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Varillas-Delgado D. Association of iron supplementation, HFE and AMPD1 polymorphisms and biochemical iron metabolism parameters in the performance of a men's World Tour cycling team: A pilot study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127470. [PMID: 38744035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional strategies with iron supplementation have been shown to be effective in preventing the decline of blood biochemical parameters and sports performance. The aim of the study was to describe biochemical iron metabolism parameters in association with iron supplementation and HFE and AMPD1 polymorphisms in a Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) World Tour cycling team to evaluate performance during a whole season METHODS: Twenty-eight professional men cyclists took part in this longitudinal observational pilot study. AMPD1 c.34 C>T (rs17602729) and HFE c.187 C>G (rs1799945) polymorphisms were genotyped using Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). All the professional cyclists took oral iron supplementation throughout the season. Four complete blood analyses were carried out corresponding to UCI controls in January (1st), April (2nd), June (3rd) and October (4th). Data on participation in three-week Grand Tours, kms of competition and wins were analyzed. RESULTS In performance, especially in wins, there was a significant effect in HFE on biochemical hemoglobin (F = 4.255; p = 0.021) and biochemical hematocrit (F = 5.335; p = 0.009) and a hematocrit biochemical × genotype interaction (F = 3.418; p = 0.041), with higher values in professional cyclist with GC genotype. In AMPD1 there were significant effects in the biochemical iron x genotype interaction in three-week Grand Tours (F = 3.874; p = 0.029) and wins (F = 3.930; p = 0.028) CONCLUSIONS: Blood biochemical iron metabolism parameters could be related to performance in the season due to increasing hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration under iron supplementation, associated with winning in the professional cyclists with GC genotype of the HFE polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Varillas-Delgado
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Unit, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; SPORTNOMICS S.L., Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Tiemeier L, Nikolaidis PT, Chlíbková D, Wilhelm M, Thuany M, Weiss K, Knechtle B. Ultra-Cycling- Past, Present, Future: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:48. [PMID: 38679655 PMCID: PMC11056358 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-endurance events are gaining popularity in multiple exercise disciplines, including cycling. With increasing numbers of ultra-cycling events, aspects influencing participation and performance are of interest to the cycling community. MAIN BODY The aim of this narrative review was, therefore, to assess the types of races offered, the characteristics of the cyclists, the fluid and energy balance during the race, the body mass changes after the race, and the parameters that may enhance performance based on existing literature. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the search terms 'ultracycling', 'ultra cycling', 'ultra-cycling', 'ultra-endurance biking', 'ultra-bikers' and 'prolonged cycling'. The search yielded 948 results, of which 111 were relevant for this review. The studies were classified according to their research focus and the results were summarized. The results demonstrated changes in physiological parameters, immunological and oxidative processes, as well as in fluid and energy balance. While the individual race with the most published studies was the Race Across America, most races were conducted in Europe, and a trend for an increase in European participants in international races was observed. Performance seems to be affected by characteristics such as age and sex but not by anthropometric parameters such as skin fold thickness. The optimum age for the top performance was around 40 years. Most participants in ultra-cycling events were male, but the number of female athletes has been increasing over the past years. Female athletes are understudied due to their later entry and less prominent participation in ultra-cycling races. A post-race energy deficit after ultra-cycling events was observed. CONCLUSION Future studies need to investigate the causes for the observed optimum race age around 40 years of age as well as the optimum nutritional supply to close the observed energy gap under consideration of the individual race lengths and conditions. Another research gap to be filled by future studies is the development of strategies to tackle inflammatory processes during the race that may persist in the post-race period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tiemeier
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Wiącek J, Szurkowska J, Kryściak J, Galecka M, Karolkiewicz J. No changes in the abundance of selected fecal bacteria during increased carbohydrates consumption period associated with the racing season in amateur road cyclists. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14594. [PMID: 36700000 PMCID: PMC9869777 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclists often use high-carbohydrate, low-fiber diets to optimize the glycogen stores and to avoid the gastrointestinal distress during both, the trainings and the competitions. The impact of such dietary changes on gut microbiota is not fully known. Methods We assessed the abundances of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium spp., and Bacteroides spp. and the fecal pH in 14 amateur cyclists during the racing season. Eleven healthy men formed the control group. Results Despite significant differences in the diet composition and physical endurance levels of amateur cyclists before the competition season (1st term) and control group (carbohydrates: 52.2% ± 4.9% vs 41.9% ± 6.6%; VO2max: 56.1 ± 6.0 vs 39.7 ± 7.7; p < 0.01; respectively), we did not observe any significant differences in studied gut bacteria abundances or fecal pH between the groups. Although the cyclists' carbohydrates consumption (2nd term) have increased throughout the season (4.48 g/kg b.w. ± 1.56 vs 5.18 g/kg b.w. ± 1.99; p < 0.05), the studied gut bacteria counts and fecal pH remained unchanged. It seems that the amateur cyclists' diet with increased carbohydrates intake does not alter the gut microbiota, but further research is needed to assess the potential impact of even higher carbohydrates consumption (over 6 g/kg b.w.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wiącek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
| | - Joanna Szurkowska
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
| | - Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Karolkiewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
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Nowak R, Rój K, Ciechanowicz A, Lewandowska K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148580. [PMID: 35886433 PMCID: PMC9318784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sport diagnostics is still in pursuit of the optimal combination of biochemical and hematological markers to assess training loads and the effectiveness of recovery. The biochemical and hematological markers selected for a panel should be specific to the sport and training program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected biochemical and hematological variables in professional long-distance and sprint swimming. Twenty-seven participants aged 15–18 years took part in the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine (Cr), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and iron concentrations were measured for 10 weeks and compared with the traditional sport diagnostic markers of creatine kinase (CK) activity and urea (U) concentration. Additionally, capillary blood morphology was analyzed. An effective panel should consist of measurements of CK and AST activities and urea, TB, DB and ferritin concentrations. These markers provide a good overview of athletes’ post-training effort changes, can help assess the effectiveness of their recovery regardless of sex or competitive distance and are affordable. Moreover, changes in ferritin concentration can indicate inflammation status and, when combined with iron concentration and blood morphology, can help to avoid iron deficiencies, anemia and adverse inflammatory states in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Konrad Rój
- Student of ”Sports Diagnostics”, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 40b Piastów Al., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
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Krumm B, Faiss R. Factors Confounding the Athlete Biological Passport: A Systematic Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34524567 PMCID: PMC8443715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through longitudinal, individual and adaptive monitoring of blood biomarkers, the haematological module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) has become a valuable tool in anti-doping efforts. The composition of blood as a vector of oxygen in the human body varies in athletes with the influence of multiple intrinsic (genetic) or extrinsic (training or environmental conditions) factors. In this context, it is fundamental to establish a comprehensive understanding of the various causes that may affect blood variables and thereby alter a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. METHODS This literature review described the potential factors confounding the ABP to outline influencing factors altering haematological profiles acutely or chronically. RESULTS Our investigation confirmed that natural variations in ABP variables appear relatively small, likely-at least in part-because of strong human homeostasis. Furthermore, the significant effects on haematological variations of environmental conditions (e.g. exposure to heat or hypoxia) remain debatable. The current ABP paradigm seems rather robust in view of the existing literature that aims to delineate adaptive individual limits. Nevertheless, its objective sensitivity may be further improved. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review contributes to disentangling the numerous confounding factors of the ABP to gather the available scientific evidence and help interpret individual athlete profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Miller GD, Beharry A, Teramoto M, Lai A, Willick SE, Eichner D. Hematological changes following an Ironman triathlon: An antidoping perspective. Drug Test Anal 2020; 11:1747-1754. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Beharry
- United States Anti‐Doping Agency Colorado Springs CO USA
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Division of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Auriella Lai
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Stuart E. Willick
- Division of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA
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Lobigs LM, Peeling P, Dawson B, Schumacher YO. The need for an alternative method to determine intravascular volumes. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1255-1263. [PMID: 29911484 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1484175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well described that numerous environmental factors, including exercise, modulate plasma volume (PV). These modulations prove problematic when a number of haematological markers are measured as a concentration in blood plasma. A primary example is haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), a marker of erythropoiesis commonly used within medicine and also used to detect blood doping. Natural changes in PV can confound [Hb] values when a volume change is detected rather than a true change in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) (e.g. volume expansion resulting in a [Hb] decrease and pseudo-anemia vs. Hbmass decline resulting in anaemia). Currently, there is no simple solution to correct for PV shifts, and this has proven problematic when monitoring volumetric health markers in clinical and anti-doping settings. This narrative review explores the influence that PV shifts have on volumetric biomarkers, such as [Hb]. The progressive expansion in PV observed during multi-day endurance events will be summarised, and the observed impact PV variance has on concentration-based markers will be quantified. From this, the need for alternative methods to correct [Hb] for volume fluctuations is highlighted. Available methods for calculating intravascular volumes are then discussed, with a focus on a recently developed approach using a panel of 'volume descriptive' biomarkers from a standard blood test. Finally, the practical applications of this novel PV blood test within both anti-doping and clinical settings will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lobigs
- a School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Sciences) , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia.,b Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - P Peeling
- a School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Sciences) , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia.,c Western Australian Institute of Sport , Mt Claremont , Australia
| | - B Dawson
- a School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Sciences) , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Y O Schumacher
- b Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
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8
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Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Kusy K, Podgórski T, Zieliński J. Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1859-1866. [PMID: 29072032 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of literature exists on the effects of training on hematological parameters, but the previous studies have not reported how hematological parameters respond to changes in training loads within consecutive phases of the training cycle in highly-trained athletes in extremely different sport disciplines. The aim of this study was to identify changes in red blood cell (RBC) profile in response to training loads in consecutive phases of the annual training cycle in highly-trained sprinters (8 men, aged 24±3 years) and triathletes (6 men, aged 24±4 years) who competed at the national and international level. METHODS Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and RBC distribution width (RDW) were determined in four characteristic training phases (transition, general subphase of the preparation phase, specific subphase of the preparation phase and competition phase). RESULTS Our main findings are that: 1) Hb, MCH and MCHC in triathletes and MCV in both triathletes and sprinters changed significantly over the annual training cycle; 2) triathletes had significantly higher values than sprinters only in case of MCH and MCHC after the transition and general preparation phases but not after the competition phase when MCH and MCHC were higher in sprinters; and 3) in triathletes, Hb, MCH and MCHC substantially decreased after the competition phase, which was not observed in sprinters. The athletes maintained normal ranges of all hematological parameters in four characteristic training phases. CONCLUSIONS Although highly-trained sprinters and triathletes do not significantly differ in their levels of most hematological parameters, these groups are characterized by different patterns of changes during the annual training cycle. Our results suggest that when interpreting the values of hematological parameters in speed-power and endurance athletes, a specific phase of the annual training cycle should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland -
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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9
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Žákovská A, Knechtle B, Chlíbková D, Miličková M, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT. The Effect of a 100-km Ultra-Marathon under Freezing Conditions on Selected Immunological and Hematological Parameters. Front Physiol 2017; 8:638. [PMID: 28955243 PMCID: PMC5600930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although moderate exercise is beneficial for the human body and its immune system, exhaustive ultra-endurance performance in cold conditions might be harmful. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a 100-km ultra-marathon under cold conditions (temperatures from −1°C to +1°C) on selected immunological, biochemical and hematological parameters. Participants were 15 runners (12 men and three women, age 40.3 ± 9.7 years, body mass 67.3 ± 9.0 kg and body height 1.74 ± 0.10 m, mean ± standard deviation). Leukocytes increased (p < 0.01) and, particularly, the number of leucocytes doubled in seven out of 15 athletes. Immature neutrophils, mature neutrophils and monocytes increased (p < 0.02), whereas lymphocytes and eosinophils did not change. IgG increased (p < 0.02), but IgA and IgM remained unchanged. Platelets increased (p < 0.01), whereas red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin did not change. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) increased (p < 0.01), but alanine aminotransferase (ALT) did not change. There was an association between the markers of the acute inflammation of the organism (i.e., neutrophils, immature neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes) and the markers of muscle damage (i.e., CK, platelets, and LDH). There were no relationships among all the markers in relation to upper respiratory tract infections and liver damage. The highest change was noted in the increase of the number of immature neutrophils (1,019.2%) and CK levels (1,077.6%). In summary, this is the first study investigating immunological, hematological and biochemical parameters and showing that running a 100-km ultra-marathon under cold conditions leads to changes in several immunological, biochemical and hematological parameters indicating a severe stress on the body associated with increasing susceptibility to the development of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Žákovská
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of TechnologyBrno, Czechia
| | - Marie Miličková
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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10
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Bejder J, Andersen AB, Goetze JP, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Nordsborg NB. Plasma volume reduction and hematological fluctuations in high-level athletes after an increased training load. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1605-1615. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bejder
- Department of Nutrition; Exercise and Sports (NEXS); Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. B. Andersen
- Department of Nutrition; Exercise and Sports (NEXS); Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. P. Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - N. B. Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition; Exercise and Sports (NEXS); Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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11
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Testosterone and cortisol in 93 elite road cyclists during a 10-day stage race: relationship with final ranking. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Filho E, di Fronso S, Forzini F, Murgia M, Agostini T, Bortoli L, Robazza C, Bertollo M. Athletic performance and recovery-stress factors in cycling: An ever changing balance. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 15:671-80. [PMID: 26279169 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1048746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We sought to examine whether the relationship between recovery-stress factors and performance would differ at the beginning (Stage 1) and the end (Final Stage) of a multi-stage cycling competition. Sixty-seven cyclists with a mean age of 21.90 years (SD = 1.60) and extensive international experience participated in the study. The cyclists responded to the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) and rated their performance (1 = extremely poor to 10 = excellent) in respect to the first and last stage. Two step-down multiple regression models were used to estimate the relationship among recovery (nine factors; e.g. Physical Recovery, Sleep Quality) and stress factors (10 factors; e.g. Lack of Energy, Physical Complaints), as assessed by the RESTQ-Sport and in relation to performance. Model 1 pertained to Stage 1, whereas Model 2 used data from the Final Stage. The final Model 1 revealed that Physical Recovery (β = .46, p = .01), Injury (β = -.31, p = .01) and General Well-being (β = -.26, p = .04) predicted performance in Stage 1 (R(2) = .21). The final Model 2 revealed a different relationship between recovery-stress factors and performance. Specifically, being a climber (β = .28, p = .01), Conflicts/Pressure (β = .33, p = .01), and Lack of Energy (β = -.37, p = .01) were associated with performance at the Final Stage (R(2) = .19). Collectively, these results suggest that the relationship among recovery and stress factors changes greatly over a relatively short period of time, and dynamically influences performance in multi-stage competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Filho
- a School of Psychology , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK.,b Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences , University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Selenia di Fronso
- b Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences , University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Fabio Forzini
- c Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- c Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy.,d Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- c Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Laura Bortoli
- b Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences , University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Claudio Robazza
- b Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences , University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Maurizio Bertollo
- b Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences , University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
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13
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Garvican-Lewis LA, Schumacher YO, Clark SA, Christian R, Menaspà P, Plowman J, Stephens B, Qi J, Fan R, He Y, Martin DT, Thompson KG, Gore CJ, Ma F. Stage racing at altitude induces hemodilution despite an increase in hemoglobin mass. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:463-72. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00242.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma volume (PV) can be modulated by altitude exposure (decrease) and periods of intense exercise (increase). Cycle racing at altitude combines both stimuli, although presently no data exist to document which is dominant. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), and percent reticulocytes (%Retics) of altitude (ALT; n = 9) and sea-level (SL; n = 9) residents were measured during a 14-day cycling race, held at 1,146–4120 m, as well as during a simulated tour near sea level (SIM; n = 12). Hbmass was assessed before and on days 9 and 14 of racing. Venous blood was collected on days 0, 3, 6, 10, and 14. PV was calculated from Hbmass and [Hb]. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the impact of racing at altitude over time, within and between groups. [Hb] decreased significantly in all groups over time ( P < 0.0001) with decreases evident on the third day of racing. %Retics increased significantly in SL only ( P < 0.0001), with SL values elevated at day 6 compared with prerace ( P = 0.02), but were suppressed by the end of the race ( P = 0.0002). Hbmass significantly increased in SL after 9 ( P = 0.0001) and 14 ( P = 0.008) days of racing and was lower at the end of the race than midrace ( P = 0.018). PV increased in all groups ( P < 0.0001). Multiday cycle racing at altitude induces hemodilution of a similar magnitude to that observed during SL racing and occurs in nonacclimatized SL residents, despite an altitude-induced increase in Hbmass. Osmotic regulatory mechanisms associated with intense exercise appear to supersede acute enhancement of oxygen delivery at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Sally A. Clark
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ryan Christian
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paolo Menaspà
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Jamie Plowman
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Brian Stephens
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jiliang Qi
- Qinghai Institute of Sports Science, Duoba, China
| | - Rongyun Fan
- Qinghai Institute of Sports Science, Duoba, China
| | - Yingying He
- Qinghai Institute of Sports Science, Duoba, China
| | - David T. Martin
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kevin G. Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Fuhai Ma
- Qinghai Institute of Sports Science, Duoba, China
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Pitsiladis YP, Durussel J, Rabin O. An integrative ‘Omics’ solution to the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin and blood doping. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:856-61. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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