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Wei T, Mueed A, Luo T, Sun Y, Zhang B, Zheng L, Deng Z, Li J. 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol: Structure-function relationship, triacylglycerols preparation, nutrition value. Food Chem 2024; 443:138560. [PMID: 38295563 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Based on multivariate statistics, this review compared major triacylglycerols (TAGs) in animal milk and human milk fat from China and other countries. Human milk fat differs from animal milk fat in that it has longer acyl chains and higher concentrations of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (O-P-O) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (O-P-L). O-P-L is a significant and distinct TAG in human milk fat, particularly in China. 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) is human milk's major triglyceride molecule of O-P-L, accounting for more than 70%. As a result, OPL has piqued the interest of Chinese academics. The synthesis process and nutritional outcomes of OPL have been studied, including changes in gut microbiota, serum lipid composition, improved fatty acid and calcium absorption, and increased total bile acid levels. However, current OPL research is limited. Therefore, this review discussed enzymatic preparation of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO) and OPL and their nutritional and physiological activity to direct future research direction for sn-2 palmitate and OPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Abdul Mueed
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China.
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Zhou X, Zhao X, Parker L, Derkach P, Correa M, Benites V, Miller R, Athanasiadis D, Doherty B, Alnozaili G, Wittenberg J, Gates D, Destaillats F, Rakitsky W, Franklin S. Development and large-scale production of human milk fat analog by fermentation of microalgae. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1341527. [PMID: 38352706 PMCID: PMC10861784 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human milk contains a complex mixture of triacylglycerols (TAG), making it challenging to recreate using common ingredients. Objective The study aimed to develop an innovative fermentation technique to produce essential human milk TAG, effectively tackling a significant hurdle in infant nutrition. Method An in-depth analysis of the literature has been conducted to identify the specific TAG to be targeted. We used a microalgal oil production platform and a two-step procedure to modify its fatty acid and TAG composition. The palmitic acid (16:0) content has been increased by classical strain improvement techniques, followed by a step involving the expression of a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) sequence capable of esterifying 16:0 specifically at the internal position (sn-2 palmitate) of TAG. Once the strain was stabilized, the fermentation was scaled up in a 50-L reactor to yield several kilograms of biomass. Subsequently, the oil was extracted and refined using standard oil processing conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to monitor the TAG profile and the region specificity of 16:0 at the internal position (sn-2 palmitate) of TAG. Results The initial strain had a 16:0 level of 25% of total fatty acids, which was increased to 30% by classical strain improvement. Simultaneously, the oleic acid level decreased from 61% to 57% of total fatty acids. Upon expression of an exogenous LPAAT gene, the level of the 16:0 esterified in the internal position of the TAG (sn-2 palmitate) increased by a factor of 10, to reach 73% of total palmitic acid. Consequently, the concentration of oleic acid in the internal position decreased from 81% to 22% of total fatty acids, with TAG analysis confirming that the primary TAG species in the oil was 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO). The 50-L-scale fermentation trial confirmed the strain's ability to produce oil with a yield of >150 g of oil per liter of fermentation broth in a timeframe of 5 days, rendering the process scalable for larger-scale industrialization. Conclusion We have demonstrated the feasibility of producing a suitable TAG composition that can be effectively integrated into the formulations of infant nutrition in combination with other fats and oils to meet the infant feeding requirements.
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Lavie A, Liu Z, Pitt JA, Friling M, Mei S, Lou M, Qu X, Hongtao F, Wang Y, Ivanir E. Safety evaluation of INFAT® PLUS: Acute, genetic, teratogenic, and subchronic (90-day) toxicity studies. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:433-443. [PMID: 38021468 PMCID: PMC10663635 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INFAT®PLUS, is a sn-2 palmitate enriched fat ingredient intended for infant formula. A battery of toxicological studies was conducted in accordance with the Food Safety Toxicological Assessment GB-15193 (China), to confirm the safety of INFAT®PLUS. In the acute oral toxicity test, the LD50 of INFAT® PLUS was higher than 53.4 g /kg BW and 26.7 g/kg BW for ICR mice and SD rats, respectively. In a subchronic study, INFAT® PLUS was administered by oral gavage to SD rats with maximal daily dose of 8.90 g/kg BW for 90 days. No treatment-related clinical signs or mortalities were observed. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was set at 8.90 g/kg BW. Similarly, no evidence of genotoxicity effect was noted in several in vitro and in vivo tests, including bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test, mouse erythrocyte micronucleus test, and chromosome aberration test of mouse spermatogonia/spermatocyte. For the teratogenic evaluations, no toxicological signs were observed in both pregnant SD rat and fetuses, and the NOAEL of INFAT® PLUS was determined to be 8.90 g/kg BW. Based on the obtained results we concluded that INFAT® PLUS was found non-toxic under the experimental conditions, and the totality of the safety data supports its use for infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Song Mei
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minhan Lou
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Qu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Hongtao
- Antion Beijing Information Consulting Co., Ltd, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Wei T, Tan D, Zhong S, Zhang H, Deng Z, Li J. 1-Oleate-2-palmitate-3-linoleate glycerol improves lipid metabolism and gut microbiota and decreases the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37334498 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00723e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that 1-oleate-2-palmitate-3-linoleate (OPL) is the most abundant TAG in Chinese human milk, which is significantly different from human milk in other countries, where 1,3-oleate-2-palmitate (OPO) is the most abundant TAG. However, there have been few studies revealing the nutritional outcomes of OPL. Hence, the present study investigated the effects of an OPL supplementation diet on mice's nutritional outcomes, including liver lipid parameters, inflammation, lipidomes in the liver and serum, and the gut bacterial community. A high OPL (HOPL) diet decreased body weight, weight gain, liver TG, TC and LDL-C, and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in mice relative to low OPL (LOPL) diet. Lipidomics results showed that HOPL feeding elevated the level of anti-inflammatory lipids, such as very long-chain Cer, LPC, PC and ether TG in the liver, and serum PC, and reduced the level of oxidized lipids (liver OxTG, HexCer 18:1;2O/22:0) and serum TG. In the gut, intestinal probiotics, including Parabacteroides, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Alloprevotella and Parasutterrlla, were enriched in the HOPL-fed group. Meanwhile, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis results showed that the HOPL diet up-regulated energy metabolism and the immune system. Correlation analysis further showed that there was a relationship among the gut bacteria, lipidome profile, and nutritional outcomes. Altogether, these results indicated that an OPL-supplemented diet improved lipid metabolism and gut bacteria, reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Dengfeng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Shengyue Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research &Development Center Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Evaluation of Fatty Acid Distributions and Triacylglycerol Species in Sow Milk and Commercial Piglet Formulas: A Comparative Study Based on Fat Sources and Lactation Stages. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010124. [PMID: 36611734 PMCID: PMC9817896 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4-3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9-27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1-39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8-28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents.
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Alshaikh BN, Reyes Loredo A, Knauff M, Momin S, Moossavi S. The Role of Dietary Fats in the Development and Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Nutrients 2021; 14:145. [PMID: 35011027 PMCID: PMC8746672 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. The pathogenesis of NEC is not completely understood; however, intestinal immaturity and excessive immunoreactivity of intestinal mucosa to intraluminal microbes and nutrients appear to have critical roles. Dietary fats are not only the main source of energy for preterm infants, but also exert potent effects on intestinal development, intestinal microbial colonization, immune function, and inflammatory response. Preterm infants have a relatively low capacity to digest and absorb triglyceride fat. Fat may thereby accumulate in the ileum and contribute to the development of NEC by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Some fat components, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), also exert immunomodulatory roles during the early postnatal period when the immune system is rapidly developing. LC-PUFAs may have the ability to modulate the inflammatory process of NEC, particularly when the balance between n3 and n6 LC-PUFAs derivatives is maintained. Supplementation with n3 LC-PUFAs alone may have limited effect on NEC prevention. In this review, we describe how various fatty acids play different roles in the pathogenesis of NEC in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal N Alshaikh
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Adriana Reyes Loredo
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Megan Knauff
- Nutrition Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Sarfaraz Momin
- Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
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Xu H, Cai F, Li P, Wang X, Yao Y, Chang X, Bi Z, Sun H, Zhuang H, Hua ZC. Characterization and Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Dynamic of Several Enteritis Modeling Methodologies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727664. [PMID: 35003056 PMCID: PMC8728876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex disease involving genetic, immune, and microbiological factors. A variety of animal models of IBD have been developed to study the pathogenesis of human IBD, but there is no model that can fully represent the complexity of IBD. In this study, we established two acute enteritis models by oral 3% DSS or intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD3 antibody, and two chronic enteritis models by feeding 3 cycles of 1.5% DSS or 3 months of the high-fat diet, respectively, and then examined the clinical parameters, histological changes, and cytokine expression profiles after the successful establishment of the models. Our results indicated that in 3% DSS-induced acute enteritis, the colorectal injury was significantly higher than that of the small intestine, while in anti-CD3 antibody-induced acute enteritis, the small intestine injury was significantly higher than that of colorectal damage. Besides, in the 1.5% DSS-induced chronic enteritis, the damage was mainly concentrated in the colorectal, while the damage caused by long-term HFD-induced chronic enteritis was more focused on the small intestine. Therefore, our work provides a reference for selecting appropriate models when conducting research on factors related to the pathogenesis of IBD or evaluating the potential diagnosis and treatment possibilities of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangru Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyao Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqian Bi
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huisong Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqin Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqin Zhuang, ; Zi-Chun Hua,
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqin Zhuang, ; Zi-Chun Hua,
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Lipid Composition, Digestion, and Absorption Differences among Neonatal Feeding Strategies: Potential Implications for Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020550. [PMID: 33567518 PMCID: PMC7914900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. Formula feeding is among the many risk factors for developing the condition, a practice often required in the cohort most often afflicted with NEC, preterm infants. While the virtues of many bioactive components of breast milk have been extolled, the ability to digest and assimilate the nutritional components of breast milk is often overlooked. The structure of formula differs from that of breast milk, both in lipid composition and chemical configuration. In addition, formula lacks a critical digestive enzyme produced by the mammary gland, bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL). The gastrointestinal system of premature infants is often incapable of secreting sufficient pancreatic enzymes for fat digestion, and pasteurization of donor milk (DM) has been shown to inactivate BSSL, among other important compounds. Incompletely digested lipids may oxidize and accumulate in the distal gut. These lipid fragments are thought to induce intestinal inflammation in the neonate, potentially hastening the development of diseases such as NEC. In this review, differences in breast milk, pasteurized DM, and formula lipids are highlighted, with a focus on the ability of those lipids to be digested and subsequently absorbed by neonates, especially those born prematurely and at risk for NEC.
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Basson AR, Chen C, Sagl F, Trotter A, Bederman I, Gomez-Nguyen A, Sundrud MS, Ilic S, Cominelli F, Rodriguez-Palacios A. Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Dietary Fats. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604989. [PMID: 33603741 PMCID: PMC7884479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the epidemic of human obesity, dietary fats have increasingly become a focal point of biomedical research. Epidemiological studies indicate that high-fat diets (HFDs), especially those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., Western Diet, National Health Examination survey; NHANES 'What We Eat in America' report) have multi-organ pro-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies have confirmed some of these disease associations, and have begun to elaborate mechanisms of disease induction. However, many of the observed effects from epidemiological studies appear to be an over-simplification of the mechanistic complexity that depends on dynamic interactions between the host, the particular fatty acid, and the rather personalized genetics and variability of the gut microbiota. Of interest, experimental studies have shown that certain saturated fats (e.g., lauric and myristic fatty acid-rich coconut oil) could exert the opposite effect; that is, desirable anti-inflammatory and protective mechanisms promoting gut health by unanticipated pathways. Owing to the experimental advantages of laboratory animals for the study of mechanisms under well-controlled dietary settings, we focus this review on the current understanding of how dietary fatty acids impact intestinal biology. We center this discussion on studies from mice and rats, with validation in cell culture systems or human studies. We provide a scoping overview of the most studied diseases mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in rodent models relevant to Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis after feeding either high-fat diet (HFD) or feed containing specific fatty acid or other target dietary molecule. Finally, we provide a general outlook on areas that have been largely or scarcely studied, and assess the effects of HFDs on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christy Chen
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Filip Sagl
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez-Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark S. Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Sanja Ilic
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Ramiro-Cortijo D, Singh P, Liu Y, Medina-Morales E, Yakah W, Freedman SD, Martin CR. Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury. Nutrients 2020; 12:E534. [PMID: 32092925 PMCID: PMC7071444 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Esli Medina-Morales
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - William Yakah
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Steven D. Freedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camilia R. Martin
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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11
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Rohr MW, Narasimhulu CA, Rudeski-Rohr TA, Parthasarathy S. Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet on Intestinal Permeability: A Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:77-91. [PMID: 31268137 PMCID: PMC7442371 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the largest barrier between a person and the environment. In this role, the intestinal tract is responsible not only for absorbing essential dietary nutrients, but also for protecting the host from a variety of ingested toxins and microbes. The intestinal barrier system is composed of a mucus layer, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), tight junctions (TJs), immune cells, and a gut microbiota, which are all susceptible to external factors such as dietary fats. When components of this barrier system are disrupted, intestinal permeability to luminal contents increases, which is implicated in intestinal pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and celiac disease. Currently, there is mounting evidence that consumption of excess dietary fats can enhance intestinal permeability differentially. For example, dietary fat modulates the expression and distribution of TJs, stimulates a shift to barrier-disrupting hydrophobic bile acids, and even induces IEC oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition, a high-fat diet (HFD) enhances intestinal permeability directly by stimulating proinflammatory signaling cascades and indirectly via increasing barrier-disrupting cytokines [TNFα, interleukin (IL) 1B, IL6, and interferon γ (IFNγ)] and decreasing barrier-forming cytokines (IL10, IL17, and IL22). Finally, an HFD negatively modulates the intestinal mucus composition and enriches the gut microflora with barrier-disrupting species. Although further research is necessary to understand the precise role HFDs play in intestinal permeability, current data suggest a stronger link between diet and intestinal disease than was first thought to exist. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the various ways an HFD disrupts the gut barrier system and its many implications in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Rohr
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chandrakala A Narasimhulu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Trina A Rudeski-Rohr
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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12
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Bronsky J, Campoy C, Embleton N, Fewtrell M, Mis NF, Gerasimidis K, Hojsak I, Hulst J, Indrio F, Lapillonne A, Molgaard C, Moltu SJ, Verduci E, Vora R, Domellöf M. Palm Oil and Beta-palmitate in Infant Formula: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:742-760. [PMID: 31022096 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm oil (PO) is used in infant formulas in order to achieve palmitic acid (PA) levels similar to those in human milk. PA in PO is esterified predominantly at the SN-1,3 position of triacylglycerol (TAG), and infant formulas are now available in which a greater proportion of PA is in the SN-2 position (typical configuration in human milk). As there are some concerns about the use of PO, we aimed to review literature on health effects of PO and SN-2-palmitate in infant formulas. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were systematically searched for relevant studies on possible beneficial effects or harms of either PO or SN-2-palmitate in infant formula on various health outcomes. RESULTS We identified 12 relevant studies using PO and 21 studies using SN-2-palmitate. Published studies have variable methodology, subject characteristics, and some are underpowered for the key outcomes. PO is associated with harder stools and SN-2-palmitate use may lead to softer stool consistency. Bone effects seem to be short-lasting. For some outcomes (infant colic, faecal microbiota, lipid metabolism), the number of studies is very limited and summary evidence inconclusive. Growth of infants is not influenced. There are no studies published on the effect on markers of later diseases. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to suggest that PO should be avoided as a source of fat in infant formulas for health reasons. Inclusion of high SN-2-palmitate fat blend in infant formulas may have short-term effects on stool consistency but cannot be considered essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bronsky
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nicholas Embleton
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nataša Fidler Mis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iva Hojsak
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jessie Hulst
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Flavia Indrio
- Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandre Lapillonne
- Paris Descartes University, APHP Necker-Enfants Malades hospital, Paris, France.,CNRC, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christian Molgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen.,Pediatric Nutrition Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rakesh Vora
- Leeds teaching hospitals NHS trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Human milk fat substitutes: Past achievements and current trends. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:69-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Deng L, Zou Q, Liu B, Ye W, Zhuo C, Chen L, Deng ZY, Fan YW, Li J. Fatty acid positional distribution in colostrum and mature milk of women living in Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi of China. Food Funct 2018; 9:4234-4245. [PMID: 29999510 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the fatty acid composition and distribution in colostrum and mature milk, breast milk samples and 24 h food records were obtained from 65 lactating women across three regions in China (Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi). Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by standard methods and separated and identified by gas chromatography. Compared with the Chinese breast milk fatty acid data 10 years ago, SFA and trans fatty acids (TFA) in breast milk decreased, while PUFA increased in the present study. Most SFA (C16:0, C15:0, C14:0), cis-C16:1 and several LC-PUFA (C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) were predominantly acylated at the sn-2 position. The cis-C17:1 and C22:6n-3 were distributed equally in three positions of triacylglycerol (TAG). Whereas, TFA, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), cis-C18:1, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and C20:5n-3 were acylated at the sn-1, 3 positions of TAG in human milk. The composition of fatty acids in breast milk was closely related to the diet of lactating mothers. PUFA in breast milk was negatively correlated with the intake of protein, fat and meat, but positively correlated with the intake of carbohydrates. MUFA of human milk was negatively correlated with the intake of dairy products, eggs, fish and shrimp. SFA in breast milk was positively correlated with the maternal intake of meat. In addition, the present results showed that the composition of total fatty acids and sn-2 fatty acids in breast milk varied with the lactation period and the geographical regions in China; however, the regiospecific fatty acid profile seemed not to be affected by the lactation time and regions, although the quantities at each position could be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
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15
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Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, Song B, Li F, Kong X, Xu K. Inflammatory Links Between High Fat Diets and Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2649. [PMID: 30483273 PMCID: PMC6243058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chronic overnutrition, such as consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), has been increasingly viewed as a significant modifiable risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. However, the mechanisms by which HFDs exert adverse effects on human health remains poorly understood. Here, this paper will review the recent scientific literature about HFD-induced inflammation and subsequent development of diseases and cancer, with an emphasis on mechanisms involved. Given the expanding global epidemic of excessive HFD intake, understanding the impacts of a HFD on these medical conditions, gaining great insights into possible underlying mechanisms, and developing effective therapeutic strategies are of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Zeng
- Science College of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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16
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Miles EA, Calder PC. The influence of the position of palmitate in infant formula triacylglycerols on health outcomes. Nutr Res 2017; 44:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Fatty acids are critical nutrient regulators of intracellular signaling and influence key pathways including inflammatory responses, hemostasis as well as central nervous system development and function. Preterm birth interrupts the maternal-fetal transfer of essential fatty acids including docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids, which occurs during the third trimester. Postnatal deficits of these nutrients accrue in preterm infants during the first week and they remain throughout the first months. Due to the regulatory roles of these fatty acids, such deficits contribute an increased risk of developing prematurity-related morbidities including impaired growth and neurodevelopment. The fatty acid contents of parenteral and enteral nutrition are insufficient to meet current recommendations. This chapter summarizes the regulatory roles of fatty acids, current recommendations and limitations of parenteral and enteral nutrition in meeting these recommendations in preterm infants. Suggested areas for research on the roles of fatty acids in preterm infant health are also provided.
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18
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Gulhane M, Murray L, Lourie R, Tong H, Sheng YH, Wang R, Kang A, Schreiber V, Wong KY, Magor G, Denman S, Begun J, Florin TH, Perkins A, Cuív PÓ, McGuckin MA, Hasnain SZ. High Fat Diets Induce Colonic Epithelial Cell Stress and Inflammation that is Reversed by IL-22. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28990. [PMID: 27350069 PMCID: PMC4924095 DOI: 10.1038/srep28990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged high fat diets (HFD) induce low-grade chronic intestinal inflammation in mice, and diets high in saturated fat are a risk factor for the development of human inflammatory bowel diseases. We hypothesized that HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/oxidative stress occur in intestinal secretory goblet cells, triggering inflammatory signaling and reducing synthesis/secretion of proteins that form the protective mucus barrier. In cultured intestinal cells non-esterified long-chain saturated fatty acids directly increased oxidative/ER stress leading to protein misfolding. A prolonged HFD elevated the intestinal inflammatory cytokine signature, alongside compromised mucosal barrier integrity with a decrease in goblet cell differentiation and Muc2, a loss in the tight junction protein, claudin-1 and increased serum endotoxin levels. In Winnie mice, that develop spontaneous colitis, HFD-feeding increased ER stress, further compromised the mucosal barrier and increased the severity of colitis. In obese mice IL-22 reduced ER/oxidative stress and improved the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and reversed microbial changes associated with obesity with an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila. Consistent with epidemiological studies, our experiments suggest that HFDs are likely to impair intestinal barrier function, particularly in early life, which partially involves direct effects of free-fatty acids on intestinal cells, and this can be reversed by IL-22 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gulhane
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lydia Murray
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rohan Lourie
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hui Tong
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yong H. Sheng
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ran Wang
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alicia Kang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Veronika Schreiber
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kuan Yau Wong
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graham Magor
- Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart Denman
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy H. Florin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Perkins
- Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Páraic Ó. Cuív
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sumaira Z. Hasnain
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Havlicekova Z, Jesenak M, Banovcin P, Kuchta M. Beta-palmitate - a natural component of human milk in supplemental milk formulas. Nutr J 2016; 15:28. [PMID: 26987690 PMCID: PMC4794834 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and function of human milk is unique and gives a basis for the development of modern artificial milk formulas that can provide an appropriate substitute for non-breastfed infants. Although human milk is not fully substitutable, modern milk formulas are attempting to mimic human milk and partially substitute its complex biological positive effects on infants. Besides the immunomodulatory factors from human milk, research has been focused on the composition and structure of human milk fat with a high content of β-palmitic acid (sn-2 palmitic acid, β-palmitate). According to the available studies, increasing the content of β-palmitate added to milk formulas promotes several beneficial physiological functions. β-palmitate positively influences fatty acid metabolism, increases calcium absorption, improves bone matrix quality and the stool consistency, and has a positive effect on the development of the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Havlicekova
- Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Kollarova 2, Martin, 036 59, Slovakia.,BioMed Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Mala Hora 4/A, Martin, 036 01, Slovakia
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Kollarova 2, Martin, 036 59, Slovakia. .,BioMed Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Mala Hora 4/A, Martin, 036 01, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Banovcin
- Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Kollarova 2, Martin, 036 59, Slovakia.,BioMed Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Mala Hora 4/A, Martin, 036 01, Slovakia
| | - Milan Kuchta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of P.J. Safarik, Faculty of Medicine, Children University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, Kosice, 040 11, Slovakia
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20
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Hartmann P, Seebauer CT, Mazagova M, Horvath A, Wang L, Llorente C, Varki NM, Brandl K, Ho SB, Schnabl B. Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 protects mice from diet-induced fatty liver disease and obesity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G310-22. [PMID: 26702135 PMCID: PMC4773827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00094.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity are characterized by altered gut microbiota, inflammation, and gut barrier dysfunction. Here, we investigated the role of mucin-2 (Muc2) as the major component of the intestinal mucus layer in the development of fatty liver disease and obesity. We studied experimental fatty liver disease and obesity induced by feeding wild-type and Muc2-knockout mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 wk. Muc2 deficiency protected mice from HFD-induced fatty liver disease and obesity. Compared with wild-type mice, after a 16-wk HFD, Muc2-knockout mice exhibited better glucose homeostasis, reduced inflammation, and upregulated expression of genes involved in lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation in white adipose tissue. Compared with wild-type mice that were fed the HFD as well, Muc2-knockout mice also displayed higher intestinal and plasma levels of IL-22 and higher intestinal levels of the IL-22 target genes Reg3b and Reg3g. Our findings indicate that absence of the intestinal mucus layer activates the mucosal immune system. Higher IL-22 levels protect mice from diet-induced features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Caroline T Seebauer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Magdalena Mazagova
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angela Horvath
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lirui Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel B Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California;
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21
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Kaur K, Saxena A, Larsen B, Truman S, Biyani N, Fletcher E, Baliga MS, Ponemone V, Hegde S, Chanda A, Fayad R. Mucus mediated protection against acute colitis in adiponectin deficient mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:35. [PMID: 25949213 PMCID: PMC4422601 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ulcerative colitis is an inflammation-driven condition of the bowel. It hampers the general homeostasis of gut, resulting in decreased mucus production and epithelial cell renewal. Adiponectin (APN), an adipocytokine, is secreted by the adipose tissue and has been debated both as a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory protein depending on the disease condition and microenvironment. The present study delineates the role of APN depletion in mucus modulation in a model of acute colitis. METHODS APNKO and C57BL/6 (WT) male mice were given 2% DSS ad libidum for 5 days in drinking water, followed by normal drinking water for the next 5 days. Hematoxyline-eosin and Alcian Blue staining was used to observe the general colonic morphology and goblet cell quantification respectively. Protein expression levels were quantified by Western blot for MATH1, Hes1, MUC2 and MUC4. ELISA was used to study the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. RESULTS APNKO mice showed significantly higher goblet to epithelial cell ratios, lower pro-inflammatory cytokines and higher MUC2 levels as compared to the WT mice. The protein expression levels for the mucin MUC2 supported the histopathological findings. An increase in colon tissue-secreted levels of pro-inflammatory with a reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines in presence of APN support the pro-inflammatory role of APN during acute inflammation. CONCLUSION Absence of APN is protective against DSS-induced acute colonic inflammation by means of reducing colon tissue-secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulating goblet and epithelial cell expressions, and increasing the levels of secretory mucin MUC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Arnold School of Public Health, Applied Physiology Division, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St. room 303B, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Arpit Saxena
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Bianca Larsen
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Samantha Truman
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Nathan Biyani
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Emma Fletcher
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | | | | | - Shweta Hegde
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Raja Fayad
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
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22
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23
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Urbaniak C, McMillan A, Angelini M, Gloor GB, Sumarah M, Burton JP, Reid G. Effect of chemotherapy on the microbiota and metabolome of human milk, a case report. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:24. [PMID: 25061513 PMCID: PMC4109383 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is an important source of bacteria for the developing infant and has been shown to influence the bacterial composition of the neonatal gut, which in turn can affect disease risk later in life. Human milk is also an important source of nutrients, influencing bacterial composition but also directly affecting the host. While recent studies have emphasized the adverse effects of antibiotic therapy on the infant microbiota, the effects of maternal chemotherapy have not been previously studied. Here we report the effects of drug administration on the microbiota and metabolome of human milk. METHODS Mature milk was collected every two weeks over a four month period from a lactating woman undergoing chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mature milk was also collected from healthy lactating women for comparison. Microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S sequencing and the metabolome by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FINDINGS Chemotherapy caused a significant deviation from a healthy microbial and metabolomic profile, with depletion of genera Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus and Cloacibacterium in favor of Acinetobacter, Xanthomonadaceae and Stenotrophomonas. The metabolites docosahexaenoic acid and inositol known for their beneficial effects were also decreased. CONCLUSION With milk contents being critical for shaping infant immunity and development, consideration needs to be given to the impact of drugs administered to the mother and the long-term potential consequences for the health of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Urbaniak
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Amy McMillan
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Michelle Angelini
- Perinatal and Women’s Health, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Jeremy P Burton
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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