased in the subcutaneous fat of HF diet-fed chicks after NPY injection. An acutely increased central concentration of NPY in chicks affects adipose tissue physiology in a depot- and diet-dependent manner. The chick may serve as a model to understand the relationship between diet and the brain-fat axis' role in maintaining whole body energy homeostasis, as well as to understand metabolic distinctions among fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Carli A Williams
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Betty R McConn
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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17
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Wang G, McConn BR, Liu D, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. The effects of dietary macronutrient composition on lipid metabolism-associated factor gene expression in the adipose tissue of chickens are influenced by fasting and refeeding. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:14. [PMID: 28496985 PMCID: PMC5424285 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Broiler chickens are compulsive feeders that become obese as juveniles and are thus a unique model for metabolic disorders in humans. However, little is known about the relationship between dietary composition, fasting and refeeding and adipose tissue physiology in chicks. Our objective was to determine how dietary macronutrient composition and fasting and refeeding affect chick adipose physiology during the early post-hatch period. Methods Chicks were fed one of three isocaloric diets after hatch: high-carbohydrate (HC; control), high-fat (HF; 30% of ME from soybean oil) or high-protein (HP; 25% vs. 22% crude protein). At 4 days post-hatch, chicks were fed (continuous ad libitum access to food), fasted (3 h food withdrawal), or refed (fasted for 3 h and refed for 1 h). Subcutaneous, clavicular, and abdominal adipose tissue was collected for histological analysis and to measure gene expression, and plasma to measure non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (n = 6–10 per group). Results Adipose tissue weights were reduced in chicks that were fed the HP diet and adipocyte diameter was greater in the adipose tissue of chicks that ate the HF diet. Consumption of diets differing in protein and fat content also affected gene expression; mRNAs encoding fatty acid binding protein 4 and a lipolytic enzyme, monoglyceride lipase, were greater in chicks fed the HC and HF than HP diet in all three adipose tissue depots. Fasting influenced gene expression in a depot-dependent manner, where most fasting and refeeding-induced changes were observed in the clavicular fat of chicks that consumed the HC diet. Fasting increased plasma NEFA concentrations in chicks fed the HC and HP diets. Conclusions The decreased adipose tissue deposition in chicks fed the HP diet is likely explained by decreased rates of adipogenesis. Consumption of the HF diet was associated with greater adipose tissue deposition and larger adipocytes, likely as a result of greater rates of adipocyte hypertrophy. The depot-dependent effects of diet and fasting on gene expression may help explain mechanisms underlying metabolic distinctions among subcutaneous and visceral fat depots in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Betty R McConn
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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18
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Keskin I, Sutcu M, Eren H, Keskin M. Exposure to Tumescent Solution Significantly Increases Phosphorylation of Perilipin in Adipocytes. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 37:239-245. [PMID: 27590869 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjw156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lidocaine and epinephrine could potentially decrease adipocyte viability, but these effects have not been substantiated. The phosphorylation status of perilipin in adipocytes may be predictive of cell viability. Perilipin coats lipid droplets and restricts access of lipases; phospho-perilipin lacks this protective function. OBJECTIVES The authors investigated the effects of tumescent solution containing lidocaine and epinephrine on the phosphorylation status of perilipin in adipocytes. METHODS In this in vitro study, lipoaspirates were collected before and after tumescence from 15 women who underwent abdominoplasty. Fat samples were fixed, sectioned, and stained for histologic and immunohistochemical analyses. Relative phosphorylation of perilipin was inferred from pixel intensities of immunostained adipocytes observed with confocal microscopy. RESULTS For adipocytes collected before tumescent infiltration, 10.08% of total perilipin was phosphorylated. In contrast, 30.62% of total perilipin was phosphorylated for adipocytes collected from tumescent tissue (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The tumescent technique increases the relative phosphorylation of perilipin in adipocytes, making these cells more vulnerable to lipolysis. Tumescent solution applied for analgesia or hemostasis of the donor site should contain the lowest possible concentrations of lidocaine and epinephrine. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Keskin
- From the Department of Histology and Embryology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, and the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sutcu
- From the Department of Histology and Embryology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, and the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Eren
- From the Department of Histology and Embryology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, and the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Keskin
- From the Department of Histology and Embryology, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, and the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Adipose tissue development and the molecular regulation of lipid metabolism. Essays Biochem 2016; 60:437-450. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The production of new adipocytes is required to maintain adipose tissue mass and involves the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). In this review, we outline new developments in understanding the phenotype of APCs and provide evidence suggesting that APCs differ between distinct adipose tissue depots and are affected by obesity. Post-mitotic mature adipocytes regulate systemic lipid homeostasis by storing and releasing free fatty acids, and also modulate energy balance via the secretion of adipokines. The review highlights recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating adipocyte metabolism, with a particular focus on lipolysis regulation and the involvement of microribonucleic acids (miRNAs).
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20
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Yeganeh A, Taylor CG, Tworek L, Poole J, Zahradka P. Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) interferes with lipid droplet accumulation during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 76:39-50. [PMID: 27131602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesize that the biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), cis-9,trans-11 (c9,t11) and trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12) CLA, have different effects on early and late stages 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Both c9-t11 and t10-c12CLA stimulated early stage pre-adipocyte differentiation (day 2), while t10-c12CLA inhibited late differentiation (day 8) as determined by lipid droplet numbers and both perilipin-1 levels and phosphorylation state. At day 8, the adipokines adiponectin, chemerin and adipsin were all reduced in t10-c12CLA treated cells versus control cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed perilipin-1 was present solely on lipid droplets on day 8 in t10-c12 treated 3T3-L1 cells, whereas preilipin-1 was also located in the perinuclear region in control and c9-t11 treated cells. The t10-c12CLA isomer also decreased levels of hormone-sensitive lipase and inhibited lipolysis. These findings indicate that the decrease in lipid droplets caused by t10-c12CLA is the result of an inhibition of lipid droplet production during adipogenesis rather than a stimulation of lipolysis. Additionally, treatment with Gö6976 blocked the effect of t10-c12CLA on perilipin-1 phosphorylation, implicating PKCα in perilipin-1 phosphorylation, and thus a regulator of triglyceride catabolism. These data are supported by evidence that t10-c12CLA activated PKCα. These are the first data to show that CLA isomers can affect lipid droplet dynamics in adipocytes through PKCα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Leslee Tworek
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jenna Poole
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.
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21
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Tsiloulis T, Watt MJ. Exercise and the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:175-201. [PMID: 26477915 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a major regulator of metabolism in health and disease. The prominent roles of adipose tissue are to sequester fatty acids in times of energy excess and to release fatty acids via the process of lipolysis during times of high-energy demand, such as exercise. The fatty acids released during lipolysis are utilized by skeletal muscle to produce adenosine triphosphate to prevent fatigue during prolonged exercise. Lipolysis is controlled by a complex interplay between neuro-humoral regulators, intracellular signaling networks, phosphorylation events involving protein kinase A, translocation of proteins within the cell, and protein-protein interactions. Herein, we describe in detail the cellular and molecular regulation of lipolysis and how these processes are altered by acute exercise. We also explore the processes that underpin adipocyte adaptation to endurance exercise training, with particular focus on epigenetic modifications, control by microRNAs and mitochondrial adaptations. Finally, we examine recent literature describing how exercise might influence the conversion of traditional white adipose tissue to high energy-consuming "brown-like" adipocytes and the implications that this has on whole-body energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tsiloulis
- Biology of Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Biology of Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Liang MY, Hou XM, Qu B, Zhang N, Li N, Cui YJ, Li QZ, Gao XJ. Functional analysis of FABP3 in the milk fat synthesis signaling pathway of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:865-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Abstract
In adipocytes the hydrolysis of TAG to produce fatty acids and glycerol under fasting conditions or times of elevated energy demands is tightly regulated by neuroendocrine signals, resulting in the activation of lipolytic enzymes. Among the classic regulators of lipolysis, adrenergic stimulation and the insulin-mediated control of lipid mobilisation are the best known. Initially, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme of the first lipolytic step, while we now know that adipocyte TAG lipase is the key enzyme for lipolysis initiation. Pivotal, previously unsuspected components have also been identified at the protective interface of the lipid droplet surface and in the signalling pathways that control lipolysis. Perilipin, comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) and other proteins of the lipid droplet surface are currently known to be key regulators of the lipolytic machinery, protecting or exposing the TAG core of the droplet to lipases. The neuroendocrine control of lipolysis is prototypically exerted by catecholaminergic stimulation and insulin-induced suppression, both of which affect cyclic AMP levels and hence the protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL and perilipin. Interestingly, in recent decades adipose tissue has been shown to secrete a large number of adipokines, which exert direct effects on lipolysis, while adipocytes reportedly express a wide range of receptors for signals involved in lipid mobilisation. Recently recognised mediators of lipolysis include some adipokines, structural membrane proteins, atrial natriuretic peptides, AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Lipolysis needs to be reanalysed from the broader perspective of its specific physiological or pathological context since basal or stimulated lipolytic rates occur under diverse conditions and by different mechanisms.
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24
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Arrese EL, Saudale FZ, Soulages JL. Lipid Droplets as Signaling Platforms Linking Metabolic and Cellular Functions. Lipid Insights 2014; 7:7-16. [PMID: 25221429 PMCID: PMC4161058 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main cells of the adipose tissue of animals, adipocytes, are characterized by the presence of large cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) that store triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol. However, most cells have LDs and the ability to store lipids. LDs have a well-known central role in storage and provision of fatty acids and cholesterol. However, the complexity of the regulation of lipid metabolism on the surface of the LDs is still a matter of intense study. Beyond this role, a number of recent studies have suggested that LDs have major functions in other cellular processes, such as protein storage and degradation, infection, and immunity. Thus, our perception of LDs has been radically transformed from simple globules of fat to highly dynamic organelles of unexpected complexity. Here, we compiled some recent evidence supporting the emerging view that LDs act as platforms connecting a number of relevant metabolic and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela L Arrese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Fredy Z Saudale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jose L Soulages
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Purohit JS, Hu P, Chen G, Whelan J, Moustaid-Moussa N, Zhao L. Activation of nucleotide oligomerization domain containing protein 1 induces lipolysis through NF-κB and the lipolytic PKA activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 91:428-34. [PMID: 24219284 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2013-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR) are two families of pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the immune response and inflammation in adipocytes. Activation of TLR4 has been shown to stimulate lipolysis from adipose tissue or adipocytes. However, effects of activation of nucleotide-oligomerization domain containing protein 1 (NOD1), one of the prominent members of NLRs, on adipocyte lipolysis have not been studied. Here we report that NOD1 activation by the synthetic ligands (Tri-DAP and C12-iEDAP) stimulated lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. C12-iEDAP-induced lipolysis was attenuated with NOD1 siRNA knockdown, demonstrating the specificity of the effects. Moreover, inhibition of the protein kinase A (PKA)/hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and NF-κB pathways by the pharmacological inhibitors attenuated the lipolytic effects of C12-iEDAP. Furthermore, we show NOD1 activation induced PKA activation independent of cAMP production and inhibition of NF-κB pathways attenuated phosphorylation of selected PKA lipolytic targets (phosphorylation of Perilipin Ser 517 and HSL Ser 563). Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role of NOD1 activation, via NF-κB/PKA lipolytic activation, in inducing lipolysis in adipocytes and suggest that NOD1 activation may contribute to dyslipidemia in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanki S Purohit
- a Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN, USA
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