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Kim P, Mahboob S, Nguyen HT, Eastman S, Fiala O, Sousek M, Gaussoin RE, Brungardt JL, Jackson-Ziems TA, Roston R, Alfano JR, Clemente TE, Guo M. Characterization of Soybean Events with Enhanced Expression of the Microtubule-Associated Protein 65-1 (MAP65-1). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:62-71. [PMID: 37889205 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0134-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 65-1 (MAP65-1) protein plays an essential role in plant cellular dynamics through impacting stabilization of the cytoskeleton by serving as a crosslinker of microtubules. The role of MAP65-1 in plants has been associated with phenotypic outcomes in response to various environmental stresses. The Arabidopsis MAP65-1 (AtMAP65-1) is a known virulence target of plant bacterial pathogens and is thus a component of plant immunity. Soybean events were generated that carry transgenic alleles for both AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1, the soybean AtMAP65-1 homolog, under control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Both AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1 transgenic soybeans are more resistant to challenges by the soybean bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae, but not the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Soybean plants expressing AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1 also display a tolerance to the herbicide oryzalin, which has a mode of action to destabilize microtubules. In addition, GmMAP65-1-expressing soybean plants show reduced cytosol ion leakage under freezing conditions, hinting that ectopic expression of GmMAP65-1 may enhance cold tolerance in soybean. Taken together, overexpression of AtMAP65-1 and GmMAP65-1 confers tolerance of soybean plants to various biotic and abiotic stresses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panya Kim
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Samira Mahboob
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Olivia Fiala
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Sousek
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Roch E Gaussoin
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Jae L Brungardt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Tamra A Jackson-Ziems
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Roston
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - James R Alfano
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A. (deceased)
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Romeiro Motta M, Biswas S, Schaedel L. Beyond uniformity: Exploring the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the microtubule lattice. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151370. [PMID: 37922811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fair amount of research on microtubules since their discovery in 1963 has focused on their dynamic tips. In contrast, the microtubule lattice was long believed to be highly regular and static, and consequently received far less attention. Yet, as it turned out, the microtubule lattice is neither as regular, nor as static as previously believed: structural studies uncovered the remarkable wealth of different conformations the lattice can accommodate. In the last decade, the microtubule lattice was shown to be labile and to spontaneously undergo renovation, a phenomenon that is intimately linked to structural defects and was called "microtubule self-repair". Following this breakthrough discovery, further recent research provided a deeper understanding of the lattice self-repair mechanism, which we review here. Instrumental to these discoveries were in vitro microtubule reconstitution assays, in which microtubules are grown from the minimal components required for their dynamics. In this review, we propose a shift from the term "lattice self-repair" to "lattice dynamics", since this phenomenon is an inherent property of microtubules and can happen without microtubule damage. We focus on how in vitro microtubule reconstitution assays helped us learn (1) which types of structural variations microtubules display, (2) how these structural variations influence lattice dynamics and microtubule damage caused by mechanical stress, (3) how lattice dynamics impact tip dynamics, and (4) how microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) can play a role in structuring the lattice. Finally, we discuss the unanswered questions about lattice dynamics and how technical advances will help us tackle these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Romeiro Motta
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, Campus A2 4, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Subham Biswas
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, Campus A2 4, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura Schaedel
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, Campus A2 4, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Lucas JR, Shaw SL. Overlapping Localization of MAP65-2, -6, and -7 in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Cells. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000971. [PMID: 38021169 PMCID: PMC10630750 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential components of eukaryotic cells. Myriad proteins associate with microtubules to facilitate the organization and operation of microtubule arrays. Various M icrotubule A ssociated P roteins (MAPs) assist the assembly and function of mitotic spindles and interphase arrays. Nine MAP65 genes exist in the genome of the acentrosomal model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and the function of majority of these proteins is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we demonstrate the localization of A. thaliana MAP65-6 and MAP65-7 fusion proteins expressed from native promoters in interphase cells of developing A. thaliana seedlings. Analyses of these fusion proteins co-expressed with alpha-tubulin 6 reporters indicate that MAP65-6 and MAP65-7 bind a subset of interphase microtubules. Co-expression of GFP: MAP65-6 with mCherry: MAP65-2 from native promoters in A. thaliana showed overlapping localization patterns on interphase microtubule bundles. Collectively, these data suggested that MAP65-2 , -6, and -7 bind cortical microtubule bundles in plant interphase microtubule arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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4
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Liang M, Ji T, Wang X, Wang X, Li S, Gao L, Ma S, Tian Y. Comprehensive analyses of microtubule-associated protein MAP65 family genes in Cucurbitaceae and CsaMAP65s expression profiles in cucumber. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:393-408. [PMID: 37219731 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MAP65 is a microtubule-binding protein family in plants and plays crucial roles in regulating cell growth and development, intercellular communication, and plant responses to various environmental stresses. However, MAP65s in Cucurbitaceae are still less understood. In this study, a total of 40 MAP65s were identified from six Cucurbitaceae species (Cucumis sativus L., Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo L., Cucurbita moschata, Lagenaria siceraria, and Benincasa hispida) and classified into five groups by phylogenetic analysis according to gene structures and conserved domains. A conserved domain (MAP65_ASE1) was found in all MAP65 proteins. In cucumber, we isolated six CsaMAP65s with different expression patterns in tissues including root, stem, leaf, female flower, male flower, and fruit. Subcellular localizations of CsaMAP65s verified that all CsaMAP65s were localized in microtubule and microfilament. Analyses of the promoter regions of CsaMAP65s have screened different cis-acting regulatory elements involved in growth and development and responses to hormone and stresses. In addition, CsaMAP65-5 in leaves was significantly upregulated by salt stress, and this promotion effect was higher in cucumber cultivars with salt tolerant than that without salt tolerant. CsaMAP65-1 in leaves was significantly upregulated by cold stress, and this promotion was higher in cold-tolerant cultivar than intolerant cultivar. With the genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cucurbitaceae MAP65s, and the expression profile of CsaMAP65s in cucumber, this study laid a foundation for further study on MAP65 functions in developmental processes and responses to abiotic stress in Cucurbitaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueyun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sahu S, Chauhan P, Lumen E, Moody K, Peddireddy K, Mani N, Subramanian R, Robertson-Anderson R, Wolfe AJ, Ross JL. Interplay of self-organization of microtubule asters and crosslinking protein condensates. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad231. [PMID: 37497046 PMCID: PMC10367440 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a major focus of physical studies to understand organization inside cells given its primary role in cell motility, cell division, and cell mechanics. Recently, protein condensation has been shown to be another major intracellular organizational strategy. Here, we report that the microtubule crosslinking proteins, MAP65-1 and PRC1, can form phase separated condensates at physiological salt and temperature without additional crowding agents in vitro. The size of the droplets depends on the concentration of protein. MAP65 condensates are liquid at first and can gelate over time. We show that these condensates can nucleate and grow microtubule bundles that form asters, regardless of the viscoelasticity of the condensate. The droplet size directly controls the number of projections in the microtubule asters, demonstrating that the MAP65 concentration can control the organization of microtubules. When gel-like droplets nucleate and grow asters from a shell of tubulin at the surface, the microtubules are able to re-fluidize the MAP65 condensate, returning the MAP65 molecules to solution. This work implies that there is an interplay between condensate formation from microtubule-associated proteins, microtubule organization, and condensate dissolution that could be important for the dynamics of intracellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Sahu
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Prashali Chauhan
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Ellie Lumen
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2561 US Route 11, LaFayette, NY 13084, USA
| | - Kelsey Moody
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2561 US Route 11, LaFayette, NY 13084, USA
- Lewis School of Health Sciences, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | | | - Nandini Mani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron J Wolfe
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2561 US Route 11, LaFayette, NY 13084, USA
- Lewis School of Health Sciences, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- The Bioinspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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6
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Martinez P, Dixit R, Balkunde RS, Zhang A, O'Leary SE, Brakke KA, Rasmussen CG. TANGLED1 mediates microtubule interactions that may promote division plane positioning in maize. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151878. [PMID: 32568386 PMCID: PMC7401798 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton serves as a dynamic structural framework for mitosis in eukaryotic cells. TANGLED1 (TAN1) is a microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the division site and mitotic microtubules and plays a critical role in division plane orientation in plants. Here, in vitro experiments demonstrate that TAN1 directly binds microtubules, mediating microtubule zippering or end-on microtubule interactions, depending on their contact angle. Maize tan1 mutant cells improperly position the preprophase band (PPB), which predicts the future division site. However, cell shape–based modeling indicates that PPB positioning defects are likely a consequence of abnormal cell shapes and not due to TAN1 absence. In telophase, colocalization of growing microtubules ends from the phragmoplast with TAN1 at the division site suggests that TAN1 interacts with microtubule tips end-on. Together, our results suggest that TAN1 contributes to microtubule organization to ensure proper division plane orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martinez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachappa S Balkunde
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Antonia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Seán E O'Leary
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Kenneth A Brakke
- Department of Mathematics, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA.,Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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7
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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8
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Vavrdová T, Křenek P, Ovečka M, Šamajová O, Floková P, Illešová P, Šnaurová R, Šamaj J, Komis G. Complementary Superresolution Visualization of Composite Plant Microtubule Organization and Dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:693. [PMID: 32582243 PMCID: PMC7290007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule bundling is an essential mechanism underlying the biased organization of interphase and mitotic microtubular systems of eukaryotes in ordered arrays. Microtubule bundle formation can be exemplified in plants, where the formation of parallel microtubule systems in the cell cortex or the spindle midzone is largely owing to the microtubule crosslinking activity of a family of microtubule associated proteins, designated as MAP65s. Among the nine members of this family in Arabidopsis thaliana, MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 are ubiquitous and functionally redundant. Crosslinked microtubules can form high-order arrays, which are difficult to track using widefield or confocal laser scanning microscopy approaches. Here, we followed spatiotemporal patterns of MAP65-2 localization in hypocotyl cells of Arabidopsis stably expressing fluorescent protein fusions of MAP65-2 and tubulin. To circumvent imaging difficulties arising from the density of cortical microtubule bundles, we use different superresolution approaches including Airyscan confocal laser scanning microscopy (ACLSM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), total internal reflection SIM (TIRF-SIM), and photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM). We provide insights into spatiotemporal relations between microtubules and MAP65-2 crossbridges by combining SIM and ACLSM. We obtain further details on MAP65-2 distribution by single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) imaging of either mEos3.2-MAP65-2 stochastic photoconversion, or eGFP-MAP65-2 stochastic emission fluctuations under specific illumination conditions. Time-dependent dynamics of MAP65-2 were tracked at variable time resolution using SIM, TIRF-SIM, and ACLSM and post-acquisition kymograph analysis. ACLSM imaging further allowed to track end-wise dynamics of microtubules labeled with TUA6-GFP and to correlate them with concomitant fluctuations of MAP65-2 tagged with tagRFP. All different microscopy modules examined herein are accompanied by restrictions in either the spatial resolution achieved, or in the frame rates of image acquisition. PALM imaging is compromised by speed of acquisition. This limitation was partially compensated by exploiting emission fluctuations of eGFP which allowed much higher photon counts at substantially smaller time series compared to mEos3.2. SIM, TIRF-SIM, and ACLSM were the methods of choice to follow the dynamics of MAP65-2 in bundles of different complexity. Conclusively, the combination of different superresolution methods allowed for inferences on the distribution and dynamics of MAP65-2 within microtubule bundles of living A. thaliana cells.
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9
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She ZY, Wei YL, Lin Y, Li YL, Lu MH. Mechanisms of the Ase1/PRC1/MAP65 family in central spindle assembly. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2033-2048. [PMID: 31343816 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the organization of the spindle midzone and chromosome segregation is controlled by the central spindle, a microtubule cytoskeleton containing kinesin motors and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins. The anaphase spindle elongation 1/protein regulator of cytokinesis 1/microtubule associated protein 65 (Ase1/PRC1/MAP65) family of microtubule-bundling proteins are key regulators of central spindle assembly, mediating microtubule crosslinking and spindle elongation in the midzone. Ase1/PRC1/MAP65 serves as a complex regulatory platform for the recruitment of other midzone proteins at the spindle midzone. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding of the structural domains and molecular kinetics of the Ase1/PRC1/MAP65 family. We summarize the regulatory network involved in post-translational modifications of Ase1/PRC1 by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), cell division cycle 14 (Cdc14) and Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and also highlight multiple functions of Ase1/PRC1 in central spindle organization, spindle elongation and cytokinesis during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Ming-Hui Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
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10
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Lamson AR, Edelmaier CJ, Glaser MA, Betterton MD. Theory of Cytoskeletal Reorganization during Cross-Linker-Mediated Mitotic Spindle Assembly. Biophys J 2019; 116:1719-1731. [PMID: 31010665 PMCID: PMC6507341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells grow, move, and respond to outside stimuli by large-scale cytoskeletal reorganization. A prototypical example of cytoskeletal remodeling is mitotic spindle assembly, during which microtubules nucleate, undergo dynamic instability, bundle, and organize into a bipolar spindle. Key mechanisms of this process include regulated filament polymerization, cross-linking, and motor-protein activity. Remarkably, using passive cross-linkers, fission yeast can assemble a bipolar spindle in the absence of motor proteins. We develop a torque-balance model that describes this reorganization because of dynamic microtubule bundles, spindle-pole bodies, the nuclear envelope, and passive cross-linkers to predict spindle-assembly dynamics. We compare these results to those obtained with kinetic Monte Carlo-Brownian dynamics simulations, which include cross-linker-binding kinetics and other stochastic effects. Our results show that rapid cross-linker reorganization to microtubule overlaps facilitates cross-linker-driven spindle assembly, a testable prediction for future experiments. Combining these two modeling techniques, we illustrate a general method for studying cytoskeletal network reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Lamson
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | - Matthew A Glaser
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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11
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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12
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Zhou S, Chen Q, Li X, Li Y. MAP65-1 is required for the depolymerization and reorganization of cortical microtubules in the response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:112-121. [PMID: 28969791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamical structures that play crucial roles in plant development and in response to environmental signals and stress conditions. MT-associated proteins (MAPs) play important roles in regulating the organization of MT arrays. MAP65 is a family of plant MT-bundling proteins. Here, we determined the role of MAP65-1 in the response to salt stress. MAP65-1 is involved not only in regulating the depolymerization, but also in the following reorganization of cortical MTs in salt stress responses. In addition, the depolymerization of the cortical MTs affected the survival of seedlings during salt stress, and map65-1 mutants had enhanced salt hypersensitivity levels. MAP65-1 interacted with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) 3 and 6; however, only the mpk6 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress, and MPK6 was involved in regulating the salt stress-induced depolymerization of cortical MTs. Thus, MAP65-1 plays a critical role in the response to salt stress and is required for regulating the rapid depolymerization and reorganization of cortical MTs. MAP65-1 interacts with MPK6, not MPK3, affecting the MT's dynamic instability which is critical for plant salt-stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Microtubule Polymerization Functions in Hypersensitive Response and Accumulation of H2O2 in Wheat Induced by the Stripe Rust. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7830768. [PMID: 27610380 PMCID: PMC5004006 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7830768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton, including microtubules and microfilaments, is one of the important factors in determining the polarity of cell division and growth, as well as the interaction of plants with invading pathogens. In defense responses of wheat against the stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) infection, hypersensitive response is the most crucial event to prevent the spread of pathogens. In order to reveal the effect of microtubules on the hypersensitive cell death and H2O2 accumulation in the interaction of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Suwon 11 with an incompatible race, CYR23, wheat leaves were treated with microtubule inhibitor, oryzalin, before inoculation. The results showed that the frequency of infection sites with hypersensitive response occurrence was significantly reduced, and hypersensitive cell death in wheat leaves was suppressed compared to the control. In addition, the frequency and the incidence of infected cells with H2O2 accumulation were also reduced after the treatment with oryzalin. Those results indicated that microtubules are related to hypersensitive response and H2O2 accumulation in wheat induced by the stripe rust, and depolymerization of microtubules reduces the resistance of plants to pathogen infection in incompatible interaction, suggesting that microtubules play a potential role in the expression of resistance of wheat against the stripe rust fungus.
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15
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Abstract
Proteins that associate with microtubules (MTs) are crucial to generate MT arrays and establish different cellular architectures. One example is PRC1 (protein regulator of cytokinesis 1), which cross-links antiparallel MTs and is essential for the completion of mitosis and cytokinesis. Here we describe a 4-Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of monomeric PRC1 bound to MTs. Residues in the spectrin domain of PRC1 contacting the MT are highly conserved and interact with the same pocket recognized by kinesin. We additionally found that PRC1 promotes MT assembly even in the presence of the MT stabilizer taxol. Interestingly, the angle of the spectrin domain on the MT surface corresponds to the previously observed cross-bridge angle between MTs cross-linked by full-length, dimeric PRC1. This finding, together with molecular dynamic simulations describing the intrinsic flexibility of PRC1, suggests that the MT-spectrin domain interface determines the geometry of the MT arrays cross-linked by PRC1.
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Derivery E, Seum C, Daeden A, Loubéry S, Holtzer L, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Polarized endosome dynamics by spindle asymmetry during asymmetric cell division. Nature 2016; 528:280-5. [PMID: 26659188 DOI: 10.1038/nature16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During asymmetric division, fate determinants at the cell cortex segregate unequally into the two daughter cells. It has recently been shown that Sara (Smad anchor for receptor activation) signalling endosomes in the cytoplasm also segregate asymmetrically during asymmetric division. Biased dispatch of Sara endosomes mediates asymmetric Notch/Delta signalling during the asymmetric division of sensory organ precursors in Drosophila. In flies, this has been generalized to stem cells in the gut and the central nervous system, and, in zebrafish, to neural precursors of the spinal cord. However, the mechanism of asymmetric endosome segregation is not understood. Here we show that the plus-end kinesin motor Klp98A targets Sara endosomes to the central spindle, where they move bidirectionally on an antiparallel array of microtubules. The microtubule depolymerizing kinesin Klp10A and its antagonist Patronin generate central spindle asymmetry. This asymmetric spindle, in turn, polarizes endosome motility, ultimately causing asymmetric endosome dispatch into one daughter cell. We demonstrate this mechanism by inverting the polarity of the central spindle by polar targeting of Patronin using nanobodies (single-domain antibodies). This spindle inversion targets the endosomes to the wrong cell. Our data uncover the molecular and physical mechanism by which organelles localized away from the cellular cortex can be dispatched asymmetrically during asymmetric division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Derivery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Daeden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Holtzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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17
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Biotechnological aspects of cytoskeletal regulation in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1043-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Komis G, Mistrik M, Šamajová O, Doskočilová A, Ovečka M, Illés P, Bartek J, Šamaj J. Dynamics and organization of cortical microtubules as revealed by superresolution structured illumination microscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:129-48. [PMID: 24686112 PMCID: PMC4012574 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ acentrosomal mechanisms to organize cortical microtubule arrays essential for cell growth and differentiation. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) adopted for the optimal documentation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyl epidermal cells, dynamic cortical microtubules labeled with green fluorescent protein fused to the microtubule-binding domain of the mammalian microtubule-associated protein MAP4 and with green fluorescent protein-fused to the alpha tubulin6 were comparatively recorded in wild-type Arabidopsis plants and in the mitogen-activated protein kinase mutant mpk4 possessing the former microtubule marker. The mpk4 mutant exhibits extensive microtubule bundling, due to increased abundance and reduced phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein MAP65-1, thus providing a very useful genetic tool to record intrabundle microtubule dynamics at the subdiffraction level. SIM imaging revealed nano-sized defects in microtubule bundling, spatially resolved microtubule branching and release, and finally allowed the quantification of individual microtubules within cortical bundles. Time-lapse SIM imaging allowed the visualization of subdiffraction, short-lived excursions of the microtubule plus end, and dynamic instability behavior of both ends during free, intrabundle, or microtubule-templated microtubule growth and shrinkage. Finally, short, rigid, and nondynamic microtubule bundles in the mpk4 mutant were observed to glide along the parent microtubule in a tip-wise manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of SIM for superresolution time-lapse imaging of plant cells, showing unprecedented details accompanying microtubule dynamic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Peter Illés
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
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Abstract
The following protocol describes a method to control the orientation and polarity of polymerizing microtubules (MTs). Reconstitution of specific geometries of dynamic MT networks is achieved using a ultraviolet (UV) micropatterning technique in combination with stabilized MT microseeds. The process is described in three main parts. First, the surface is passivated to avoid the non-specific absorption of proteins, using different polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based surface treatment. Second, specific adhesive surfaces (the micropatterns) are imprinted through a photomask using deep UVs. Lastly, MT microseeds are adhered to the micropatterns followed by MT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Portran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Hamada T. Microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:1-52. [PMID: 25262237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants have unique microtubule (MT) arrays, cortical MTs, preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast, in the processes of evolution. These MT arrays control the directions of cell division and expansion especially in plants and are essential for plant morphogenesis and developments. Organizations and functions of these MT arrays are accomplished by diverse MT-associated proteins (MAPs). This review introduces 10 of conserved MAPs in eukaryote such as γ-TuC, augmin, katanin, kinesin, EB1, CLASP, MOR1/MAP215, MAP65, TPX2, formin, and several plant-specific MAPs such as CSI1, SPR2, MAP70, WVD2/WDL, RIP/MIDD, SPR1, MAP18/PCaP, EDE1, and MAP190. Most of the studies cited in this review have been analyzed in the particular model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The significant knowledge of A. thaliana is the important established base to understand MT organizations and functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Horio T, Murata T. The role of dynamic instability in microtubule organization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:511. [PMID: 25339962 PMCID: PMC4188131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are one of the three major cytoskeletal components in eukaryotic cells. Heterodimers composed of GTP-bound α- and β-tubulin molecules polymerize to form microtubule protofilaments, which associate laterally to form a hollow microtubule. Tubulin has GTPase activity and the GTP molecules associated with β-tubulin molecules are hydrolyzed shortly after being incorporated into the polymerizing microtubules. GTP hydrolysis alters the conformation of the tubulin molecules and drives the dynamic behavior of microtubules. Periods of rapid microtubule polymerization alternate with periods of shrinkage in a process known as dynamic instability. In plants, dynamic instability plays a key role in determining the organization of microtubules into arrays, and these arrays vary throughout the cell cycle. In this review, we describe the mechanisms that regulate microtubule dynamics and underlie dynamic instability, and discuss how dynamic instability may shape microtubule organization in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Horio
- Department of Natural Sciences, Nippon Sport Science UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced StudiesOkazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Murata, Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan e-mail:
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Oda Y, Fukuda H. Spatial organization of xylem cell walls by ROP GTPases and microtubule-associated proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:743-8. [PMID: 24210792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper patterning of cellulosic cell walls is critical for cell shaping and differentiation of plant cells. Cortical microtubule arrays regulate the deposition patterns of cellulose microfibrils by controlling the targeting and trajectory of cellulose synthase complexes. Although some microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the arrangement of cortical microtubules, knowledge about the overall mechanism governing the spacing of cortical microtubules is still limited. Recent studies reveal that ROP GTPases and MAPs spatially regulate the assembly and disassembly of cortical microtubules in developing xylem cells, in which localized secondary cell walls are deposited. Here, we review recent insights into the regulation of xylem cell wall patterning by cortical microtubules, ROP GTPases, and MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Portran D, Zoccoler M, Gaillard J, Stoppin-Mellet V, Neumann E, Arnal I, Martiel JL, Vantard M. MAP65/Ase1 promote microtubule flexibility. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1964-73. [PMID: 23615441 PMCID: PMC3681700 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic cytoskeletal elements involved in numerous cellular processes. Although they are highly rigid polymers with a persistence length of 1-8 mm, they may exhibit a curved shape at a scale of few micrometers within cells, depending on their biological functions. However, how MT flexural rigidity in cells is regulated remains poorly understood. Here we ask whether MT-associated proteins (MAPs) could locally control the mechanical properties of MTs. We show that two major cross-linkers of the conserved MAP65/PRC1/Ase1 family drastically decrease MT rigidity. Their MT-binding domain mediates this effect. Remarkably, the softening effect of MAP65 observed on single MTs is maintained when MTs are cross-linked. By reconstituting physical collisions between growing MTs/MT bundles, we further show that the decrease in MT stiffness induced by MAP65 proteins is responsible for the sharp bending deformations observed in cells when they coalign at a steep angle to create bundles. Taken together, these data provide new insights into how MAP65, by modifying MT mechanical properties, may regulate the formation of complex MT arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Portran
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
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