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Shukla M, Vincent B. Melatonin as a Harmonizing Factor of Circadian Rhythms, Neuronal Cell Cycle and Neurogenesis: Additional Arguments for Its Therapeutic Use in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1273-1298. [PMID: 36918783 PMCID: PMC10286584 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230314142505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and release of melatonin in the brain harmonize various physiological functions. The apparent decline in melatonin levels with advanced aging is an aperture to the neurodegenerative processes. It has been indicated that down regulation of melatonin leads to alterations of circadian rhythm components, which further causes a desynchronization of several genes and results in an increased susceptibility to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, as circadian rhythms and memory are intertwined, such rhythmic disturbances influence memory formation and recall. Besides, cell cycle events exhibit a remarkable oscillatory system, which is downstream of the circadian phenomena. The linkage between the molecular machinery of the cell cycle and complex fundamental regulatory proteins emphasizes the conjectural regulatory role of cell cycle components in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Among the mechanisms intervening long before the signs of the disease appear, the disturbances of the circadian cycle, as well as the alteration of the machinery of the cell cycle and impaired neurogenesis, must hold our interest. Therefore, in the present review, we propose to discuss the underlying mechanisms of action of melatonin in regulating the circadian rhythm, cell cycle components and adult neurogenesis in the context of AD pathogenesis with the view that it might further assist to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Present Address: Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
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2
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Huang B, Lang X, Li X. The role of TIGAR in nervous system diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1023161. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1023161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) mainly regulates pentose phosphate pathway by inhibiting glycolysis, so as to synthesize ribose required by DNA, promote DNA damage repair and cell proliferation, maintain cell homeostasis and avoid body injury. Its physiological functions include anti-oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial function, inhibiting apoptosis, reducing autophagy etc. This paper reviews the research of TIGAR in neurological diseases, including stroke, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), seizures and brain tumors, aiming to provide reference for the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Cho YE, Vorn R, Chimenti M, Crouch K, Shaoshuai C, Narayanaswamy J, Harken A, Schmidt R, Gill J, Lee H. Extracellular vesicle miRNAs in breast milk of obese mothers. Front Nutr 2022; 9:976886. [PMID: 36313069 PMCID: PMC9597365 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.976886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk has abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various biological molecules (cargo), including miRNAs. EVs are not degraded in the gastrointestinal system and circulation; thus, breast milk EVs (bEVs) are expected to interact with other organs in breastfed infants and modify the gene expression of recipient cells using miRNAs. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is a critical factor influencing the composition of breast milk. Thus, in mothers with obesity, miRNAs in bEVs can be altered, which might be associated with adverse health outcomes in infants. In this study, we examined 798 miRNAs to determine which miRNAs are altered in the bEVs of mothers with obesity and their potential impact on breastfed infants. Methods We recruited healthy nursing mothers who were either of normal weight (BMI < 25) or with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) based on their pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivered a singleton baby in the prior 6 months. EVs were isolated from breast milk with ultracentrifugation. bEV characteristics were examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging of EV markers. A total of 798 miRNAs were screened using a NanoString human miRNA panel to find differentially expressed miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity compared to mothers of normal weight. Results We included 65 nursing mothers: 47 of normal weight and 18 with obesity based on pre-pregnancy BMI. After bEV isolation, we confirmed the expression of various EV markers. Out of 37 EV markers, CD326 (EpCaM) was the most highly expressed in bEVs. The most abundant miRNAs in bEVs include miR-30b-5p, miR-4454, miR-494-3p, and let-7 miRNAs. Target genes of the top 10 miRNAs were associated with cancer, prolactin pathway, EGFR, ErbB, and FoxO signaling pathway. In bEVs of mothers with obesity, 19 miRNAs were differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05 cut-off), which include miR-575, miR-630, miR-642a-3p, and miR-652-5p. These miRNAs and their target genes were associated with neurological diseases and psychological disorders. Conclusion In this study, we characterized bEVs and demonstrated altered miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity and identified the pathways of their potential target genes. Our findings will provide insight for future studies investigating the role of bEVs in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Cho
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Young-Eun Cho,
| | - Rany Vorn
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Chimenti
- College of Medicine The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Keith Crouch
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Chen Shaoshuai
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Alaria Harken
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Reegan Schmidt
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jessica Gill
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hyangkyu Lee
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Clark JS, Kayed R, Abate G, Uberti D, Kinnon P, Piccirella S. Post-translational Modifications of the p53 Protein and the Impact in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Literature. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:835288. [PMID: 35572126 PMCID: PMC9096077 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.835288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis has developed with several hypotheses over the last 40 years, including the Amyloid and Tau hypotheses. More recently, the p53 protein, well-known as a genome guardian, has gained attention for its potential role in the early evolution of AD. This is due to the central involvement of p53’s in the control of oxidative stress and potential involvement in the Amyloid and Tau pathways. p53 is commonly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), which affect its conformation, increasing its capacity to adopt multiple structural and functional states, including those that can affect brain processes, thus contributing to AD development. The following review will explore the impact of p53 PTMs on its function and consequential involvement in AD pathogenesis. The greater understanding of the role of p53 in the pathogenesis of AD could result in more targeted therapies benefiting the many patients of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Giulia Abate
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Structure, regulation, and biological functions of TIGAR and its role in diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1547-1555. [PMID: 33510458 PMCID: PMC8463536 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) is the downstream target gene of p53, contains a functional sequence similar to 6-phosphofructose kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB) bisphosphatase domain. TIGAR is mainly located in the cytoplasm; in response to stress, TIGAR is translocated to nucleus and organelles, including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum to regulate cell function. P53 family members (p53, p63, and p73), some transcription factors (SP1 and CREB), and noncoding miRNAs (miR-144, miR-885-5p, and miR-101) regulate the transcription of TIGAR. TIGAR mainly functions as fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase to hydrolyze fructose-1,6-diphosphate and fructose-2,6-diphosphate to inhibit glycolysis. TIGAR in turn facilitates pentose phosphate pathway flux to produce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ribose, thereby promoting DNA repair, and reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species. TIGAR thus maintains energy metabolism balance, regulates autophagy and stem cell differentiation, and promotes cell survival. Meanwhile, TIGAR also has a nonenzymatic function and can interact with retinoblastoma protein, protein kinase B, nuclear factor-kappa B, hexokinase 2, and ATP5A1 to mediate cell cycle arrest, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial protection. TIGAR might be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancers.
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Pantazopoulos H, Katsel P, Haroutunian V, Chelini G, Klengel T, Berretta S. Molecular signature of extracellular matrix pathology in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3960-3987. [PMID: 33070392 PMCID: PMC8359380 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to a critical involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Decreases of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and altered expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in glial cells have been identified in several brain regions. GWAS data have identified several SZ vulnerability variants of genes encoding for ECM molecules. Given the potential relevance of ECM functions to the pathophysiology of this disorder, it is necessary to understand the extent of ECM changes across brain regions, their region- and sex-specificity and which ECM components contribute to these changes. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of genes encoding for ECM molecules may be broadly disrupted in SZ across several cortical and subcortical brain regions and include key ECM components as well as factors such as ECM posttranslational modifications and regulator factors. Gene expression profiling of 14 neocortical brain regions, caudate, putamen and hippocampus from control subjects (n = 14/region) and subjects with SZ (n = 16/region) was conducted using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Analysis across brain regions revealed widespread dysregulation of ECM gene expression in cortical and subcortical brain regions in SZ, impacting several ECM functional key components. SRGN, CD44, ADAMTS1, ADAM10, BCAN, NCAN and SEMA4G showed some of the most robust changes. Region-, sex- and age-specific gene expression patterns and correlation with cognitive scores were also detected. Taken together, these findings contribute to emerging evidence for large-scale ECM dysregulation in SZ and point to molecular pathways involved in PNN decreases, glial cell dysfunction and cognitive impairment in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Translational Molecular Genomics LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Lei B, Liu J, Yao Z, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu J. NF-κB-Induced Upregulation of miR-146a-5p Promoted Hippocampal Neuronal Oxidative Stress and Pyroptosis via TIGAR in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653881. [PMID: 33935653 PMCID: PMC8085266 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that places a heavy burden on patients and society. Hippocampal neuronal loss is a hallmark of AD progression. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying hippocampal neuronal death would be of great importance for the diagnosis and treatment of AD. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism via which nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κB) promotes hippocampal neuronal oxidative stress and pyroptosis in AD. We collected serum samples from 101 healthy elderly people and 112 patients with AD at the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology between January 2017 and January 2020. Commercially available human hippocampal neurons (HHNs) were used to establish an AD model (AD-HHN) following Aβ25–35 treatment. The mRNA expression levels of NF-κB and pyroptosis markers [NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and interleukin-18] mRNA and the expression level of miR-146a-5p in the serum samples of patients with AD and AD-HHNs were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Oxidative stress indices (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase) were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The expression of proteins [NF-κB, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), and pyroptosis markers] was tested by western blotting. The relationship between miR-146a-5p and TIGAR was investigated using a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. We found that NF-κB and miR-146a-5p were highly expressed, while TIGAR was low expressed in patients with AD and AD-HHNs. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression levels of NF-κB and miR-146a-5p, but a negative correlation between NF-κB mRNA and TIGAR mRNA in patients with AD, as well as miR-146a-5p and TIGAR mRNA in patients with AD. In AD-HNNs, miR-146a-5p targeted and downregulated the expression of TIGAR. Knockdown of NF-κB or overexpression of TIGAR markedly attenuated oxidative stress and pyroptosis in AD-HHNs, while concurrent overexpression of miR-146a-5p inhibited these effects. In conclusion, NF-κB-induced upregulation of miR-146a-5p promoted oxidative stress and pyroptosis in AD-HNNs by targeting TIGAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhihui Yao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 926 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Kaiyuan, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Special Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Colnaghi L, Rondelli D, Muzi-Falconi M, Sertic S. Tau and DNA Damage in Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E946. [PMID: 33297375 PMCID: PMC7762255 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a family of incurable conditions. Among them, Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies are the most common. Pathological features of these two disorders are synaptic loss, neuronal cell death and increased DNA damage. A key pathological protein for the onset and progression of the conditions is the protein tau, a microtubule-binding protein highly expressed in neurons and encoded by the MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) gene. Tau is predominantly a cytosolic protein that interacts with numerous other proteins and molecules. Recent findings, however, have highlighted new and unexpected roles for tau in the nucleus of neuronal cells. This review summarizes the functions of tau in the metabolism of DNA, describing them in the context of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Colnaghi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Rondelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.R.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.R.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.R.); (M.M.-F.)
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Abate G, Frisoni GB, Bourdon JC, Piccirella S, Memo M, Uberti D. The pleiotropic role of p53 in functional/dysfunctional neurons: focus on pathogenesis and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:160. [PMID: 33272326 PMCID: PMC7712978 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the earliest pathophysiological changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may aid in the search for timely diagnostic biomarkers and effective disease-modifying therapies. The p53 protein is mostly known for its role in tumor suppression. However, emerging evidence supports that dysregulated p53 activity may contribute to various peripheral and brain alterations during the earliest stages of AD. This review describes the mechanisms through which p53 dysregulation may exacerbate AD pathology and how this could be used as a potential peripheral biomarker for early detection of the disease. MAIN BODY: p53, known as the guardian of the genome, may underlie various compensation or defense mechanisms that prevent neurons from degeneration. These mechanisms include maintenance of redox homeostasis, regulation of inflammation, control of synaptic function, reduction of amyloid β peptides, and inhibition of neuronal cell cycle re-entry. Thereby, dysregulation of p53-dependent compensation mechanisms may contribute to neuronal dysfunction, thus leading to neurodegeneration. Interestingly, a conformational misfolded variant of p53, described in the literature as unfolded p53, which has lost its canonical structure and function, was observed in peripheral cells from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. In AD pathology, this peculiar conformational variant was caused by post-translational modifications rather than mutations as commonly observed in cancer. Although the presence of the conformational variant of p53 in the brain has yet to be formally demonstrated, the plethora of p53-dependent compensation mechanisms underscores that the guardian of the genome may not only be lost in the periphery during AD pathology. CONCLUSION These findings revisit the role of p53 in the early development and exacerbation of AD pathology, both in the brain and periphery. The conformational variant of p53 represents a potential peripheral biomarker that could detect AD at its earliest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Memory Clinic, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy.
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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Fadaka AO, Bakare OO, Sibuyi NRS, Klein A. Gene Expression Alterations and Molecular Analysis of CHEK1 in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030662. [PMID: 32178478 PMCID: PMC7139733 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the Checkpoint kinase (CHEK1) gene, its regulation, and the possible clinical outcomes in human solid tumors have not been previously examined. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the expression of CHEK1 in solid tumors as well as the mechanism by which it can be regulated through non-coding RNAs. The expression of CHEK1 was investigated using Oncomine analysis. cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and PrognoScan were performed to identify the prognostic roles of this gene in solid tumors. The copy number alteration, mutation, interactive analysis, and visualization of the altered networks were performed by cBioPortal. The molecular binding analysis was carried out by Schrodinger suite, PATCHDOCK, and discovery studio visualizer. The study demonstrated that the CHEK1 gene was differentially expressed in four different cancers, and that reduced CHEK1 mRNA expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with gastric and colorectal cancer. The molecular docking results showed that the CHEK1 gene can be regulated by microRNAs (miR-195-5p) due to the number of stable hydrogen atoms observed within the distance of 2.0 Å and the favorable amino acids (Ala221, Ile353, Ile365, Ile756, Val797, Val70, Val154, Ile159, Val347, Tyr804, Phe811, Tyr815, and Phe156) identified in the binding pocket of the argonaute protein. Due to the possibility of CHEK1's involvement in solid tumors, it may potentially be a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Further studies into the interaction between CHEK1 and other co-expressed genes may give further insight into other modes of regulation of this gene in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-630511928 or +234-8039242052
| | - Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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11
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A polygenic predictor of treatment-resistant depression using whole exome sequencing and genome-wide genotyping. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:50. [PMID: 32066715 PMCID: PMC7026437 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) occurs in ~30% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) but the genetics of TRD was previously poorly investigated. Whole exome sequencing and genome-wide genotyping were available in 1209 MDD patients after quality control. Antidepressant response was compared to non-response to one treatment and non-response to two or more treatments (TRD). Differences in the risk of carrying damaging variants were tested. A score expressing the burden of variants in genes and pathways was calculated weighting each variant for its functional (Eigen) score and frequency. Gene-based and pathway-based scores were used to develop predictive models of TRD and non-response using gradient boosting in 70% of the sample (training) which were tested in the remaining 30% (testing), evaluating also the addition of clinical predictors. Independent replication was tested in STAR*D and GENDEP using exome array-based data. TRD and non-responders did not show higher risk to carry damaging variants compared to responders. Genes/pathways associated with TRD included those modulating cell survival and proliferation, neurodegeneration, and immune response. Genetic models showed significant prediction of TRD vs. response and they were improved by the addition of clinical predictors, but they were not significantly better than clinical predictors alone. Replication results were driven by clinical factors, except for a model developed in subjects treated with serotonergic antidepressants, which showed a clear improvement in prediction at the extremes of the genetic score distribution in STAR*D. These results suggested relevant biological mechanisms implicated in TRD and a new methodological approach to the prediction of TRD.
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Zhang T, Wallis M, Petrovic V, Challis J, Kalitsis P, Hudson DF. Loss of TOP3B leads to increased R-loop formation and genome instability. Open Biol 2019; 9:190222. [PMID: 31795919 PMCID: PMC6936252 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase III beta (TOP3B) is one of the least understood members of the topoisomerase family of proteins and remains enigmatic. Our recent data shed light on the function and relevance of TOP3B to disease. A homozygous deletion for the TOP3B gene was identified in a patient with bilateral renal cancer. Analyses in both patient and modelled human cells show the disruption of TOP3B causes genome instability with a rise in DNA damage and chromosome bridging (mis-segregation). The primary molecular defect underlying this pathology is a significant increase in R-loop formation. Our data show that TOP3B is necessary to prevent the accumulation of excessive R-loops and identify TOP3B as a putative cancer gene, and support recent data showing that R-loops are involved in cancer aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mathew Wallis
- Tasmanian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Medicine and Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Vida Petrovic
- Cytogenetics Department, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jackie Challis
- Cytogenetics Department, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Kalitsis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Cytogenetics Department, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Damien F. Hudson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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13
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Horizontal and vertical integrative analysis methods for mental disorders omics data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13430. [PMID: 31530853 PMCID: PMC6748966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent biomedical studies, omics profiling has been extensively conducted on various types of mental disorders. In most of the existing analyses, a single type of mental disorder and a single type of omics measurement are analyzed. In the study of other complex diseases, integrative analysis, both vertical and horizontal integration, has been conducted and shown to bring significantly new insights into disease etiology, progression, biomarkers, and treatment. In this article, we showcase the applicability of integrative analysis to mental disorders. In particular, the horizontal integration of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and the vertical integration of gene expression and copy number variation data are conducted. The analysis is based on the sparse principal component analysis, penalization, and other advanced statistical techniques. In data analysis, integration leads to biologically sensible findings, including the disease-related gene expressions, copy number variations, and their associations, which differ from the “benchmark” analysis. Overall, this study suggests the potential of integrative analysis in mental disorder research.
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14
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Katsel P, Roussos P, Fam P, Khan S, Tan W, Hirose T, Nakagawa S, Pletnikov MV, Haroutunian V. The expression of long noncoding RNA NEAT1 is reduced in schizophrenia and modulates oligodendrocytes transcription. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2019; 5:3. [PMID: 30696826 PMCID: PMC6386752 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-019-0071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OLG)-related abnormalities have been broadly observed in schizophrenia (SZ); however, the etiology of these abnormalities remains unknown. As SZ is broadly believed to be a developmental disorder, the etiology of the myelin abnormalities in SZ may be related to OLG fate specification during development. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an important part of multifaceted transcriptional complexes participating in neurogenic commitment and regulation of postmitotic cell function. The long ncRNA, NEAT1, is a structural component of paraspeckles (subnuclear bodies in interchromatin regions) that may control activity of developmental enhancers of OLG fate specification. Gene expression studies of multiple cortical regions from individuals with SZ showed strong downregulation of NEAT1 levels relative to controls. NEAT1-deficient mice show significant decreases in the numbers of OLG-lineage cells in the frontal cortex. To gain further insight into biological processes affected by NEAT1 deficiency, we analyzed RNA-seq data from frontal cortex of NEAT1-/- mice. Analyses of differentially expressed gene signature from NEAT1-/- mice revealed a significant impact on processes related to OLG differentiation and RNA posttranscriptional modification with the underlying mechanisms involving Wnt signaling, cell contact interactions, and regulation of cholesterol/lipid metabolism. Additional studies revealed evidence of co-expression of SOX10, an OLG transcription factor, and NEAT1, and showed enrichment of OLG-specific transcripts in NEAT1 purified chromatin isolates from human frontal cortex. Reduced nuclear retention of quaking isoform 5 in NEAT1-/- mice shed light on possible mechanism(s) responsible for reduced expression of OLG/myelin proteins and supported the involvement of NEAT1 in oligodendrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology Friedman Brain Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Fam
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weilun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, RNA Biology Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, RNA Biology Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan.,RIKEN, RNA Biology Laboratory, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Khan MM, Xiao J, Patel D, LeDoux MS. DNA damage and neurodegenerative phenotypes in aged Ciz1 null mice. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 62:180-190. [PMID: 29154038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cycle dysfunction and faulty DNA repair are closely intertwined pathobiological processes that may contribute to several neurodegenerative disorders. CDKN1A interacting zinc finger protein 1 (CIZ1) plays a critical role in DNA replication and cell-cycle progression at the G1/S checkpoint. Germline or somatic variants in CIZ1 have been linked to several neural and extra-neural diseases. Recently, we showed that germline knockout of Ciz1 is associated with motor and hematological abnormalities in young adult mice. However, the effects of CIZ1 deficiency in much older mice may be more relevant to understanding age-related declines in cognitive and motor functioning and age-related neurologic disorders such as isolated dystonia and Alzheimer disease. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Ciz1-/- mice showed abnormal sensitivity to the effects of γ-irradiation with persistent DNA breaks, aberrant cell-cycle progression, and apoptosis. Aged (18-month-old) Ciz1-/- mice exhibited marked deficits in motor and cognitive functioning, and, in brain tissues, overt DNA damage, NF-κB upregulation, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and cell death. These findings indicate that the deleterious effects of CIZ1 deficiency become more pronounced with aging and suggest that defects of cell-cycle control and associated DNA repair pathways in postmitotic neurons could contribute to global neurologic decline in elderly human populations. Accordingly, the G1/S cell-cycle checkpoint and associated DNA repair pathways may be targets for the prevention and treatment of age-related neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moshahid Khan
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Damini Patel
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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16
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Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Slade N, Hof PR, Šimić G. The interactions of p53 with tau and Aß as potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:104-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Tang Y, Kwon H, Neel BA, Kasher-Meron M, Pessin JB, Yamada E, Pessin JE. The fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase TIGAR suppresses NF-κB signaling by directly inhibiting the linear ubiquitin assembly complex LUBAC. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7578-7591. [PMID: 29650758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The systems integration of whole-body metabolism and immune signaling are central homeostatic mechanisms necessary for maintenance of normal physiology, and dysregulation of these processes leads to a variety of chronic disorders. However, the intracellular mechanisms responsible for cell-autonomous cross-talk between the inflammatory signaling pathways and metabolic flux have remained enigmatic. In this study, we discovered that the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase TIGAR (Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) critically regulates NF-κB activation. We found that TIGAR potently inhibits NF-κB-dependent gene expression by suppressing the upstream activation of IKKβ phosphorylation and kinase activation. This inhibition occurred through a direct binding competition between NEMO and TIGAR for association with the linear ubiquitination assembly complex (LUBAC). This competition prevented linear ubiquitination of NEMO, which is required for activation of IKKβ and other downstream targets. Furthermore, a TIGAR phosphatase activity-deficient mutant was equally effective as WT TIGAR in inhibiting NEMO linear ubiquitination, IKKβ phosphorylation/activation, and NF-κB signaling, indicating that TIGAR's effect on NF-κB signaling is due to its interaction with LUBAC. Physiologically, TIGAR knockout mice displayed enhanced adipose tissue NF-κB signaling, whereas adipocyte-specific overexpression of TIGAR suppressed adipose tissue NF-κB signaling. Together, these results demonstrate that TIGAR has a nonenzymatic molecular function that modulates the NF-κB signaling pathway by directly inhibiting the E3 ligase activity of LUBAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- From the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | | | - Michal Kasher-Meron
- From the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Jacob B Pessin
- From the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- the Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan, and
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- From the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, .,the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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18
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Katsel P, Fam P, Tan W, Khan S, Yang C, Jouroukhin Y, Rudchenko S, Pletnikov MV, Haroutunian V. Overexpression of Truncated Human DISC1 Induces Appearance of Hindbrain Oligodendroglia in the Forebrain During Development. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:515-524. [PMID: 28981898 PMCID: PMC5890457 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, neuroimaging, and gene expression studies suggest a role for oligodendrocyte (OLG) dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ). Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a risk gene for major psychiatric disorders, including SZ. Overexpression of mutant truncated (hDISC1), but not full-length sequence of human DISC1 in forebrain influenced OLG differentiation and proliferation of glial progenitors in the developing cerebral cortex concurrently with reduction of OLG progenitor markers in the hindbrain. We examined gene and protein expression of the molecular determinants of hindbrain OLG development and their interactions with DISC1 in mutant hDISC1 mice. We found ectopic upregulation of hindbrain glial progenitor markers (early growth response 2 [Egr2] and NK2 homeobox 2 [Nkx2-2]) in the forebrain of hDISC1 (E15) embryos. DISC1 and Nkx2-2 were coexpressed and interacted in progenitor cells. Overexpression of truncated hDISC1 impaired interactions between DISC1 and Nkx2-2, which was associated with increased differentiation of OLG and upregulation of hindbrain mature OLG markers (laminin alpha-1 [LAMA1] and myelin protein zero [MPZ]) suggesting a suppressive function of endogenous DISC1 in OLG specialization of hindbrain glial progenitors during embryogenesis. Consistent with findings in hDISC1 mice, several hindbrain OLG markers (PRX, LAMA1, and MPZ) were significantly upregulated in the superior temporal cortex of persons with SZ. These findings show a significant effect of truncated hDISC1 on glial identity cells along the rostrocaudal axis and their OLG specification. Appearance of hindbrain OLG lineage cells and their premature differentiation may affect cerebrocortical organization and contribute to the pathophysiology of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed; JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 151 Research Build, Room 5F-04C, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468; tel: 718-584-9000 ext. 6067, fax: 718-741-4746, e-mail:
| | - Peter Fam
- Department of Psychiatry, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Weilun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sonia Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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19
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Fan HC, Chi CS, Lee YJ, Tsai JD, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. The Role of Gene Editing in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:364-378. [PMID: 29766738 PMCID: PMC6038035 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717753378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), at least including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases, have become the most dreaded maladies because there are no precise diagnostic tools or definite treatments for these debilitating diseases. The increased prevalence and a substantial impact on the social-economic and medical care of NDs propel governments to develop policies to counteract the impact. Although the etiologies of NDs are still unknown, growing evidence suggests that genetic, cellular, and circuit alternations may cause the generation of abnormal misfolded proteins, which uncontrolledly accumulate to damage and eventually overwhelm the protein-disposal mechanisms of these neurons, leading to a common pathological feature of NDs. If the functions and the connectivity can be restored, alterations and accumulated damages may improve. The gene-editing tools including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nucleases (CRISPR/CAS) have emerged as a novel tool not only for generating specific ND animal models for interrogating the mechanisms and screening potential drugs against NDs but also for the editing sequence-specific genes to help patients with NDs to regain function and connectivity. This review introduces the clinical manifestations of three distinct NDs and the applications of the gene-editing technology on these debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jing Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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20
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Tewari D, Stankiewicz AM, Mocan A, Sah AN, Tzvetkov NT, Huminiecki L, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Dementia Therapy and Significance of Natural Products and Herbal Drugs. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 29483867 PMCID: PMC5816049 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a clinical syndrome wherein gradual decline of mental and cognitive capabilities of an afflicted person takes place. Dementia is associated with various risk factors and conditions such as insufficient cerebral blood supply, toxin exposure, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and often coexisting with some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although there are well-established (semi-)synthetic drugs currently used for the management of AD and AD-associated dementia, most of them have several adverse effects. Thus, traditional medicine provides various plant-derived lead molecules that may be useful for further medical research. Herein we review the worldwide use of ethnomedicinal plants in dementia treatment. We have explored a number of recognized databases by using keywords and phrases such as “dementia”, “Alzheimer's,” “traditional medicine,” “ethnopharmacology,” “ethnobotany,” “herbs,” “medicinal plants” or other relevant terms, and summarized 90 medicinal plants that are traditionally used to treat dementia. Moreover, we highlight five medicinal plants or plant genera of prime importance and discuss the physiological effects, as well as the mechanism of action of their major bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and dementia is also discussed. We conclude that several drugs of plant origin may serve as promising therapeutics for the treatment of dementia, however, pivotal evidence for their therapeutic efficacy in advanced clinical studies is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,ICHAT and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology Roumen Tsanev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Shepherd CE, Yang Y, Halliday GM. Region- and Cell-specific Aneuploidy in Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2018; 374:326-334. [PMID: 29432756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variations in genomic DNA content, or aneuploidy, are a well-recognized feature of normal human brain development. Whether changes in the levels of aneuploidy are a factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is less clear, as the data reported to date vary substantially in the levels of aneuploidy detected (0.7-11.5%), possibly due to methodological limitations, but also influenced by individual, regional and cellular heterogeneity as well as variations in cell subtypes. These issues have not been adequately addressed to date. While it is known that the DNA damage response increases with age, the limited human studies investigating aneuploidy in normal aging also show variable results, potentially due to susceptibility to age-related neurodegenerative processes. Neuronal aneuploidy has recently been reported in multiple brain regions in Lewy body disease, but similar genomic changes are not a feature of all synucleinopathies and aneuploidy does not appear to be related to alpha-synuclein aggregation. Rather, aneuploidy was associated with Alzheimer's pathology in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex and neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra. The association between Alzheimer's pathology and aneuploidy in regions with limited neurodegeneration is supported by a growing body of in vitro and in vivo data on aneuploidy and beta-amyloid and tau abnormalities. Large-scale studies using high-resolution techniques alongside other sensitive and specific methodologies are now required to assess the true extent of cell- and region-specific aneuploidy in aging and neurodegeneration, and to determine any associations with pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Shepherd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia.
| | - Y Yang
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - G M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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22
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Tse KH, Herrup K. Re-imagining Alzheimer's disease - the diminishing importance of amyloid and a glimpse of what lies ahead. J Neurochem 2017; 143:432-444. [PMID: 28547865 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many have criticized the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease for its inconsistencies and failures to either accurately predict disease symptoms or guide the development of productive therapies. In addition to criticisms, however, we believe that the field would benefit from having alternative narratives and disease models that can either replace or function alongside of an amyloid-centric view of Alzheimer's. This review is an attempt to meet that need. We offer three experimentally verified amyloid-independent mechanisms, each of which plausibly contributes substantially to the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease: loss of DNA integrity, faulty cell cycle regulation, regression of myelination. We outline the ways in which the failure of each can contribute to AD initiation and progression, and review how, acting alone or in combination with each other, they are sufficient for explaining the full range of AD pathologies. Yet, these three alternatives represent only a few of the many non-amyloid mechanisms that can explain AD pathogenesis. Therefore instead of proposing a single 'alternative hypothesis' to the amyloid cascade theory, sporadic AD is pictured as the result of independent yet intersecting age-related pathologies that afflict the ageing human brain. This article is part of the series "Beyond Amyloid". Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13823.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hei Tse
- Division of Life Science and the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science and the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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23
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Kwiatkowski D, Czarny P, Toma M, Korycinska A, Sowinska K, Galecki P, Bachurska A, Bielecka-Kowalska A, Szemraj J, Maes M, Sliwinski T. Association between Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the hOGG1,NEIL1,APEX1, FEN1,LIG1, and LIG3 Genes and Alzheimer's Disease Risk. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 73:98-107. [PMID: 27010693 DOI: 10.1159/000444643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the factors that contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the DNA damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation that occurs in nerve cells. It has been suggested that the risk of AD may be associated with an age-dependent reduction of the DNA repair efficiency. Base excision repair (BER) is, among other things, a main repair system of oxidative DNA damage. One of the reasons for the reduced efficiency of this system may be single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the genes encoding its proteins. METHODS DNA for genotyping was obtained from the peripheral blood of 281 patients and 150 controls. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of 8 polymorphisms of 6 BER genes on the AD risk. We analyzed the following SNP: c.-468T>G and c.444T>G of APEX1, c.*50C>T and c.*83A>C of LIG3, c.977C>G of OGG1, c.*283C>G of NEIL1, c.-441G>A of FEN1, and c.-7C>T of LIG1. RESULTS We showed that the LIG1 c.-7C>T A/A and LIG3 c.*83A>C A/C variants increased, while the APEX1 c.444T>G G/T, LIG1 c.-7C>T G/, LIG3 c.*83A>C C/C variants reduced, the AD risk. We also evaluated the relation between gene-gene interactions and the AD risk. We showed that combinations of certain BER gene variants such as c.977C>G×c.*50C>T CC/CT, c.444T>G×c.*50C>T GG/CT, c.-468T>G×c.*50C>T GG/CT, c.-441G>Ac.*50C>T×c.*50C>T GG/CT, c.*83A>C× c.*50C>T CT/AC, and c.-7C>T×c.*50C>T CT/GG can substantially positively modulate the risk of AD. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we revealed that polymorphisms of BER genes may have a significant effect on the AD risk, and the presence of polymorphic variants may be an important marker for AD.
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24
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Skovira JW, Wu J, Matyas JJ, Kumar A, Hanscom M, Kabadi SV, Fang R, Faden AI. Cell cycle inhibition reduces inflammatory responses, neuronal loss, and cognitive deficits induced by hypobaria exposure following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:299. [PMID: 27903275 PMCID: PMC5131508 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in military settings can be exposed to prolonged periods of hypobaria (HB) during aeromedical evacuation. Hypobaric exposure, even with supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxia, worsens outcome after experimental TBI, in part by increasing neuroinflammation. Cell cycle activation (CCA) after TBI has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to both post-traumatic cell death and neuroinflammation. Here, we examined whether hypobaric exposure in rats subjected to TBI increases CCA and microglial activation in the brain, as compared to TBI alone, and to evaluate the ability of a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (CR8) to reduce such changes and improve behavioral outcomes. Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to fluid percussion-induced injury, and HB exposure was performed at 6 h after TBI. Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to assess cell cycle-related protein expression and inflammation at 1 and 30 days after injury. CR8 was administered intraperitoneally at 3 h post-injury; chronic functional recovery and histological changes were assessed. Results Post-traumatic hypobaric exposure increased upregulation of cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and CDK4) and microglial/macrophage activation in the ipsilateral cortex at day 1 post-injury as compared to TBI alone. Increased immunoreactivity of cell cycle proteins, as well as numbers of Iba-1+ and GFAP+ cells in both the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus were found at day 30 post-injury. TBI/HB significantly increased the numbers of NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91phox) enzyme-expressing cells that were co-localized with Iba-1+. Each of these changes was significantly reduced by the administration of CR8. Unbiased stereological assessment showed significantly decreased numbers of microglia displaying the highly activated phenotype in the ipsilateral cortex of TBI/HB/CR8 rats compared with TBI/HB/Veh rats. Moreover, treatment with this CDK inhibitor also significantly improved spatial and retention memory and reduced lesion volume and hippocampal neuronal cell loss. Conclusions HB exposure following TBI increases CCA, neuroinflammation, and associated neuronal cell loss. These changes and post-traumatic cognitive deficits are reduced by CDK inhibition; such drugs may therefore serve to protect TBI patients requiring aeromedical evacuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Skovira
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research Division Pharmacology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Jessica J Matyas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marie Hanscom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shruti V Kabadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Raymond Fang
- Program in Trauma, Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills (C-STARS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Counts SE, Mufson EJ. Regulator of Cell Cycle (RGCC) Expression During the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:693-702. [PMID: 27938491 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x694184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unscheduled cell cycle reentry of postmitotic neurons has been described in cases of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may form a basis for selective neuronal vulnerability during disease progression. In this regard, the multifunctional protein regulator of cell cycle (RGCC) has been implicated in driving G1/S and G2/M phase transitions through its interactions with cdc/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1) and is induced by p53, which mediates apoptosis in neurons. We tested whether RGCC levels were dysregulated in frontal cortex samples obtained postmortem from subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), MCI, or AD. RGCC mRNA and protein levels were upregulated by ∼50%-60% in MCI and AD compared to NCI, and RGCC protein levels were associated with poorer antemortem global cognitive performance in the subjects examined. To test whether RGCC might regulate neuronal cell cycle reentry and apoptosis, we differentiated neuronotypic PC12 cultures with nerve growth factor (NGF) followed by NGF withdrawal to induce abortive cell cycle activation and cell death. Experimental reduction of RGCC levels increased cell survival and reduced levels of the cdk1 target cyclin B1. RGCC may be a candidate cell cycle target for neuroprotection during the onset of AD.
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26
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Altered expression of mRNA profiles in blood of early-onset schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:16767. [PMID: 26733343 PMCID: PMC4702094 DOI: 10.1038/srep16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify gene expression abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ), we generated whole-genome gene expression profiles using microarrays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 18 early-onset SZ cases and 12 controls. We detected 84 transcripts differentially expressed by diagnostic status, with 82 genes being upregulated and 2 downregulated. We identified two SZ associated gene coexpression modules (green and red), including 446 genes . The green module is positively correlated with SZ, encompassing predominantly up-regulated genes in SZ; while the red module was negatively correlated with disease status, involving mostly nominally down-regulated genes in SZ. The olfactory transduction pathway was the most enriched pathways for the genes within the two modules. The expression levels of several hub genes, including AKT1, BRCA1, CCDC134, UBD, and ZIC2 were validated using real-time quantitative PCR. Our findings indicate that mRNA coexpression abnormalities may serve as a promising mechanism underlying the development of SZ.
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27
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Fan HC, Chi CS, Cheng SN, Lee HF, Tsai JD, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Targeting New Candidate Genes by Small Molecules Approaching Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E26. [PMID: 26712747 PMCID: PMC4730273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are among the most feared of the disorders that afflict humankind for the lack of specific diagnostic tests and effective treatments. Understanding the molecular, cellular, biochemical changes of NDs may hold therapeutic promise against debilitating central nerve system (CNS) disorders. In the present review, we summarized the clinical presentations and biology backgrounds of NDs, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and explored the role of molecular mechanisms, including dys-regulation of epigenetic control mechanisms, Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein kinase (ATM), and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of NDs. Targeting these mechanisms may hold therapeutic promise against these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Caspase-dependent degradation of MDMx/MDM4 cell cycle regulatory protein in amyloid β-induced neuronal damage. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:182-8. [PMID: 26477779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
MDMx/MDM4 is a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein and is necessary for survival in dividing cells. MDMx is also expressed in postmitotic neurons, with prosurvival roles that are independent of its extensively described roles in carcinogenesis. We and others have shown a role for MDMx loss in neuronal death in vitro and in vivo in several neurodegenerative diseases. Further, we have recently shown that MDMx is targeted for proteolytic degradation by calcium-dependent proteases, calpains, in neurons in vitro, and that MDMx overexpression provided partial neuroprotection in a model of HIV-associated neurodegeneration. Here, we assessed whether amyloid β (Aβ)-induced MDMx degradation occurred in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) models. Our data shows an age-dependent reduction in MDMx levels in cholinergic neurons within the cortex of adult mice expressing the swedish mutant of the amyloid precursor protein, APP in the Tg2576 murine model of AD. In vitro, Aβ treatment of primary cortical neurons led to the caspase-dependent MDMx degradation. Our findings suggest that MDMx degradation associated with neuronal death occurs via caspase activation in neurons, and that the progressive loss of MDMx protein represents a potential mechanism of Aβ-induced neuronal death during disease progression in AD.
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29
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Genomic Copy Number Variation Affecting Genes Involved in the Cell Cycle Pathway: Implications for Somatic Mosaicism. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:757680. [PMID: 26421275 PMCID: PMC4569762 DOI: 10.1155/2015/757680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic genome variations (mosaicism) seem to represent a common mechanism for human intercellular/interindividual diversity in health and disease. However, origins and mechanisms of somatic mosaicism remain a matter of conjecture. Recently, it has been hypothesized that zygotic genomic variation naturally occurring in humans is likely to predispose to nonheritable genetic changes (aneuploidy) acquired during the lifetime through affecting cell cycle regulation, genome stability maintenance, and related pathways. Here, we have evaluated genomic copy number variation (CNV) in genes implicated in the cell cycle pathway (according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes/KEGG) within a cohort of patients with intellectual disability, autism, and/or epilepsy, in which the phenotype was not associated with genomic rearrangements altering this pathway. Benign CNVs affecting 20 genes of the cell cycle pathway were detected in 161 out of 255 patients (71.6%). Among them, 62 individuals exhibited >2 CNVs affecting the cell cycle pathway. Taking into account the number of individuals demonstrating CNV of these genes, a support for this hypothesis appears to be presented. Accordingly, we speculate that further studies of CNV burden across the genes implicated in related pathways might clarify whether zygotic genomic variation generates somatic mosaicism in health and disease.
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30
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Wojsiat J, Prandelli C, Laskowska-Kaszub K, Martín-Requero A, Wojda U. Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Cell Cycle in Alzheimer’s Disease Lymphocytes: Diagnostic Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:329-50. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-141977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojsiat
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Prandelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Laskowska-Kaszub
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Nakanishi A, Minami A, Kitagishi Y, Ogura Y, Matsuda S. BRCA1 and p53 tumor suppressor molecules in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2879-92. [PMID: 25636033 PMCID: PMC4346871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor molecules play a pivotal role in regulating DNA repair, cell proliferation, and cell death, which are also important processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, however, the precise molecular events that control the death of neuronal cells are unclear. Recently, a fundamental role for tumor suppressor molecules in regulating neurons in Alzheimer’s disease was highlighted. Generally, onset of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease may be delayed with use of dietary neuro-protective agents against oxidative stresses. Studies suggest that dietary antioxidants are also beneficial for brain health in reducing disease-risk and in slowing down disease-progression. We summarize research advances in dietary regulation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with a focus on its modulatory roles in BRCA1 and p53 tumor suppressor expression, in support of further therapeutic research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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32
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Yates SC, Zafar A, Rabai EM, Foxall JB, Nagy S, Morrison KE, Clarke C, Esiri MM, Christie S, Smith AD, Nagy Z. The effects of two polymorphisms on p21cip1 function and their association with Alzheimer's disease in a population of European descent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114050. [PMID: 25625488 PMCID: PMC4308198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the exception of ApoE4, genome-wide association studies have failed to identify strong genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, despite strong evidence of heritability, suggesting that many low penetrance genes may be involved. Additionally, the nature of the identified genetic risk factors and their relation to disease pathology is also largely obscure. Previous studies have found that a cancer-associated variant of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p21cip1 is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this study was to confirm this association and to elucidate the effects of the variant on protein function and Alzheimer-type pathology. We examined the association of the p21cip1 variant with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. The genotyping studies were performed on 719 participants of the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, 225 participants of a Parkinson’s disease DNA bank, and 477 participants of the Human Random Control collection available from the European Collection of Cell Cultures. The post mortem studies were carried out on 190 participants. In the in-vitro study, human embryonic kidney cells were transfected with either the common or rare p21cip1 variant; and cytometry was used to assess cell cycle kinetics, p21cip1 protein expression and sub-cellular localisation. The variant was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease with dementia, relative to age matched controls. Furthermore, the variant was associated with an earlier age of onset of Alzheimer’s disease, and a more severe phenotype, with a primary influence on the accumulation of tangle pathology. In the in-vitro study, we found that the SNPs reduced the cell cycle inhibitory and anti-apoptotic activity of p21cip1. The results suggest that the cancer-associated variant of p21cip1 may contribute to the loss of cell cycle control in neurons that may lead to Alzheimer-type neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C. Yates
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amen Zafar
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Erzsebet M. Rabai
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Foxall
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Nagy
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Clarke
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M. Esiri
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Level 1, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Christie
- OPTIMA, University of Oxford, Level 4, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - A. David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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33
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Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Zhang G, Hu D, Xiong J, Xiong N, Wang T, Cao X, Mao L. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen binds DNA polymerase-β and mediates 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neuronal death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106669. [PMID: 25184665 PMCID: PMC4153671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) remain poorly understood. We recently reported that aberrant DNA replication mediated by DNA polymerase-β (DNA pol-β) plays a causal role in the death of postmitotic neurons in an in vitro model of PD. In the present study, we show that both proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA pol-β are required for MPP(+)-induced neuronal death. PCNA binds to the catalytic domain of DNA pol-β in MPP(+)-treated neurons and in post-mortem brain tissues of PD patients. The PCNA-DNA pol-β complex is loaded into DNA replication forks and mediates DNA replication in postmitotic neurons. The aberrant DNA replication mediated by the PCNA-DNA pol-β complex induces p53-dependent neuronal cell death. Our results indicate that the interaction of PCNA and DNA pol-β contributes to neuronal death in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Frost B, Götz J, Feany MB. Connecting the dots between tau dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:46-53. [PMID: 25172552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are devastating and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative diseases, which are histopathologically defined by insoluble filamentous deposits of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein within neurons and glia. Identifying the causes of abnormal tau phosphorylation and subsequent aggregation has been the focus of much research, and is currently a major target for the development of therapeutic interventions for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much has recently been learned about the sequence of events that lead from tau dysfunction to neuronal death. This review focuses on the cascade of events that are catalyzed by pathological tau, and highlights current and potential therapeutic strategies to target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Frost
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Haroutunian V, Katsel P, Roussos P, Davis KL, Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G. Myelination, oligodendrocytes, and serious mental illness. Glia 2014; 62:1856-77. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Department of Neuroscience; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- MIRECC-JJ Peters VA Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - P. Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - P. Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- MIRECC-JJ Peters VA Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - K. L. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Department of Neuroscience; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - L. L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
- The Brain Research Institute, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System; West Los Angeles California
| | - G. Bartzokis
- Department of Psychiatry; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
- The Brain Research Institute, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles California
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System; West Los Angeles California
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36
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Silva ART, Santos ACF, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Ferretti REL, Campos AHJFM, Cunha IW, Begnami MD, Rocha RM, Carraro DM, de Bragança Pereira CA, Jacob-Filho W, Brentani H. Repair of oxidative DNA damage, cell-cycle regulation and neuronal death may influence the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99897. [PMID: 24936870 PMCID: PMC4061071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline associated with a featured neuropathology (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles). Several studies have implicated oxidative damage to DNA, DNA repair, and altered cell-cycle regulation in addition to cell death in AD post-mitotic neurons. However, there is a lack of studies that systematically assess those biological processes in patients with AD neuropathology but with no evidence of cognitive impairment. We evaluated markers of oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG, H2AX), DNA repair (p53, BRCA1, PTEN), and cell-cycle (Cdk1, Cdk4, Cdk5, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, p27Kip1, phospho-Rb and E2F1) through immunohistochemistry and cell death through TUNEL in autopsy hippocampal tissue samples arrayed in a tissue microarray (TMA) composed of three groups: I) “clinical-pathological AD” (CP-AD) - subjects with neuropathological AD (Braak≥IV and CERAD = B or C) and clinical dementia (CDR≥2, IQCODE>3.8); II) “pathological AD” (P-AD) - subjects with neuropathological AD (Braak≥IV and CERAD = B or C) and without cognitive impairment (CDR 0, IQCODE<3.2); and III) “normal aging” (N) - subjects without neuropathological AD (Braak≤II and CERAD 0 or A) and with normal cognitive function (CDR 0, IQCODE<3.2). Our results show that high levels of oxidative DNA damage are present in all groups. However, significant reductions in DNA repair and cell-cycle inhibition markers and increases in cell-cycle progression and cell death markers in subjects with CP-AD were detected when compared to both P-AD and N groups, whereas there were no significant differences in the studied markers between P-AD individuals and N subjects. This study indicates that, even in the setting of pathological AD, healthy cognition may be associated with a preserved repair to DNA damage, cell-cycle regulation, and cell death in post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal R. T. Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Feio Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael M. Rocha
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce M. Carraro
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Yurov YB, Vorsanova SG, Liehr T, Kolotii AD, Iourov IY. X chromosome aneuploidy in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:20. [PMID: 24602248 PMCID: PMC3995993 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the link between brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a matter of debate, processes hallmarking cellular and tissue senescence have been repeatedly associated with its pathogenesis. Here, we have studied X chromosome aneuploidy (a recognized feature of aged cell populations) in the AD brain. RESULTS Extended molecular neurocytogenetic analyses of X chromosome aneuploidy in 10 female AD as well as 10 age and sex matched female control postmortem brain samples was performed by multiprobe/quantitative FISH. Additionally, aneuploidy rate in the brain samples of 5 AD and as 5 age and sex matched control subjects were analyzed by interphase chromosome-specific multicolor banding (ICS-MCB). Totally, 182,500 cells in the AD brain and 182,500 cells in the unaffected brain were analyzed. The mean rate of X chromosome aneuploidy in AD samples was approximately two times higher than in control (control: mean - 1.32%, 95% CI 0.92- 1.71%; AD: mean - 2.79%, 95% CI 1.88-3.69; P = 0.013). One AD sample demonstrated mosaic aneuploidy of chromosome X confined to the hippocampus affecting about 10% of cells. ICS-MCB confirmed the presence of X chromosome aneuploidy in the hippocampal tissues of AD brain (control: mean - 1.74%, 95% CI 1.38- 2.10%; AD: mean - 4.92%, 95% CI 1.14-8.71; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Addressing X chromosome number variation in the brain, we observed that somatically acquired (post-zygotic) aneuploidy causes large-scale genomic alterations in neural cells of AD patients and, therefore, can be involved in pathogenesis of this common neurodegenerative disorder. In the context of debates about possible interplay between brain aging and AD neurodegeneration, our findings suggest that X chromosome aneuploidy can contribute to both processes. To this end we conclude that mosaic aneuploidy in the brain is a new non-heritable genetic factor predisposing to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 117152 Moscow, Russia.
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Wang DB, Kinoshita C, Kinoshita Y, Morrison RS. p53 and mitochondrial function in neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1186-97. [PMID: 24412988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a central role in dictating cell survival and death as a cellular sensor for a myriad of stresses including DNA damage, oxidative and nutritional stress, ischemia and disruption of nucleolar function. Activation of p53-dependent apoptosis leads to mitochondrial apoptotic changes via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways triggering cell death execution most notably by release of cytochrome c and activation of the caspase cascade. Although it was previously believed that p53 induces apoptotic mitochondrial changes exclusively through transcription-dependent mechanisms, recent studies suggest that p53 also regulates apoptosis via a transcription-independent action at the mitochondria. Recent evidence further suggests that p53 can regulate necrotic cell death and autophagic activity including mitophagy. An increasing number of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and respiration are regulated by p53, which influences mitochondrial ROS production as well. Cellular redox homeostasis is also directly regulated by p53 through modified expression of pro- and anti-oxidant proteins. Proper regulation of mitochondrial size and shape through fission and fusion assures optimal mitochondrial bioenergetic function while enabling adequate mitochondrial transport to accommodate local energy demands unique to neuronal architecture. Abnormal regulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been increasingly implicated in neurodegeneration, where elevated levels of p53 may have a direct contribution as the expression of some fission/fusion proteins are directly regulated by p53. Thus, p53 may have a much wider influence on mitochondrial integrity and function than one would expect from its well-established ability to transcriptionally induce mitochondrial apoptosis. However, much of the evidence demonstrating that p53 can influence mitochondria through nuclear, cytosolic or intra-mitochondrial sites of action has yet to be confirmed in neurons. Nonetheless, as mitochondria are essential for supporting normal neuronal functions and in initiating/propagating cell death signaling, it appears certain that the mitochondria-related functions of p53 will have broader implications than previously thought in acute and progressive neurological conditions, providing new therapeutic targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Richard S Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA.
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