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Zhou Y, Huang Q, Li HG, Liang S, He B, Bao M. Arecoline inhibits the growth of Spodoptera litura by inducing intestinal metabolic dysfunction. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 204:106044. [PMID: 39277371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Arecoline (ACL), an active constituent derived from Areca catechu L., exerts various pharmacological effects and serves as a potential plant-based insecticide. However, the effects of ACL on Spodoptera litura, an important and widely distributed agricultural pest, remain unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying ACL-induced toxicity and its inhibitory effects on larval growth and development through intestinal pathology observations, intestinal transcriptome sequencing, intestinal digestive enzyme activity analysis. The results indicated that ACL exposure leads to pathological alterations in the S. litura midgut. Furthermore, the detection of digestive enzyme activity revealed that ACL inhibits the activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase, lipase, α-amylase, and trypsin. Simultaneously, upregulation of superoxide dismutase activity and downregulation of malondialdehyde levels were observed after ACL exposure. Transcriptome analysis identified 1118 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in the midgut after ACL exposure, potentially related to ACL toxic effects. Notably, ACL treatment downregulated key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid binding protein 2-like, pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase-like, pancreatic lipid-related protein 2-like, and fatty acid binding protein 1-like. Taken together, these results suggest that ACL induces midgut damage and impedes larval growth by suppressing digestive enzyme activity in the intestine. These findings can aid in the development of environmentally friendly plant-derived insecticides, utilizing ACL to effectively combat S. litura proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- The Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- The Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Hai Gang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China
| | - ShangJin Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China
| | - BingSheng He
- The Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China.
| | - MeiHua Bao
- The Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Hunan 410219, China.
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Wang Y, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Qian X, Guo D, Coates BS. A chromosome-level genome assembly of the soybean pod borer: insights into larval transcriptional response to transgenic soybean expressing the pesticidal Cry1Ac protein. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:355. [PMID: 38594617 PMCID: PMC11005160 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified (GM) crop plants with transgenic expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pesticidal proteins are used to manage feeding damage by pest insects. The durability of this technology is threatened by the selection for resistance in pest populations. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in insect physiological response or evolution of resistance to Bt is not fully understood. RESULTS To investigate the response of a susceptible target insect to Bt, the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was exposed to soybean, Glycine max, expressing Cry1Ac pesticidal protein or the non-transgenic parental cultivar. Assessment of larval changes in gene expression was facilitated by a third-generation sequenced and scaffolded chromosome-level assembly of the L. glycinivorella genome (657.4 Mb; 27 autosomes + Z chromosome), and subsequent structural annotation of 18,197 RefSeq gene models encoding 23,735 putative mRNA transcripts. Exposure of L. glycinivorella larvae to transgenic Cry1Ac G. max resulted in prediction of significant differential gene expression for 204 gene models (64 up- and 140 down-regulated) and differential splicing among isoforms for 10 genes compared to unexposed cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included putative peritrophic membrane constituents, orthologs of Bt receptor-encoding genes previously linked or associated with Bt resistance, and those involved in stress responses. Putative functional Gene Ontology (GO) annotations assigned to DEGs were significantly enriched for 36 categories at GO level 2, respectively. Most significantly enriched cellular component (CC), biological process (BP), and molecular function (MF) categories corresponded to vacuolar and microbody, transport and metabolic processes, and binding and reductase activities. The DEGs in enriched GO categories were biased for those that were down-regulated (≥ 0.783), with only MF categories GTPase and iron binding activities were bias for up-regulation genes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into pathways and processes involved larval response to Bt intoxication, which may inform future unbiased investigations into mechanisms of resistance that show no evidence of alteration in midgut receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yunyue Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xueyan Qian
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Dongquan Guo
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Brad S Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, 532 Science II, 2310 Pammel Dr., Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Gencer D, Inan C, Bayramoglu Z, Nalcacioglu R, Yin F, Zhu Z, Wang J, Hu Z, Pavlik L, Arif B, Demirbag Z, Demir I. Genome Sequencing and Organization of Three Geographically Different Isolates of Nucleopolyhedrovirus from the Gypsy Moth Reveal Significant Genomic Differences. Curr Genomics 2023; 24:146-154. [PMID: 38178988 PMCID: PMC10761337 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029249830231014163829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L., Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a worldwide pest of trees and forests. Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) belongs to the Baculoviridae family and is an insect virus specific to gypsy moth larvae. In this study, we describe the complete genome sequences of three geographically diverse isolates, H2 (China), J2 (Japan), and T3 (Turkey), of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). Methods The genomes of isolates H2, J2, and T3 were subjected to shotgun pyrosequencing using Roche 454 FLX and assembled using Roche GS De Novo Assembler. Comparative analysis of all isolates was performed using bioinformatics methods. Results The genomes of LdMNPV-H2, J2, and T3 were 164,746, 162,249, and 162,614 bp in size, had GC content of 57.25%, 57.30%, and 57.46%, and contained 162, 165, and 164 putative open reading frames (ORFs ≥ 150 nt), respectively. Comparison between the reference genome LdMNPV-5/6 (AF081810) and the genomes of LdMNPV-H2, J2, and T3 revealed differences in gene content. Compared with LdMNPV-5/6, ORF5, 6, 8, 10, 31, and 67 were absent in LdMNPV-H2, ORF5, 13, and 66 were absent in LdMNPV-J2, and ORF10, 13, 31, and 67 were absent in LdMNPV-T3. In addition, the gene encoding the mucin-like protein (ORF4) was split into two parts in isolates H2 and T3 and designated ORF4a and ORF4b. Phylogenetic analysis grouped isolates H2 and J2 in a different cluster than isolate T3, which is more closely related to the Turkish and Polish isolates. In addition, H2 was found to be closely related to a South Korean LdMNPV isolate. Conclusion This study provided a more detailed overview of the relationships between different geographic LdMNPV isolates. The results showed remarkable differences between groups at the genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donus Gencer
- Trabzon University, Salpazarı Vocational School, Department of Property Protection and Security, 61670, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Cihan Inan
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Bayramoglu
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Pazar Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Protection, 53330, Rize, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Feifei Yin
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lillian Pavlik
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Basil Arif
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ismail Demir
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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Muita BK, Baxter SW. Temporal Exposure to Bt Insecticide Causes Oxidative Stress in Larval Midgut Tissue. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050323. [PMID: 37235357 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) three-domain Cry toxins are highly successful biological pesticides; however, the mechanism through which they cause death to targeted larval midgut cells is not fully understood. Herein, we challenged transgenic Bt-susceptible Drosophila melanogaster larvae with moderate doses of activated Cry1Ac toxin and assessed the midgut tissues after one, three, and five hours using transmission electron microscopy and transcriptome sequencing. Larvae treated with Cry1Ac showed dramatic changes to their midgut morphology, including shortened microvilli, enlarged vacuoles, thickened peritrophic membranes, and swelling of the basal labyrinth, suggesting water influx. Transcriptome analysis showed that innate immune responses were repressed, genes involved with cell death pathways were largely unchanged, and mitochondria-related genes were strongly upregulated following toxin exposure. Defective mitochondria produced after toxin exposure were likely to contribute to significant levels of oxidative stress, which represent a common physiological response to a range of toxic chemicals. Significant reductions in both mitochondrial aconitase activity and ATP levels in the midgut tissue supported a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) following exposure to Cry1Ac. Overall, these findings support the role of water influx, midgut cell swelling, and ROS activity in response to moderate concentrations of Cry1Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biko K Muita
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Simon W Baxter
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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Bai J, Xu Z, Li L, Zhang Y, Diao J, Cao J, Xu L, Ma L. Gut bacterial microbiota of Lymantria dispar asiatica and its involvement in Beauveria bassiana infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107897. [PMID: 36806463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The gut bacterial microbiota of insects has been shown to play essential roles in processes related to physiology, metabolism, and innate immunity. In this study, we firstly performed a broad analysis of the gut bacteria in Lymantria dispar asiatica, one of the most devastating forestry defoliators. We analyzed the bacterial composition among different individuals from lab-reared or wild-collected using 16 s rRNA-sequencing, revealing that the gut bacteria of wild-collected larvae were highly diverse, while lab-reared larvae were only associated with a few genera. We found Lactobacillus sp. present in all the gut samples, which indicates that it is part of the core microbiome in the caterpillar. Further Beauveria bassiana infection-based assays showed that the mortality of non-axenic L. dispar asiatica larvae was significantly higher than that of axenic larvae at 72 h. Moreover, we isolated several bacteria from the hemolymph of the non-axenic larvae infected by B. bassiana, which may be caused by the translocation of gut bacteria from the gut to the hemocoel. Reintroduction of Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., and Microbacterium sp. into axenic larvae recurred the larval mortality in their non-axenic counterpart. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the gut bacteria of L. dispar asiatica are highly volatile, and different bacteria taxa can promote host infection by entomopathogenic fungus, providing a new strategy for the pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jian Diao
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Harbin, China.
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Xiao Z, Yao X, Bai S, Wei J, An S. Involvement of an Enhanced Immunity Mechanism in the Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Lepidopteran Pests. INSECTS 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36835720 PMCID: PMC9965922 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the safest, economically successful entomopathogen to date. It is extensively produced in transgenic crops or used in spray formulations to control Lepidopteran pests. The most serious threat to the sustainable usage of Bt is insect resistance. The resistance mechanisms to Bt toxins depend not only on alterations in insect receptors, but also on the enhancement of insect immune responses. In this work, we review the current knowledge of the immune response and resistance of insects to Bt formulations and Bt proteins, mainly in Lepidopteran pests. We discuss the pattern recognition proteins for recognizing Bt, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic signaling pathways, the prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nodulation, encapsulation, phagocytosis, and cell-free aggregates, which are involved in immune response reactions or resistance to Bt. This review also analyzes immune priming, which contributes to the evolution of insect resistance to Bt, and puts forward strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of Bt formulations and manage insect resistance, targeting the insect immune responses and resistance.
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Pingault L, Basu S, Vellichirammal NN, Williams WP, Sarath G, Louis J. Co-Transcriptomic Analysis of the Maize-Western Corn Rootworm Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2335. [PMID: 36145736 PMCID: PMC9505089 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is an economically important belowground pest of maize. Belowground feeding by WCR is damaging because it weakens the roots system, diminishes nutrient uptake, and creates entry points for fungal and bacterial pathogens and increases lodging, all of which can significantly suppress maize yields. Previously, it was demonstrated that belowground herbivory can trigger plant defense responses in the roots and the shoots, thereby impacting intraplant communication. Although several aspects of maize-WCR interactions have been reported, co-transcriptomic remodeling in the plant and insect are yet to be explored. We used a maize genotype, Mp708, that is resistant to a large guild of herbivore pests to study the underlying plant defense signaling network between below and aboveground tissues. We also evaluated WCR compensatory transcriptome responses. Using RNA-seq, we profiled the transcriptome of roots and leaves that interacted with WCR infestation up to 5 days post infestation (dpi). Our results suggest that Mp708 shoots and roots had elevated constitutive and WCR-feeding induced expression of genes related to jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, respectively, before and after WCR feeding for 1 and 5 days. Similarly, extended feeding by WCR for 5 days in Mp708 roots suppressed many genes involved in the benzoxazinoid pathway, which is a major group of indole-derived secondary metabolites that provides resistance to several insect pests in maize. Furthermore, extended feeding by WCR on Mp708 roots revealed several genes that were downregulated in WCR, which include genes related to proteolysis, neuropeptide signaling pathway, defense response, drug catabolic process, and hormone metabolic process. These findings indicate a dynamic transcriptomic dialog between WCR and WCR-infested maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Pingault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | - William Paul Williams
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Faidah AN, Zhao H, Sun L, Cao C. Effects of elevated CO 2 treatment of Populus davidiana × P. bolleana on growth and detoxifying enzymes in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109079. [PMID: 34015537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, elevated CO2 concentrations in the environment caused by various human activities influence diverse areas of life, including the interactions between insects and plants. The Lymantria dispar is one of the most severely destructive pests, which further could inflict ecological and economical damage. In this experiment, one-year-old Populus davidiana × P. bolleana plants were grown in CO2-enhanced environments for one month at three different CO2 concentrations: 397 ppm (atmospheric CO2 concentration), 550 ppm and 750 ppm (two predicted elevated CO2 concentrations). The 3rd instar L. dispar larvae then fed on the treated poplar seedlings covered in a nylon bag. The L. dispar larvae fed on poplar seedling treated for 96 h showed the highest growth rate at all CO2 concentrations. Enzymatic activity of treated larvae showed the highest GST and P450 activity at 750 ppm CO2. The relative expressions of seven CYP and ten GST genes in L. dispar larvae were analyzed quantitatively using real-time RT-PCR, which the results were expressed variably. Compared to 397 ppm CO2, the expression of CYP4L23 was down-regulated, while the expressions of other CYP genes were up-regulated. Meanwhile, only GSTo1 gene showed down-regulated at 48 h and 96 h in 750 ppm CO2 treatment, while GST expression level for the other nine GST genes showed up-regulated at 48 h and 72 h. These results offer the insight into plant-insect interactions under global climate change and furthermore will provide essential information for strategic pest control based on biochemical and molecular levels changes in gypsy moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Nur Faidah
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Heilongjiang Forestry Academy, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuanwang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Coates BS, Deleury E, Gassmann AJ, Hibbard BE, Meinke LJ, Miller NJ, Petzold-Maxwell J, French BW, Sappington TW, Siegfried BD, Guillemaud T. Up-regulation of apoptotic- and cell survival-related gene pathways following exposures of western corn rootworm to B. thuringiensis crystalline pesticidal proteins in transgenic maize roots. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:639. [PMID: 34479486 PMCID: PMC8418000 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance of pest insect species to insecticides, including B. thuringiensis (Bt) pesticidal proteins expressed by transgenic plants, is a threat to global food security. Despite the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, being a major pest of maize and having populations showing increasing levels of resistance to hybrids expressing Bt pesticidal proteins, the cell mechanisms leading to mortality are not fully understood. RESULTS Twenty unique RNA-seq libraries from the Bt susceptible D. v. virgifera inbred line Ped12, representing all growth stages and a range of different adult and larval exposures, were assembled into a reference transcriptome. Ten-day exposures of Ped12 larvae to transgenic Bt Cry3Bb1 and Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 maize roots showed significant differential expression of 1055 and 1374 transcripts, respectively, compared to cohorts on non-Bt maize. Among these, 696 were differentially expressed in both Cry3Bb1 and Gpp34/Tpp35Ab1 maize exposures. Differentially-expressed transcripts encoded protein domains putatively involved in detoxification, metabolism, binding, and transport, were, in part, shared among transcripts that changed significantly following exposures to the entomopathogens Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Metarhizium anisopliae. Differentially expressed transcripts in common between Bt and entomopathogen treatments encode proteins in general stress response pathways, including putative Bt binding receptors from the ATP binding cassette transporter superfamily. Putative caspases, pro- and anti-apoptotic factors, as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-response factors were identified among transcripts uniquely up-regulated following exposure to either Bt protein. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the up-regulation of genes involved in ER stress management and apoptotic progression may be important in determining cell fate following exposure of susceptible D. v. virgifera larvae to Bt maize roots. This study provides novel insights into insect response to Bt intoxication, and a possible framework for future investigations of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, 103 Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Lance J Meinke
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - B Wade French
- USDA-ARS, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Thomas W Sappington
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, 103 Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Sparks ME, Hebert FO, Johnston JS, Hamelin R, Cusson M, Levesque R, Gundersen-Rindal DE. Sequencing, Assembly and Annotation of the Whole-Insect Genome of Lymantria dispar dispar, the European Gypsy Moth. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6261075. [PMID: 33930134 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The European gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar dispar (LDD), is an invasive insect and a threat to urban trees, forests and forest-related industries in North America. For use as a comparator with a previously published genome based on the LD652 pupal ovary-derived cell line, as well as whole-insect genome sequences obtained from the Asian gypsy moth subspecies L. dispar asiatica and L. dispar japonica, the whole-insect LDD genome was sequenced, assembled and annotated. The resulting assembly was 998 Mb in size, with a contig N50 of 662 Kb and GC content of 38.8%. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) constitute 25.4% of the whole-insect genome, and a total of 11,901 genes predicted by automated gene finding encoded proteins exhibiting homology with reference sequences in the NCBI NR and/or UniProtKB databases at the most stringent similarity cutoff level (i.e., the gold tier). These results will be especially useful in developing a better understanding of the biology and population genetics of L. dispar and the genetic features underlying Lepidoptera in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sparks
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Francois Olivier Hebert
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Richard Hamelin
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Michel Cusson
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4C7
| | - Roger Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Dawn E Gundersen-Rindal
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Gut-specific arylphorin mediates midgut regenerative response against Cry-induced damage in Achaea janata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110600. [PMID: 33848588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of insect resistance to biopesticides is a current and pertinent global issue. Earlier, it was established that lepidopteran larvae can recover from Bt intoxication via a midgut regenerative response and subsequently generate resistance. Molecular aspects of restoration of the midgut integrity following toxin exposure are emerging recently. In the present study, we bring out the pivotal role of gut arylphorin in mediating the midgut regenerative response following sublethal Bt exposure in Achaea janata. Bt-induced midgut damage was characterized by microscopic analysis using differential interference contrast (DIC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Extensive disruption of brush-border membrane, associated with the underlying cytoskeletal alterations including F-actin, α-actin and β-tubulin was observed. Single-photon fluorescence microscopy combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) established the metabolic state associated with enhanced stem cell proliferation and migration from the basal side towards the luminal side following the damage. In-silico analysis revealed the phylogenetic relationship of gut arylphorin with closely related insect species and indicated the presence of two different subunits. Transient RNAi knockdown of the arylphorin resulted in diminished expression of mitotic Cyclin B mRNA levels. Human monoclonal Cyclin B antibody cross-reactivity with the Cyclin B located in the stem cells further validate the role of arylphorin as the mitogenic factor responsible for stem cell proliferation and epithelial regeneration. An in-depth understanding of resistance mechanisms will aid in the design of new strategies for the long-term usage and efficacy of Bt technology against pest control.
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Pinos D, Andrés-Garrido A, Ferré J, Hernández-Martínez P. Response Mechanisms of Invertebrates to Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00007-20. [PMID: 33504654 PMCID: PMC8549848 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different protein types which are toxic to several insect, mite, and nematode species. Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to the Cry and Vip3 groups are widely used to control insect pests both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops. However, the benefits of B. thuringiensis-based products are threatened by insect resistance evolution. Numerous studies have highlighted that mutations in genes coding for surrogate receptors are responsible for conferring resistance to B. thuringiensis Nevertheless, other mechanisms may also contribute to the reduction of the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis-based products for managing insect pests and even to the acquisition of resistance. Here, we review the relevant literature reporting how invertebrates (mainly insects and Caenorhabditis elegans) respond to exposure to B. thuringiensis as either whole bacteria, spores, and/or its pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ascensión Andrés-Garrido
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Sparks ME, Nelson DR, Haber AI, Weber DC, Harrison RL. Transcriptome Sequencing of the Striped Cucumber Beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), Reveals Numerous Sex-Specific Transcripts and Xenobiotic Detoxification Genes. BIOTECH 2020; 9:biotech9040021. [PMID: 35822824 PMCID: PMC9258315 DOI: 10.3390/biotech9040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acalymma vittatum (F.), the striped cucumber beetle, is an important pest of cucurbit crops in the contintental United States, damaging plants through both direct feeding and vectoring of a bacterial wilt pathogen. Besides providing basic biological knowledge, biosequence data for A. vittatum would be useful towards the development of molecular biopesticides to complement existing population control methods. However, no such datasets currently exist. In this study, three biological replicates apiece of male and female adult insects were sequenced and assembled into a set of 630,139 transcripts (of which 232,899 exhibited hits to one or more sequences in NCBI NR). Quantitative analyses identified 2898 genes differentially expressed across the male–female divide, and qualitative analyses characterized the insect’s resistome, comprising the glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase families of xenobiotic detoxification genes. In summary, these data provide useful insights into genes associated with sex differentiation and this beetle’s innate genetic capacity to develop resistance to synthetic pesticides; furthermore, these genes may serve as useful targets for potential use in molecular-based biocontrol technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Sparks
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.I.H.); (D.C.W.)
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ariela I. Haber
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.I.H.); (D.C.W.)
| | - Donald C. Weber
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.I.H.); (D.C.W.)
| | - Robert L. Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.I.H.); (D.C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-504-5249
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Liu J, Wang L, Zhou G, Gao S, Sun T, Liu J, Gao B. Midgut transcriptome analysis of Clostera anachoreta treated with lethal and sublethal Cry1Ac protoxin. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21638. [PMID: 31702074 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostera anachoreta is one of the important Lepidoptera insect pests in forestry, especially in poplars woods in China, Europe, Japan, and India, and so forth, and also the target insect of Cry1Ac toxin and Bt plants. Six genes, HSC70, GNB2L/RACK1, PNLIP, BI1-like, arylphorin type 2, and PKM were found in this study, and they might be associated with the response to the Cry1Ac toxin, found by analyzing the transcriptome data. And the PI3K-Akt pathway was highly enriched in differentially expressed unigenes and linked to several crucial pathways, including the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, toll-like receptor pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. They might be involved in the recovery stage of the damaged midgut during the response to sublethal doses of Cry1Ac toxin. This is the first study conducted to specifically investigate C. anachoreta response to Cry toxin stress using large-scale sequencing technologies, and the results highlighted some important genes and pathways that could be involved in Btcry1Ac resistance development or could serve as targets for biologically based control mechanisms of this insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Liucheng Wang
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Guona Zhou
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Suhong Gao
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Changli, China
| | - Tianhua Sun
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Junxia Liu
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Baojia Gao
- Ecological Laboratory, Forestry College, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
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Al Baki A, Jung JK, Kim Y. Alteration of insulin signaling to control insect pest by using transformed bacteria expressing dsRNA. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1020-1030. [PMID: 31503391 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) is known to mediate larval growth and adult reproduction in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Four IIS components (InR, FOXO, Akt, and TOR) play crucial roles in the IIS pathway. RESULTS RNA interference (RNAi) against any of these four IIS component genes was effective in suppressing each target mRNA level by either hemocoelic injection or oral administration using gene-specific double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). These RNAi treatments interfered with larval growth, leading to small pupae or significant larval mortality. For massive production of dsRNA, transformed bacteria expressing dsRNAs of these four IIS components were prepared with L4440 expression vector and HT115 strain of Escherichia coli. The transformed bacteria killed the larvae in a dose-dependent manner by feeding administration. An ultra-sonication pretreatment was performed to impair bacterial membrane and increase dsRNA release from the bacteria in insect intestine. This pretreatment increased the insecticidal activity of these recombinant bacteria. To further increase dsRNA toxicity, its mixture with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was prepared and showed significant increase of Bt insecticidal activity in the laboratory. The bacterial mixture also showed a high control efficacy (83.3%) in an adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) field infested by M. vitrata. Furthermore, such a dsRNA effect was specific for M. vitrata, but not for non-target insects. CONCLUSION The bacteria expressing dsRNA specific to IIS components can be used to develop dsRNA insecticide. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Baki
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyo Jung
- Division of Crop Cultivation and Environment Research, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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16
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Wei D, Xu HQ, Chen D, Zhang SY, Li WJ, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, during thirteen life stages. Sci Data 2020; 7:45. [PMID: 32047161 PMCID: PMC7012831 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), is an important destructive pest worldwide. Functional studies of the genes associated with development and reproduction during different life stages are limited in Z. cucurbitae. There have yet to be comprehensive transcriptomic resources for genetic and functional genomic studies to identify the molecular mechanisms related to its development and reproduction. In this study, we comprehensively sequenced the transcriptomes of four different developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adults. Using the Illumina RNA-Seq technology, we constructed 52 libraries from 13 stages with four biological replicates in each and generated 435.61 Gb clean reads. We comprehensively characterized the transcriptomes with high-coverage mapping to the reference genome. A total of 13,760 genes were mapped to the reference genome, and another 4481 genes were characterized as new genes. Finally, 14,931 genes (81.85%) were functionally annotated against six annotation databases. This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptome data of all developmental stages of Z. cucurbitae, and will serve as a valuable resource for future genetic and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hui-Qian Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Su-Yun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wei-Jun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Su H, Gao Y, Liu Y, Li X, Liang Y, Dai X, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Wang H. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals candidate genes related to insecticide resistance of Glyphodes pyloalis. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:57-67. [PMID: 31217039 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) is a common pest in sericulture and has developed resistance to different insecticides. However, the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance of G. pyloalis are poorly understood. Here, we present the first whole-transcriptome analysis of differential expression genes in insecticide-resistant and susceptible G. pyloalis. Clustering and enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed several biological pathways and enriched Gene Ontology terms were related to detoxification or insecticide resistance. Genes involved in insecticide metabolic processes, including cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases and carboxylesterase, were identified in the larval midgut of G. pyloalis. Among them, CYP324A19, CYP304F17, CYP6AW1, CYP6AB10, GSTs5, and AChE-like were significantly increased after propoxur treatment, while CYP324A19, CCE001c, and AChE-like were significantly induced by phoxim, suggesting that these genes were involved in insecticide metabolism. Furthermore, the sequence variation analysis identified 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms within CYP9A20, CYP6AB47, and CYP6AW1. Our findings reveal many candidate genes related to insecticide resistance of G. pyloalis. These results provide novel insights into insecticide resistance and facilitate the development of insecticides with greater specificity to G. pyloalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Su
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Liang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Expansion of LINEs and species-specific DNA repeats drives genome expansion in Asian Gypsy Moths. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16413. [PMID: 31712581 PMCID: PMC6848174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two subspecies of Asian gypsy moth (AGM), Lymantria dispar asiatica and L. dispar japonica, pose a serious alien invasive threat to North American forests. Despite decades of research on the ecology and biology of this pest, limited AGM-specific genomic resources are currently available. Here, we report on the genome sequences and functional content of these AGM subspecies. The genomes of L.d. asiatica and L.d. japonica are the largest lepidopteran genomes sequenced to date, totaling 921 and 999 megabases, respectively. Large genome size in these subspecies is driven by the accumulation of specific classes of repeats. Genome-wide metabolic pathway reconstructions suggest strong genomic signatures of energy-related pathways in both subspecies, dominated by metabolic functions related to thermogenesis. The genome sequences reported here will provide tools for probing the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic traits that are thought to enhance AGM invasiveness.
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19
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Rex EA, Seo D, Gammon DB. Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30272671 DOI: 10.3791/58244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference- and genome editing-based screening platforms have been widely used to identify host cell factors that restrict virus replication. However, these screens are typically conducted in cells that are naturally permissive to the viral pathogen under study. Therefore, the robust replication of viruses in control conditions may limit the dynamic range of these screens. Furthermore, these screens may be unable to easily identify cellular defense pathways that restrict virus replication if the virus is well-adapted to the host and capable of countering antiviral defenses. In this article, we describe a new paradigm for exploring virus-host interactions through the use of screens that center on naturally abortive infections by arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Despite the ability of VSV to replicate in a wide range of dipteran insect and mammalian hosts, VSV undergoes a post-entry, abortive infection in a variety of cell lines derived from lepidopteran insects, such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). However, these abortive VSV infections can be "rescued" when host cell antiviral defenses are compromised. We describe how VSV strains encoding convenient reporter genes and restrictive L. dispar cell lines can be paired to set-up screens to identify host factors involved in arbovirus restriction. Furthermore, we also show the utility of these screening tools in the identification of virally encoded factors that rescue VSV replication during coinfection or through ectopic expression, including those encoded by mammalian viruses. The natural restriction of VSV replication in L. dispar cells provides a high signal-to-noise ratio when screening for the conditions that promote VSV rescue, thus enabling the use of simplistic luminescence- and fluorescence-based assays to monitor the changes in VSV replication. These methodologies are valuable for understanding the interplay between host antiviral responses and viral immune evasion factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Rex
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Dahee Seo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center;
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20
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Xia X, You M, Rao XJ, Yu XQ. Insect C-type lectins in innate immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:70-79. [PMID: 29198776 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a family of proteins that contain characteristic modules of carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) and they possess the binding activity to ligands in a calcium-dependent manner. CTLs play important roles in animal immune responses, and in insects, they are involved in opsonization, nodule formation, agglutination, encapsulation, melanization, and prophenoloxidase activation, as well as in maintaining gut microbiome homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize insect CTLs, compare the properties of insect CTLs with vertebrate CTLs, and focus mainly on the domain organization and functions of insect CTLs in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA.
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21
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Yang Y, Xu H, Lu Y, Wang C, Lu Z. Midgut transcriptomal response of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) to Cry1C toxin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191686. [PMID: 29360856 PMCID: PMC5779695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) is one of the important insect pests in rice field. Bt agents were recommended in the C. medinalis control and Bt rice is bred as a tactic to control this insect. However, the tolerance or resistance of insect to Bt protein is a main threat to the application of Bt protein. In order to investigate the response of C. medinalis transcriptome in defending a Cry1C toxin, high-through RNA-sequencing was carried in the C. medinalis larvae treated with and without Cry1C toxin. A total of 35,586 high-quality unigenes was annotated in the transcriptome of C. medinalis midgut. The comparative analysis identified 6,966 differently expressed unigenes (DEGs) between the two treatments. GO analysis showed that these genes involved in proteolysis and extracellular region. Among these DEGs, carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase and P450 were differently expressed in the treated C. medinalis midgut. Furthermore, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase were identified in DEGs, and most of them up-regulated. In addition, thirteen ABC transporters were downregulated and three upregulated in Cry1C-treated C. medinalis midgut. Based on the pathway analysis, antigen processing and presentation pathway, and chronic myeloid leukemia pathway were significant in C. medinalis treated with Cry1C toxin. These results indicated that serine protease, detoxification enzymes and ABC transporter, antigen processing and presentation pathway, and chronic myeloid leukemia pathway may involved in the response of C. medinalis to Cry1C toxin. This study provides a transcriptomal foundation for the identification and functional characterization of genes involved in the toxicity of Bt Cry protein against C. medinalis, and provides potential clues to the studies on the tolerance or resistance of an agriculturally important insect pest C. medinalis to Cry1C toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Changes in gene expression and apoptotic response in Spodoptera exigua larvae exposed to sublethal concentrations of Vip3 insecticidal proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16245. [PMID: 29176692 PMCID: PMC5701239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The insecticidal Vip3 proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), along with the classical Bt Cry proteins, are currently used in Bt-crops to control insect pests, since they do not share the same mode of action. Here we characterized the response of Spodoptera exigua larvae after Vip3 challenge. The expression profile of 47 genes was analyzed in larvae challenged with three concentrations of Vip3Ca. Results showed that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in immune response, whereas the down-regulated genes were mainly involved in the digestion process. Other mechanisms of cellular response to the damage such as apoptosis were analyzed. For this analysis, sections from the midguts were examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The nuclei of the midgut epithelial cells were stained at the highest concentration of the Vip3Ca protein and at lower concentrations of Vip3Aa in agreement with the different potency of the two proteins. In addition, apoptosis was also examined by the analysis of the expression of five caspase genes. The present study shows that exposure of S. exigua larvae to sublethal concentrations of Vip3 proteins activates different insect response pathways which trigger the regulation of some genes, APN shedding, and apoptotic cell death.
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Li R, Yan Z, Wang J, Song Q, Wang Z. De novo characterization of venom apparatus transcriptome of Pardosa pseudoannulata and analysis of its gene expression in response to Bt protein. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 29115956 PMCID: PMC5678584 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pardosa pseudoannulata is a prevailing spider species, and has been regarded as an important bio-control agent of insect pests in farmland of China. However, the available genomic and transcriptomic databases of P. pseudoannulata and their venom are limited, which severely hampers functional genomic analysis of P. pseudoannulata. Recently high-throughput sequencing technology has been proved to be an efficient tool for profiling the transcriptome of relevant non-target organisms exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein through food webs. Results In this study, the transcriptome of the venom apparatus was analyzed. A total of 113,358 non-redundant unigenes were yielded, among which 34,041 unigenes with complete or various length encoding regions were assigned biological function annotations and annotated with gene ontology and karyotic orthologous group terms. In addition, 3726 unigenes involved in response to stimulus and 720 unigenes associated with immune-response pathways were identified. Furthermore, we investigated transcriptomic changes in the venom apparatus using tag-based DGE technique. A total of 1724 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, while 75 and 372 DEGs were functionally annotated with KEGG pathways and GO terms, respectively. qPCR analyses were performed to verify the DEGs directly or indirectly related to immune and stress responses, including genes encoding heat shock protein, toll-like receptor, GST and NADH dehydrogenase. Conclusion This is the first study conducted to specifically investigate the venom apparatus of P. pseudoannulata in response to Bt protein exposure through tritrophic chain. A substantial fraction of transcript sequences was generated by high-throughput sequencing of the venom apparatus of P. pseudoannulata. Then a comparative transcriptome analysis showing a large number of candidate genes involved in immune response were identified by the tag-based DGE technology. This transcriptome dataset will provide a comprehensive sequence resource for furture molecular genetic research of the venom apparatus of P. pseudoannulata. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-017-0392-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Biosciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Castagnola A, Jackson J, Perera OP, Oppert C, Eda S, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Alpha-arylphorin is a mitogen in the Heliothis virescens midgut cell secretome upon Cry1Ac intoxication. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3886. [PMID: 29018619 PMCID: PMC5629956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) target cells in the midgut epithelium of susceptible larvae. While the mode of action of Cry toxins has been extensively investigated, the midgut response to Cry intoxication and its regulation are not well characterized. In this work, we describe the secreted proteome (secretome) of primary mature midgut cell cultures from Heliothis virescens larvae after exposure to Cry1Ac toxin compared to control buffer treatment. The Cry1Ac-induced secretome caused higher proliferation and differentiation and an overall reduction in total cell mortality over time in primary H. virescens midgut stem cell cultures when compared to treatment with control buffer secretome. Differential proteomics identified four proteins with significant differences in abundance comparing Cry1Ac-treated and control secretomes. The most significant difference detected in the Cry1Ac secretome was an arylphorin subunit alpha protein not detected in the control secretome. Feeding of purified alpha-arylphorin to H. virescens larvae resulted in midgut hyperplasia and significantly reduced susceptibility to Cry1Ac toxin compared to controls. These data identify alpha-arylphorin as a protein with a new putative role in the midgut regeneration process in response to Cry1Ac intoxication and possibly pathogen/abiotic stress, identifying alpha-arylphorin as a potential gene to target with insecticidal gene silencing for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Castagnola
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America.,Current affiliation: ManTech International Corporation, Herndon, VA, United States of America
| | - Jerreme Jackson
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America.,Current affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Omaththage P Perera
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Cris Oppert
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America.,Current affiliation: Bayer CropScience, Morrisville, NC, United States of America
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America.,Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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25
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Zhang T, Coates BS, Wang Y, Wang Y, Bai S, Wang Z, He K. Down-regulation of aminopeptidase N and ABC transporter subfamily G transcripts in Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac resistant Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:835-851. [PMID: 28808417 PMCID: PMC5555102 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.18868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a highly destructive pest of cultivated maize throughout East Asia. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystalline protein (Cry) toxins cause mortality by a mechanism involving pore formation or signal transduction following toxin binding to receptors along the midgut lumen of susceptible insects, but this mechanism and mutations therein that lead to resistance are not fully understood. In the current study, quantitative comparisons were made among midgut expressed transcripts from O. furnacalis susceptible (ACB-BtS) and laboratory selected strains resistant to Cry1Ab (ACB-AbR) and Cry1Ac toxins (ACB-AcR) when feeding on non-Bt diet. From a combined de novo transcriptome assembly of 83,370 transcripts, ORFs of ≥ 100 amino acids were predicted and annotated for 28,940 unique isoforms derived from 12,288 transcripts. Transcriptome-wide expression estimated from RNA-seq read depths predicted significant down-regulation of transcripts for previously known Bt resistance genes, aminopeptidase N1 (apn1) and apn3, as well as a putative ATP binding cassette transporter group G (abcg) gene in both ACB-AbR and -AcR (log2[fold-change] ≥ 1.36; P < 0.0001). The transcripts that were most highly differentially regulated in both ACB-AbR and -AcR compared to ACB-BtS (log2[fold-change] ≥ 2.0; P < 0.0001) included up- and down-regulation of serine proteases, storage proteins and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, as well as up-regulation of genes with predicted transport function. This study predicted the significant down-regulation of transcripts for previously known Bt resistance genes, aminopeptidase N1 (apn1) and apn3, as well as abccg gene in both ACB-AbR and -AcR. These data are important for the understanding of systemic differences between Bt resistant and susceptible genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Brad S. Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yueqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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A Transcriptome Survey Spanning Life Stages and Sexes of the Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8020055. [PMID: 28587099 PMCID: PMC5492069 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), is an agricultural pest in the continental United States, particularly in southern states. Reliable gene sequence data are especially useful to the development of species-specific, environmentally friendly molecular biopesticides and effective biolures for this insect. Here, mRNAs were sampled from whole insects at the 2nd and 4th nymphal instars, as well as sexed adults, and sequenced using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. A global assembly of these data identified 72,540 putative unique transcripts bearing high levels of similarity to transcripts identified in other taxa, with over 99% of conserved single-copy orthologs among insects being detected. Gene ontology and protein family analyses were conducted to explore the functional potential of the harlequin bug's gene repertoire, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on gene families germane to xenobiotic detoxification, including glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cytochrome P450s. Genic content in harlequin bug was compared with that of the closely related invasive pest, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). Quantitative analyses of harlequin bug gene expression levels, experimentally validated using quantitative real-time PCR, identified genes differentially expressed between life stages and/or sexes.
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27
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Wang H, Eyun SI, Arora K, Tan SY, Gandra P, Moriyama E, Khajuria C, Jurzenski J, Li H, Donahue M, Narva K, Siegfried B. Patterns of Gene Expression in Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) Neonates, Challenged with Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1, Based on Next-Generation Sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040124. [PMID: 28358336 PMCID: PMC5408198 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With Next Generation Sequencing technologies, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was conducted to examine gene expression in neonates of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR) challenged with individual proteins of the binary Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1, and the combination of Cry34/Cry35Ab1, which together are active against rootworm larvae. Integrated results of three different statistical comparisons identified 114 and 1300 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the Cry34Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1 treatment, respectively, as compared to the control. No DETs were identified in the Cry35Ab1 treatment. Putative Bt binding receptors previously identified in other insect species were not identified in DETs in this study. The majority of DETs (75% with Cry34Ab1 and 68.3% with Cry34/35Ab1 treatments) had no significant hits in the NCBI nr database. In addition, 92 DETs were shared between Cry34Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1 treatments. Further analysis revealed that the most abundant DETs in both Cry34Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1 treatments were associated with binding and catalytic activity. Results from this study confirmed the nature of these binary toxins against WCR larvae and provide a fundamental profile of expression pattern of genes in response to challenge of the Cry34/35Ab1 toxin, which may provide insight into potential resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Wang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Center for Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | | | - Sek Yee Tan
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | | | - Etsuko Moriyama
- Center for Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | | | - Jessica Jurzenski
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA.
| | - Huarong Li
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | | | - Ken Narva
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Blair Siegfried
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
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28
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Knockdown of the MAPK p38 pathway increases the susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ca toxin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43964. [PMID: 28262736 PMCID: PMC5338291 DOI: 10.1038/srep43964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a wide range of toxins that are effective against a number of insect pests. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for resistance to Bt toxin will improve both our ability to control important insect pests and our understanding of bacterial toxicology. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPK pathways in resistance against Cry1Ca toxin in Chilo suppressalis, an important lepidopteran pest of rice crops. We first cloned the full-length of C. suppressalis mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, ERK1, and ERK2, and a partial sequence of JNK (hereafter Csp38, CsERK1, CsERK2 and CsJNK). We could then measure the up-regulation of these MAPK genes in larvae at different times after ingestion of Cry1Ca toxin. Using RNA interference to knockdown Csp38, CsJNK, CsERK1 and CsERK2 showed that only knockdown of Csp38 significantly increased the mortality of larvae to Cry1Ca toxin ingested in either an artificial diet, or after feeding on transgenic rice expressed Cry1Ca. These results suggest that MAPK p38 is responsible for the resistance of C. suppressalis larvae to Bt Cry1Ca toxin.
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29
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Wu K, Yang B, Huang W, Dobens L, Song H, Ling E. Gut immunity in Lepidopteran insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:65-74. [PMID: 26872544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects constitute one of the largest fractions of animals on earth, but are considered pests in their relationship with man. Key to the success of this order of insects is its ability to digest food and absorb nutrition, which takes place in the midgut. Because environmental microorganisms can easily enter Lepidopteran guts during feeding, the innate immune response guards against pathogenic bacteria, virus and microsporidia that can be devoured with food. Gut immune responses are complicated by both resident gut microbiota and the surrounding peritrophic membrane and are distinct from immune responses in the body cavity, which depend on the function of the fat body and hemocytes. Due to their relevance to agricultural production, studies of Lepidopteran insect midgut and immunity are receiving more attention, and here we summarize gut structures and functions, and discuss how these confer immunity against different microorganisms. It is expected that increased knowledge of Lepidopteran gut immunity may be utilized for pest biological control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Leonard Dobens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hongsheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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30
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Xiaojun F, Chun Y, Jianhong L, Chang Z, Yao L. Sequencing and de novo assembly of the Asian gypsy moth transcriptome using the Illumina platform. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 40:160-167. [PMID: 27768153 PMCID: PMC5409764 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a serious pest of forest and shade trees in many Asian and some European countries. However, there have been few studies of L. dispar genetic information and comprehensive genetic analyses of this species are needed in order to understand its genetic and metabolic sensitivities, such as the molting mechanism during larval development. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the transcriptome of the Asian subspecies of the gyspy moth, after which a comprehensive analysis of chitin metabolism was undertaken. We generated 37,750,380 high-quality reads and assembled them into contigs. A total of 37,098 unigenes were identified, of which 15,901 were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database and 9,613 were annotated in the Swiss-Prot database. We mapped 4,329 unigenes onto 317 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database. Chitin metabolism unigenes were found in the transcriptome and the data indicated that a variety of enzymes was involved in chitin catabolic and biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xiaojun
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yang Chun
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Liu Jianhong
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhang Chang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Wang L, Li J, Zhao X, Qian C, Wei G, Zhu B, Liu C. Expression and characterization of a lipase-related protein in the malpighian tubules of the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:615-623. [PMID: 27297450 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipases are ubiquitous enzymes in nature, which play a crucial role in fat metabolism by catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to free fatty acids and glycerol. However, reports concerning insect lipase are rare. In this study, we studied the expression and activity of a lipase-related protein from Antheraea pernyi (ApLRP). Recombinant ApLRP was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and used to raise rabbit anti-ApLRP polyclonal antibodies. ApLRP mRNA and protein expression were abundant in the midgut and malpighian tubules, respectively. After challenge with four different microorganisms (E. coli, Beauveria bassiana, Micrococcus luteus and nuclear polyhedrosis virus), the expression levels of ApLRP mRNA in midgut were inducted significantly compared with the control. The different pathogens induced different ApLRP gene expression patterns. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme's activity were 35°C and 7.0, respectively. ApLRP activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ and b-mercaptoethanol; while Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ inhibited its activity. Detergents such as SDS, glycerol and Tween-20 increased the lipase activity by 20-30%. Our results indicated that ApLRP might play an important role in the innate immunity of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
| | - J Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
| | - X Zhao
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
| | - C Qian
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
| | - G Wei
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
| | - B Zhu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
| | - C Liu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China
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Martemyanov VV, Belousova IA, Pavlushin SV, Dubovskiy IM, Ershov NI, Alikina TY, Kabilov MR, Glupov VV. Phenological asynchrony between host plant and gypsy moth reduces insect gut microbiota and susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7298-7310. [PMID: 28725398 PMCID: PMC5513265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenological synchrony between the emergence of overwintering herbivorous insects and the budding of host plants is considered a crucial factor in the population dynamics of herbivores. However, the mechanisms driving the interactions between the host plant, herbivores, and their pathogens are often obscure. In the current study, an artificially induced phenological asynchrony was used to investigate how the asynchrony between silver birch Betula pendula and gypsy moth Lymantria dispar affects the immunity of the insect to bacteria, its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and the diversity in its midgut microbiota. The lysozyme-like activity in both the midgut and hemolymph plasma and the nonspecific esterase activity and antimicrobial peptide gene expression in the midgut were studied in both noninfected and B. thuringiensis-infected larvae. Our results provide the first evidence that phenologically asynchronous larvae are less susceptible to B. thuringiensis infection than phenologically synchronous larvae, and our results show that these effects are related to the high basic levels and B. thuringiensis-induced levels of lysozyme-like activities. Moreover, a 16S rRNA analysis revealed that dramatic decreases in the diversity of the larval gut bacterial consortia occurred under the effect of asynchrony. Larvae infected with B. thuringiensis presented decreased microbiota diversity if the larvae were reared synchronously with the host plant but not if they were reared asynchronously. Our study demonstrates the significant effect of phenological asynchrony on innate immunity-mediated interactions between herbivores and entomopathogenic bacteria and highlights the role of nonpathogenic gut bacteria in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of Ecological ParasitologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Biological InstituteNational Research Tomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of Ecological ParasitologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Institute of BiologyIrkutsk State UniversityIrkutskRussia
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Laboratory of Ecological ParasitologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Insect PathologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Nikita I. Ershov
- Institute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Tatyana Y. Alikina
- Genomics Core FacilityInstitute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental MedicineSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Genomics Core FacilityInstitute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental MedicineSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - Victor V. Glupov
- Laboratory of Insect PathologyInstitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
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33
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Castagnola A, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Intestinal regeneration as an insect resistance mechanism to entomopathogenic bacteria. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 15:104-10. [PMID: 27436739 PMCID: PMC4957658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium of insects is exposed to xenobiotics and entomopathogens during the feeding developmental stages. In these conditions, an effective enterocyte turnover mechanism is highly desirable to maintain integrity of the gut epithelial wall. As in other insects, the gut of lepidopteran larvae have stem cells that are capable of proliferation, which occurs during molting and pathogenic episodes. While much is known on the regulation of gut stem cell division during molting, there is a current knowledge gap on the molecular regulation of gut healing processes after entomopathogen exposure. Relevant information on this subject is emerging from studies of the response to exposure to insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as model intoxicants. In this work we discuss currently available data on the molecular cues involved in gut stem cell proliferation, insect gut healing, and the implications of enhanced healing as a potential mechanism of resistance against Bt toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Castagnola
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Canton PE, Cancino-Rodezno A, Gill SS, Soberón M, Bravo A. Transcriptional cellular responses in midgut tissue of Aedes aegypti larvae following intoxication with Cry11Aa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1042. [PMID: 26645277 PMCID: PMC4673840 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although much is known about the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins, the target tissue cellular responses to toxin activity is less understood. Previous transcriptomic studies indicated that significant changes in gene expression occurred during intoxication. However, most of these studies were done in organisms without a sequenced and annotated reference genome. A reference genome and transcriptome is available for the mosquito Aedes aegypti, and its importance as a disease vector has positioned its biological control as a primary health concern. Through RNA sequencing we sought to determine the transcriptional changes observed during intoxication by Cry11Aa in A. aegypti and to analyze possible defense and recovery mechanisms engaged after toxin ingestion. Results In this work the changes in the transcriptome of 4th instar A. aegypti larvae exposed to Cry11Aa toxin for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h were analyzed. A total of 1060 differentially expressed genes after toxin ingestion were identified with two bioconductoR packages: DESeq2 and EdgeR. The most important transcriptional changes were observed after 9 or 12 h of toxin exposure. GO enrichment analysis of molecular function and biological process were performed as well as Interpro protein functional domains and pBLAST analyses. Up regulated processes include vesicular trafficking, small GTPase signaling, MAPK pathways, and lipid metabolism. In contrast, down regulated functions are related to transmembrane transport, detoxification mechanisms, cell proliferation and metabolism enzymes. Validation with RT-qPCR showed large agreement with Cry11Aa intoxication since these changes were not observed with untreated larvae or larvae treated with non-toxic Cry11Aa mutants, indicating that a fully functional pore forming Cry toxin is required for the observed transcriptional responses. Conclusions This study presents the first transcriptome of Cry intoxication response in a fully sequenced insect, and reveals possible conserved cellular processes that enable larvae to contend with Cry intoxication in the disease vector A. aegypti. We found some similarities of the mosquito responses to Cry11Aa toxin with previously observed responses to other Cry toxins in different insect orders and in nematodes suggesting a conserved response to pore forming toxins. Surprisingly some of these responses also correlate with transcriptional changes observed in Bti-resistant and Cry11Aa-resistant mosquito larvae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2240-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Emiliano Canton
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Angeles Cancino-Rodezno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico.
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Crava CM, Jakubowska AK, Escriche B, Herrero S, Bel Y. Dissimilar Regulation of Antimicrobial Proteins in the Midgut of Spodoptera exigua Larvae Challenged with Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins or Baculovirus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125991. [PMID: 25993013 PMCID: PMC4436361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lysozymes are the main effectors of the insect immune system, and they are involved in both local and systemic responses. Among local responses, midgut immune reaction plays an important role in fighting pathogens that reach the insect body through the oral route, as do many microorganisms used in pest control. Under this point of view, understanding how insects defend themselves locally during the first phases of infections caused by food-borne pathogens is important to further improve microbial control strategies. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptional response of AMPs and lysozymes in the midgut of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous pest that is commonly controlled by products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or baculovirus. First, we comprehensively characterized the transcripts encoding AMPs and lysozymes expressed in S. exigua larval midgut, identifying 35 transcripts that represent the S. exigua arsenal against microbial infection. Secondly, we analyzed their expression in the midgut after ingestion of sub-lethal doses of two different pore-forming B. thuringiensis toxins, Cry1Ca and Vip3Aa, and the S. exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). We observed that both Bt toxins triggered a similar, wide and in some cases high transcriptional activation of genes encoding AMPs and lysozymes, which was not reflected in the activation of the classical systemic immune-marker phenoloxidase in hemolymph. Baculovirus ingestion resulted in the opposed reaction: Almost all transcripts coding for AMPs and lysozymes were down-regulated or not induced 96 hours post infection. Our results shed light on midgut response to different virulence factors or pathogens used nowadays as microbial control agents and point out the importance of the midgut immune response contribution to the larval immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Crava
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Agata K. Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Bel
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cao C, Sun L, Wen R, Shang Q, Ma L, Wang Z. Characterization of the transcriptome of the Asian gypsy moth Lymantria dispar identifies numerous transcripts associated with insecticide resistance. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 119:54-61. [PMID: 25868817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the Asian gypsy moth Lymantria dispar causes extensive forest damage worldwide, little is known regarding the genes involved in its development or response to insecticides. Accordingly, characterization of the transcriptome of L. dispar larvae would promote the development of toxicological methods for its control. RNA-seq analysis of L. dispar larvae messenger RNA (mRNA) generated 62,063 unigenes with N50 of 993 bp, from which 23,975 unique sequences (E-value < 10(-5)) were identified using a BLASTx search of the NCBI non-redundant (nr) database. Using functional classification in the Gene Ontology (GO) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) databases, 7,309 indentified sequences were categorized into 51 functional groups and 8,079 sequences were categorized into 25 functional groups, respectively. Moreover, we identified a large number of transcripts encoding known insecticide targets, or proteins involved in the metabolism of insecticides. Reads per kilobase of unigene length per million mapped reads (RPKM) analysis identified 39 high abundance transcripts, of which 27 exhibited significantly altered expression patterns across the egg, larvae, pupae, male and female adult stages. Our study provides the most comprehensive transcriptomic sequence resource for L. dispar, which will form the basis for future identification of candidate insecticide resistance genes in L. dispar.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanWang Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - LiLi Sun
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - RongRong Wen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - QingLi Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - ZhiYing Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Tan QQ, Zhu L, Li Y, Liu W, Ma WH, Lei CL, Wang XP. A de novo transcriptome and valid reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in Colaphellus bowringi. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118693. [PMID: 25692689 PMCID: PMC4334893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi Baly is a serious insect pest of crucifers and undergoes reproductive diapause in soil. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of diapause regulation, insecticide resistance, and other physiological processes is helpful for developing new management strategies for this beetle. However, the lack of genomic information and valid reference genes limits knowledge on the molecular bases of these physiological processes in this species. Results Using Illumina sequencing, we obtained more than 57 million sequence reads derived from C. bowringi, which were assembled into 39,390 unique sequences. A Clusters of Orthologous Groups classification was obtained for 9,048 of these sequences, covering 25 categories, and 16,951 were assigned to 255 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Eleven candidate reference gene sequences from the transcriptome were then identified through reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Among these candidate genes, EF1α, ACT1, and RPL19 proved to be the most stable reference genes for different reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments in C. bowringi. Conversely, aTUB and GAPDH were the least stable reference genes. Conclusion The abundant putative C. bowringi transcript sequences reported enrich the genomic resources of this beetle. Importantly, the larger number of gene sequences and valid reference genes provide a valuable platform for future gene expression studies, especially with regard to exploring the molecular mechanisms of different physiological processes in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Tan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (WHM); (XPW)
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (WHM); (XPW)
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Sparks ME, Shelby KS, Kuhar D, Gundersen-Rindal DE. Transcriptome of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e111646. [PMID: 25386688 PMCID: PMC4227672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive agricultural and nuisance pest rapidly expanding its incidence in North America. This voracious pest poses a significant threat to rural and urban agriculture, especially to specialty crops such as apples, grapes and ornamentals, as well as staple crops including soybean and corn. The object of this study was to generate transcript sequence resources for H. halys. RNA-seq libraries derived from distinct developmental stages and sexes were sequenced and assembled into 248,569 putatively unique transcripts (PUTs). PUTs were segmented into three disjoint tiers of varying reliability, with 4,794 classified as gold tier (highest quality), 16,878 as silver, and 14,357 as bronze. The gold-tier PUTs associated with 2,580 distinct non-redundant protein sequences from the NCBI NR database--1,785 of these (69%) mapped to annotated UniProtKB database proteins, from which 1,273 unique Pfam families and 459 unique Molecular Function GO terms were encountered. Of the silver tier's 6,527 PUTs associated with unique proteins, 4,193 mapped to UniProtKB (64%), from which 1,941 and 640 unique Pfam and Molecular Function GO terms were extracted. H. halys PUTs related to important life processes like immunity, endocrinology, reproduction, development, behavior, neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, olfaction, and small RNA pathways were validated through quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) for differential expression during distinct life stages (eggs, 2nd instar nymphs, 4th instar nymphs, female adults, male adults). PUTs similar to hypothetical proteins identified in symbiont microbes, including Pantoea and Nosema species, were more abundantly expressed in adults versus nymphs. These comprehensive H. halys transcriptomic resources can be utilized to aid development of novel control methodologies to disrupt life processes; to conduct reverse genetic screens to determine host gene function; and to design environmentally unobtrusive means to control host populations or target specific H. halys life stages, such as molecular biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Sparks
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kent S. Shelby
- USDA-ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kuhar
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
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Gammon DB, Duraffour S, Rozelle DK, Hehnly H, Sharma R, Sparks ME, West CC, Chen Y, Moresco JJ, Andrei G, Connor JH, Conte D, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Marshall WL, Yates JR, Silverman N, Mello CC. A single vertebrate DNA virus protein disarms invertebrate immunity to RNA virus infection. eLife 2014; 3:e02910. [PMID: 24966209 PMCID: PMC4112549 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-host interactions drive a remarkable diversity of immune responses and countermeasures. We found that two RNA viruses with broad host ranges, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV), are completely restricted in their replication after entry into Lepidopteran cells. This restriction is overcome when cells are co-infected with vaccinia virus (VACV), a vertebrate DNA virus. Using RNAi screening, we show that Lepidopteran RNAi, Nuclear Factor-κB, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways restrict RNA virus infection. Surprisingly, a highly conserved, uncharacterized VACV protein, A51R, can partially overcome this virus restriction. We show that A51R is also critical for VACV replication in vertebrate cells and for pathogenesis in mice. Interestingly, A51R colocalizes with, and stabilizes, host microtubules and also associates with ubiquitin. We show that A51R promotes viral protein stability, possibly by preventing ubiquitin-dependent targeting of viral proteins for destruction. Importantly, our studies reveal exciting new opportunities to study virus-host interactions in experimentally-tractable Lepidopteran systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don B Gammon
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | | | - Daniel K Rozelle
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Rita Sharma
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Michael E Sparks
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, United States
| | - Cara C West
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Darryl Conte
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Dawn E Gundersen-Rindal
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, United States
| | - William L Marshall
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Neal Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Craig C Mello
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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Mayoral JG, Etebari K, Hussain M, Khromykh AA, Asgari S. Wolbachia infection modifies the profile, shuttling and structure of microRNAs in a mosquito cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96107. [PMID: 24759922 PMCID: PMC3997519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in many biological processes such as development, cell signaling and immune response. Small RNA deep sequencing technology provided an opportunity for a thorough survey of the miRNA profile of a mosquito cell line from Aedes aegypti. We characterized the miRNA composition of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of uninfected cells and compared it with the one of cells infected with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia strain wMelPop-CLA. We found an overall increase of small RNAs between 18 and 28 nucleotides in both cellular compartments in Wolbachia-infected cells and identified specific miRNAs induced and/or suppressed by the Wolbachia infection. We discuss the mechanisms that the cell may use to shuttle miRNAs between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In addition, we identified piRNAs that changed their abundance in response to Wolbachia infection. The miRNAs and piRNAs identified in this study provide promising leads for investigations into the host-endosymbiont interactions and for better understanding of how Wolbachia manipulates the host miRNA machinery in order to facilitate its persistent replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime G. Mayoral
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kayvan Etebari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mazhar Hussain
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Rocha LO, Tralamazza SM, Reis GM, Rabinovitch L, Barbosa CB, Corrêa B. Multi-method approach for characterizing the interaction between Fusarium verticillioides and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92189. [PMID: 24739804 PMCID: PMC3989188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antagonists used as biocontrol agents represent part of an integrated management program to reduce pesticides in the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis is considered a good alternative as a biocontrol agent for suppressing plant pathogens such as Fusarium. In this study, we used microscopy, flow cytometry, indirect immunofluorescence, and high performance liquid chromatography to determine the interaction between B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki LFB-FIOCRUZ (CCGB) 257 and F. verticillioides MRC 826, an important plant pathogen frequently associated with maize. B. thuringiensis showed a strong in vitro suppressive effect on F. verticillioides growth and inhibited fumonisin production. Flow cytometry analysis was found to be adequate for characterizing the fungal cell oscillations and death during these interactions. Further studies of the antagonistic effect of this isolate against other fungi and in vivo testing are necessary to determine the efficacy of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in controlling plant pathogens. This is the first report on the use of flow cytometry for quantifying living and apoptotic F. verticillioides cells and the B. thuringiensis Cry 1Ab toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana O. Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabina Moser. Tralamazza
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M. Reis
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leon Rabinovitch
- Department of Bacteriology, Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynara B. Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Talaei-Hassanloui R, Bakhshaei R, Hosseininaveh V, Khorramnezhad A. Effect of midgut proteolytic activity on susceptibility of lepidopteran larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki. Front Physiol 2014; 4:406. [PMID: 24474937 PMCID: PMC3893595 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most effective microbial control agent for controlling numerous species from different insect orders. All subspecies and strains of B. thuringiensis can produce a spore and a crystalline parasporal body. This crystal which contains proteinaceous protoxins is dissolved in the alkaline midgut, the resulting molecule is then cleaved and activated by proteolytic enzymes and acts as a toxin. An interesting aspect of this activation process is that variations in midgut pH and protease activity have been shown to account for the spectrum of some Bt proteins activity. Thus, an important factor that could be a determinant of toxin activity is the presence of proteases in the midgut microenvironment of susceptible insects. Reciprocally, any alteration in the midgut protease composition of the host can result in resistance to Bt. Here in this paper, we reviewed this processes in general and presented our assays to reveal whether resistance mechanism to Bt in Diamondback Moth (DbM) larvae could be due to the function of the midgut proteases? We estimated LC50 for both probable susceptible and resistant populations in laboratory and greenhouse tests. Then, the midgut protease activities of the B. thuringiensis induced-resistant and susceptible populations of the DbM were assayed on Hemoglubin and on N-alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BapNA) for total and tryptic activities, respectively. Six hours after feeding on Bt treated and untreated canola leaves, the midguts of instar larvae of both populations were isolated. Following related protocols, peptides released through the activity of proteinases on Hemoglubin and BApNA were recorded using microplate reader. Control (Blank) was also considered with adding TCA to reaction mix before adding enzymatic extract. Data analysis indicated that there are significant differences for tryptic activity on BApNA and also for total proteolytic activity on Hemoglubin between susceptible and resistant populations fed on Bt treated leaves. But these differences were not significant for larvae fed on healthy canola leaves between these two populations. These results which supported the role of DbM's proteolytic system in development of resistance to Bt, will be discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Talaei-Hassanloui
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Karaj, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Bakhshaei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Karaj, Iran
| | - Vahid Hosseininaveh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Karaj, Iran
| | - Ayda Khorramnezhad
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran Karaj, Iran
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